Chapter 1(full Ver)

BIOLOGY

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BIOLOGY The word Biology is derived from two Greek words. 1) “bios” (i.e. life) and 2) “logos” (i.e. discourse / Knowledge / study) Literally it means the “study of life” (The term biology was coined by Lamarck in 1802) Modern Biology Biology is the branch of natural science, which deals with the (i) Origin (ii) Classification (iii) Structure (iv) Functions (v) Reproduction (vi) Growth and (vii) Development of “living organisms” Former Sub-Divisions Formally, living organisms were divided into two kingdoms i.e. Plants and animals and were studied under two sub-divisions. 1. Zoology: i.e. the study of “Animals” and 2. Botany: i.e. the study of “Plants” Modern Divisions The modern biology is not deals with the (i) recognition and (ii) classification of these species but also deal with their (i) structure and (ii) functions

also of these species

Major Branches Some of the major fields of specialization in biology are: Biotechnology, Environmental Biology, Microbiology, Fresh water Biology, human Biology, Marine Biology, Molecular biology, Parasitology and Social Biology. 1. Molecular Biology It is the recent branch of biology, which deals with the study of biological molecules” their structure and function. Some large molecules like Protein molecules and Nucleic acids are involved in biological processes and form structure of cell and cell organelles. The study of these large molecules is termed as Molecular Biology. 2. Biotechnology It is the most recent branch of biology. It is the use of the techniques in biological processes for the solution of problems with living organism and also with humans. Genetically engineered bacteria (whose genes or genotypes are changed) are used in: i) Production of Insulin (hormone), drugs and vaccines. ii) Cleaning up Pollutants and killing insect pests iii) Gene therapy in human (repair of faulty genes) iv) Cloning (i.e. Culture of identical copies of cell or organisms) 3. Microbiology It is the branch of biology, which deals with the microscopic (can not be seen) organisms such as: i. Viruses (their division in virology) ii. Bacteria (further studied as bacteriology) and iii. Protozoans iv. Some fungi (as yeast, they are studies in mycology) 4. Environmental Biology It is the branch of biology which deals with the study of environmental and its effects on living organism. It is the study of ecology of different ecosystems.

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BIOLOGY

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5. Marine Biology It is the branch of biology, which deals with the organism living in sea and oceans, and the 1. Physical (such as water, temperature, pressure etc) 2. Chemical (such as salts, ions and other minerals) characteristics (factors) of sea 6. Fresh water Biology It is the branch of biology, which deals with the organism living in fresh water (such as ponds, lakes, rivers etc) and the physical and chemical characteristics of fresh water bodies affecting it. The water pollution is greatly affecting fresh water bodies. 7. Parasitology It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of Parasitic organisms (i.e. parasites are these organism which depend on or in their living hosts for their food) their i) Life cycles ii) Mode of transmission and iii) Interaction (or inter dependence) with their hosts. Parasites are present as viruses (bacteriophage) with their hosts. (Pneumococys) protozoans (endameba), fungi (ringworm), roundworm (ascaris) and flatworms (liver fluke) etc living inside (endoparasitically) or outside (ectoparasite) of their hosts. 8. Human Biology It is the branch of biology, which deals with the biology of human such as their (i) Classification (ii) Origin (iii) Evolution (iv) Anatomy (v) Physiology (vi) Health (vii) Inheritance etc. 9. Social Biology It is the branch of biology which deals with the social interaction (interdependence) of other or some species within a population of a given: 1. Species 2. Especially humans to study their behavior (i.e. ethology or study of behavior) are either 3. inherited or 4. culturally induced

Levels of Organization The organisms are complex. They are arranged on grades and level on the basis of their complexity (i.e. Simple to complex)

I. Chemical Organization

The life contains chemicals, which are grouped as atom molecules (simple and complex), are compound etc. 1. Atom Atom is the smallest unit of element (element is a type of matter), which retains all properties of elements e.g. H atoms. The further division of atom forms sub-atomic particles (i.e. electrons, protons etc) 2. Molecules The two or more atoms combine to form molecules e.g. Hydrogen gas molecule. The hydrogen are of two types: 1. Organic molecules: Carbon containing 2. Inorganic molecules: non-carbon

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BIOLOGY

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The organic compounds may be 1. Simple molecules (such as sugar, glycerol, fatty acids, amino acids) 2. Complex or macromolecules (Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) 3. Compounds The molecules of different elements combine to form a compound. The compound may also be inorganic (salts, water) or organic (protein, fat etc) like human blood.

II. Biological Organization

This is another level of organization. The arrangement of simple to complex of living are cells ,tissue, organs, system and body. 1. Cell The cells is the simplest structural and functional unit of life. The cell contain genes (The functional unit of DNA) sub-cellular structures called “organelles” (like ER, mitochondria, ribosome etc) 2. Tissue The graph of cells, performing the same function e.g. nervous tissues, xylem tissues. (Thee colonial protozoans differ from multicellular / tissues that the cells are similar but perform not one but several functions) 3. Organ The group of tissue is called organs e.g. Brain. 4. System The group of organs form system e.g. brain , spinal cord, sense organs (eye, ear) and nerves form nervous system. 5. Body The group of different systems forms an individual whole body of an organism

III. Brand Level Organization

The groups of “organisms” form population, community, ecosystem and finally whole biosphere. Population A population is a group of same species, living together in a particular area e.g. population of dogs, population of flies. Species An species is a group of same organisms, which can interbreed (can mate) e.g. human species is “sapiens” 2. Community It is a group of (interdependent) population, lives in an area e.g. hen, dog and man are three different populations which live in an area and forms a community. 3. Ecosystem A community with its environmental (i.e. land, water and atmosphere) forms an ecosystem. Or An ecosystem is defined as, (It is) the closed system of inter-action of living organism (called biotic factors such as plants and animals) with their non-living environment (called biotic factors such as water, land and air etc.) living together in an area. 4. Biosphere (Ecosphere) It is the group of all ecosystems or the earth and its life. It is the largest biological system with all living organisms and physical environment (atmosphere or air, lithosphere or earth and hydrosphere or water)

Living in Space First living: Modification: Diversity: Forms:

2.5 Billion years ago as simple “acellular” Acellular modified into “new’ types. These spread in each and every “habitat” Majority of living organisms live as: i. Free living i.e. alone ii. In association (Symbiosis Commensalisms, Mutualism, Parasitism) i.e. with other organisms.

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BIOLOGY

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World in Time First living: as acellular discovered as “fossils” Fossils: remains of past (ancient) organisms. Age of Fossil: is find out by number of techniques (like carbon dating)

Geological Time Scale The origin of different organisms is shown by a chart, which is divided into four Era (major events) and periods (minor events) 1. Proterozoic era (2000M) : First living organisms (3000M years ago) 2. Paleozoic era (600-570M) : Ancient Animals (Era of fish) 3. Mesozoic era (225-135M) : Middle animals era (Era of mammals) 4. Cenozoic era (up to 70M) : Most recent era (origin of human)

Phyletic Lineage The geological time scale shows “species” has common origin called “Phyletic lineage”. Q. Ans. 1.

2.

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Quran emphasizes the study of scientific phenomenon. Elaborate your answer with verses from Holy Book. Scientific Phenomena: The Quran has in-numerable times emphasize the significance of biological and scientific facts: Qur Convenience: In Surah, Al-Baqra : 22 “Allah has made the earth your bad and heavens your beds and sent down rain from the heavens; and brought forth, there with fruits for your survival”. Creatures in Surah, Al-Inaam : 38 “There is not an animal (that lives) on earth or a being that flies its wing, but (forms part of) communities like you That all living organisms, which live on land like ant or fly like bees lives in the form of communities or groups like the different human communities. Observations in Surah, Yunus : 101 “Say! Look that is in the heavens and on earth”. It emphasizes us to investigate, what creatures and wonders are in heavens and on earth. How cover of sky unflows is spread on our heads. Contemplation: In Surah, Al-Imran : 190-191 “Look! In the creation of the heavens and the earth and alternation of days there are indeed sign for the mans of understanding …… And look attention (wonders of) creations in heavens and earth” According to the translation of Abdullah Yusuf Ali (1934), that we in think over in the day and night formation and we must think over in the day and night formation and we must think in the creation of earth, that who as created and what for. In short, we have to investigate them to the best of our abilities to get knowledge.

Biological Method The scientist do not believe in superstitions, rather they believe in facts. Certain steps can use for (scientific or biological studies which are based on some principle as in any other field if science.

Steps of Method

The biological studies involved following six steps 1) Biological Problems 2) Hypotheses 3) Observation & data collections 4) Experimentation 5) Theory 6) Law

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BIOLOGY

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1. Problem There must be a problem for which solution is sought out (e.g. malaria) 2. Hypothesis The first logical step in biological statement is formulation of hypothesis. I.e. logical explanation to a problem. A hypothesis is “a statement, which have no experimental prove (e.g. Malaria is caused by bad air) 3. Observation and Data (formulation) The observations are made for creativity i.e. 1. Facts are recorded as data (inductive reasoning) 2. Certain, deduction are made from observation and data (deductive reasoning) (for e.g. Malaria is common in swampy areas and malaria is related with swamps is deduction) 4. Experimentation The experiments are conducted to test the hypothesis (e.g. drainage of swamps reduces malaria) 5. Theory A theory is made if the hypothesis is proved experimentally. “A theory is a statement (or hypothesis) with an experimental proof”. (e.g. Mosquito theory, cell theory, Darwin’s theory etc.) 6. LAW (general purpose) After repeated experimentation (and elimination of personal biases) theory becomes law. “A law is a statement (hypothesis or theory) with experimental and wide acceptance i.e. generally accepted (e.g. Mendel’s law of inheritance i.e. characters are transmitted by genes)”. ****************************************

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Former system (Two system classification) The Swedish Naturalist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) devised the former classification in his book “Systema Naurae” (1758) Formerly, the living organisms were classified into two Kingdoms by Linnaeus namely, i) Plant Kingdom ii) Animal Kingdom Modern System (Five system classification) Robert Whittaker in 1969 suggested a modern/New/Recent system of Taxonom. According to it, the living organisms are divided into Five Kingdoms namely. Kingdom (1) Monera (2) Protista (3) Fungi (4) Plantae (5) Animalia 1. Kingdom Monera: (Bacteria, Virus, Blue-green algae) It include i) Acellular (unicellular) organism ii) Prokaryotes i.e. with incipient nucleus (nucleus without nuclear membrane) iii) Heterotrophic like virus and bacteria iv) Autotrophs like cynobacteria (non-chloroplast) or blue green algae 2. Kingdom Protista: (Protozoans & Algae) It includes i) Acellular organism ii) Eukaryotes (true nucleus) iii) Heterotrophs (non chlorophyllous) Amoeba, Paramecium and other protozoans. iv) Autotrophs (chlorophyllous) like Euglena, clamydomonas, Volvox etc. 3. Kingdom Fungi: (All fungi) It includes, i) Both unicellulary (Yeast) and most multicultural organism ii) Eukaryotic, thalloid iii) Cell wall of cellulose and chitin. iv) Non chlorophyllous v) Heterotrophs both parasitic (Tinea causing ring-worm disease) and saprophytic (yeast, slime mould, mushroom) etc. 4. Plantae Kingdom (All plants) It includes i) All multicellular plants ii) Mostly chlorophyllous (autotrophic) except a few parasitic (like Cuscuta) iii) True cell wall of cellulose iv) Lower plant like ulva (algae), Marchantic (bryophyte), Fern and Selaginella (Pteridophyte) and higher plants like Mint (herb), lemon (shrub), pea (climber), Neem (tree) etc.

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BIOLOGY

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5. Kingdom Animalia (All animals except protozoans) it includes i) Multicellular organisms ii) Non-chlorophyllous iii) No cell wall iv) Heterotrophs v) All animals can breath, locomote and eat. Example: Earthworm, Hydra (invertebrates) fish, frog (vertebrates) etc.

Applications of Biology in Welfare The biological knowledge is used in various ways: 1. Awareness The people are now aware of its importance 2. Agriculture A new technique of hydroponics is applied in agriculture 3. Medical In medical vaccination, chemotherapy, radiotherapy are applied. 4. Human Welfare The cloning technique is also used in welfare of man-kind.

VACCINATION

Vaccines are the modified micro-organism of (any disease) inoculated (injected) into the body to produce immunity (defense against diseases) Discovery The first vaccine was introduced by Edward Jenenr in 1795 Introduction 1. Vaccine is injected in animals or human for infections like Polio, small pox, hepatitis etc to prevent diseases. 2. The body produces antibodies to kill germs (antigens) Protection The vaccine may or may not be life e.g. in smallpox it is life long.

ANTIBIOTICS

Antibiotics are chemicals (natural or synthetic), used in small amount to stop (inhibit) growth of microorganisms. Discovery: The first antibiotics was Penicillin (from fungus Penicillium notatum) discovered by Fleming (Florey and chain and received an Nobel Prize in 1945) Protection: Antibiotics are used against T.B, leprosy, anthrax etc (which are successfully controlled by them)

CHEMOTHERAPY

It is the method of using chemicals to prevent diseases like cancer, AIDS etc are cured by chemotherapy.

RADIOTHERAPY

It is the method of using (radioactive) rays like X-rays, γ-rays, α-rays, β-rays etc for diagnosis and treatment of disease like cancer, tumor. Etc.

HYDROPONICS (water culture)

Soil-less or water culture (hydroponics) is the science (technique) of growing land (terrestrial) plants in an aerated (O2) solution. Farming The vegetables and crops farming is used to meet food demand Advantages The hydroponics is useful in various ways such as: 1. Weed Control: It controls weeds (useless, self growing plants) 2. Soil Diseases: The problem of soil diseases is also controlled. 3. Less area: It requires small area. (Like green houses)

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BIOLOGY 4. Arid farm: 5. Food problems:

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It is used in desert (arid) plants. The food problems is solved for growing population.

CLONING (Duplicate Copies)

It is a technique (of biotechnology) of producing an identical copies (called clone) of 1. genetic material (cloned genes) 2. cells (cloned cells) or 3. organisms (whole multicellular organisms) or Cloned organisms Asexual Reproduction It is a type of asexual reproduction because it requires only genes of one animal. Discovery The scientist (of Roslyn Institute, Scotland) in 1996 had produced Dolly sheep (a cloned lamb)

Natural Clones

Some examples of identical cloned copying are (i) Identical twins or triplets (in humans) (ii) Asexual reproduction in plants and animals (iii) Regeneration (iv) Tumor and (v) Cancers Advantages The uses of artificial cloning are: i) It is used in Agriculture and Medicines. ii) Vegetative reproduction of fruits (citrus fruit) and nut iii) Treatment if diseases iv) Production of insulin, growth hormones, interferon (protein against virus) and antithrombin (prevent blood clot during surgery) v) Human organs like lever cells, skin cells and blood cells are formed by human cloning.

STEPS (of artificial cloning)

It involves the following steps The nucleus is removed from an egg cell. 1. Enucleate: 2. Injection: A 2n nucleus of adult (donor) is injected into it 3. Electric current:: is introduced (to receive nucleus by egg cell) (The electric current makes tiny, self sealing holes in plasma membrane, through which genetics material can enter) 4. (In mammals) the cells are placed in (host) female for development. 5. The offspring (cloned) has good quality of donor cell (i.e. either pest, parasite or disease resistant)

Application of Biology The biology helps to solved problems in various ways. I. In Medical The biological techniques are being used in: 1. Antibiotics

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BIOLOGY 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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Vaccination Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Hydroponics Cloning

II. Protection / Conservation The environment can be protected by using biology techniques 1. Pollution: (in any form like acid rain, stone cancer, green house effect or Ozone depletion) is identify, their sources (air, land and water) are prevented to reduce pollution. The major cause of pollution are i) Growing population ii) Deforestation (also causes soil erosion and flooding) iii) Industrialization (Industries releases toxic waste in air, water and land) 2. Forest Conversation: maintains balance in ecosystem and reduces soil erosion and flooding (some plants also has medicinal and other importance)

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL The disease management (control) is integrated (combined) with biological control to pathogens as follows: 1. Biological control: It uses natural enemies to control pathogens e.g. Malaria is controlled by fish in ponds. 2. Pest Control: The pest of crops like locust are killed by their parasites (bacteria) or eaten by their predator like dragonflies. 3. Crop rotation: The growing of different crops on same ground reduces (i) Weed parasites (ii) Plant diseases (iii) Soil disease 4. Soil fertility: is increased using leguminous plants containing (N2 – fixers) 5. Interplanting: is a growing of plants in climates un-suitable for pathogens. 6. Green Houses: gives protected conditions to plants.

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