Chap8 Manufactured Industry

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

CHAP. 8 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY 1.0 SULPHURIC ACID AND AMMONIA Learning Outcome 1. Students able to write an equation for CONTACT PROCESS and HABER PROCESS 2. Able to mention the condition of reaction in CONTACT PROCESS and HABER PROCESS. 3. List out the uses of SULPHURIC ACID (H2SO4) and AMMONIA (NH3) 4. Explain how SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) causes environmental pollution. 1.1

SULPHURIC ACID 1.1.2 MANUFACTURED OF SULPHURIC ACID (CONTACT PROCESS)

SULPHUR

OXYGEN

Stage 1 : PRODUCTION OF SO2 Molten sulphur is burnt in excess oxygen (dry air) to produce SULPHUR DIOXIDE. S + O2  SO2

SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2)

SULPHUR TRIOXIDE (SO3)

OLEUM (H2S2O7)

Stage 2 : PRODUCTION OF SO3 Sulphur dioxide and oxygen are pass through VANADIUM (V) OXIDE (catalyst) to produce SULPHUR TRIOXIDE (SO3) 2SO2 + O2  2SO3 o o Temp: 450 C – 500 C Pressure : 2 – 3 atm Catalyst : vanadium (v) oxide

Stage 3 : PRODUCTION OF H2SO4 SO3 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form OLEUM. SO3 + H2SO4  H2S2O7 OLEUM is mix with water (to dilute) to produce concentrated sulphuric acid. H2S2O7 + H2O  2H2SO4

SULPHURIC ACID (H2SO4)

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

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1.1.3 THE USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

Dyes, 2%

Metal Cleaning, 2%

Acid, 2%

Synthetic Fibre, 9%

Fertilisers Fertilisers , 32%

Electrolyte, 10%

Paint Pigment Other Chemicals Detergents Electrolyte Synthetic Fibre Dyes Metall Cleaning Acid

Detergents, 12% Paint Pigment, 15% Other Chemicals, 16%

Fertilisers: A large portion of sulphuric acid is used to manufacture fertilisers such as: Calcium hydrogen phosphate Ammonium sulphate Potassium sulphate

Uses in school laboratories: As a strong acid As a drying or dehydrating agent As an oxidising agent As a catalyst

Detergent: synthetic cleaning agents. Synthetic Fibres: Polymers (long chained molecules), example: Rayon. Electrolyte: use in car batteries

1.1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION SULPHUR DIOXIDE (release from factories or power station) to atmosphere. SO2 dissolves in rain to form sulphurous acid (ACID RAIN) EFFECT OF ACID RAIN Corrodes the building Increasing acidity in lake or pond that can cause aquatic organism die Increasing the acidity of soil. HOW TO PREVENT EFFECT OF ACID RAIN Gas released from factories sprayed with limestone (calcium carbonate)

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

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1.2

HABER PROCESS 1.2.1 MANUFACTURE D OF AMMONIA (HABER PROCESS)

1ST STAGE One volume of Nitrogen gas, N2 and three volume of pure dry Hydrogen gas, H2 are compressed to a pressure between 200 – 500 atmosphere

2nd STAGE The gas mixture (N2 and H2) are passed through a powdered iron at temperature of 450-550oC

3rd STAGE The gas mixture (N2 and H2) are passed through a powdered iron at temperature of 450-550oC N2 + 3H2  2NH3 Condition of reaction: Iron as a catalyst, Temp : 450-550oC, Pressure 200 atm

4th STAGE Ammonia gas turned to liquid when the mixture is cooled in condenser. The unreacted N2 and H2 will pump back to reactor and pass through the catalyst again.

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

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1.2.1 USES AND PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA

USES OF AMMONIA 1. Manufactured ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea. a. Ammonium sulphate 2NH3 + H2SO4  (NH4)2SO4 b. Ammonium nitrate 2NH3 + NH3  NH4NO3 c. Urea 2NH3 + CO2  (NH2)2CO3 + H2O 2. As a cooling agent in refrigerators. 3. As raw material in OSTWALD PROCESS. OSTWALD Process is converted ammonia into nitric acid using PLATINUM as catalyst

PROPERTIES 1. Colourless and Pungent gas. 2. Dissolve in water to form weak alkali. NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OHPresence of OH- causes ammonia to become alkaline. 3. Change moist litmus paper from red to blue. 4. Neutralise any acid to form ammonium salt React with sulphuric acid to produce AMMONIUM SULPHATE 2NH3 + H2SO4  (NH4)2SO4

4. Can be converted to nitric acid for making explosives. 5. To prevent coagulation of latex 6. Raw material in produce synthetic fiber and nylon

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

2.0 ALLOY Learning Outcome 1. State the meaning of ALLOY 2. Draw the arrangement of atoms in pure metal and ALLOY 3. Explain why ALLOY stronger than pure metal 4. Design an experiment to investigate the hardness of metal and ALLOY 5. List examples, composition and properties of ALLOY. ALLOY is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition. The main component in the mixture is a metal. WHY ALLOY? a) Pure metal are ductile and maleable. b) Because pure metals is made up of one type of atoms(same size atoms). c) When force is applied, layer of atoms slide easily.

Force applied

ALLOY harder than pure metal? Why? a) Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements. b) So atom of another metal that are present in alloy can be bigger or smaller than the size of atoms in pure metal. c) The presence of different size of atoms disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms, the result it will reduces the layer of atoms from sliding easily. d) Thus, ALLOy is STRONGER and HARDER than its pure metal BRONZE

STEEL

Tin

Iron

Copper

Carbon

So PURE METAL are ALLOYED before used because: 1. To increase the strength and hardness of pure metals 2. To increase the resistance to corrosion of pure metals 3. To enhance the appearance of pure metal.

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

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EXPERIMENT TO COMPARE THE HARDNESS BETWEEN ALLOY AND PURE METAL.

1 kg weight

Ball bearing Copper block

Aim

:

To compare the hardness between copper(pure metal) and bronze(alloy)

Problem Statement

:

Does bronze metal is harder than copper?

Hypothesis

:

Bronze is harder tha copper

Manipulated

:

Different type of materials (bronze or caooper)

Responding

:

Diameter of dent / Hardness of block

Controlled

:

Height of weight, ball bearing diameter, mass of weight.

Materials

:

Copper block, bronze block, cellophane tape

Apparatus

:

Retort stand, 1 kg weight, meter rule, steel ball bearing and thread.

Procedure

:

Variables

1.

A steel ball bearing is taped onto the copper block using cellophane tape

2.

1 kg weight is hung at the height of 50 cm above the copper block as shown in diagram.

3.

Drop the 1kg weight onto the ball bearing.

4.

Measured the diameter of the dent formed on the copper block.

5.

Repeat experiment twice on other parts of the block to obtained the average diameter of the dent.

6.

Step 1 to 5 are repeated using ab bronze block to replace the copper block.

7.

The reading are recorded in the table below.

Results Block Copper Block Bronze Block CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4

Diameter of the dent (mm) 1 2 3 Average

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

COMPOSITION OF ALLOY , USES AND PROPERTIES Alloy

Composition

Properties

BRONZE

COPPER 90% Tin 10%

Hard, Strong, Shiny Surface and Does not Corrodes

BRASS

COPPER 70% Zinc 30%

Hard and strong, does not corrodes easily

STEEL

IRON 99% Carbon 1%

Hard and strong

STAINLESS STEEL

DURALUMIN

PEWTER

IRON 74% Carbon 8% Chromium 18% ALUMINIUM 93% Copper 3% Magnesium 3% Manganese 1% TIN 93% Copper 3% Antimony 1%

Shiny, Strong and does not rust

Uses Building statue or monuments, medal, swords and artistic materials Making musical instrument and kitchenware. Construction of buildings, bridge, body of car and railway tracks Making a surgical instrument and cuttelery

Light and Strong

Building of aeroplane body and bullet train

Luster, Shiny and strong

Making of souveniers

** BOLD item is the main component in ALLOY

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3.0 POLYMER Learning outcome Student ables to state the meaning of POLYMERS List naturally and synthetic POLYMERS Uses of POLYMERS Environmental effect cause by POLYMERS Definition POLYMERS Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical repeating monomers which are joined together by covalent compound

MONOMERS Monomer is small identical repeating units in POLYMER

POLYMERISATION Polymerisation is a process by which the monomers are joined together into chain like molecule called POLYMERS

POLYMERISATION PROCESS (FORMATION OF POLYMER)

Polymerisation Process

POLYMER

Monomers (Ethene)

CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4

Polymerisation Process

H | C | H

H | C | H n |

H H | | n C = C | | H H

|

MONOMERS

|

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

n is a big number shows how many monomers are joined together.

Polymers (Polythene)

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

NATURAL POLYMERS

Exist in living things in nature. Example Protein, Cellulose, Wool, Silk, Starch, Natural Rubber and DNA

POLYMERS

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Produce through chemical proceses Example Polystyrene, Polythene, PVC, Nylon and Plastic

NATURAL POLYMERS Name Of POLYMER

Monomer

Protein

Amino Acid

Starch (Carbohydrate)

Glucose

Rubber (Polyisoprene)

Isoprene

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS Name Of Polymers

Monomer

Properties

Uses

Polythene

Ethene

Durable, light, impermeable, insulator

Shopping bags, plastic cup and plate, toys

Polypropene

Propene

Durable, light, impermeable, can be moulded and coloured

Bottles, furniture, pipes and toys

Polystyrene

Phenylethene

Heat insulator, light can be moulded and permeable

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Chloroethene

Low softening temperature, elastic and durable

Perspex

Methyl-2methylpropenoate

Transparent, strong and light

WHY SYNTHETIC POLYMERS CAN CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION? 1. Synthetic Polymers are not easily BIODEGRADABLE. 2. The waste by synthetic polymers (plastics, food container) will block the drainage system. 3. The burning synthetic polymer produce poisonous gas like Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Chloride, Sulphur Dioxides and Hydrogen Cynide gas.

CHAP 8 CHEMISTRY FORM 4

Disposable cup and plate, packaging materials, heat insulators. Pipes, pipe fittings, wire and cable coating and casing, raincoats. Glass replacement. Lenses and optical fibre

HOW TO AVOID OR REDUCE POLLUTION CAUSED BY SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 1. Reduce the usage of Synthetic Polymers 2. Recycle the synthetic Polymers 3. Use BIODEGRADABLE Polymers 4. Find alternative to Synthetic Polymers

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

4.0 GLASS & CERAMICS Learning Outcome List type of glass and their properties. State properties of Ceramics List uses of Glass and Ceramics GLASS GLASS is an organic non-metalic material that does not have crystalline structure. Glass is not classified as solid but as SUPERCOOLED LIQUID. Main component of GLASS is SILICON

Transparent Hard but Brittle Non Permeable Heat Insulators

DIOXIDE, SiO2, which exist naturally in SAND.

PROPERTIES OF GLASS

Chemically unreactive Easy to clean High melting point Electric Insulators

Types of Glass

Composition

Properties

Uses

Fused Glass

Silica / silicon dioxide

Great purity, optocally transparent, chemically inert, high melting point

Laboratory glassware, lenses, telescope mirror, optical fibres.

Borosilicate Glass (Pyrex)

Silicon dioxide, boron dioxide, sodium oxide and aluminium oxide

Heat resistant and chemical durability, high melting point

Cookware, laboratory glassware, automobile head lights.

Lead Crystal Glass

Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide and lead (II) oxide

High density and optically transparent

Tableware, crystal glassware and art object

Soda-lime glass

Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide or calcium oxide

High thermal expansion coefficient, Chemical durability

Windows pane, electrical bulbs, all kind glass containers, mirror.

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

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CERAMICS CERAMICS are made from CLAY such as KAOLIN. Kaolin is rich in KAOLINITE (hydrated aluminosilicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)

Hard and Strong Brittle Chemically inert Heat Insulator

Properties

PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

Uses

Hard and Strong

As construction materials

Chemically Inert

As Kitchenware and Ornamental art

Electrical and Heat Insulators

As insulator in electrical equipment

Non Compressible

As Medical and Dental apparatus

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Electric Insulator High melting point Resist Compression Do not Corodes

Examples Tiles, Cement and Bricks Cooking pots, Porcelain plates, bowls and vases Electric Plugs, calbe, oven and toasters Artificial teeth and bones

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CHAPTER 8 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

5.0 COMPOSITE MATERIALS. Learning Outcome State the meaning of COMPOSITE MATERIALS State the examples of COMPOSITE MATERIALS Compare and contrast the properties of COMPOSITE MATERIALS with those of their origional component COMPOSITE MATERIALS COMPOSITE MATERIALS are structural materials that are formed by combining two or more different materials such as metals, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers. COMPOSITE MATERIALS have properties that are SUPERIOR than those of the original components

Type of Composite Materials Reinforced Concrete

Superconductors

Component Concrete and steel wires, steel bars and polymer fibres Alloys of metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides

Fibre Glass

Polyster and glass fibres

Photochromic Glass

Photochromic substance (silver chloride or silver halide crystals)

Fibre Optic

Glass thread surrounded by glass cladding

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Properties Very strong, Tough Capable conduct electricity without resistance Strong and high tensile strength, Low density Glass becomes darker when exposed to sunlight and transparent again when the light dim High transmission capacity without distortion and interference

Uses Construction of building, bridges, oil platforms and airport runners Transformers, Computer part, magnetically levitated train Water storage tanks, helmets, boats Optical lenses, car windshields, camera lenses Transmit data, voive and images in digital format over long distance.

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