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• “...THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIETY ” – SYSTEMATIC • SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE THAT FOCUSES ATTENTION ON PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR
– HUMAN SOCIETY • GROUP BEHAVIOR IS PRIMARY FOCUS; HOW GROUPS INFLUENCE INDIVIDUALS AND VICE VERSA
– AT THE “HEART OF SOCIOLOGY” • THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE WHICH OFFERS A RATHER UNIQUE VIEW OF SOCIETY
The Sociological Perspective
OBSERVATIONS ARE CERTAINLY IMPACTED BY THE PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE COME TO VIEW THE WORLD
• THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE – ALLOWS YOU TO START SEEING THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR • GENERAL CATEGORIES HELP SHAPE INDIVIDUALS’ LIFE EXPERIENCES
• THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE – ALLOWS YOU TO START SEEING THE STRANGE IN THE PARTICULAR • SOCIAL FORCES GUIDE HUMAN THOUGHT AND BEHAVIOR
WOW! NOW THAT IS COMPELLING!
•
COMPELLING EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL FORCES ACTING UPON HUMAN BEHAVIOR – DURKHEIM’S STUDY OF SUICIDE
•
MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT – MALE PROTESTANTS WHO WERE WEALTHY AND UNMARRIED HAD HIGHER SUICIDE RATES
•
LESS LIKELY TO COMMIT – MALES JEWS AND CATHOLICS WHO WERE POOR AND MARRIED
•
ONE OF THE BASIC FINDINGS: WHY? – THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE GROUPS HAD TO DO WITH “SOCIAL INTEGRATION” • THOSE WITH STRONG SOCIAL TIES HAD LESS CHANCE OF COMMITING SUICIDE
OTHER WAYS SOCIOLOGY ALLOWS US TO SEE ANEW • SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MARGINALITY – SOME PEOPLE CAN BE REFERRED TO AS “OUTSIDERS” • NOT PART OF THE DOMINANT GROUP
– THE LARGER THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DOMINANT GROUP AND A MARGINAL GROUP • EASIER TO NOTICE MARGINALITY AND SUFFER FROM IT
• SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL CRISIS – CONFRONTING SOCIAL PROBLEMS ALLOWS PEOPLE TO LOOK BEYOND THEIR OWN LIVES AND SEE HOW VARIOUS SYSTEMS IMPACT THEM
• IMPORTANCE OF THESE ITEMS – THEY ALLOW US TO SEE BOTH THE SMALL AND THE LARGE PICTURE • WE BEGIN TO APPRECIATE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MICRO AND MACRO ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE
GLOBAL LINKAGE • SOCIOLOGY OFFERS STUDENTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE – ALL SOCIETIES ARE INCREASINGLY CONNECTED THROUGH TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS – MANY SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY AMERICANS ARE MORE SERIOUS ELSEWHERE • IMMIGRANTS STILL SEE AMERICA AS A VISION OF HOPE AND A LAND OF GREAT OPPORTUNITIES
– UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL ISSUES AND THE WORLD AROUND AMERICA ALLOWS STUDENTS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES • LEARNING TO SEE THE MANY SIMILARITIES • ACCEPTING AND APPRECIATING THE DIFFERENCES
• CHALLENGES FAMILIARITY – IDEALISM VERSUS REALITY OF SITUATIONS FOR PEOPLE
• BROADENS PERSONAL VIEWS – SEE OUR INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS AND POWERFUL CONSTRAINTS
• EMPOWERS PEOPLE – FORCES STUDENTS TO ENGAGE THE WORLD
• RECOGNIZES SOCIAL DIVERSITY – UNDERSTANDING CAN LEAD TO ACCEPTANCE AND TOLERANCE
THE DISCIPLINE’S ORIGINS • EARLY IN THE 19TH CENTURY, WESTERN EUROPEAN SOCIETY EXPERIENCED MAJOR CHANGES IN MANY SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS • SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION – SCIENCE REPLACING TRADITIONAL FORMS OF AUTHORITY • GREAT AMOUNT OF CONFUSION, FEAR, AND CHAOS
• ECONOMIC REVOLUTION – CAPITALISM CHANGING THE FACE OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS • EXTREME CHANGES IN FAMILY FORM; URBAN GROWTH
• POLITICAL REVOLUTION – LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND BROTHERHOOD • VIOLENCE, DISORDER, AND POLITICAL FIGHTS FOR CONTROL
PERSONALITIES
• AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857) – POSITIVISM; LAW OF THREE STAGES
• HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-1876) – FOCUS ON WOMEN’S RIGHTS
• KARL MARX (1818-1883) – CLASS CONFLICT; HUMAN STRUGGLE
• HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903) – SOCIAL DARWINISM
• EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917) – GROUP FORCES; SOCIAL INTEGRATION
• JANE ADDAMS (1860-1933) – HULL HOUSE; SOCIAL WORK
• W.E.B. DU BOIS (1868-1963) – PLIGHT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS
SOCIAL PARADIGMS • THEORY: A STATEMENT OF HOW AND WHY FACTS ARE RELATED • PARADIGM: A SET OF FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS THAT GUIDES THINKING DOW N WITH PEOP LE
ITH W UP LE P O PE
PEOPLE HOLD DIFFERING OPINIONS ABOUT THEIR SOCIAL WORLD WE ALL COME FROM DIFFERENT SOCIAL EXPERIENCES AND THEY BIAS OUR ASSUMPTIONS
STRUCTURAL -FUNCTIONALISM • ASSUMPTION: – MACRO-ORIENTED (LARGE-SCALE) PARADIGM THAT VIEWS SOCIETY AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM WHOSE PARTS WORK TOGETHER TO PROMOTE SOCIAL STABILITY
• PRINCIPLES: – SOCIAL STRUCTURE REFERS TO RELATIVELY STABLE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR – SOCIAL FUNCTION REFERS TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL PATTERNS FOR SOCIETY • ROBERT K. MERTON’S THOUGHTS: – MANIFEST, LATENT, AND DYSFUNCTIONS
• ASSUMPTION: – ANOTHER MACRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM, BUT THIS ONE VIEWS SOCIETY AS A SYSTEM BASED ON INEQUALITY AND CONFLICT
• PRINCIPLES: – FACTORS SUCH AS RACE, SEX, CLASS, AND AGE ARE LINKED TO SOCIAL INEQUALITY – DOMINANT GROUP VS. MINORITY GROUPS • INCOMPATIBLE DIFFERENCES • SETTING UP “SOCIAL ROADBLOCKS” FOR OTHERS
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION SYMBOLIC INTERACTION IS A MICRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM, WHICH MEANS IT IS EFFECTIVELY USED WHEN ATTEMPTING TO UNDERSTAND SMALLER SCALE SOCIAL PHENOMENA
• ASSUMPTION: – THE VIEW THAT SOCIETY IS THE PRODUCT OF EVERYDAY INTERACTIONS
• PRINCIPLES: – SOCIETY IS A COMPLEX MOSAIC OF UNDERSTANDING THAT EMERGES FROM THE VERY PROCESS OF INTERACTING • GOFFMAN’S DRAMATURGICAL ANALSYIS • THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY
– HUMAN SOCIETY • GROUP BEHAVIOR IS PRIMARY FOCUS; HOW GROUPS INFLUENCE INDIVIDUALS AND VICE VERSA
– AT THE “HEART OF SOCIOLOGY” • THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE WHICH OFFERS A RATHER UNIQUE VIEW OF SOCIETY
The Sociological Perspective
OBSERVATIONS ARE CERTAINLY IMPACTED BY THE PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE COME TO VIEW THE WORLD
• THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE – ALLOWS YOU TO START SEEING THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR • GENERAL CATEGORIES HELP SHAPE INDIVIDUALS’ LIFE EXPERIENCES
• THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE – ALLOWS YOU TO START SEEING THE STRANGE IN THE PARTICULAR • SOCIAL FORCES GUIDE HUMAN THOUGHT AND BEHAVIOR
WOW! NOW THAT IS COMPELLING!
•
COMPELLING EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL FORCES ACTING UPON HUMAN BEHAVIOR – DURKHEIM’S STUDY OF SUICIDE
•
MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT – MALE PROTESTANTS WHO WERE WEALTHY AND UNMARRIED HAD HIGHER SUICIDE RATES
•
LESS LIKELY TO COMMIT – MALES JEWS AND CATHOLICS WHO WERE POOR AND MARRIED
•
ONE OF THE BASIC FINDINGS: WHY? – THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE GROUPS HAD TO DO WITH “SOCIAL INTEGRATION” • THOSE WITH STRONG SOCIAL TIES HAD LESS CHANCE OF COMMITING SUICIDE
OTHER WAYS SOCIOLOGY ALLOWS US TO SEE ANEW • SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MARGINALITY – SOME PEOPLE CAN BE REFERRED TO AS “OUTSIDERS” • NOT PART OF THE DOMINANT GROUP
– THE LARGER THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DOMINANT GROUP AND A MARGINAL GROUP • EASIER TO NOTICE MARGINALITY AND SUFFER FROM IT
• SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL CRISIS – CONFRONTING SOCIAL PROBLEMS ALLOWS PEOPLE TO LOOK BEYOND THEIR OWN LIVES AND SEE HOW VARIOUS SYSTEMS IMPACT THEM
• IMPORTANCE OF THESE ITEMS – THEY ALLOW US TO SEE BOTH THE SMALL AND THE LARGE PICTURE • WE BEGIN TO APPRECIATE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MICRO AND MACRO ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL LIFE
GLOBAL LINKAGE • SOCIOLOGY OFFERS STUDENTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE – ALL SOCIETIES ARE INCREASINGLY CONNECTED THROUGH TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS – MANY SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY AMERICANS ARE MORE SERIOUS ELSEWHERE • IMMIGRANTS STILL SEE AMERICA AS A VISION OF HOPE AND A LAND OF GREAT OPPORTUNITIES
– UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL ISSUES AND THE WORLD AROUND AMERICA ALLOWS STUDENTS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES • LEARNING TO SEE THE MANY SIMILARITIES • ACCEPTING AND APPRECIATING THE DIFFERENCES
• CHALLENGES FAMILIARITY – IDEALISM VERSUS REALITY OF SITUATIONS FOR PEOPLE
• BROADENS PERSONAL VIEWS – SEE OUR INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS AND POWERFUL CONSTRAINTS
• EMPOWERS PEOPLE – FORCES STUDENTS TO ENGAGE THE WORLD
• RECOGNIZES SOCIAL DIVERSITY – UNDERSTANDING CAN LEAD TO ACCEPTANCE AND TOLERANCE
THE DISCIPLINE’S ORIGINS • EARLY IN THE 19TH CENTURY, WESTERN EUROPEAN SOCIETY EXPERIENCED MAJOR CHANGES IN MANY SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS • SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION – SCIENCE REPLACING TRADITIONAL FORMS OF AUTHORITY • GREAT AMOUNT OF CONFUSION, FEAR, AND CHAOS
• ECONOMIC REVOLUTION – CAPITALISM CHANGING THE FACE OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS • EXTREME CHANGES IN FAMILY FORM; URBAN GROWTH
• POLITICAL REVOLUTION – LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND BROTHERHOOD • VIOLENCE, DISORDER, AND POLITICAL FIGHTS FOR CONTROL
PERSONALITIES
• AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857) – POSITIVISM; LAW OF THREE STAGES
• HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-1876) – FOCUS ON WOMEN’S RIGHTS
• KARL MARX (1818-1883) – CLASS CONFLICT; HUMAN STRUGGLE
• HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903) – SOCIAL DARWINISM
• EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917) – GROUP FORCES; SOCIAL INTEGRATION
• JANE ADDAMS (1860-1933) – HULL HOUSE; SOCIAL WORK
• W.E.B. DU BOIS (1868-1963) – PLIGHT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS
SOCIAL PARADIGMS • THEORY: A STATEMENT OF HOW AND WHY FACTS ARE RELATED • PARADIGM: A SET OF FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS THAT GUIDES THINKING DOW N WITH PEOP LE
ITH W UP LE P O PE
PEOPLE HOLD DIFFERING OPINIONS ABOUT THEIR SOCIAL WORLD WE ALL COME FROM DIFFERENT SOCIAL EXPERIENCES AND THEY BIAS OUR ASSUMPTIONS
STRUCTURAL -FUNCTIONALISM • ASSUMPTION: – MACRO-ORIENTED (LARGE-SCALE) PARADIGM THAT VIEWS SOCIETY AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM WHOSE PARTS WORK TOGETHER TO PROMOTE SOCIAL STABILITY
• PRINCIPLES: – SOCIAL STRUCTURE REFERS TO RELATIVELY STABLE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR – SOCIAL FUNCTION REFERS TO THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL PATTERNS FOR SOCIETY • ROBERT K. MERTON’S THOUGHTS: – MANIFEST, LATENT, AND DYSFUNCTIONS
• ASSUMPTION: – ANOTHER MACRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM, BUT THIS ONE VIEWS SOCIETY AS A SYSTEM BASED ON INEQUALITY AND CONFLICT
• PRINCIPLES: – FACTORS SUCH AS RACE, SEX, CLASS, AND AGE ARE LINKED TO SOCIAL INEQUALITY – DOMINANT GROUP VS. MINORITY GROUPS • INCOMPATIBLE DIFFERENCES • SETTING UP “SOCIAL ROADBLOCKS” FOR OTHERS
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION SYMBOLIC INTERACTION IS A MICRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM, WHICH MEANS IT IS EFFECTIVELY USED WHEN ATTEMPTING TO UNDERSTAND SMALLER SCALE SOCIAL PHENOMENA
• ASSUMPTION: – THE VIEW THAT SOCIETY IS THE PRODUCT OF EVERYDAY INTERACTIONS
• PRINCIPLES: – SOCIETY IS A COMPLEX MOSAIC OF UNDERSTANDING THAT EMERGES FROM THE VERY PROCESS OF INTERACTING • GOFFMAN’S DRAMATURGICAL ANALSYIS • THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY
