Chap 1 - Introduction To Biology

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY What is BIOLOGY? BIOLOGY - study of life and living organisms - branch of natural sciences Greek word : bios – life

logos – knowledge

Traditionally, biology has been divided into i. Zoology – the study of animals ii. Botany – the study of plants iii. Microbiology – the study of microorganisms - bacteriology (bacteria), virology (virus), mycology (fungi), phycology (algae), protozoology (protozoa) iv. Cell and molecular biology v. Ecology vi. Genetic

Anatomy - the structure of the organisms Morphology - external structure Physiology - how organisms function

Cytology - structure and function of cells

Genetics - studies on heredity or genes

Molecular biology - studies on structure and properties of molecules in cells Biochemistry - chemical function in organisms

What is LIFE? i. Life is an absolute trait of the living. ii. Life is a condition when the organism is not dead. iii. Life is a condition which differentiates animals and plants from the non-living matter. iv. Life is a system that succeeds in solving its energy problems

Characteristics of LIFE

Able to evolve and adapt

Cell Organization

Reproduce

Respire Excrete their waste

Control their Internal condition Metabolize and grow

Feed

Respond to their surrounding

Motile

Properties of LIFE Order

Reproduction

Growth and development

Energy

Response

Homeostasis

Evolutionary adaptation

Organizational Levels of Life Atom - the chemical of building blocks of all matter

Molecule - a chemical structure consisting of two or more chemical units called atoms

Tissue - An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure or both

Organ - A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissue

Organelle - One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell

Cells - Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

Organ System – A group of organs that work together in performing vital body function

Classification Hierarchy of Organism -

The formal system of naming, cataloguing and describing organisms - Created by Swedish botanist : Carolus Linnaeus (1785) known as Binomial Classification Example: Homo sapiens ; Homo sapiens 1. 2. 3. 4.

In Latin Consists of a pair of names: the first – genus, second – species Must be written in italic or underlined The first word – begins with capital letter The second word- begins with small letter

Classification Hierarchy of Organism Hierarchical Classification In addition to identifying and naming species, a major objective of systematic is to group species into broader taxonomic categories. Basic unit of classification for an organism is species. Species – an individual population with similar structures, functions and have to ability to interbreed.

Classification of Organisms Taxonomist classify organisms by sorting then into groups according to traits that reveal phylogenetic relationship.