Chaguaramas Peninsula Case Study

THE CROPPER FOUNDATION

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Chaguaramas peninsula In this case study:

Chaguaramas Peninsula Dr. Mary Alkins-Koo of the Life Sciences Department of the University of the West Indies developed case studies for use in courses at the University. Among these was a case study on the Chaguaramas Peninsula. The following sections draw heavily on the information from her case study on the Chaguaramas Peninsula.1

Background

The Chaguaramas Peninsula is situated on the north-western end of Trinidad. The Peninsula forms the western end of the Northern Range, and includes the mainland of Trinidad as well Monos, Huevos and Chacachacare Islands. Other offshore islands – Gaspar Grande, Diego and Five Islands – are not considered as part of the Peninsula, but will be included in this study. (See figure 1: Map of Chaguaramas Peninsula). The location of the Peninsula and offshore islands make them a hotspot for activities that are influenced by both local and international processes (See figure 2: Local and Regional processes impacting on Chaguaramas Peninsula).

Chaguaramas Peninsula

Figure 1: Map of Chaguaramas Peninsula =(&.#)%,!;! .)/(2)%/.#) %,!$#%/.)&! 1(2<.7(1!

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! Figure 2: Local and Regional Processes impacting on Chaguaramas Peninsula

Source: Alking-Koo (2008)

Mary Alkins-Koo,

“Case Study - Chaguaramas Peninsula”, (Dept. of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, 2003-2007).

History •

The Chaguaramas Peninsula has a strategic local and regional location that has made it a focus for many civil and military uses. Amerindian sites dating back to 100 to 700 A.D. can be found on Chacachacare Island and the name “Chaguaramas” is of Amerindian origin meaning “palms”.

• Columbus was reported to have anchored off Chacachacare Bay on his third voyage in 1498. •

Remnants of fortifications built by the Spanish and British between 1796 and 1805 can be found at Point Gourde and Gaspar Grande. Admiral Apodaca’s fleet of ships, scuttled off Point Gourde in the British invasion in 1797, still remains in Chaguaramas Bay.

•

The good agricultural lands of Tucker Valley were used as a sugar plantation in the late 18th century and later planted with cocoa, coffee and citrus for export. Cotton and citrus were grown on Chacachacare.

•

The offshore islands and some areas of the peninsula were private holiday homes from as early as the mid-1800s. Of note, the Five Islands, notably Nelson Island, served as a depot where all East Indian indentured immigrants were quarantined until they were assigned to a plantation. Almost 150,000 persons, ancestors of 50% of the population of Trinidad, spent their first days on these islands.

•

Up to the 1930s many of the bays supported small fishing communities. Whaling was also conducted in the Bocas during the 19th century and there were at least four whaling stations on the islands of Gaspar Grande, Monos and Chacacha are. A Leprosarium, run by Dominican sisters, was established on Chacachacare in 1924 and finally closed in 1984.

•

During World War II, the Peninsula was leased by the British government to the U.S. for use as a major naval base and all landowners were displaced. Many changes were made; bays were dredged, land was filled, and infrastructure such as administrative and residential buildings, ammunition bunkers, roads and drainage were constructed. American military facilities included a naval air station at Carenage Bay, an Omega submarine tracking station in Chaguaramas Valley and a submarine station at Scotland Bay. The Peninsula was returned to Trinidad & Tobago in 1971.

•

The Chaguaramas Peninsula, offshore islands (Gaspar Grande, Gasparillo, Monos, Huevos, and Chacachacare) and nearshore coastal waters were declared a National Park in 1974 and have since been managed by the Chaguaramas Development Authority.

With a large range of activities, processes and ecological features, associated with Chaguaramas Peninsula, a number of case studies could be undertaken on the area. This case study is presented in two parts. Part A will look at biodiversity and ecosystems of the Chaguaramas Peninsula; and part B will focus on recreational activities undertaken on the Peninsula.

Chaguaramas Peninsula: Case Study A Ecosystems & Biodiversity

Between 2003 and 2004, a study of the Northern Range of Trinidad was undertaken to assess the contribution of ecosystem services to human well-being. This assessment was part of a larger global ecosystem assessment called the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. This assessment is used as the Environmental Management Authority’s (EMA) State of Environment Report 2004. Several excerpts are drawn from this report and used in Case Study A. 2

The Chaguaramas Peninsula supports terrestrial and marine ecosystems on different areas of the Peninsula. Although the Peninsula represents a geographically small area of about 5,900 hectares, there are notable differences in the abiotic conditions that some areas experience. The western parts of the Peninsula tend to be drier than the eastern parts because of the “rain-shadow” effect that is experienced. [See Figure 3: Isohyetal map of Trinidad and figure 4: Rain shadow effect]. The differences in rainfall amount lead to the formation of different types of forest ecosystems. These are described below.

!

!"#$%#&#'#() *+,-,(%.#) !Figure 3: Isohyetal map of Trinidad

Source: Piarco Meterological Office in NRA (2005)

! Fig 4: Rain shadow effect Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forests Four major forest ecosystems include semi-evergreen seasonal forest, deciduous seasonal forest, dry evergreen forest and montane forest. The forest ecosystems are important for: • Protection of slopes against soil erosion. Over 70% of Chaguaramas comprises steep slopes. If the forests on the slopes are removed, the underlying soils will be subjected to severe erosion. 2

Northern Range Assessment (NRA). Report of an Assessment of the Northern Range, Trinidad and Tobago: People and the Northern Range. (State of the Environment

Report 2004. Environmental Management Authority of Trinidad and Tobago, 2005).

• •

The process of groundwater recharge in the Tucker Valley and Chaguaramas river Valley is dependant on the maintenance of forest cover. All of the water that is currently used in Chaguaramas is provided by wells in Tucker Valley. The importance of this water source cannot be underestimated. The forests provide habitats for a wide diversity of mammals, reptiles, fish, amphibians and insects.

Semi-evergreen seasonal forest This is the main forest type in Chaguaramas and it is found on the steep upland areas of the Chaguaramas mainland. The dominant plant association is the purpleheart-incense-poui. Additional associations include purpleheart-bois lissette, acurel-moussara-jiggerwood, acurel-gommier and moussara-figuier. Other species found here include balata, cedar, Cypre, locust and poui. Excerpt from the EMA State of Environment Report 2004 Semi-evergreen seasonal forest shows physical changes during the dry season with some of the upper canopy trees being deciduous (on average about one-third of the species) while most understorey species remain evergreen where moisture conditions are more favorable. This forest type occurs in drier areas where annual rainfall averages around 1,800mm. Mature trees branch lower on the main stem, between 6m and 9m, than do similar sized trees in seasonal evergreen forest where branching begins around 15m. Buttressing is not a prominent feature in semi-evergreen forest. This is mainly a near-coastal forest type in Trinidad’s north-west peninsula, and north and north-east coasts, but it can also be found on the south-western flanks of the Northern Range. Deciduous seasonal forest This type of forest exists on lower areas of the Chaguaramas mainland and particularly on Pt. Gourde and the offshore islands. The main plant association is Naked Indian-incense-poui ecotone. This association shares similarities with those on the South-American mainland, but is not present in other areas of Trinidad. This is not surprising as the Northern Range is the continuation the Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela and was once attached to the South American mainland. Excerpt from the EMA State of Environment Report 2004 The deciduous seasonal forest is found on the lower slopes of the Northwest Peninsula and on the Gulf islands. This is the driest forest found in Trinidad where annual rainfall rarely exceeds 1,250mm. This results in an open, low canopy forest of small trees, with emergents, often with smaller leaves, barely reaching 20m in height. Common trees in the emergent layer are saltfishwood, yellow savonette, and incense while in the understorey, yellow poui, wild tamarind and wild guava are abundant. The character of the vegetation reflects the drier condition that prevails. Most trees shed their leaves in the dry season while the evergreen component tends to have small leathery leaves. Deciduous seasonal forest is confined to areas in the Northern Range such as the offshore islands, Pointe Gourde, and lower slopes of the north-west peninsula. Dry evergreen forest (Littoral forest) This forest-type is found along the shores of the mainland and the offshore islands. The main plant associations are seagrape-manchineel and Palmiste-balata. Excerpt from the EMA State of Environment Report 2004 This forest type occurs behind beaches, along cliffs and headlands and shows the ravages of coastal exposure with wind-trimming and stunted growth on the seaward side. The vegetation is dense – almost impenetrable – and lianas are sometimes well established. The evergreen vegetation displays salt spray adaptations with thick, leathery cutinized leaves and is present along the north-east coast. Cacti and century plant (Agave evadens) are also common.

Montane forest The plant association found here is serrette-bois gris (lower). Excerpt from the EMA State of Environment Report 2004 Montane forests include all the natural forest cover above the 240m contour line in the Northern Range and can be further subdivided into lower montane, seasonal montane, montane, and elfin woodland. In moving from lower to higher elevations, temperatures decrease and moisture levels increase. Rainfall levels in montane forests can be as much as 400cm per annum above the 760m contour line. Lower montane, montane, and elfin woodland occur on schist soil while seasonal montane is found on limestone above 450m

Activity

What features do littoral vegetation-types possess to withstand the strong winds, sea-spray and sometimes dry conditions associated with coasts? Compare these features, such as leaf characteristics, with semi-evergreen seasonal forest vegetation, and suggest reasons why the biodiversity associated with these two vegetation types may be different. Biodiversity: Wildlife

This section is adapted from the case study on Chaguaramas Peninsula by Dr. Mary Alkins-Koo. The vertebrate fauna of Chaguaramas includes approximately 90 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles and 11 species of mammals including the red howler monkey, deer, tayra and ocelot. The fishing bat, Noctilio, can be seen regularly foraging along the coastline at night. The terrestrial arthropod fauna includes remarkably large millipedes and centipedes (up to 30 cm long) on the offshore islands (hence the local name for Gasparillo “Centipede Island”). During the latter half of the 18th century there was a thriving whaling industry in Chaguaramas. There were whaling stations at Chacachacare, Gaspar Grand and Monos islands. The whales that were targeted in the whaling industry are thought to be humpback whales although pilot whales also occasionally occurred in the area. Dolphins are seen regularly around boats moving between the offshore islands. Coastal Ecosystems and Communities

This section is adapted from the case study on Chaguaramas Peninsula by Dr. Mary Alkins-Koo, with additional information from the EMA State of the Environment Report 2004. Coastal ecosystems surround the Chaguaramas Peninsula including the smaller islands adjacent to the peninsula. These ecosystems include beaches, seagrass beds and coral reefs. As with other coastal areas around Trinidad, the marine conditions and communities are influenced by the seasonal freshwater outflow from the mainland and local rivers during the wet season. Shallow water coastal communities include: • Patch reefs dominated by finger coral, Porites. Small fringe reefs are found around the Five Islands, Monos and Chacachacare; these develop in areas that are shallow, have regular flushing so that the water is circulated, and little surf. Notably, there are “deep-water” coral communities found at relatively shallow depths (e.g. 25 m) because of the low transparency of these waters as compared with the clear “blue” waters elsewhere in the Caribbean. These communities include ivory coral, non-reef building corals and black corals.

• Rocky substrates covered with an assortment of hydroids and sponges.

• Sand and mud substrates with seagrass beds. Seagrass beds are major primary producers in the marine environment and form the foundation of many food chains. They provide habitats and nurseries for



many of the fish species that we consume such as snappers, croakers, grunts, groupers, sea breams, cirrique crabs, lobsters and shrimp. Seagrass beds also help to stabilize bottom sediments and are important sources and sinks for nutrients. Extensive seagrass beds are found at Williams Bay. In the past, seagrass beds were also found in Scotland Bay, Monos Island and Five Islands, however, human activities have impacted negatively on the beds. Seagrass beds are disturbed by anchoring of boats, boat propellers, heat and oil pollution and the release of excessive organic materials like sewage.

•

Chacachacare salt pond - an inland coastal lagoon on Chacachacare Island which attains salinities of more than 3 to 4 times that of sea water because of low rainfall and high evaporation rates. Few aquatic organisms can survive under these conditions and only bacteria, fly larvae (Ephyridae) and water bugs (Corixidae) can be found.

An extensive list of fauna, flora, birds, insects, reptiles and marine organisms found in Chaguaramas is provided by the CDA, and can be accessed at http://www.chagdev.com/Pages/Chag-WildLife-main.htm

Activity

Produce an informative poster identifying the major terrestrial and marine ecosystems of the Chaguaramas National Park. For each ecosystem, explain at least one way in which it contributes to people’s well-being e.g. recreational value, provision of freshwater resources. Research and produce a species account for one key species of plant or animal found in the Chaguaramas National Park. It may be terrestrial or marine. Include in your account its scientific and common names; its geographic range globally, in the Caribbean and within Trinidad and Tobago; features of its biology such as size, appearance, natural habitats, nutrition/ diet, reproduction, life history, value to humans, and highlight any feature that you found particularly remarkable or interesting. The class can build a booklet of species accounts of local flora and fauna over a period of years. Check the Naparima Girls Cyberfair webpage for an example of a project on local places http://www.moe.gov.tt/cyberfair/websites08/Secondary/naparimagirls/home.html

Chaguaramas Peninsula: Case Study B Recreational activities in the Chaguaramas Peninsula have seen notable increases over the last decade. This has been largely due to Chaguaramas Development Authority’s (CDA) efforts to promote tourism of the area, and increase interest of Trinidad as a hotspot for yachters in the Caribbean region. A Brief look at the CDA The CDA is a statutory government agency established by an act of parliament in 1972 to administer and coordinate the development of the North-west peninsula in a manner which meets the requirements of the Town and Country Planning Act (Chap 35:01). While this purpose does sound a bit nebulous, a master plan for development has been put forward which outlines more specific objectives. The one we currently use is the first master plan which was approved (made law) in 1974. Since then a number of reviews of the 1974 master plan have been undertaken with the aim of developing a more current version – no such plan yet exists. The hierarchical structure of these plans developed by CDA is shown below.

It is useful to consider why there has been no approved development plan since 1974. More information on these plans is available on the CDA’s website, http://www.chagdev.com/

Sea bathing

The Chaguaramas Peninsula is quite popular for its beaches. Public transport to these beaches is available from Port of Spain, and the beaches are frequented every day of the week, with notable increases in the numbers of sea bathers on the weekend. With the exception of Macqueripe Beach, all of the beaches are influenced by the Gulf of Paria and share its characteristic slow currents. The beaches are also shallow with wide inter-tidal flats making them ideal spots for bathing. Many of these beaches however, through poor management of waste disposal and runoff from land- and water-based activities, coupled with the oceanographic conditions of the area are polluted with sewage, solid waste and chemical pollutants.

! Figure 5: Bathymetrical chart of the north Gulf of Paria Source: Hoyte (1986)

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Figure 6: Popular bathing beaches at Chaguaramas Peninsula

Adapted from: Alking-Koo (2008)

Improper waste management Possible sources of pollution include: • Discharge from broken sewer lines on land that contaminate nearshore waters of the beach via seepage into the underground natural drainage system. • Discharge from a sewer line that runs across the sea bed of Welcome Bay to Point Gourde. This line was found to be a source of pollution in Welcome Bay in the 1980s. • Wastewater from sewage tanks at compounds near to the beach or near to rivers that flow into the beach. For example the Cuesa River drains the Tucker Valley and empties in the northeast end of Chagville Beach. This is important to note as large mega-farms which use fertilizers are located in Tucker Valley. • Kitchen wastewater from nearby compounds, such as nightclubs. • Rubbish left by people visiting the beaches. • Pollutants from industrial and recreational activities (haulout yards and marinas) along the shore of Chaguaramas bay. These pollutants include heavy metals such as copper, lead, zinc and mercury, and harmful compounds like tributyltin (TBT).

Activity and Discussion:

What are some of the effects of these pollutants on human health?

Oceanographic conditions • Flushing of the water in most of the bays is poor because of low current speeds, so that Is it possible to have these in low amounts pollutants can settle in the bay. and still have a safe beach? • Currents run north-east to south-west along Chagville Beach and turn south near Pointe Gourde. The current causes debris to collect along the coast from Chagville Westwards with the largest amounts being swept into Welcome Bay and deposited in the north-western corner of the bay. • Currents also take solid waste around to Scotland Bay. 3 • The Chaguaramas area is also subject to oil and (diesel) spills occurring in other areas of the Gulf of Paria, because of the prevailing currents. A noteworthy example of this is an oil spill which occurred in Sea Lots (south of Port of Spain) in September 2000 and caused damage to yachts in the Chaguaramas area.

Activity: Measure faecal coliform levels at Welcome Bay and Macqueripe Bay. How do these compare? Does the oceanography of each area have anything to do with these differences?

3

P.E. Norman. Report of a Bacteriological Survey on Welcome Bay and Chagville Beach Chaguarmas. 1982.

Chaguaramas National Park

The Chaguaramas Peninsula was designated a National Heritage Park in 1975 with the objectives of: • Conservation and protection of biodiversity such as the red howler monkey; • Preservation of ecological, historical and archaeological resources. Areas above the 60m contour line are considered to be within the national park, which is about 80% of the Chaguaramas Peninsula. There are provisions for special activities in the area such as agriculture in Tucker Valley and hunting of wildlife is prohibited. It is unclear from current information sources whether any national legislation exists to guide the national park. National parks or protected areas are large natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities. The primary objective of the national park is to protect natural biodiversity along with its underlying ecological structure and supporting environmental processes, and to promote education and recreation. 4 The Chaguaramas National Park promotes recreational activities which include: • Hikes/ Nature Trails – guided tours are available to waterfalls like Edith Falls; to ecological wonders such as Gasparee Caves and the Chacachacare salt pond; and archaeological sites like Huggins Ruins and Lumber Lane. • Golf course located in Tucker Valley.

! Figure 7: Chaguaramas Conservation Areas

Adapted from: Caribbean Forest Association (1996)

Discussion:

4

IUCN.Guidelines for Protected Areas Management Categories.

(IUCN, Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland, 1994), 261.

Does Chaguaramas National Park comply with the definition of an IUCN National Park?

Night Clubs

A number of nightclubs and restaurants are situated on the Chaguaramas Peninsula. Some of these include: Pier 1, MoBS2, The Lure, Anchorage, The Lighthouse and Sails. This type of recreational activity is not without its share of problems. Traffic congestion is a major problem that arises when major events are held in Chaguaramas Peninsula; this is prevalent during the carnival season (January to March) when events are held simultaneously at different nightclubs. Waste discharge – sewage and grey water – is a potential problem with all of these activities concentrated in the small area.

Marinas

Information for this section is drawn from a report that was produced by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) in 2002 as part of a larger project to develop a regional marine-based tourism strategy. 5

3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Figure 8: Number of yacht arrivals to Chaguaramas from 1990 to 2001 Source: ECLAC (2002)

19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01

Number of Yach Arrivals

It is only within the last 15 years that Chaguaramas began to develop a thriving yachting sector. The number of yacht arrivals at Chaguaramas increased by five times from 1990 to 2000 (See Figure 8). This increase in yacht arrivals has seen both benefits and drawbacks for Chaguaramas. Before looking at the benefits and drawbacks, let us consider some important questions: - What makes Chaguaramas attractive to yachters? - What activities are associated with yachting? - Where in Chaguaramas do yachting activities occur?

Year

!

5

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). Trinidad and Tobago: The Yachting Sector. (Development of a Regional Marine-based Tourism Strategy, 2002).

What makes Chaguaramas attractive to yachters? - - - - - - - -

Location below the restricted or costly hurricane insurance boundary of 12o40’ North. Low cost of living compared with the other islands in the eastern Caribbean. Relatively well skilled labour force derived from an industrial background and synergies with the oil sector. Private sector initiatives in plant and equipment and the consequent availability of a wide range (and concentration) of services. Supportive policies by the Customs and Excise and Immigration departments and by TDC. Efficient system for boats to import parts duty- and VAT- free. Competitive price levels for yachting services. Events like Carnival.

What activities are associated with yachting in Chaguaramas? - Charter boat companies rent pirogues for trips down to the islands off the peninsula, or boats are rented to host parties. - Marinas: yacht storage; maintenance. - Marine services: sail making, engine repair, marine electronics and out-haul facilities. Where in Chaguaramas do yachting activities occur?

Benefits One of the major benefits of the yachting industry in Chaguarmas is its contribution to national GDP. The contribution can be divided into direct and indirect contributions: 1. Direct contributions come from the expenditure of the yachters for the purchase of yacht materials, for repair services, for mooring permits, and for the purchase of food and personal items. 2. Indirect contributions come from the purchase of goods and services by the establishments and employees that are direct recipients of the yachter’s expenditures. These establishments include marinas and marine service stores. Although the yachting industry does contribute to national GDP, it is not recognised as a sector in the sense of national accounting or among national revenue-contributing activities. Another benefit is the employment that is provided through the yachting industry. For example many local persons are hired as repairmen, sales clerks, and food providers. Drawbacks The yachting industry in Chaguaramas has come under heavy criticism as a source of heavy metal, sewage and solid waste pollution. What is still largely unclear are the contributions that the yachting industry makes in Chaguaramas because there are so many other activities occurring in Chaguaramas which could all be potential sources of pollution. For example the CL Marine Dry dock located in the northwest area of Chaguarmas Bay is a potential source of heavy metal pollution; mega-farms in Tucker Valley are a potential source of chemical pollution because runoff from the farms drain into the Cuesa River which drains into Chagville Bay; improper functioning sewage plants onshore can release sewage into nearshore areas. In light of the criticism of being a major source of pollution, the Yacht Services Association of Trinidad and Tobago (YSATT) has adopted a policy for solid waste management at the yards and marinas. This policy is outlined in the table below. Table 1: Waste disposal policy adopted by YSATT. 6 Waste Type

Waste Container Type

Method of Removal

Recyclables Glass

Carib glass eco bin

Paper

Poly-bag shredded

Remove/ replace bin Remove bag

Steel/ Iron

--

--

Wood General container Organic waste General container Box General container Liquid hazardous waste Waste oils Tank/ drum

General bin General bin General bin

Others

Drum removal

Drum

Solid hazardous waste Filters Fixed drum with poly bag and cover Batteries N/A

Suction

Poly bag removal N/A

Plastics/ paint cans

General container

Oily rags

Fixed drum/ poly Poly bag removal bag and cover Unbroken in box or Box removal wrapped in card board

Fluorescent light bulbs

General bin

Comment/ Disposal Method Recycled at Carib Glassworks Recycled at various paper recyclers Company may sell externally --High temp. incineration High temp. incineration drum disposal High temp incineration Recycle into new batteries Recycled at Pirahna International Limited High temp incineration Cement encapsulation prior to bury in specific landfill

6

ECLAC 2002

Activity

Make an inventory of the waste produced by one land- or water-based activity that takes place at Chaguaramas which you have observed/studied. Research the best practices for disposal of these wastes. Develop a detailed waste disposal plan for this activity. Include use of alternative materials or processes if identified wastes cannot be disposed of safely. Investigate the ways in which one major waste product or activity can affect the biodiversity of the Chaguaramas area. You can consider one of a range of potential pollutants (chemicals, sewage, noise from fetes) or activities associated with recreation (nightclubs, boating, hiking), agriculture (megafarms) or commerce/industry (marinas, boatyards). Biodiversity can be considered at the ecosystem level (e.g. eutrophication), species level (habitat fragmentation on populations of wildlife), or individual level (effect of heavy metal pollution on an organism).

Bibliography Alkins-Koo, M and J.S. Kenny.1980. A Baseline Survey of Scotland Bay, Trinidad. Institute of Marine Affairs. Alkins-Koo, Mary. 2005. Case Study - Chaguaramas Peninsula. BIOL 2461, Dept. of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. Alkins-Koo, Mary. 2008. Chaguaramas Peninsula Background. Presentation to St. Mary’s College. Bullock, Christine Ann and Indar Moonesar. 2005. Potential sources of bacteriological pollution for two bays with marinas in Trinidad. International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 53 (1). Campo Roberts, Gill. 1991. Inventory of the Indigenous Forest of Chaguaramas Peninsula. Prepared for the Chaguaramas Development Agency. Caribbean Forest Conservation Association. 1996. Report on National Parks and Protected Areas Design Site Prioritisation. Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago National Parks and Watershed Management Project. Chaguaramas Development Authority (CDA). http://www.chagdev.com/ (accessed 25th June, 2009).

De Verteuil, Anthony. 2003. Western Isles of Trinidad. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Litho Press Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). 2002. Trinidad and Tobago: The Yachting Sector. Development of a Regional Marine-based Tourism Strategy. EMA. 1998. Trinidad and Tobago State of the Environment Report 1998. Environmental Management Authority of Trinidad and Tobago. Fowler, H.W. and F.G. Fowler. 1991. The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Ed. R.E. Allen. Oxford: Claredon Press. Hoyte, P.Y. 1986. A preliminary description of currents in the near shore waters of the Gulf of Paria - Diego Martin to Port of Spain coastal area. Technical report, Institute of Marine Affairs, Trinidad and Tobago, p.319. IUCN.1994. Guidelines for Protected Areas Management Categories. IUCN, Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland. 261pp. James, Lisa, Susan Shurland Maharaj and Roget Bibby. 2001. A Socioeconomic Assessment of Yachting Activities in the North West Peninsula of Trinidad. Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA).

Mangal, Erin. 2008. Report on Commercial Fisheries within the Gulf of Paria and the Impacts of Proposed Port Development Activities on Fisheries in the Claxton Bay Area. Rapid Environmental Assessments Ltd. Ministry of Planning and Mobilization Town and Country Planning Division. 1988. Planning for development: Chaguaramas Development Plan. Norman, P.E. 1982. Report of a Bacteriological Survey on Welcome Bay and Chagville Beach Chaguarmas.

Ordnance Survey Map, Land and Surveys Division, Trinidad. Shurland-Maharaj, Susan and Lisa James. A Safe Haven: History and Growth of the Yachting Industry in Chaguaramas. Trinidad Guardian, June 28. The Cropper Foundation (TCF). 2009. Sustainable Development Terms and Concepts: A Reference for Teachers and Students. Port of Spain, Trinidad.

Northern Range Assessment (NRA). 2005. Report of an Assessment of the Northern Range, Trinidad and Tobago: People and the Northern Range. State of the Environment Report 2004. Environmental Management Authority of Trinidad and Tobago. 184pp.

APPENDIX A: Acronyms used in this case study CDA

Chaguaramas Development Authority

GDP

Gross domestic product

ECLAC IMA

IUCN

TDC TBT YSATT

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Institute of Marine Affairs

World Conservation Union

Tourism Development Company of Trinidad and Tobago Tributyltin

Yacht Services Association of Trinidad and Tobago

APPENDIX B: Glossary of terms used in the case study Abiotic

Without life. The abiotic elements of an ecosystem constitute its climatic, geological and pedologic (soil) components.

Bathymetry

The study of underwater depth

Biodiversity

The variability among living organisms from all sources: terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, as well as the ecological complexes of which they are part. Biodiversity includes diversity within and among species (genetic and species diversity) and diversity within and among ecosystems (ecosystem diversity).

Ecosystem

Dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit.

Gross domestic product (GDP) Littoral

The market value of all final good and services produced within a given country in a given period of time. Final goods are those that are consumed rather than used to make another product. For example a car is a final good. Of or on the shore of the sea or lake

Plant association

A group of plants that live together in a geographical region and constitute a community with a few dominant species.

Peninsula

A piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting far into a sea or lake.

Sea bream

Bream is a general term for a number of species of freshwater and marine fish.

APPENDIX C: Plants included in this case study Common name

Scientific name

Common name

Scientific name

Acurel

Trichilia smithii

Locust

Hymenaea courbaril

Balata

Manilkara bidentata

Manchineel

Hippomane mancinella

Bois gris

Licania ternatensis

Moussara

Brosimum alicastrum

Bois Lissette

Mouriri marshalii

Naked Indian

Bursera simaruba

Cedar

Cedrela odorata

Poui

Tabebuia serratifolia

Cypre

Cordia alliodora

Purpleheart

Peltogyne porphyrocardia

Figuier

Ficus yoponensis

Seagrape

Coccoloba uvifera

Gommier

Protium insigne

Serrette

Brysonima coriacea



Tapirira guianensis

Wild guava

Psidium friedrichsthalianum

Incense

Lonchocarpus sp.

Wild tamarind

Lysiloma latisiliqua

Jiggerwood

Bravaisia integerrima

Yellow savonette

Lonchocarpus punctatus

APPENDIX C: Animals included in this case study Common name

Scientific name

Black coral

Antipathidae (family)

Cirrique crab

Callinectes sp.

Croakers

Sciaenidae (family)

Deer

Mazama sp.

Finger coral

Porites porites

Fishing bat

Noctilio sp.

Fly larvae

Ephyridae (family)

Groupers

Epinephelus (subfamily)

Grunts

Haemulidae (family)

Ivory coral

Ramariopsis kunzei

Ocelot

Felis pardalis

Red howler monkey Alouatta seniculus insularis Snappers

Lutjanidae (family)

Tayra

Eira barbara

Water bugs

Corixidae (family)