Case Study

Androstendione •What type of molecule is it (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid, other)? Androstendione is a 19-carbon steroid hormone •Is it naturally found in the human body? Yes it is naturally found in the body. •What effect (role/impact) does this product have in the human body—Why might it promote muscle growth? Androstenedione has been shown to increase serum testosterone levels which is key for growth and development among males. In females, androstenedione is released into the blood by theca cells. The function of this is to provide androstenedione substrate for estrogen production in granulosa cells, since these cells lack 17,20 lyase required for androstenedione. After menopause, androstenedione production is about halved, primarily due to the reduction of the steroid secreted by the ovary. •What are some potential side-effects of taking a nutritional supplement that contains this substance? The drug poses significant health risks commonly associated with steroids. Creatine •What type of molecule is it (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid, other)? Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid. •Is it naturally found in the human body? Yes, it is found naturally in the human body. •What effect (role/impact) does this product have in the human body—Why might it promote muscle growth? It helps to supply energy to muscle, which helps to promote muscle growth. •What are some potential side-effects of taking a nutritional supplement that contains this substance? Some individuals may experience gastrointestinal symptoms, including loss of appetite, stomach discomfort, diarrhea, or nausea. Creatine may cause muscle cramps or muscle breakdown, leading to muscle tears or discomfort. Strains and sprains have been reported due to enthusiastic increases in workout regimens once starting creatine. Weight gain and increased body mass may occur. Heat intolerance, fever, dehydration, reduced blood volume, or electrolyte imbalances (and resulting seizures) may occur Nitric Oxide •What type of molecule is it (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid, other)? Nitric oxide is a chemical compound. •Is it naturally found in the human body? Yes, it is naturally found in the body. •What effect (role/impact) does this product have in the human body—Why might it promote muscle growth? Nitric oxide plays a tremendous role in the healing process of the body after injury which contributes to muscle growth.

•What are some potential side-effects of taking a nutritional supplement that contains this substance? There are none.