Ch25 Inverts) Part 1
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Animals: The Invertebrates Part 1
Characteristics of Animals Multicelled
heterotrophic
eukaryotes Require oxygen for aerobic respiration Reproduce sexually, and perhaps asexually Motile at some stage Develop from embryos
Examples of Embryos
Chordates
Major Animal Phyla
Echinoderms Arthropods Annelids Coelomate Ancestry
Mollusks Rotifers Roundworms
Bilateral Ancestry Radial Ancestry Multicelled Ancestry Figure 25.2 Page 415
Flatworms
Cnidarians Sponges
Single-celled, protistanlike ancestors
Symmetry r o i ter s po
al s r do
ior r te n a
Radial
l ra t n ve
Bilateral
Figure 25.3 Page 416
The Gut Region
where food is digested and then absorbed Saclike gut – One opening for taking in food and expelling waste Complete
digestive system
– Opening at both ends; mouth and anus
Question 1 1.
Name two characteristics of animals. (Nathan)
Answer 1 1.
Name two characteristics of animals. Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require oxygen for aerobic respiration Reproduce sexually, and perhaps asexually Motile at some stage Develop from embryos
Question 2 2.
A soccer ball displays radial/bilateral symmetry. An airplane displays radical/bilateral symmetry. (Dare)
Answer 2 2.
A soccer ball displays radial/bilateral symmetry. An airplane displays radical/bilateral symmetry.
Question 3 3.
Name the two forms of a “gut”.
Answer 3 3.
Name the two forms of a “gut”.
Sac-like
and complete
Body Cavities - Acoelomate epidermis
gut cavity
no body cavity; region between gut and body wall packed with organs
Figure 25.4a Page 417
Body Cavities - Pseudocoel epidermis
gut cavity
unlined body cavity (pseudocoel) around gut
Figure 25.4b Page 417
Body Cavities - Coelom
gut cavity
lined body cavity (coelom)
peritoneum
Figure 25.4c Page 417
Question 4 4.
A flatworm has a(n) acoelamate/pseudocoelamate/ true coelamate body cavity.
Answer 4 4.
A flatworm has a(n) acoelamate/pseudocoelamate/ true coelamate body cavity.
Question 5 5.
Humans and other vertebrates have a true _______ (body cavity).
Answer 5 5.
Humans and other vertebrates have a true coelom (body cavity).
Segmentation Repeating
series of body units Units may or may not be similar to one another Earthworms - segments appear similar Insects - segments may be fused and/or have specialized functions Vertebrates, too.
Segmentation
Vertebrate Embryo
Animal Origins Originated
during the Precambrian (1.2 billion - 670 million years ago)
From
what? Two hypotheses:
– Multinucleated ciliate became compartmentalized – Cells in a colonial flagellate became specialized
Phylum Placozoa
One living species, Tricoplax adherens
Simplest known animal
Two-layer body, 3 mm across
Figure 25.5 Page 418
Sponges - Phylum Porifera No
symmetry (sometimes,
radial) No
tissues
No
organs
Reproduce
sexually
Microscopic
stage
swimming larval
Sponge Structure water out glasslike structural elements amoeboid cell pore semifluid matrix
central cavity
flattened surface cells
water in
flagellum
microvilli
nucleus
Figure 25.7a Page 419
Sponge and Spongebob!
Question 6 6.
Sponges belong to the phylum _____.
Answer 6 6.
Sponges belong to the phylum Porifera.
Question 7 7.
sponges make their living by ______ the sea water and removing microorganisms which they eat.
Answer 7 7.
sponges make their living by filtering the sea water and removing microorganisms which they eat.
Question 8 8.
Which of the following consists of only two flat cell layers? Porifera, placozoa, vertebrata
Answer 8 (Stopped Here, p 2-3) 8.
Which of the following consists of only two flatten cell layers? Porifera, placozoa, vertebrata
Phylum Cnidaria Nerve
net Hydrostati c skeleton Saclike gut Only animals that produce nematocys ts
capsule’s lid at free surface of epidermal cell trigger
barbed thread inside capsule nematocyst
Figure 25.8 Page 420
Cnidarian Diversity Scyphozoans
– Jellyfish
Anthozoans – Sea anemones – Corals
Hydrozoans
Two Main Body Plans outer epithelium (epidermis)
mesoglea (matrix)
Medusa
Figure 25.9 Page 420
inner epithelium (gastrodermis)
Polyp
Question 10 Would you go to the prom with me? Graham
Obelia Life Cycle (Hydrozoan) reproductive polyp
male medusa
female medusa
ovum
sperm
zygote
feeding polyp polyp forming
planula
Figure 25.10 Page 421
Video: Hydra http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/o
lympusmicd/galleries/moviegallery/p ondscum/coelenterata/hydra/
Jellyfish Video YouTube
- Jelly Fish All Around
Giant Jellyfish YouTube
- Tioman giant jellyfish
Question 9 9.
Jellyfish and their relatives belong to the phylum _______. (Stopped 10/5/06)
Answer 9 9.
Jellyfish and their relatives belong to the phylum cnidaria.
Question 10 10.
Name two characteristics of cnidarians.
Answer 10 10.
Name two characteristics of cnidarians. Nerve net Hydrostatic skeleton Saclike gut Only animals that produce nematocysts
Question 11 11.
Name the two body forms of cnidarians.
Answer 11 11.
Name the two body forms of cnidarians.
Polyp
and medusa
Flatworms: Phylum Platyhelminthes Acoelomate,
bilateral, cephalized animals
All
have simple or complex organ systems
Most
are hermaphrodites
Three Classes Turbellarians
Flukes
(Turbellaria)
(Trematoda)
Tapeworms
(Cestoda)
Planarian Organ Systems
flame cell
nucleus
pharynx cilia protonephridia
opening of tubule at body surface
flame cell
fluid filters through membrane folds
Fig. 25.11a,b Page 422
Planarian Organ Systems
brain
nerve cord ovary
testis
oviduct
genital pore
penis
Fig. 25.11cd Page 422
Flukes: Class Trematoda
Parasitic worms
Complicated life cycle – Larval stage infects a mollusk
Worms mate in human host Larvae bore into human skin
Larvae form, leave snail
Fertilized egg
Asexual reproduction in intermediate host Ciliated larva
– Adult infects a vertebrate
Southeast Asian blood fluke
Figure 25.14 Page 424
Chinese Liver Fluke
Class: Trematoda
Tapeworms: Class Cestoda (Stopped here; p 6-7) Definitive host
Larvae encysted in muscle tissue
Intermediate host
Scolex attaches to host intestinal wall
Mature proglottid with fertilized eggs
Figure 25.15 Page 424
Scolex of Tapeworm
From "tumour" on human heart surgeons take some worms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O
_hzBqRCi2o Not for the nervous…….!! Youtube video
Not for the nervous…….!!
“About This Video Video not for nervous - from "tumour" on human ... (more) Added: August 08, 2007 Video not for nervous from "tumour" on human heart surgeons take some worms. The background is those - the tumour on heart has been found out, operation is appointed. Shooting was initially conducted for training students of medical institute. About any helminths there was no also a speech. That in "tumour" there lives family of tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium latum) became known only on a course of operation. How do tapeworms get into the heart? Here is simple tapeworm migration scheme: intestine - a liver - the right heart - a lung - a trachea - a throat - then leave human body.”
Not for the nervous…….!!
“Actually tapeworm larva follow instinct, aspire to be distributed in regular intervals in an organism and take root into human bodies while migration. It can lead to very serious changes: a hepatites, a cirrhosis of a liver, regeneration of cells of a liver, changes in a cardiac muscle (myocardium), bronchites, pneumonias, tonsillitises, antritises, otitises and many other things to diseases. So larva not only settle in those organs of an organism on which pass, but also get into them and migrate on different channels, hurt vital body organs. “
Question 12 12.
To which phylum do flatworms belong?
Answer 12 12.
To which phylum do flatworms belong?
Platyhelminthes
Question 13 13.
Which of the following is(are) mismatched?
Tapeworm
- Turbellaria Liver fluke – Trematoda Planarian - Cestoda
Answer 13 13.
Which of the following is(are) mismatched?
Tapeworm
- Turbellaria Liver fluke – Trematoda Planarian - Cestoda
Question 14 14.
State three characteristics of flatworms.
Answer 14 14.
State three characteristics of flatworms. Acoelomate, bilateral, cephalized animals All have simple or complex organ systems Most are hermaphrodites
Roundworms (Nematoda) False coelom Complete digestive system
pharynx
intestine
false coelom
eggs in uterus
gonad
anus
muscularized body wall
Figure 25.13 Page 423
Wucheria bancrofti (Causes elephantiasis) Affected leg
Normal leg
Rotifers
Bilateral
Cephalized
False coelom
Crown of cilia at head end
Complete gut Figure 25.17 Page 425
Video: Rotifers http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/artmar04/jmcrotif.ht ml
Question 15 15.
Of the following groups, which ones are pseudocoelomates?
Tapeworms,
nematodes
rotifers, flukes,
Answer 15 15.
Of the following groups, which ones are pseudocoelomates?
Tapeworms,
nematodes
rotifers, flukes,
Question 16 16.
Of the following groups, which ones have a complete digestive track?
Tapeworms,
planarians
rotifers, nematodes,
Answer 16 16.
Of the following groups, which ones have a complete digestive track?
Tapeworms,
planarians
rotifers, nematodes,
Question 17 17.
How do rotifers obtain food?
Answer 17 17.
How do rotifers obtain food?
They
use their “crown of cilia” to set up a water current that brings bacteria and protists into their mouths.
Two Coelomate Lineages Protostomes
Deuterostomes
Mollusks
Echinoderms
Annelids
Chordates
Arthropods
Cleavage Patterns Protostome embryo (spiral cleavage)
Deuterostome embryo (radial cleavage) In-text figure Page 426
First Opening in Embryo pouch will form mesoderm around coelom
protostome
developing gut coelom solid mass of mesoderm
deuterostome developing gut
In-text figure Page 426
Question 18 18.
What are the names for the two “coelomate lineages”?
Answer 18 18.
What are the names for the two “coelomate lineages”?
Protostomes
and deuterostomes
Question 19 19.
Correctly match the protostomes and deuterostomes with the proper cleavage patterns, radial and spiral.
Answer 19 19.
Correctly match the protostomes and deuterostomes with the proper cleavage patterns, radial and spiral.
Protostomes
---- spiral
Deuterostomes
-- radial
Mollusks: Phylum Mollusca Bilateral,
soft-bodied, coelomate Most have a shell or reduced version of one Mantle drapes over body and secretes shell Most have a fleshy foot Many have a radula for shredding food
Molluscan Diversity Gastropods Chitins Bivalves Cephalopod
s
Torsion Twisting
of body parts during larval development Occurs only in gastropods
mouth gill
anus
Figure 25.18 Page 426
Body Plan of a Snail heart mantle cavity
anus
gill
mantle digestive gland
foot radula
Figure 25.18 Page 426
Characteristics of Animals Multicelled
heterotrophic
eukaryotes Require oxygen for aerobic respiration Reproduce sexually, and perhaps asexually Motile at some stage Develop from embryos
Examples of Embryos
Chordates
Major Animal Phyla
Echinoderms Arthropods Annelids Coelomate Ancestry
Mollusks Rotifers Roundworms
Bilateral Ancestry Radial Ancestry Multicelled Ancestry Figure 25.2 Page 415
Flatworms
Cnidarians Sponges
Single-celled, protistanlike ancestors
Symmetry r o i ter s po
al s r do
ior r te n a
Radial
l ra t n ve
Bilateral
Figure 25.3 Page 416
The Gut Region
where food is digested and then absorbed Saclike gut – One opening for taking in food and expelling waste Complete
digestive system
– Opening at both ends; mouth and anus
Question 1 1.
Name two characteristics of animals. (Nathan)
Answer 1 1.
Name two characteristics of animals. Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require oxygen for aerobic respiration Reproduce sexually, and perhaps asexually Motile at some stage Develop from embryos
Question 2 2.
A soccer ball displays radial/bilateral symmetry. An airplane displays radical/bilateral symmetry. (Dare)
Answer 2 2.
A soccer ball displays radial/bilateral symmetry. An airplane displays radical/bilateral symmetry.
Question 3 3.
Name the two forms of a “gut”.
Answer 3 3.
Name the two forms of a “gut”.
Sac-like
and complete
Body Cavities - Acoelomate epidermis
gut cavity
no body cavity; region between gut and body wall packed with organs
Figure 25.4a Page 417
Body Cavities - Pseudocoel epidermis
gut cavity
unlined body cavity (pseudocoel) around gut
Figure 25.4b Page 417
Body Cavities - Coelom
gut cavity
lined body cavity (coelom)
peritoneum
Figure 25.4c Page 417
Question 4 4.
A flatworm has a(n) acoelamate/pseudocoelamate/ true coelamate body cavity.
Answer 4 4.
A flatworm has a(n) acoelamate/pseudocoelamate/ true coelamate body cavity.
Question 5 5.
Humans and other vertebrates have a true _______ (body cavity).
Answer 5 5.
Humans and other vertebrates have a true coelom (body cavity).
Segmentation Repeating
series of body units Units may or may not be similar to one another Earthworms - segments appear similar Insects - segments may be fused and/or have specialized functions Vertebrates, too.
Segmentation
Vertebrate Embryo
Animal Origins Originated
during the Precambrian (1.2 billion - 670 million years ago)
From
what? Two hypotheses:
– Multinucleated ciliate became compartmentalized – Cells in a colonial flagellate became specialized
Phylum Placozoa
One living species, Tricoplax adherens
Simplest known animal
Two-layer body, 3 mm across
Figure 25.5 Page 418
Sponges - Phylum Porifera No
symmetry (sometimes,
radial) No
tissues
No
organs
Reproduce
sexually
Microscopic
stage
swimming larval
Sponge Structure water out glasslike structural elements amoeboid cell pore semifluid matrix
central cavity
flattened surface cells
water in
flagellum
microvilli
nucleus
Figure 25.7a Page 419
Sponge and Spongebob!
Question 6 6.
Sponges belong to the phylum _____.
Answer 6 6.
Sponges belong to the phylum Porifera.
Question 7 7.
sponges make their living by ______ the sea water and removing microorganisms which they eat.
Answer 7 7.
sponges make their living by filtering the sea water and removing microorganisms which they eat.
Question 8 8.
Which of the following consists of only two flat cell layers? Porifera, placozoa, vertebrata
Answer 8 (Stopped Here, p 2-3) 8.
Which of the following consists of only two flatten cell layers? Porifera, placozoa, vertebrata
Phylum Cnidaria Nerve
net Hydrostati c skeleton Saclike gut Only animals that produce nematocys ts
capsule’s lid at free surface of epidermal cell trigger
barbed thread inside capsule nematocyst
Figure 25.8 Page 420
Cnidarian Diversity Scyphozoans
– Jellyfish
Anthozoans – Sea anemones – Corals
Hydrozoans
Two Main Body Plans outer epithelium (epidermis)
mesoglea (matrix)
Medusa
Figure 25.9 Page 420
inner epithelium (gastrodermis)
Polyp
Question 10 Would you go to the prom with me? Graham
Obelia Life Cycle (Hydrozoan) reproductive polyp
male medusa
female medusa
ovum
sperm
zygote
feeding polyp polyp forming
planula
Figure 25.10 Page 421
Video: Hydra http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/o
lympusmicd/galleries/moviegallery/p ondscum/coelenterata/hydra/
Jellyfish Video YouTube
- Jelly Fish All Around
Giant Jellyfish YouTube
- Tioman giant jellyfish
Question 9 9.
Jellyfish and their relatives belong to the phylum _______. (Stopped 10/5/06)
Answer 9 9.
Jellyfish and their relatives belong to the phylum cnidaria.
Question 10 10.
Name two characteristics of cnidarians.
Answer 10 10.
Name two characteristics of cnidarians. Nerve net Hydrostatic skeleton Saclike gut Only animals that produce nematocysts
Question 11 11.
Name the two body forms of cnidarians.
Answer 11 11.
Name the two body forms of cnidarians.
Polyp
and medusa
Flatworms: Phylum Platyhelminthes Acoelomate,
bilateral, cephalized animals
All
have simple or complex organ systems
Most
are hermaphrodites
Three Classes Turbellarians
Flukes
(Turbellaria)
(Trematoda)
Tapeworms
(Cestoda)
Planarian Organ Systems
flame cell
nucleus
pharynx cilia protonephridia
opening of tubule at body surface
flame cell
fluid filters through membrane folds
Fig. 25.11a,b Page 422
Planarian Organ Systems
brain
nerve cord ovary
testis
oviduct
genital pore
penis
Fig. 25.11cd Page 422
Flukes: Class Trematoda
Parasitic worms
Complicated life cycle – Larval stage infects a mollusk
Worms mate in human host Larvae bore into human skin
Larvae form, leave snail
Fertilized egg
Asexual reproduction in intermediate host Ciliated larva
– Adult infects a vertebrate
Southeast Asian blood fluke
Figure 25.14 Page 424
Chinese Liver Fluke
Class: Trematoda
Tapeworms: Class Cestoda (Stopped here; p 6-7) Definitive host
Larvae encysted in muscle tissue
Intermediate host
Scolex attaches to host intestinal wall
Mature proglottid with fertilized eggs
Figure 25.15 Page 424
Scolex of Tapeworm
From "tumour" on human heart surgeons take some worms http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O
_hzBqRCi2o Not for the nervous…….!! Youtube video
Not for the nervous…….!!
“About This Video Video not for nervous - from "tumour" on human ... (more) Added: August 08, 2007 Video not for nervous from "tumour" on human heart surgeons take some worms. The background is those - the tumour on heart has been found out, operation is appointed. Shooting was initially conducted for training students of medical institute. About any helminths there was no also a speech. That in "tumour" there lives family of tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium latum) became known only on a course of operation. How do tapeworms get into the heart? Here is simple tapeworm migration scheme: intestine - a liver - the right heart - a lung - a trachea - a throat - then leave human body.”
Not for the nervous…….!!
“Actually tapeworm larva follow instinct, aspire to be distributed in regular intervals in an organism and take root into human bodies while migration. It can lead to very serious changes: a hepatites, a cirrhosis of a liver, regeneration of cells of a liver, changes in a cardiac muscle (myocardium), bronchites, pneumonias, tonsillitises, antritises, otitises and many other things to diseases. So larva not only settle in those organs of an organism on which pass, but also get into them and migrate on different channels, hurt vital body organs. “
Question 12 12.
To which phylum do flatworms belong?
Answer 12 12.
To which phylum do flatworms belong?
Platyhelminthes
Question 13 13.
Which of the following is(are) mismatched?
Tapeworm
- Turbellaria Liver fluke – Trematoda Planarian - Cestoda
Answer 13 13.
Which of the following is(are) mismatched?
Tapeworm
- Turbellaria Liver fluke – Trematoda Planarian - Cestoda
Question 14 14.
State three characteristics of flatworms.
Answer 14 14.
State three characteristics of flatworms. Acoelomate, bilateral, cephalized animals All have simple or complex organ systems Most are hermaphrodites
Roundworms (Nematoda) False coelom Complete digestive system
pharynx
intestine
false coelom
eggs in uterus
gonad
anus
muscularized body wall
Figure 25.13 Page 423
Wucheria bancrofti (Causes elephantiasis) Affected leg
Normal leg
Rotifers
Bilateral
Cephalized
False coelom
Crown of cilia at head end
Complete gut Figure 25.17 Page 425
Video: Rotifers http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/artmar04/jmcrotif.ht ml
Question 15 15.
Of the following groups, which ones are pseudocoelomates?
Tapeworms,
nematodes
rotifers, flukes,
Answer 15 15.
Of the following groups, which ones are pseudocoelomates?
Tapeworms,
nematodes
rotifers, flukes,
Question 16 16.
Of the following groups, which ones have a complete digestive track?
Tapeworms,
planarians
rotifers, nematodes,
Answer 16 16.
Of the following groups, which ones have a complete digestive track?
Tapeworms,
planarians
rotifers, nematodes,
Question 17 17.
How do rotifers obtain food?
Answer 17 17.
How do rotifers obtain food?
They
use their “crown of cilia” to set up a water current that brings bacteria and protists into their mouths.
Two Coelomate Lineages Protostomes
Deuterostomes
Mollusks
Echinoderms
Annelids
Chordates
Arthropods
Cleavage Patterns Protostome embryo (spiral cleavage)
Deuterostome embryo (radial cleavage) In-text figure Page 426
First Opening in Embryo pouch will form mesoderm around coelom
protostome
developing gut coelom solid mass of mesoderm
deuterostome developing gut
In-text figure Page 426
Question 18 18.
What are the names for the two “coelomate lineages”?
Answer 18 18.
What are the names for the two “coelomate lineages”?
Protostomes
and deuterostomes
Question 19 19.
Correctly match the protostomes and deuterostomes with the proper cleavage patterns, radial and spiral.
Answer 19 19.
Correctly match the protostomes and deuterostomes with the proper cleavage patterns, radial and spiral.
Protostomes
---- spiral
Deuterostomes
-- radial
Mollusks: Phylum Mollusca Bilateral,
soft-bodied, coelomate Most have a shell or reduced version of one Mantle drapes over body and secretes shell Most have a fleshy foot Many have a radula for shredding food
Molluscan Diversity Gastropods Chitins Bivalves Cephalopod
s
Torsion Twisting
of body parts during larval development Occurs only in gastropods
mouth gill
anus
Figure 25.18 Page 426
Body Plan of a Snail heart mantle cavity
anus
gill
mantle digestive gland
foot radula
Figure 25.18 Page 426
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