Central Processing Unit
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Central Processing Unit
Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter, you will: state the functions and basic units of a central processing unit, explain how instructions are picked up and executed by the CPU, be aware that all the information inside the computer is stored and processed in binary codes.
Chapter 12. Central Processing Unit 12.1 Central Processing Unit 12.2 Functions of Different Units 12.3 Data Representation in Computer
12.1 Central Processing Unit
12.1 Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit is the core component of a computer. It executes user’s instructions and processes calculations. Like the chief commander of an army, the CPU controls and co-ordinates various devices in the computer system. Without the CPU, the devices cannot work together and so the computer cannot function.
12.1 Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit CPU is often etched on a chip and is usually called a microprocessor.
Cyrix III
Intel Pentium III
Intel Pentium 4
AMD Athlon XP
12.2 Functions of Different Units
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Functions of Different Units A CPU consists of two basic units: Control unit Some registers
Arithmetic and logic unit
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Control Unit The control unit executes the instructions, sends control signals to and receive control signals from peripheral devices. In other words, it controls the whole computer, and directs the entire system to carry out instructions.
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Arithmetic and Logic Unit Arithmetic unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit
handles arithmetic calculations
Logic unit performs logical calculations and makes judgement like “if A > B is true”.
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Registers When the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit operate, they store the information and instruction temporarily in registers.
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Program Executions Before a computer executes instructions, they are first placed in the The memory. diagram shows how the CPU executes an main instruction: Control unit Decode
Arithmetic and logic unit Execute
Main memory Fetch
This is called machine cycle.
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Program Executions Fetching
The control unit gets the next program instruction from the main memory.
Decoding
The control unit decodes what the instruction means.
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Program Executions Executing
The ALU executes arithmetic and logical instructions. It means that the ALU controls and performs the actual operation on the data.
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Data Representation in Computer
Computers use the binary system to store and process information. • In the binary system, there are only numbers 0
and 1, which are called binary digits.
Music is stored as a sequence of 1s and 0s in the computer
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Data Representation in Computer
All sorts of information, such as text, sound and graphics, can be stored as a sequence of binary digits (bit pattern).
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Data Representation in Computer
Inside the computer, these binary digits are represented by two-state 0 represents an devices. 1 represents an electronic state of “OFF” or a signal with “no pulse”
electronic state of “ON” or a signal with a “pulse”
The binary digits (bit pattern) are represented by two electronic states in the comoputer
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Data Representation in Computer
Inside the computer, these binary digits can also be represented by the following two-state device.
0 represents “OFF”
1 represents “ON”
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Bit and Byte of Binary System In the binary system, different combinations of 0s and 1s represent different units such as bit and byte for data.
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Bit and Byte of Binary System Bit
Each 0 and 1 in the binary system is called a bit. The bit is the basic unit for representing data in the computer memory. Byte Bits are put together in a group of eight to form a byte. 1 byte = 8 bits
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Bit and Byte of Binary System In most computer systems, 1 byte memory is used to store an English Do you know character. the bit pattern representing H? The answer is 01001000
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Coding Information with Two-state Device There are many examples of two-state devices in our everyday life. They can be used to demonstrate the binary digits. Two-state device
Binary digits 0
1
Off
On
Light bulb
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Coding Information with Two-state Device There are many examples of two-state devices in our everyday life. They can be used to demonstrate the binary digits. Two-state device
Switch Coin
Binary digits 0
1
It’s On! If
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
represents 1 and
represents 0, then
two light bulbs can be used to represent four bits patterns.
Light bulbs
Bit pattern 0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
It’s On! If
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
represents 1 and
represents 0, then
two light bulbs can be used to represent four bits patterns.
How many bit patterns can be shown by three light bulbs? List all these bit patterns. 000, 001 , 010 , 011 , 100 , 101 , 110 , 111 , 23 = 8
Binary
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
You can obtain the result of Class Activity 1 by trying the CAL program “Binary” from the Learning disc.
Click these switches alternately. The pattern found will be listed on the right.
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Secret Message
In this activity, A to Z will be coded by 8 binary bits according to the following table.
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Secret Message
Run the CAL program “Secret Message” from the Learning disc. Try to decode the messages from the computer Decode this message
Input your message here
The answer is displayed here
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
How Well Do You Know CPU? Test your knowledge of CPU by answering the following:
1. The CPU consists of two basic units: ___________________ and ______________________. control unit arithmetic and logic unit control unit 2. The entire computer system is controlled by ___________. 3. The three steps of the machine cycle are: __________, fetching __________ decoding and __________. executing
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
How Well Do You Know CPU? Test your knowledge of CPU by answering the following:
4. What is each ________ and ________ in the binary 0 1 system called? ________ bit 5. 1 byte = ________ 8 bits 6. How many bit patterns can be represented by 4 bits? ________ 16
Key Words
Key Words • control unit 控制部件 • arithmetic and logic unit 算術及邏輯運算部件 (ALU) • register 寄存器 • machine cycle 機器周期 • fetching 取碼 • decoding 譯碼 • executing 執行 • binary digit 二進制數字 • bit pattern 位元樣式
Key Words • bit • byte
位元 字節
*** The End ***
Learning Objectives When you complete this chapter, you will: state the functions and basic units of a central processing unit, explain how instructions are picked up and executed by the CPU, be aware that all the information inside the computer is stored and processed in binary codes.
Chapter 12. Central Processing Unit 12.1 Central Processing Unit 12.2 Functions of Different Units 12.3 Data Representation in Computer
12.1 Central Processing Unit
12.1 Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit is the core component of a computer. It executes user’s instructions and processes calculations. Like the chief commander of an army, the CPU controls and co-ordinates various devices in the computer system. Without the CPU, the devices cannot work together and so the computer cannot function.
12.1 Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit CPU is often etched on a chip and is usually called a microprocessor.
Cyrix III
Intel Pentium III
Intel Pentium 4
AMD Athlon XP
12.2 Functions of Different Units
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Functions of Different Units A CPU consists of two basic units: Control unit Some registers
Arithmetic and logic unit
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Control Unit The control unit executes the instructions, sends control signals to and receive control signals from peripheral devices. In other words, it controls the whole computer, and directs the entire system to carry out instructions.
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Arithmetic and Logic Unit Arithmetic unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit
handles arithmetic calculations
Logic unit performs logical calculations and makes judgement like “if A > B is true”.
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Registers When the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit operate, they store the information and instruction temporarily in registers.
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Program Executions Before a computer executes instructions, they are first placed in the The memory. diagram shows how the CPU executes an main instruction: Control unit Decode
Arithmetic and logic unit Execute
Main memory Fetch
This is called machine cycle.
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Program Executions Fetching
The control unit gets the next program instruction from the main memory.
Decoding
The control unit decodes what the instruction means.
12.2 Functions of Different Units
Program Executions Executing
The ALU executes arithmetic and logical instructions. It means that the ALU controls and performs the actual operation on the data.
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Data Representation in Computer
Computers use the binary system to store and process information. • In the binary system, there are only numbers 0
and 1, which are called binary digits.
Music is stored as a sequence of 1s and 0s in the computer
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Data Representation in Computer
All sorts of information, such as text, sound and graphics, can be stored as a sequence of binary digits (bit pattern).
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Data Representation in Computer
Inside the computer, these binary digits are represented by two-state 0 represents an devices. 1 represents an electronic state of “OFF” or a signal with “no pulse”
electronic state of “ON” or a signal with a “pulse”
The binary digits (bit pattern) are represented by two electronic states in the comoputer
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Data Representation in Computer
Inside the computer, these binary digits can also be represented by the following two-state device.
0 represents “OFF”
1 represents “ON”
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Bit and Byte of Binary System In the binary system, different combinations of 0s and 1s represent different units such as bit and byte for data.
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Bit and Byte of Binary System Bit
Each 0 and 1 in the binary system is called a bit. The bit is the basic unit for representing data in the computer memory. Byte Bits are put together in a group of eight to form a byte. 1 byte = 8 bits
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Bit and Byte of Binary System In most computer systems, 1 byte memory is used to store an English Do you know character. the bit pattern representing H? The answer is 01001000
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Coding Information with Two-state Device There are many examples of two-state devices in our everyday life. They can be used to demonstrate the binary digits. Two-state device
Binary digits 0
1
Off
On
Light bulb
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Coding Information with Two-state Device There are many examples of two-state devices in our everyday life. They can be used to demonstrate the binary digits. Two-state device
Switch Coin
Binary digits 0
1
It’s On! If
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
represents 1 and
represents 0, then
two light bulbs can be used to represent four bits patterns.
Light bulbs
Bit pattern 0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
It’s On! If
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
represents 1 and
represents 0, then
two light bulbs can be used to represent four bits patterns.
How many bit patterns can be shown by three light bulbs? List all these bit patterns. 000, 001 , 010 , 011 , 100 , 101 , 110 , 111 , 23 = 8
Binary
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
You can obtain the result of Class Activity 1 by trying the CAL program “Binary” from the Learning disc.
Click these switches alternately. The pattern found will be listed on the right.
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Secret Message
In this activity, A to Z will be coded by 8 binary bits according to the following table.
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
Secret Message
Run the CAL program “Secret Message” from the Learning disc. Try to decode the messages from the computer Decode this message
Input your message here
The answer is displayed here
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
How Well Do You Know CPU? Test your knowledge of CPU by answering the following:
1. The CPU consists of two basic units: ___________________ and ______________________. control unit arithmetic and logic unit control unit 2. The entire computer system is controlled by ___________. 3. The three steps of the machine cycle are: __________, fetching __________ decoding and __________. executing
12.3 Data Representation in Computer
How Well Do You Know CPU? Test your knowledge of CPU by answering the following:
4. What is each ________ and ________ in the binary 0 1 system called? ________ bit 5. 1 byte = ________ 8 bits 6. How many bit patterns can be represented by 4 bits? ________ 16
Key Words
Key Words • control unit 控制部件 • arithmetic and logic unit 算術及邏輯運算部件 (ALU) • register 寄存器 • machine cycle 機器周期 • fetching 取碼 • decoding 譯碼 • executing 執行 • binary digit 二進制數字 • bit pattern 位元樣式
Key Words • bit • byte
位元 字節
*** The End ***
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