Ccna3 M5 Switches
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CCNA – Semester3
Module 5 Switches
Objectives
• • • •
Four major goals of LAN design Steps in systematic LAN design Three-layer design model List Cisco three-layer switches and their features
LAN Design
LAN Design Goals • Design goals in most network include: – – – –
Functionality Scalability Adaptability Manageability
LAN Design Goals: Functionality • The network must work. • It must allow users to meet their job requirements. • The network must provide user-to-user and user-to-application connectivity with reasonable speed and reliability.
LAN Design Goals: Scalability • The network must be able to grow. • The initial design should grow without any major changes to the overall design.
LAN Design Goals: Adaptability • The network must be designed with an eye toward future technologies. • It should include no element that would limit implementation of new technologies as they become available.
LAN Design Goals: Manageability • The network should be designed to facilitate network monitoring and management to ensure ongoing stability of operation.
LAN design considerations • To maximize available LAN bandwidth and performance, the following LAN design considerations must be addressed: – – – –
The function and placement of servers Collision detection issues Segmentation issues Broadcast domain issues
The function and placement of servers • • •
Servers provide network services such as: file sharing, printing, communication, and application services. Each server is dedicated to one function, such as email or file sharing. Servers can be categorized into two distinct classes: –
Enterprise servers • Supports all the users on the network (such as e-mail or DNS). • Should be placed in the main distribution facility (MDF).
–
Workgroup servers • Supports a specific set of users. • Should be placed in the intermediate distribution facility (IDF) closest to the users accessing them.
Server placement
Bandwidth Domain • •
A bandwidth domain is associated with one port on a bridge or switch. In the case of an Ethernet switch, a bandwidth domain is also known as a collision domain.
Systematic steps 1. Gathering the users' requirements and expectations 2. Analyzing requirements 3. Designing the Layer 1, 2, and 3 LAN structure (that is, topology) 4. Documenting the logical and physical network implementation
Availability requirements • Availability measures the usefulness of the network. Factors that may affect availability: – Throughput – Response time – Access to resources
• Every customer may have a distinct definition of availability.
Analyzing requirements • The next step in designing a network is to analyze the requirements of the network and its users. • Network user needs constant change, the necessity to increase network bandwidth grows too.
Develop LAN topology • LAN topology design can be broken into the following three unique categories of the OSI reference model: – Network layer – Data link layer – Physical layer
LAN topology
Documentation • The final step in LAN design methodology is to document the physical and logical topology of the network. • Important LAN design documentation includes the following: – – – – – – –
OSI layer topology map LAN logical map LAN physical map Cut sheets VLAN logical map Layer 3 logical map Addressing maps
Layer1 design goals • • • • •
Choose cable type. Identify work area and HCC. Identify MDF, IDF, HCC, VCC and POP. Choose Ethernet or Fast Ethernet. Documentation and physical diagrams.
Logical diagram • The logical diagram is the basic road map of the LAN including the following elements: – Specify the locations and identification of the MDF and IDF wiring closets. – Document the type and quantity of cabling used to interconnect the IDFs with the MDF. – Document how many spare cables are available for increasing the bandwidth between the wiring closets. – Provide detailed documentation of all cable runs, the identification numbers, and the port the run is terminated on at the HCC or VCC.
Typical MDF in star topology
MDF and IDF
HCC and VCC
Example: Wiring closet location
Example: Rack layout & cable run Rack
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Backbone and Server Farm
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C2924XL - Wg1 C2924XL - Wg2
UTP UTP
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UTP
UTP
Mail Server
UTP
UTP
UTP
UTP
UTP
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6 UTP UTP UTP
Example: Logical Diagram
UTP
Example: Cable documentation
Common Layer 2 devices • Layer 2 devices provide: flow control, error detection, error correction, and congestion reduction in the network. • Layer 2 devices determine the size of the collision domains and broadcast domains. • The two most common Layer 2 devices are bridges and LAN switches.
Layer 2 switch
Using router • Allows for segmentation of the LAN into unique physical and logical networks. • Allow for connectivity to wide-area networks (WANs), such as the Internet. • Determines traffic flow between unique physical network segments based on Layer 3 addressing. • Stops broadcasts from reaching other LAN segments.
VLAN and broadcast domains • By using VLANs, you can: – limit broadcast traffic to within a VLAN and thus create smaller broadcast domains. – provide security by creating the VLAN groups according to function.
VLAN communication
VLAN implementation
Diagramming a LAN that uses routers
Documentation: Logical network MAP
LAN Switches
LAN design model • Network designs tend to follow one of two general strategies: mesh or hierarchical. • In a mesh structure, the network topology is flat, all routers perform essentially the same functions. • In a hierarchical structure the network is organized in layers, each of which performs one or more specific functions.
Hierarchical model • The construction of a LAN that satisfies the needs of both medium and large-sized organizations is more likely to be successful if a hierarchical design model is used. • The use of a hierarchical design model will make it easier to make changes to the network as the organization grows.
Three layer design • The hierarchical design model includes the following three layers: – The access layer provides users in workgroups access to the network. – The distribution layer provides policy-based connectivity. – The core layer provides optimal transport between sites. The core layer is often referred to as the backbone.
Three layer design
Access Layer Overview • The access layer is the entry point for user workstations and servers to the network. • In a campus LAN the device used at the access layer can be a switch or a hub. • Access layer functions also include MAC layer filtering and microsegmentation, VLAN membership.
Access Layer
Common access layer switches • Access layer switches operate at Layer 2 and should be low cost and high port density. • The following Cisco switches are commonly used at the access layer: – – – – –
Catalyst 1900 series Catalyst 2820 series Catalyst 2950 series Catalyst 4000 series Catalyst 5000 series
Distribution layer overview • It helps to define and separate the core. • Policies can be applied and access control lists can filter packets. • Isolates network problems to the workgroups in which they occur. – – – – –
Aggregation of the wiring closet connections Broadcast/multicast domain definition Virtual LAN (VLAN) routing Any media transitions that need to occur Security
Distribution layer
Distribution layer switches • The distribution layer switch must have high performance. • Switches in this layer are referred to as multilayer switches. • The following Cisco switches are suitable for the distribution layer: – Catalyst 2926G – Catalyst 5000 family – Catalyst 6000 family
Core layer overview • The core layer is a high-speed switching backbone. • If they do not have an associated router module, an external router is used for the Layer 3 function. • Should not perform any packet manipulation (as ACL). • Provided with redundant alternate paths gives stability to the network in the event of a single device failure. • The core can be designed to use Layer 2 or Layer 3 switching. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Ethernet switches can be used.
Core layer
Core layer switches • The following Cisco switches are suitable for the core layer: – – – –
Catalyst 6500 series Catalyst 8500 series IGX 8400 series Lightstream 1010
Summary • The four major goals of LAN design The steps in systematic LAN design • Design issues associated with Layers 1, 2, 3 • The three-layer design model • The functions of each layer in the three-layer model • Cisco access layer switches and their features • Cisco distribution layer switches and their features • Cisco core layer switches and their features
CCNA3 – Module5
Module 5 Switches
Objectives
• • • •
Four major goals of LAN design Steps in systematic LAN design Three-layer design model List Cisco three-layer switches and their features
LAN Design
LAN Design Goals • Design goals in most network include: – – – –
Functionality Scalability Adaptability Manageability
LAN Design Goals: Functionality • The network must work. • It must allow users to meet their job requirements. • The network must provide user-to-user and user-to-application connectivity with reasonable speed and reliability.
LAN Design Goals: Scalability • The network must be able to grow. • The initial design should grow without any major changes to the overall design.
LAN Design Goals: Adaptability • The network must be designed with an eye toward future technologies. • It should include no element that would limit implementation of new technologies as they become available.
LAN Design Goals: Manageability • The network should be designed to facilitate network monitoring and management to ensure ongoing stability of operation.
LAN design considerations • To maximize available LAN bandwidth and performance, the following LAN design considerations must be addressed: – – – –
The function and placement of servers Collision detection issues Segmentation issues Broadcast domain issues
The function and placement of servers • • •
Servers provide network services such as: file sharing, printing, communication, and application services. Each server is dedicated to one function, such as email or file sharing. Servers can be categorized into two distinct classes: –
Enterprise servers • Supports all the users on the network (such as e-mail or DNS). • Should be placed in the main distribution facility (MDF).
–
Workgroup servers • Supports a specific set of users. • Should be placed in the intermediate distribution facility (IDF) closest to the users accessing them.
Server placement
Bandwidth Domain • •
A bandwidth domain is associated with one port on a bridge or switch. In the case of an Ethernet switch, a bandwidth domain is also known as a collision domain.
Systematic steps 1. Gathering the users' requirements and expectations 2. Analyzing requirements 3. Designing the Layer 1, 2, and 3 LAN structure (that is, topology) 4. Documenting the logical and physical network implementation
Availability requirements • Availability measures the usefulness of the network. Factors that may affect availability: – Throughput – Response time – Access to resources
• Every customer may have a distinct definition of availability.
Analyzing requirements • The next step in designing a network is to analyze the requirements of the network and its users. • Network user needs constant change, the necessity to increase network bandwidth grows too.
Develop LAN topology • LAN topology design can be broken into the following three unique categories of the OSI reference model: – Network layer – Data link layer – Physical layer
LAN topology
Documentation • The final step in LAN design methodology is to document the physical and logical topology of the network. • Important LAN design documentation includes the following: – – – – – – –
OSI layer topology map LAN logical map LAN physical map Cut sheets VLAN logical map Layer 3 logical map Addressing maps
Layer1 design goals • • • • •
Choose cable type. Identify work area and HCC. Identify MDF, IDF, HCC, VCC and POP. Choose Ethernet or Fast Ethernet. Documentation and physical diagrams.
Logical diagram • The logical diagram is the basic road map of the LAN including the following elements: – Specify the locations and identification of the MDF and IDF wiring closets. – Document the type and quantity of cabling used to interconnect the IDFs with the MDF. – Document how many spare cables are available for increasing the bandwidth between the wiring closets. – Provide detailed documentation of all cable runs, the identification numbers, and the port the run is terminated on at the HCC or VCC.
Typical MDF in star topology
MDF and IDF
HCC and VCC
Example: Wiring closet location
Example: Rack layout & cable run Rack
32
28 16
UTP
18
Backbone and Server Farm
UTP
UTP
68
HDSL UTP 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
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37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
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48
UTP
PIX Firewall
Class Room 1
8
UTP
UTP
POWERFAULT DATA ALARM
UTP
UTP 1
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3
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UTP UTP
UTP
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UTP
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Class Room 3
UTP
C2924XL - Wg1 C2924XL - Wg2
UTP UTP
UTP
UTP
UTP
Mail Server
UTP
UTP
UTP
UTP
UTP
4
6 UTP UTP UTP
Example: Logical Diagram
UTP
Example: Cable documentation
Common Layer 2 devices • Layer 2 devices provide: flow control, error detection, error correction, and congestion reduction in the network. • Layer 2 devices determine the size of the collision domains and broadcast domains. • The two most common Layer 2 devices are bridges and LAN switches.
Layer 2 switch
Using router • Allows for segmentation of the LAN into unique physical and logical networks. • Allow for connectivity to wide-area networks (WANs), such as the Internet. • Determines traffic flow between unique physical network segments based on Layer 3 addressing. • Stops broadcasts from reaching other LAN segments.
VLAN and broadcast domains • By using VLANs, you can: – limit broadcast traffic to within a VLAN and thus create smaller broadcast domains. – provide security by creating the VLAN groups according to function.
VLAN communication
VLAN implementation
Diagramming a LAN that uses routers
Documentation: Logical network MAP
LAN Switches
LAN design model • Network designs tend to follow one of two general strategies: mesh or hierarchical. • In a mesh structure, the network topology is flat, all routers perform essentially the same functions. • In a hierarchical structure the network is organized in layers, each of which performs one or more specific functions.
Hierarchical model • The construction of a LAN that satisfies the needs of both medium and large-sized organizations is more likely to be successful if a hierarchical design model is used. • The use of a hierarchical design model will make it easier to make changes to the network as the organization grows.
Three layer design • The hierarchical design model includes the following three layers: – The access layer provides users in workgroups access to the network. – The distribution layer provides policy-based connectivity. – The core layer provides optimal transport between sites. The core layer is often referred to as the backbone.
Three layer design
Access Layer Overview • The access layer is the entry point for user workstations and servers to the network. • In a campus LAN the device used at the access layer can be a switch or a hub. • Access layer functions also include MAC layer filtering and microsegmentation, VLAN membership.
Access Layer
Common access layer switches • Access layer switches operate at Layer 2 and should be low cost and high port density. • The following Cisco switches are commonly used at the access layer: – – – – –
Catalyst 1900 series Catalyst 2820 series Catalyst 2950 series Catalyst 4000 series Catalyst 5000 series
Distribution layer overview • It helps to define and separate the core. • Policies can be applied and access control lists can filter packets. • Isolates network problems to the workgroups in which they occur. – – – – –
Aggregation of the wiring closet connections Broadcast/multicast domain definition Virtual LAN (VLAN) routing Any media transitions that need to occur Security
Distribution layer
Distribution layer switches • The distribution layer switch must have high performance. • Switches in this layer are referred to as multilayer switches. • The following Cisco switches are suitable for the distribution layer: – Catalyst 2926G – Catalyst 5000 family – Catalyst 6000 family
Core layer overview • The core layer is a high-speed switching backbone. • If they do not have an associated router module, an external router is used for the Layer 3 function. • Should not perform any packet manipulation (as ACL). • Provided with redundant alternate paths gives stability to the network in the event of a single device failure. • The core can be designed to use Layer 2 or Layer 3 switching. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Ethernet switches can be used.
Core layer
Core layer switches • The following Cisco switches are suitable for the core layer: – – – –
Catalyst 6500 series Catalyst 8500 series IGX 8400 series Lightstream 1010
Summary • The four major goals of LAN design The steps in systematic LAN design • Design issues associated with Layers 1, 2, 3 • The three-layer design model • The functions of each layer in the three-layer model • Cisco access layer switches and their features • Cisco distribution layer switches and their features • Cisco core layer switches and their features
CCNA3 – Module5
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