Cciva19_final_abstract_volmn.pdf

International Conference on Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerabilities, and Adaptation: Emphasis on India and Neighbourhood (CCIVA 2019) 26th February – 02nd March 2019 Book of Abstracts

Organized by

Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT KGP) INDIA

International Conference on Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerabilities, and Adaptation: Emphasis on India and Neighbourhood (CCIVA 2019) Book of Abstracts International Conference on Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerabilities, and Adaptation: Emphasis on India and Neighbourhood (CCIVA 2019) Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT KGP) 26th February – 02nd March 2019 Edited by Dr. C. Shaji Technical and Printing Assistance K. S. Sreejith Ruma Samajdar Jithendra Raju Nadimpalli Balaji Senapati A. V. Athuldev S. Radhika Anand Babu Amere Cover Design A. V. Athuldev S. Radhika

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Foreword Climate change, in recent decades, has significantly affected the natural and human systems in all continents and across the oceans. Unprecedented climate-related extremes, such as heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, wildfires, shifts in climate zones and seasonality, and increase in sea level and temperature, have been reported from many parts of the globe. As these ill effects intensify, they will increasingly cause cascading impacts in coming decades which include alteration of ecosystems, disruption of food production and water supply, damage to infrastructure and settlements, morbidity and mortality, and consequences for human health and well-being. Climate change poses significant stress on the coastal, island, and marine environment too. Besides the increase in ocean temperature and sea level rise, climate change will have an impact on ocean circulation patterns, ice cover, freshwater run-off, salinity, oxygen levels, and water acidity. Corals in tropical and shallow water regions will suffer from bleaching due to the increase in ocean temperature and acidity. The consequences of climate change will be far reaching in Asian countries, especially regarding the maximum loss of land area, the maximum number of people affected, and the highest economic loss. To address these concerns, an International Conference on “Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerabilities, and Adaptation: Emphasis on India and Neighbourhood (CCIVA 2019)”, is hosted at the Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT KGP), West Bengal, India, from 26 February to 02 March, 2019. More than 200 researchers working in various areas related to climate change will participate in this conference. It is expected that the researchers in this scientific gathering will, apart from discussing their research findings and experience, help in finding appropriate, cost-effective solutions to problems from climate change, and identify possible adaptation and mitigation options. We take this opportunity to congratulate all the contributors to this excellent effort sincerely. Dr. C. Shaji Convenor, CCIVA 2019 CORAL, IIT Kharagpur

Prof. A. K. Gupta Chairman, CCIVA 2019 HOC, CORAL, IIT Kharagpur

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Organizing Board Patrons P. P. Chakrabarti, IIT Kharagpur Ashutosh Sharma, DST, New Delhi S. K. Dube, New Delhi K. Sivan, ISRO, Bengaluru M. Rajeevan, MoES, New Delhi C. K. Mishra, MoEFCC, New Delhi Advisory Committee Akhilesh Gupta, DST, New Delhi Sunil K. Singh, CSIR- NIO, Goa Raj Kumar, SAC, ISRO, Ahmedabad K. J. Ramesh, IMD, New Delhi Niloy Khare, MoES, New Delhi R. S. Nanjundiah, IITM, Pune M. Ravichandran, NCAOR, Goa S. S. C. Shenoi, INCOIS, Hyderabad A. C. Anil, CSIR- NIO, Goa M. Sudhakar, CMLRE, Kochi D. N. Pandey, IFS, Rajasthan D. Sengupta, IISc, Bengaluru S. Lal, PRL, Ahmedabad R. D. Deshpande, PRL, Ahmedabad S. N. Tripathi, IIT Kanpur A. P. Dimri, JNU, New Delhi Avijit Gangopadhyay, UMassD, USA P. C. Pandey, IIT Kharagpur S. Tripathy, IIT Kharagpur M. K. Panigrahi, IIT Kharagpur Saibal Gupta, IIT Kharagpur Harilal B. Menon, Goa University A. Mohanty, MoEF&CC, New Delhi Prakash Chauhan, IIRS, Dehradun P. K. Singh, CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad V. M. Tiwari, CSIR- NGRI, Hyderabad

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Scientific Committee M. McPhaden, PMEL/NOAA, USA Swadhin K. Behera, JAMSTEC, Japan Sang-Ki Lee, AOML/NOAA, USA Joaquim Goes, LDEO, USA Avijit Gangopadhyay, UMassD, USA U. C. Mohanty, IIT Bhubaneswar P. S. Roy, UoH, Hyderabad Anil Kumar Gupta, IIT Kharagpur M. K. Dash, IIT Kharagpur M. D. Behera, IIT Kharagpur C. Shaji, IIT Kharagpur Abhishek K. Rai, IIT Kharagpur

Organizing Committee Chairman Anil Kumar Gupta, Head, CORAL, IIT Kharagpur, India Convenor C. Shaji, CORAL, IIT Kharagpur Co-convenors M.K. Dash, IIT Kharagpur Abhishek K. Rai, IIT Kharagpur Members A. Chakraborty, CORAL, IIT Kharagpur A. N. V. Satyanarayana, CORAL, IIT Kharagpur M. D. Behera, CORAL, IIT Kharagpur K. Jayanarayan, CORAL, IIT Kharagpur

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Our Sponsors Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, New Delhi Indian Space Research Organisation, Bengaluru CSIR - National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Goa National Biodiversity Authority, Government of India, Chennai National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa

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Contents Abstracts Plenary and Invited Talks Technical Sessions A: Causes and Consequences/Human Impacts on Coastal Ecosystems B: Earth and Satellite Observations/Geoinformatics C: Modelling (Atmosphere/Ocean/Land/BioChemical) D: Ocean Dynamics and Processes E: Polar Science and Himalayan Studies F: Asian Monsoons G: Extreme Weather Events H: Biodiversity, Vegetation, Fishery, and Marine and Land Resources I: Coastal and Island Vulnerability J: Impacts on Urban Planning, Mitigation and Adaptation K: Health, Societal, and Economic Issues

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Abstract Code

Page

TK01 - TK16

1 - 17

A01 - A16

18 - 33

B01 - B18

34 - 51

C01 - C18

52 - 69

D01 – D21 E01 - E13 F01 - F18 G01 - G18

70 - 90 91 - 103 104 - 121 122 - 140

H01 - H35

141 - 175

I01 - I13

176 - 188

J01 - J35

189 - 223

K01 - K28

224 - 254

TK01 THE INDIAN OCEAN CLIMATE VARIABILITY: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Swadhin Behera Application Laboratory, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan email: [email protected] The Indian Ocean was not among the first ocean basins to be scientifically explored though it was one of the first oceans to be used in maritime trades. Systematic oceanographic investigations only date back to early 19th century, when attempts were made to understand the tectonic history of the Indian Ocean. Major oceanographic studies were undertaken in the basin since the first systematic observations program, the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE), initiated in 1961. The basin is important for climate variability as a large tropical Indian Ocean is covered by sea surface water warmer than 28°C. Most of the excess heat comes from the atmosphere as well as from the Pacific Ocean through the Indonesian Throughflow. It also experiences a seasonal reversal in surface winds owing to the unique distribution of land and sea and associated thermal contrast. On interannual time-scales, the dominant mode of the sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the tropical Indian Ocean is seen as a basin-wide mode associated with El Niño/La Niña. A response known as the Indian Ocean Basin Mode (IOBM) not only is shown to influence the Indian summer monsoon rainfall but also shown to cause a variation in the western North Pacific subtropical high and the South Asian high. The Indian Ocean is now well-known for another interesting mode of climate variability, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Unlike the IOBM, the IOD is an inherent coupled climate mode of the Indian Ocean and is manifested by cooler (warmer) than normal SST in the eastern (western) tropical Indian Ocean during its positive phase. The associated variations in the atmospheric convection and teleconnection affect the monsoon rainfall over India, short rains in East Africa, rainfall over La Plata besides rainfall variability in many other parts of the world. The southern Indian Ocean also exhibits a dipole mode in SST anomalies known as the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole (IOSD). The IOSD has strong influences on the temperature and rainfall of southern Africa and western Australia. In addition to these basin-scale climate modes, the Indian Ocean also has a few regional climate modes. Recently, it is discovered that the circulation variations off western Australia and associated air-sea interactions give rise to a coastal phenomenon called the Ningaloo Niño that influences the coastal ecosystem as well as the regional climate. Since these climate modes of the Indian Ocean affect the rainfall and temperature of many parts of the world, it is important now to study these modes of climate variability and their predictability. On longer time scales, it is difficult to distinguish climate change trends from patterns of natural variability in the basin owing to paucity of observations. Nevertheless, it is noted that the sea surface temperature of the tropical Indian Ocean has warmed up considerably while a cooling occurred at depth over the last few decades. Together with a warming in the West Pacific, this has increased rainfall above the Indo-Pacific warm pool leading to a modification of the Walker circulation. More studies are necessary to improve the understanding of these long-term future climate trends and scale-interactions on different spatial and temporal scales in the basin. 1   

TK02 THE SOUTHERN OSCILLATION, HYPOXIA, AND THE EASTERN PACIFIC TUNA FISHERY Dale A. Kiefer University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA email: [email protected] The Eastern Pacific tuna fishery, which is one of the world’s major fisheries, covers thousands of square kilometers. The vessels of this fishery are registered in more than 30 nations and largely target bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), and yellowfin (T. albacores) tuna. In both the Pelagic Habitat Analysis Module project, which is sponsored by NASA, and the Fishscape project, which is sponsored by NSF, we have attempted to define the habitat of the three species by matching a 50 year time series on fish catch and effort with oceanographic information obtained from satellite imagery and from a global circulation model. The fishery time series, which was provided by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, provided spatial maps of catch and effort at monthly time steps; the satellite imagery of the region consisted of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, and height from GHRSST, SEAWiFS, and AVISO products, and the modeled flow field at selected depths was output from ECCO-92 simulations from 1992 to present. All information was integrated and analyzed within the EASy marine geographic information system. This GIS will also provides a home for the Fishscape spatial simulation model of the coupled dynamics of the ocean, fish, fleets, and markets. This model will then be applied to an assessment of the potential ecological and economic impacts of climate change, technological advances in fleet operations, and increases in fuel costs. We have determined by application of EOF analysis that the ECCO-2 simulation of sea surface height fits well with that of AVISO imagery; thus, if driven properly by predictions of future air-sea exchange, the model should provide good estimates of circulation patterns. We have also found that strong El Nino events lead to strong recruitment of all three species and strong La Nina events lead to weak recruitment. Finally, we have found that the general spatial distribution of the Eastern Pacific fishing grounds matches well with the spatial distribution of the hypoxic waters at a depth of 150 meters and the surface concentration of chlorophyll a, and monthly variations in the spatial distribution of the catch and effort are closely tied to sea surface temperature. We will conclude by discussing the reasons for these relationships and speculation on how these relations will help guide assessments of the impact of global warming on the fishery.

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TK03 SHRINKING SNOW CAPS AND RISING TIDES: THE RESPONSE OF THE ARABIAN SEA ECOSYSTEM TO RECENT CLIMATIC TRENDS Joaquim I. Goes Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA, 10964 email: [email protected] The recent trend of global warming has exerted a disproportionately strong influence on the Eurasian land mass causing a systematic decrease in snow persistence over the Indo-Tibetan Plateau region. This decline in snow cover has led to an intensification of summer monsoon winds and wind-driven coastal upwelling, which have caused a dramatic increase in phytoplankton productivity in the western Arabian Sea. The impacts of the warming trend have not been confined to the summer monsoon alone. We have now evidence that convective mixing observable in the Arabian Sea during winter, has been weakening. Paradoxically however, winter-time chlorophyll a concentrations have been on the rise, due to unprecedented blooms of a mixotrophic dinoflagellate, Noctiluca scintillans (Noctiluca). This emergence of Noctiluca as the dominant bloom forming organism in the Arabian Sea, represents perhaps, the most dramatic and extreme anthropogenic and climate-driven changes in ecosystem structure and function being reported from any oceanic ecosystem worldwide. This presentation will highlight results from satellite, field and laboratory based efforts to investigate the origins of Noctiluca, its ecophysiological characteristics and efforts underway to develop decision support tools specifically geared towards mitigating large socio-economic losses being caused by Noctiluca blooms along the coast of Oman.

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TK04 TRACKING OF GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS THROUGH OBSERVATION AND MODELLING Prabir K. Patra Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, 2360001, Japan email: [email protected] Concentrations of 3 major greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have increased in the atmosphere at unprecedented growth rate in the past century, relative to the previous centuries or millennia. There are growing number of evidences that the recent rapid increase in the greenhouse gases concentration is linked human activities, e.g., industrial consumption of fossil fuels or crop and animal farming practices. Thus, the rise in global surface air temperature is highly likely to be caused by the human perturbations (IPCC, 2013). The Paris Agreement (2016 and its amendments), therefore, aims to mitigate the threat of climate change by limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases for keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2oC above pre-industrial levels, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). For implementation of the agreement, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) by all member countries will be evaluated every 5 years, with the first evaluation in 2023 (the so called “global stocktake”). In JAMSTEC, we have developed greenhouse gases modelling system for simulating concentrations based on known (bottom-up) emissions using atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) – based chemistry-transport models (ACTM). The ACTM simulations are then compared with the measured concentrations, and the differences between model and observation are used for optimising regional sources and sinks using source-receptor relationships. Traditionally, measurements are being made by cooperative observational networks (e.g., NOAA, Boulder) or by national efforts, and quality-controlled data are shared through the WMO World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (https://gaw.kishou.go.jp). In the recent years, measurements of greenhouse gases are also made from remote sensing satellites, e.g., Greenhouse gases Observation SATellite (GOSAT series by JAXA), Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO series by NASA), TROPOMI (Sentinel series by ESA). The quality of observations and modelling capabilities are being improved continuously in order to support the global stockstaking at 5 years interval. We are providing optimised CO2, CH4 and N2O sources, sinks and concentrations to the global synthesis initiatives to assess greenhouse gases budget, e.g., the Global Carbon Project (GCP) and the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (www.globalcarbonproject.org). The country scale sources and sinks data are also made freely available through JAMSTEC’s Greenhouse gases Modelling and Data Analysis System (https://ebcrpa.jamstec.go.jp/~prabir/data/JGM-DAS).

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TK05 OVERVIEW OF INDIAN ARCTIC PROGRAM M. Ravichandran National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Goa, India email: [email protected] Climate change is felt first and the fastest in the Arctic. Because of the amplified response of the Arctic to global warming, it is often seen as a highly sensitive indicator of climate change. The Arctic region is of special importance due to its critical role in governing global weather and climate, radiation budget, thermohaline circulation, sea level, thawing permafrost, melting ice on land and sea, bio diversity, etc. The scientific issues pertaining to the Arctic has significance much beyond its geographic limits. Arctic air temperatures have risen at almost twice the rate of the global average over the past few decades. This “arctic amplification” of global warming is largely a result of the loss of snow and ice, especially sea ice. Sea ice extent has decreased in all seasons, with summer sea ice declining most drastically. Considering the importance of the Arctic, in the year 2007, the Government of India decided to explore the feasibilities of dovetailing the country’s scientific agenda in the Antarctic region with significant major long-term scientific initiatives in the Arctic region as well. In this talk, I will be presenting an overview of the Indian Arctic Program. The talk covers why Arctic is important, what are the changes happening in the Arctic, India’s interest in the Arctic, teleconnection between tropics and the Arctic, and thrust areas of the Indian Arctic Science program. Finally, the future plans and way forward of the Indian Arctic Program will be highlighted.

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TK06 LAND USE-AEROSOL-CLOUD-RAINFALL-ENERGY BUDGET COUPLING OVER INDIAN MONSOON REGION Sachchida Nand Tripathi Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India email: [email protected] Land use pattern can modify near-surface energy partitioning leading to perturbations in boundary layer development and thereby influences mesoscale circulations. Aerosols are known to influence radiation budget and hydrological cycle via various pathways. In this keynote lecture, we will introduce the recent advances in regional modeling to understand coupling and feedbacks between land surface, aerosols, cloud systems and rainfall. As an example results from simulations conducted over Indian monsoon region will be presented. Role of aerosol induced cloud invigoration on energy budget will be highlighted.

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TK07 PROBABILISTIC OCEAN AND CLIMATE PREDICTIONS Deepak Subramani Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India email: [email protected] The oceans are an integral part of the climate system. They are not only important for carbon sequestration, habitat, and biodiversity, but also are key economic drivers in eradicating poverty as they affect many economic sectors including fisheries, energy, tourism, conservation, shipping and defense. To conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development (UN SDG #14), it is important to monitor and forecast coastal oceans, including the impact of human activities. The challenge, however, is that the coastal ocean is a multiscale fluid dynamical system, with several sources of uncertainties. Thus, predictions must be probabilistic, rigorously accounting for uncertainties. In this keynote lecture, we will introduce the recent advances in computational treatment of uncertainty in ocean and climate predictions. Examples of predicting 4-D multiscale uncertainties in the north west Atlantic and Arabian sea, with applications to security, fisheries, pollution tracking and autonomous ocean observing robots will be demonstrated.

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TK08 RESPONSE OF THE SALINITY-STRATIFIED NORTH BAY OF BENGAL TO A TROPICAL CYCLONE Debasis Sengupta Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Banglore, India email: [email protected] Satellite SST data show that post-monsoon (October-November) tropical cyclones generally do not leave a "cool SST wake" in the north Bay of Bengal, where sea surface salinity is low. Open ocean moorings deployed by INCOIS and NIOT captured the response of the north Bay of Bengal to the passage of cyclone Phailin in October 2013. Mooring data show that the pre-storm ocean has high near-surface salinity stratification, due to a shallow surface layer of river water; underneath the 10 m deep surface mixed layer lies a deep, nearly isothermal layer. We find that (i) mixing caused by vertical shear of near-inertial ocean currents quickly deepens the mixed layer to at least 50 m; (ii) sea surface salinity increases by nearly 1.6 psu, but (iii) SST does not cool. The combined effects of pre-existing shallow salinity stratification and deep warm layer reduces net mixed layer deepening, and inhibits SST cooling. We propose that post-monsoon tropical cyclones can intensify rapidly in the north Bay of Bengal as a result of low-salinity surface water coming from the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna river.

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TK09 NUMERICAL MODELING AT NATIONAL CENTRE FOR MEDIUM RANGE WEATHER FORECASTING Abhijit Sarkar National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, A-50, Sector- 62, NOIDA, UP, India email: [email protected] National Centre for Medium Range Weather forecasting (NCMRWF) is a major centre of weather modeling under ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. The modeling system of NCMRWF provides deterministic and probabilistic forecasts over varied temporal and spatial scales. NCMRWF Unified model (NCUM) is being used for generating10-day numerical weather forecasts over the whole globe routinely since 2012. The NCUM system is upgraded periodically to adapt new scientific and technological developments for improving the global and regional numerical weather predictions. In the new upgradation of NCUM, horizontal resolution of the global model is increased from ~17 km to ~12 km. The convection permitting nesting suites of NCUM (NCUM-R) are developed at resolutions of 4km, 1.5km and 330m for various applications. NCUM-R (4km) has a horizontal grid resolution of ~4km and 80 vertical levels up to 38.5km. The model domain covers India and the adjacent oceanic regions and is operational with a forecast lead time of 3 days. The global ensemble prediction system of NCMRWF (NEPS-G) has also been updated and made operational on 1 June, 2018. Previous version of NEPS-G had 45 (44 perturbed + 1 control) ensemble members and 33 km horizontal resolution. The current operational NEPSG has the highest horizontal resolution (~ 12 km) among all the global ensemble predictions systems around the world. The NEPS-G provides 10-day probabilistic forecasts using 23 members (22 perturbed + 1 control) ensemble system. NCMRWF has also implemented the regional ensemble prediction system (NEPS-R) with horizontal resolution of about 4 km. NEPS-R has 12 ensemble members (11 perturbed + 1 control). The initial and boundary conditions for NEPS-R are provided by NEPS-G. Like its deterministic counterpart, NEPS-R also operates over the Indian domain. Recently, NCMRWF has implemented a coupled weather-climate model with a full dynamical ocean and sea-ice components to better represent the time evolution of lower boundary condition and associated feedback from air-sea interactions. The coupled system is configured with a 60km atmosphere with 85 vertical levels extending up to stratosphere (85 km), and a 25 km ocean with 75 vertical levels. The model is currently being run experimentally to provide extended range forecast.

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TK10 THREAT PERCEPTIONS OF INTERTIDAL HABITATS IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MIGRATORY ENDANGERED SPECIES ALONG THE COAST OF BAY OF BENGAL Jayant Kumar Mishra Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Pondicherry University, Brookshabad Campus, Port Blair, A & N Islands, India email: [email protected] The concern for the impact of climate change on coastal environment in recent years has increased multifold. This has also invited tremendous attention of think tanks from different walks of life including scientists, environmentalists and policy makers from all over the world. The main stay of this concern is the probable changes due to climate variation and its inflicting long term irreversible damage on different habitat types along the coasts of several maritime nations. The major threat being the habitat loss in the face of sea level rise, it may alter the coastal marine ecosystem, which is considered as the most dynamic living shore line endowed with rich biodiversity. This complex narrow intertidal shore line encompasses vivid form of coastal habitats like muddy, rocky, sandy, grass/marsh land, mangroves and dunes etc. with potentially high biodiversity, which is an important indicator of the habitat heterogeneity and their health. In the present presentation, status report on the community structure and distribution pattern of flora and fauna inhabiting coastal environment with special reference to the east coast of India and Andaman Islands Sea will be discussed. As it is well documented that the east coast of India houses several endangered species including horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda), sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea and Dermochelys coriacea) since millions of years and have undergone all the upheavals of climatic changes since time immemorial. To mention specifically, the sandy coast line acts as a breeding / nesting habitat for these endangered animals and responsibly serve as nature’s incubator for the fertilized eggs laid by these animals in the sandy beaches till they hatch out as juveniles and migrate to their nourishing ground in the enigmatic ocean abode. The structural characteristics of these designated beaches provide optimal incubating conditions. But the habitat loss due to changes in the coastal geomorphology and associated environmental conditions due to the compounding effect of disturbed global climate conditions and human interference is increasing day by day. Thus it is highly essential to adopt strategic policies and protect this highly fragile environment in terms of their utilization and stratification pattern to withstand any impact in the face of the global climate change, which is undeniably imminent due to frequent natural calamities and increased unregulated anthropogenic interference. Keywords: Intertidal biodiversity, Breeding habitat, Living fossil, T. gigas, C. rotundicauda, Habitat restoration

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TK11 ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT FOR RETRIEVING CHL-A FROM COASTAL OCEAN Harilal B. Menon Department of Marine Science, Goa University, India email: [email protected] Satellite monitoring of coastal water quality (Case II waters) and different process of varying scales is imbedded due to paucity of suitable algorithms. The retrievable optically active constituents (OACs) from remote sensing are chlorophyll-a, chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and suspended particles other than those organic in nature, termed as total suspended matter (TSM). Being integral part of turbidity, OACs estimation and their monitoring via Satellite serves the requirement of blue water economy. Coastal water being optically complex in nature, there is no uniform algorithm to generate each OACs across the coastal waters of world Ocean. Many site-specific and season-specific algorithms have been developed in the past to generate Chl-a. Hence this talk deals with an algorithm developed to retrieve Chl-a from coastal waters irrespective of turbidity levels, which is neither site-specific nor season-specific, across the World Ocean.                                  

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TK12 RECENT TRENDS IN ARABIAN SEA ACIDIFICATION Vinu Valsala, M. G. Sreeush, Sreenivas Pentakota & R. Murtugudde Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India email: [email protected] Western Arabian Sea (WAS) is subjected to strong bio-physical forcings which results in significant variability in biological productivity and intense CO2 emission at different timescales. The study aims to understand the major physical factors controlling seasonal variability and trend in pH over WAS. Two sets of sensitivity experiments are carried out in order to delineate the individual factors such as Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Alkalinity (ALK) and Salinity (S) which control the pH seasonal variability and its trend. The first set of sensitivity experiments extract the major controlling factors of pH seasonal variability and the second set identifies the major contributors to the trend in pH over WAS. The results show that DIC and SST are the principal drivers of seasonal variability of pH and they act in opposite directions. Seasonal warming and cooling have significant effect in pH variability during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period, respectively. DIC plays a major role in pH seasonality during the monsoon period. WAS has been acidified from a pH of 8.12 (in 1960) to a pH of 8.05 (in 2010). The trend in pH over WAS is due to contributions from DIC and SST of 109% and 16%, respectively. The effect of ALK is to buffer the existing trend in pH by −36% while S contribution is only 7%. Collectively, DIC and ALK contribute up to 73% to the net pH trend. SST warming alone contributes another 16%. pH shows a decreasing trend of −0.0091 for 50 years for October to December and − 0.0039 for July to August with a correlation of 0.374 and 0.244 with increasing trend in SST for the corresponding period, respectively. The study raises a red flag since this region is warming rapidly which is only exacerbating acidification.

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TK13 CLIMATE CHANGE & PUBLIC HEALTH Iype Joseph Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India email: [email protected] The expected health scenario in the next 50 – 100 years includes more heat related disorders, allergic and respiratory disorders, vector-borne, water-borne, and food-borne infectious diseases, health impacts due to food insecurity, mental health impacts and violence, all due to the impact of Climate Change. We believe that these global scale predictions hold good in the Indian sub-continent too. However, regional variations are highly probable. In addition, poverty and socio-economic inequalities will interact with these changes. Scientists and Health professionals have to take up the challenge to systematically analyze and assess the health threats. The responsibility to contribute to the policies and actions for reduction of health consequences lies in us. In this lecture, we will explore the options in front of us. The diseases which require the immediate attention of climate scientists, the diseases which require the long-term attention of environmental scientists and public health issues requiring inter-disciplinary inputs. We can discuss few forgotten resources too.

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TK14 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MAJOR FLORA AND FAUNA OF LOWER GANGETIC DELTA REGION Abhijit Mitra Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C Road, Kolkata, India email: [email protected] Sea levels of the Indian sub-continent are increasing at an average rate of about 2.5 mm/year; the rate of increment is greater in the eastern coast, with an estimated sea level rise of about 3.14 mm/year. This suggests that mean annual sea levels in the Indian sub-continent will be some 15 cm higher in 2060 than what it was during 2000. The Indian Sundarbans in northeast coast of the country, at the apex of the Bay of Bengal is an extremely dynamic deltaic lobe sustaining a wide spectrum of mangrove flora and fauna. It is estimated that sea level in this deltaic lobe has increased by about 15 cm since the 1950s and this has been correlated with changes in the pattern and rates of erosion and accretion of the islands of Indian Sundarbans. Such geo-physical phenomena may not only pose serious impact on the adjacent aquatic system by way of increasing turbidity, nutrient budget, salinity, pH etc., but the phenomenon has every possibility to shift the biodiversity spectrum of the adjacent land masses (supporting mangrove and mangrove associate species) and aquatic system due to salinization of land, alteration of soil pH, increased erosional activities leading to reduction of water transparency, increased salinity of the water bodies and invasion of the areas with more number of stenohaline species. The gradual vanishing of some species of mangroves (like Heritiera fomes, locally called Sundari) and the dominancy of trash fishes in the catch basket of central Indian Sundarbans are relevant case studies in the domain of biodiversity of this mangrove dominated World Heritage site. The present talk is an attempt to scan and critically analyze the time series data on dominant mangrove flora and fin fish species considering their compositional variation and biomasses as proxies.

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TK15 ASIAN MONSOON Bahadur S. Kotlia Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India email: [email protected] To understand the past climatic changes responsible for collapsing or crumbling of ancient civilization and culture, it is essential that high resolution archives and proxies must be employed. Cave structures, particularly stalagmites (made up of calcium carbonate) produce annual rings like those in trees and are regarded as one of the most valuable archive of climate proxy recorder and are also excellent archives for multi-annual to decadal scale climatic changes. Their dating by U/Th delivers a reliable chronology for the periods of stalagmite formation. Growth rates ranging from some microns to several hundred microns per year allow high temporal resolution. For a sub-sample of about 100mg and 238U concentration of about 1 ppm, current TIMS and ICP-MS capabilities translate to precision (2σ errors) and age errors of about 500±8 years, 10,000±45 years, 50,000±180 years, 500,000±15,000 years—clearly expressing that speleothems are most ideal continental candidates to reconstruct the past precipitation and vegetational changes within sufficient time duration. At present, various aspects of climate variability, e.g., precipitation variability and vegetational composition are being studied using stalagmites on the basis of measurable proxies such as stable isotope ratios and growth rates. We present a stalagmite based high resolution climatic record between ~4.0 and 1.9 ka BP from Dharamjali Cave in Pithoragarh (Kumaun Himalaya), an area which is influenced primarily by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and supplemented by the Indian Winter Monsoon (IWM). The chronology of the 41.5 cm long DH-1 stalagmite was constructed using a StalAge model on six 230 Th/U dates. However, some samples have higher 232Th concentrations, leading to an increase in the final age uncertainties. The significance of this work lies in its being one of the rare studies of speleothems to reconstruct high resolution climatic changes in the NW India for the Upper Holocene. The δ 18O values, ranging between -5.3‰ to -10‰, show a large variation, compared to the areas dominated by a single monsoon, and this can be ascribed to the two sources of moisture (e.g., ISM and IWM) in the study area during the Upper Holocene. The sample consists of aragonite except for two sections of calcite growth from 0-7.3 cm and 8.5-13.5 cm from the top. The climatic reconstruction indicates strengthened precipitation from 4.0 ka BP with a sharp drop (>-2‰) in δ18O values, peaking at ~3.7 ka BP. A gradual decline in precipitation is observed from ~3.7- 3.0 ka BP with droughts, centered at ~3.4, ~3.2 and ~3.0 ka BP. Subsequently, climatic amelioration took place between ~3.0-2.9 ka BP, showing fluctuating trend in δ 18O values with comparatively more rainfall, possibly generated by the IWM in the form of thunderstorms and hailstorms from ~2.9-2.7 ka BP. Precipitation declined from ~2.7 to 2.4 ka BP with a decadal scale major drought event, strongest in the present data set, at ~2.5-2.4 ka BP, whereas, an abrupt drop in stalagmite δ 18O values from ~2.4-2.3 ka BP points to increased precipitation intensity. Thereafter, the precipitation gradually decreased until ca. 2.1 ka BP with one of the driest events at ~2.1 ka BP. A century scale increasing trend in the precipitation intensity is observed from ~2.1-2.0 ka BP, following which the precipitation again declined. Accordingly, five sudden drought events are documented, centering at ~3.4, ~3.2, ~3.0, ~2.5-2.4 and ~2.1 ka BP. A gradual reduction in precipitation from ~3.7-3.0 ka BP coincides with reduction and deurbanisation and step-wise 15   

disintegration of the Harappan civilization along the Indus-Ghaggar-Sarasvati valleys in the foreland areas of northwestern India. We opine that the increasing aridity and droughts between ~3.7 and 3.0 ka BP contributed to the gradual decline in the Harappan civilization, its breakdown in steps and complete collapse around ~3.0 ka BP. During this period, the shift of Harappan settlements from large urban cities to lesser villages as well as migration of population may have also been a result of limited resources brought on by mounting aridity and scarcity of water. Further, the IWM may have played a critical role in the Holocene climate of the Indian Himalaya. Therefore, IWM produced winter crop failure may also have been responsible for the gradual demise of the Harappan society. We believe that the Harappan culture was faded away gradually and mainly due to the failure of monsoon resulting in climate deterioration and not due to any abrupt event, e.g., tectonic activity or seismic phenomenon in the Himalayan foothills.                                            

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TK16

 

  Coastal Vulnerability in the Indian Ocean Region in Changing Climate Scenario   Prasad K. Bhaskaran Department of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] & [email protected] The coastal belt bordering the Indian seas is thickly populated and exposed to high risk and vulnerability associated with natural hazards. The risk and related vulnerability has socioeconomic implications and a matter of serious concern in a changing climate scenario. In context to the Indian seas, the impacts of tropical cyclone landfall pose a greater risk and damage to life and infrastructure. As compared to the wide-spread destruction along coastal belts from tsunami events, the frequency of tropical cyclones is much higher and their impacts pose a significant vulnerability to the coastal and nearshore regions. Recent study signifies that the Power Dissipation Index (PDI) for tropical cyclones in the present decade have increased about six times as compared to the past. In addition, there are clear evidence on increased intensity and size of tropical cyclones that formed over the North Indian Ocean basin experiencing a paradigm shift in cyclogenesis that is linked with climate change. Hence, there is a need to precisely ascertain the coastal vulnerability and associated risk factors for high intense cyclones that can be expected in a changing climate. In addition, recent research provides clear evidence on extreme water levels at few locations along the Indian coast that has a significant bearing on the coastal community. In this invited lecture, the recent advances made in coastal vulnerability assessment for the Indian coast along with specific case studies made for the East coast of India will be introduced. The scope for consideration of other environmental drivers in a changing climate having implications on coastal vulnerability will be demonstrated.  

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Causes and Consequences/Human Impacts on Coastal Ecosystems A01 ASSESSMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF REGIONAL CLIMATE MODELS FOR TEMPERATURE OVER THE INDIAN REGION Dipanwita Ghosh Sarkar1, R. K. Mall1, S. Ghosh1 & R. Bhatla2 DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India 2 Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India email: [email protected] 1

Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are considered as most powerful tool for simulating regional climate properties. Performance of six Conformal-Cubic Atmospheric Models (CCAM (ACCESS), CCAM (CCSM), CCAM (CNRM), CCAM (GFDL), CCAM (MPI) and CCAM (BCCR)) and MPI Regional model 2009 (REMO2009) of CORDEX have been evaluated against observation (Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and Climate Research Unit(CRU)); along with that upcoming changes in seasonal maximum temperature has also been projected. The study is focused on India and seasonal maximum temperature of monsoon, with 1971-2005 as evaluation and 2006-2085 as projection period. Compared to observed, CCAM model performance is better than REMO, CCAM (CNRM) and CCAM (CCSM) are capturing IMD data distribution very well; while with CRU as reference, CCAM (CNRM), CCAM (CCSM) and CCAM (BCCR) are showing correlation above 0.6 with reference. However, existing systematic biases in the RCMs empede the performance of RCMs, so it is necessary to bias correct the RCM outputs before some real time uses. Linear Scaling (LS) and Variance Scaling (VS) have been used for bias correcting the RCM output. Evaluation based on probability density function, spatial correlation upto 95% confidence level as well as some numerical indices with and without bias correction for each agro climatic zone has been presented. RCMs that are skillful over a particular zone are identified, providing guidance on which RCMs should be used for impact assessment where those impacts are based on seasonal maximum temperature for monsoon. These results have no bearing on model performance elsewhere, but the methodology is potentially useful in assessing which of the many climate models should be used by impacts groups. While projecting upcoming changes in seasonal maximum temperature of monsoon over projection period it was found that under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 temperature will increase in near future (2006-2045) but it will again decrease in far future (2046-2085), in contrary under RCP 8.5 temperature will increase constantly over the projection period.

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A02 CHARACTERISTICS AND TREND ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION EXTREMES OF SOUTH 24 PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL, INDIA Pradip Patra & Lakshminarayan Satpati Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, India email: [email protected] Characteristics and trends analysis of Extreme Climatic Indices (ECIs) like maximum temperature (TX) and minimum temperature (TN) and precipitation indices in the world have been analyses by different researchers and most of the findings reveal the fact that ECIs has increased in recent times. So to measure the extreme climatic elements is the major task, by which special policy may formulate to overcome the situation. Here an attempt has been made to measure the nature of extremes climatic elements, which are recommended by Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) as well as other relevant indices of different stations of South 24 Parganas. For this purpose, daily climatic elements (Maximum Temperature, Mean Temperature, Minimum Temperature and Precipitation) has been used for the period of 1969-2015. Both parametric (linear regression test) and non-parametric (Mann Kendall test) has been used to detect the change and Sen’s slope estimator used to degree of change. Standard quality control methods and homogeneity test also applied with the dataset. Long-term (1969-2012) trend of extreme temperature indices like TXa, TXn, TMa, TNx, TNa and TNn of monthly, seasonal and annual time step have follow positive increasing trends, while noticeable decadal positive change has been noticed in mean Temperature. Like absolute temperature indices, relative temperature indices also indicate positive increasing trend of warm nights and warm days and decreasing trend frequency of cold days and cold nights. The intensity of the Precipitation of different scale also changed, but not significant ones. Keywords: ETCCDI, TX, TN, Mean Temperature, Precipitation trends

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A03 PETROGRAPHIC AND ISOTOPIC INVESTIGATIONS ON SPELEOTHEMS OF BORRA CAVES, VISAKHAPATNAM, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA: IMPLICATIONS ON PALEOCLIMATE 1

K. Sandeep Vamsi1, M. G. Yadava2, P. Kiran Kumar2 & S. Ramasamy1 Department of Geology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 2 Physical Research Laboratory, Unit of Dept. of Space, Ahmedabad, India email: [email protected]

Speleothems have proven as valuable tool for climatic reconstruction. They allow in reconstructing the changes in temperature and precipitation over time. In this study, two active stalagmites samples were collected from Borra Caves located in Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh, India. The stalagmites were investigated by means of petrographic interpretation and were analyzed using stable isotopes and dated using carbon isotope method. These data are then compared with the isotopic and chemical composition of drip water samples collected from the cave (collected annually). The comparisons of the isotopic data with the isotopic compositions of water samples in the studied area are also put into a regional context to find out more about precipitation regimes and possible changes in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during the time of Stalagmite deposition. Keywords: Climate, Paleoclimate, Stable isotopes, Carbon dating, Petrography

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A04 IMPACT OF EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS ON WATER RESOURCES OF GANDAK RIVER BASIN Pawan Kumar Chaubey & R. K. Mall DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU Varanasi, India email: [email protected] Heavy rainfall in the Gandak River basin (Indo-Nepal region) resulted sudden flood in the downstream part of catchment area over the Indian region. This study aims to assess the impact of extreme weather events (flood and drought) on water resources of the Gandak river basin using geo-spatial hydrological parameters. Extreme indices such as Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to estimate extreme rainfall events, using long-term satellite derived precipitation data i.e., Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), APHRODITE (Asian Precipitation - Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration towards Evaluation) and Climate Prediction Centre (CPC). Moreover, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) observed rainfall were used to compare with satellite derived precipitation data. The results indicate that, basin’s total monsoon rainfall trend is increasing, but rainy days is decreasing and frequency of extreme rainfall is showing increasing trend resulted in increased severity and frequency of drought and flood events. During the monsoon season’s year’s 2002, 2005, 2006 and 2009 were the worst widespread droughts while 2007, 2011, 2013 and 2017 were examined as extreme flood events. The variation of heavy and tenuous rainfall was responsible for the extreme floods resulted in drainage modification resulted high rate of Sinuosity index (SI) River basins. Conversely, low rainfall reveals water stress and drought situation which affects the agricultural production over the study region. On the other hand, an extreme flood of low frequency has affected the large population and agriculture over the Indian region as well as central Nepal. This study can be helpful to manage water resources caused by extreme weather events over the Gandak river basin. Keywords: Flood, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Drought, Sinuosity Index (SI), Gandak basin (Indo-Nepal region)

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A05 SEAWEEDS AS POTENTIAL FOOD SOURCE IN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PROGRAMME Archana Snehasini Turuk & Kakoli Banerjee Department of Biodiversity & Conservation of Natural Resources, Central University of Orissa, India email: [email protected] With the global climate change and ever increasing food production demand the marine resources utilisation should be practiced so that in case of sea level rise and salinization of land, marine resources can be utilized as sustainable crop as they are rich sources of nutrients. On this background, the present study has been undertaken during September 2015 to August 2016 in the east coast of India viz. Visakhapatnam coast of Andhra Pradesh to analyse the biochemical composition (protein, lipid and carbohydrate) in three seaweeds, Caulerpa racemosa (Chlorophyta), Gracilaria corticata (Rhodophyta) and Padina tetrastromatica (Phaeophyta) during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon months in order to designate it as potential sea vegetable. Simultaneous studies of physico-chemical properties of the ambient seawater were also carried out in two selected stations depending on polluted and non polluted zones. Among the three selected seaweeds highest protein content was recorded in P. tetrastromatica (25.81±0.87%), highest carbohydrate was recorded in G. corticata (65.32±2.78%), highest lipid was recorded in G. corticata (10.50±0.45%). ANOVA analysis performed with respect to seasons and stations revealed significant difference at 5% level of significance. The interrelationship between the physico-chemical and biochemical parameters reveals that seawater temperature, pH and salinity along with nutrients (except PO4) play a significant role on the growth and sustenance of the species. The present investigation clearly indicates the role of environmental parameters in oscillating the biochemical parameters of the selected seaweeds. Such oscillation depicts the season in which the protein, lipid and carbohydrate content of the seaweed species reaches the optimum value and can serve as a rich source of nutrient for local inhabitants. Keywords: Biochemical composition, Climate change, Physico-chemical parameters, Seaweeds

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A06 OCEANIC CORAL BLEACHING IN THE BACK DROP OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE Janki Govani, Alkesha Naik, Dhwani Ukani & Koushik Singha Roy Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India email: [email protected] Alarming reports of climate change has put mankind to think about the future to protect our globe. It has become one the major issue of concern and thus it has been included as 13th Sustainable Goal as “Climate Action”, by United Nations. Not only humans but also our flora, fauna, ecosystem and ecology are highly affected. Due to climate change, a notable rise is being observed in the temperature of ocean leading to a severe impact on the coral species found in it. Corals are an important part of ocean ecosystem as they serve as subsistence food, protecting shores from floods and helps in sustaining marine animals. Corals being very sensitive species are highly affected by minor change in its surroundings. Coral bleaching is a phenomenon generally observed as whitening of corals due to change in temperature of water. Talking about Indian scenario, corals are mainly found in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar and Lakshadweep islands. Frequency and severity of coral bleaching events increased in recent years affecting the recovery and resilience of corals. In the Palk Bay reef, individual coral colonies of five different genera were tagged and monitored for their bleaching and recovery pattern during. Variation in the bleaching and recovery response among different coral genera were quantified and compared and was found that sensitivity was significantly dependent on sea surface temperature and photosynthetically active radiation. Out of the five species the Favites and Leptastrea spp. were more sensitive, being the first to bleach. On the other hand, Porites spp. exhibited a delayed response to bleaching as the ocean surface temperature increased to 30°C. Cyphastrea spp. and some colonies of Leptastrea spp. were unresponsive to bleaching and remained healthy. Keywords: Bleaching, Climate change, Corals, Temperature

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A07 RISK PERCEPTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, VULNERABILITY AND THE LIVESTOCK ADAPTATION STRATEGIES BY DAIRY FARMERS IN SOUTH GUJARAT R. Ghasura & V. Durgga Rani College of Veterinary Science & A.H, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, India email: [email protected] Livestock production is an important contributor to sustainable food security for many nations, particularly in low income areas and marginal habitats that are unsuitable for crop production. Animal products account for approximately one-third of global human protein consumption. By the end of 2011, the global population exceeded 7 billion and it is expected to reach between 8.1 billion and 10.6 billion by 2050. Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the ‘average weather’ or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. Vulnerability’ has emerged as a cross-cutting multidisciplinary theme of research in the current context, characterized by rapid changes in environmental, economic and social systems. Like most other developing countries, people in India are dependent to a large extent on its natural resources for livelihood and economy. Any adverse impacts on these natural resources will have repercussion on the nation's livelihood security and economy and widen the gap between the rich and the poor. Considering these facts, the present study has been designed to analyze the perceptions of climate change, vulnerability and the role of livestock adaptation strategies by livestock keepers in South Gujarat. Therefore, in the transition to sustainable livestock production, there is a need for: a) assessments related to the use of adaptation and mitigation measures tailored to the location and livestock production system in use, and b) policies that support and facilitate the implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. Keywords: Adaptation, Climate change, Livestock farmers, Vulnerability

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A08 PASTORALISM, LIVELIHOOD AND CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INDIAN CONTEXT R. Ghasura, Rana Ranjit Singh & V. Durgga Rani College of Veterinary Science & A.H, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, India email: [email protected] Pastoralism is a production system dependent on herding livestock. It may be nomadic, seminomadic or transhumant. Globally, pastoral systems are normally characterized by low population densities, high mobility and dynamism, complex information systems and a high dependency on local knowledge. The migration system of the pastoralists is a good example of interaction between farmers and pastoralists and illustrates the complementarity of the two systems and communities. The pastoral, communities are highly discouraged to continue their pastoral mode of livelihood. They are forced to settle down as peasants. On the one hand, their traditional customary rights are abrogated, on the other, the local people receive no tangible benefits from protected areas. Given the role that pastoralism plays in supporting rural livelihoods, maintaining biodiversity, and providing excellent adaptation to extreme physical environments with unreliable and harsh climatic conditions, including the interests of these populations in climate adaptation is essential. Keywords: Livestock, Livelihood, Pastoralism

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A09 FARMERS PERCEPTIONS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND COPING STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE WESTERN PART OF ODISHA, INDIA Lala Saha, Mukesh Kumar & Kuldeep Bauddh Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ranchi, India School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India email: [email protected] At the present time, climate variability and change are hampering to sustainable development, through the impact on agriculture and other livelihood activity both in developed and developing nations. The present condition causes more serious impacts on environmental, economic and social impacts, especially on the agricultural community. However, farmers from different parts of the world have been adapting the change steadily. These days adaptation to changing climate has considered as a key concern for the farmers, government, researchers, and policymakers. Farmers have developed their own management practices from there year to year experiences. The presented study also conducted for the same reason to know the climate change perception and adaptation strategies of local farmers of the five villages of the district Kalahandi, Odisha. The specific objectives of the study were to know the farmer's knowledge of climate change, their adaptation strategies beginning from land preparation to crop harvesting practices. The study followed a systematic scientific research methodology. Data was collected through questionnaire; semi-directive interviews and focused group discussions. Studies found that 55.83 percent of farmers don’t know about climate change related issues. Interestingly most of the farmers (72.5 %) apply different adaptive mechanism such as cropping more than two varieties, waiting for enough rain and post-harvesting management to increase their production. Studies show small land holding farmers were more vulnerable to climate change. Further research is going on to know the more details on different adaptive mechanisms for different crop varieties. Consequently, more numbers of similar study should need to know the current status of climate change in remote parts of the country which will help to take the proper action. Keywords: Agriculture, Adaptation, Climate change, Farmers knowledge, Western Odisha

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A10 HERBS COMPOSITION, DIVERSITY & THEIR CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN BIOPARK OF JNANABHARATHI CAMPUS, BANGALORE UNIVERSITY, KARNATAKA Uday Kumar, S. Vidyashree, H. V. Vishnu, K. Sowmyashree & B. C. Nagaraja Department of Environmental Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India email: [email protected] Despite a growing awareness that the herbaceous layer serves a special role in maintaining the structure and function of tropical forests, this stratum remains an underappreciated aspect of forest ecosystems. Published literature reveals that species diversity is highest in the herb layer; forest biodiversity is largely a function of the herb-layer community in tropical dry forest. Furthermore, the herb layer and the overstory can become linked through parallel responses to similar environmental gradients. Herb layer responds sensitively to disturbance across broad spatial and temporal scales, its dynamics can provide important information regarding the site characteristics of forests, including patterns of past land-use practices. Hence the present study aims at understanding herb layer's structure, composition, and dynamics to emphasize its role as an integral component of tropical dry forest ecosystems. The present study has been carried in Biopark in Jnanabharathi campus of Bangalore University. The University in collaboration with State government constructed of check dams to harvest rain water. University has developed Biodiversity Park in 323 ha of vacant land of the campus from 1999 to 2003. Sixty years ago, the area was a dry forest with abundant sandalwood reserve, it has been used as an elephant corridor between Banneraghatta & Savanadurga forest on the fringe of Bangalore city. The area, not protected under the Forest Act, underwent unchecked degradation until the time that it was handed over to Bangalore University in 1974. Since then, 323 ha has been planted largely consisting of indigenous tree species Western Ghats, which is one of the world biodiversity hotspot of the world, in a bid to enable faunal regeneration, as well as conduct research on a number of trees known to be native to the Western Ghats. Department of Environmental Science has established 20 permanent quadrates of 25X25 in 2004 covering 323 ha of Biodiversity Park of the campus to monitor the changes. A total of 100 quadrates of 1 m2 were laid down within the permanent plots. Species were identified on the field and the unidentified species were confirmed with use of local flora and experts working in the region. Preliminary results reveals that a total of 79 species of herbs & grasses recorded in the study. Of which Chromolaena odorata, Borreria articularis and Hyptis suaveolens were dominant herbs recorded in the campus. The species such as Evolvulus alsinoidis, Atylosia scarabaeoides and Andrographis paniculata were also recorded, which were known for their medicinal value. Apart from herbs two endemic ground orchids such as Habenaria roxburgii and Spathoglottis pubescence were also recorded in the campus. Historically, fire was an important ecological disturbance in scrub forest, which decides the herb composition, dynamics and diversity. Apart from fire colonization of invasive plant species such as Hyptis suaveolens, Chromolina odorata and Ageraturm conyzoides were posing threat to local species. These invasive species are colonizing and growing faster in burnt areas. The University authorities as to undertake appropriate steps in preventing fire, grazing and colonization’s of exotic weeds in Biopark to maintain local herb & grass community. Keywords: Biopark, Herb community, Endemic orchids, Biodiversity, Conservation 27   

A11 PULSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE INDUCED ACIDIFICATION IN INDIAN SUNDARBANS Tanmay Ray Chaudhuri1, Uddalok Chatterjee2, Shampa Mitra1 & Abhijit Mitra3 1 Department of Oceanography, Techno India University, Kolkata, India 2 International Management Institute-Kolkata, (IMI-K), 2/4C, J. C Road, Kolkata, India 3 Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India email: [email protected] There are reliable scientific evidences that increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions due to intense industrialization and unplanned urbanization and tourism has resulted in the absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans and estuaries, which has considerably increased the average oceanic acidity from pre-industrial levels. However, uncertainties/noises exist in the data structure because of several natural and manmade factors. The present piece of work analyses the spatio-temporal variations of surface water pH in the eastern sector of mangrove dominated Indian Sundarbans. The gradual decrease of surface water pH is interpreted as signal of climate change and its possible impacts in the domain of water quality are briefly outlined in this first-order analysis. The impact of acidification in transferring few selective heavy metals (Zn, Cu and Pb) from the underlying sediment bed to overlying water column has been detailed The significant spatio-temporal variation of surface water pH can be attributed to rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Indian Sundarbans since last few decades. The sudden rise of aquatic pH during 2009 in all the stations is a direct consequence of sea water intrusion during AILA, a super cyclone that hit Sundarbans on 25th May, 2009. The polynomial equation between mangrove forest area and aquatic pH (y = 0.0004x2 + 0.0049x + 8.234; R2 = 0.8563) strongly supports the positive influence of mangrove photosynthetic activity in shifting the equilibrium towards alkalinity and calls for conservation of mangrove ecosystem to minimize the pace of acidification of estuarine water. Keywords: Eastern Indian sundarbans, Mangroves, Aquatic pH, Spatio-temporal variation

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A12 SPATIAL VARIATION OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON (SOC) POOL IN THE MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM OF INDIAN SUNDARBANS 1

Sufia Zaman1, Prosenjit Pramanick1 & Abhijit Mitra2 Department of Oceanography, Techno India University, West Bengal, India 2 Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India email: [email protected]

Soil is the largest terrestrial carbon pool of the planet Earth. The organic carbon of soil plays an important role in global carbon cycle. The reservoirs of soil organic carbon can act as sources or sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide, depending on land use practices, management, climate, texture and topography. The world's soils contain about 1500 Gt of organic carbon to a depth of 1m and a further 900 Gt from 1 to 2 m. Wetlands cover about 5% of the terrestrial surface, and are important carbon sinks containing 40% of soil organic carbon at global level. Estuarine wetlands have a capacity of carbon sequestration per unit area of approximately one order of magnitude greater than other systems of wetlands. The Sundarban mangrove ecosystem covering about one million ha in the deltaic complex of the Rivers Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna is shared between Bangladesh (62%) and India (38%) and is the world’s largest coastal wetland. Enormous load of sediments carried by the rivers contribute to its expansion and dynamics. Some 34 species of true mangroves thrive in this deltaic lobe. Warming is likely to increase both the rate of decomposition and net primary production (NPP), with a fraction of mangrove NPP forming new organic carbon in the intertidal mudflats. The present research focuses with the SOC data of 24 sites in the Indian Sundarbans region and led us to conclude that soil organic carbon budget is regulated by mangrove biomass, salinity and anthropogenic activities rather than temperature variation.

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A13 MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE TO HOLOCENE BOTTOM WATER OXYGENATION VARIABILITY IN THE JAPAN SEA: A FORAMINIFERAL PERSPECTIVE Manisha Das1, Raj K. Singh1, Nishant Vats1, Ann Houlbourn2, S. Mishra1, S. H. Farooq1 & D. K. Pandey3 1 School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, India 2 Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14, D- 24118 Kiel, Germany 3 ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Goa, India email: [email protected] Carbon compensation depth (CCD) and oxygenation history of Japan Sea, changed drastically in association with glacio-eustatic sea level changes and orbital to suborbital scale climate variability during the Quaternary. Japan Sea is connected to open sea with very narrow and shallow straits. Tsushima warm current (TWC) is only warm current which flows into the Japan Sea through Tsushima strait, and is a branch of warm Kuroshio Current. As this current is associated with the subtropical North Pacific Ocean gyre, it supplies warm oxygen-rich and more saline waters to the Japan Sea. Further, the cyclonic eddies associated with it causes upwelling and bring cold, nutrient-rich water. During winter, this oxygen rich surface water cools down and sinks, forming the Japan Sea Proper Water (JSPW), that regulates bottom water oxygenation in the Japan Sea. The formation of JSPW promotes the oxic to hyper oxic deep water conditions with shallow CCD and its reduction causes anoxic bottom water associated with deepening of CCD. We have analyzed sediment core samples of IODP Expedition 346 Site U1426 that reflects the deposition of organic-poor, grey clay under oxic conditions, whereas organic-rich dark brown layers were deposited during anoxic conditions. The samples were quantitatively analyzed for benthic foraminifera to reconstruct middle Pleistocene to Holocene oxygenation history of the Japan Sea and its association with the CCD. Benthic foraminifera of the Uvigerinidae family representing one of the most diverse and widely distributed group, are found in abundance in middle to upper Pleistocene samples. The distribution patterns of dominant Uvigerinidae family are affected by organic carbon flux to the seafloor, and changes in oxygen levels of bottom waters. During the interglacial period the enhanced inflow of TWC with high influx of organic matter, cause abundance of Uvigerinidae species (viz. U. mediterranea, U. pygmaea, U. yabei, U. sp.1, U. peregrina) and suggest dysoxic conditions between 775-475 ka. The transition to more extreme glacial conditions was marked between 490-470 ka and is inferred by the presence of pyritized layer indicating more extreme low stands sea level. The high abundance of T. angulosa after ~475 ka suggests major changes in bottom water conditions and prevalence of hyper-oxic conditions during glacial low sea level stand. Two most dominant species U. peregrina and T. angulosa are showing antiphase relationship after 475 ka during glacial interglacial alternations, which suggest alteration of oxic and anoxic condition in the Japan Sea linked with glacial interglacial cycles. Keywords: Tsushima warm current, Anoxic, Oxic, Carbon compensation depth, Uvigerinidae

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A14 ANALYSIS OF TRENDS IN TEMPERATURE AND DIURNAL AIR TEMPERATURE RANGE OVER SUBARNAREKHA RIVER BASIN, JHARKHAND, INDIA Shashank Shree1, Manoj Kumar1 & Ajai Singh2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, India 2 Department of Water Engineering & Management, Central University of Jharkhand email: [email protected] 1

Diurnal temperature range (DTR) is an important index for climate change. In the last five decades, it has been observed that the global average DTR has decreased significantly; however, the change in DTR has local, regional and seasonal characteristics. The aim of the study was to examine spatial and temporal variation in annual and seasonal maximum and minimum temperature and diurnal temperature range over the Subarnarekha river basin, Jharkhand, India for the study period of 35 years (1983-2017). Mean monthly data of maximum and minimum temperature and diurnal temperature range (DTR= maximum temperature minimum temperature) were used to determine the significance and magnitude of the trend using non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator. A significant decreasing (-0.023°C/year) and an insignificant increasing (0.009 °C/year) trends have been observed in maximum and minimum temperature over the basin on annual basis. The seasonal and annual trend in DTR of the basin shows both significant and insignificant decreasing trends over the basin. The DTR trend analysis of the basin depicts significant decreasing trends during the winter season and annual period (-0.027°C/year) and (-0.031°C/year) respectively. The maximum decreasing trend (-0.049°C/year) has been found during the pre-monsoon season, whereas both monsoon and post-monsoon season depicts an insignificant negative trend of (0.023°C/year). We conclude that the negative trend in the diurnal temperature range (DTR) as results of the increasing trend in minimum temperature and decreasing trend in maximum temperature. Keywords: Subarnarekha river basin, Diurnal temperature range (DTR), Trend analysis, Nonparametric test

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A15 SPECTRAL MIXTURE ANALYSIS OF EO-1 HYPERION DATA IN MAPPING OF PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES Ramandeep Kaur M. Malhi1, Akash Anand2, Prashant K. Srivastava1 & G. Sandhya Kiran3 1 Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU Varanasi, India 2 Centre for Land Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, India 3 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India email: [email protected] The present study aims at mapping plant functional types of Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary using EO-1 Hyperion data combined with spectral mixture analysis that accounts for endmember variability. Due to heterogeneity in the study area, the measured spectral signal for every pixel of surface reflectance data will be result of fractions in which various plant functional types and also the soil background occur. The interest of the present work lies in these fractions and hence spectral mixture analysis was applied. Spectral mixture analysis models a pixel as a linear or nonlinear combination of its constituent spectral components or spectral endmembers weighted by their sub-pixel fractional cover. By model inversion, it provides subpixel end member fractions. Functionally distinct species like Tectona grandis (Dicot), Bambusa bambos (Monocot) etc present in the Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary were distinguished using ground measured biophysical and biochemical parameters, leaf spectra collected using ASD handheld spectroradiometer and canopy spectra collected from Hyperion image with high-dimensional spectral information. A minimum noise fraction transformation was performed on hyperion image and MNF bands occurring after an 80% variance threshold were discarded from further analysis. A manual approach based on field data was used for the end member selection from Hyperion image using Pixel Purity Index. Based on the available field information, candidate pixels were selected from locations where the Plant functional types appeared pure or had a relative homogeneous species composition. Determined end members were used as input in Spectral Mixture Analysis. The final product of the analysis was a set of fractional abundance images for each plant functional type. A regression was established between the Hyperion fractions and LISS IV fractions to assess the accuracy of the classification process. The average of R2 is observed as 0.8 indicating that the models are averagely fitting around 80% of the data. The study highlighted the potential of spectral mixture analysis classifier in the mapping of different plant types using hyperspectral data when performed using appropriate number of end members. Keywords: Spectral, Fraction, Plant, Functional, Hyperspectral

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A16 STUDY OF CHANGE IN FOREST COVER IN HARIDWAR REGION OF UTTARAKHAND STATE, INDIA Ratiranjan Jena1, Biswajeet Pradhan1, Abhishek Kumar Rai2 & Ghassan Beydoun1 1 Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo NSW 2007 2 Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Science, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] The growth and economic development seen during the past few decades has a major drawback associated with it. Due to expansion of cities, industries and development of infrastructure forests are being uprooted by cutting trees. This adversely impact the ecology and climate of the region. Development without significantly impacting the forest cover is a major concern and big challenge for the Governments and the societies. In this work, we present a study of change in forest cover in the Nimbuchaur area near Haridwar which is a famous holy place, and a place where the Ganga river descends to the planes from lower Himalayas. The region has historically been pristine and underdeveloped. However, during the last decades, since the inception of the new state of Uttarakhand, rapid development has been seen in this region. However, there has been no research to study the development in the region and its impact on forest cover loss and/or forest gain in the area. We have made an attempt to study the change in forest using satellite and global forest cover data available for the region for the period between 2015 and 2017. The distribution of forest is scattered in the region, however we have identified the regions where change in the forest cover has occurred during the period of study. Although forest loss is seen in most parts of the Uttarakhand state, it is worth noting that some of the remote areas which are relatively away from the National Highway have seen a dramatic increase in the forest cover. It is required that a system or mechanism of continuous monitoring of change in forest cover is developed by the government agencies for a sustainable development. Keywords: Forest cover change, Remote sensing

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Earth and Satellite Observations/Geoinformatics

B01 CHANGES IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION AND PEAK-WET-SEASON TIMING AND DURATION OVER GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL HOTSPOTS Raju Pathak, S. Sahany & S. K. Mishra Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India email: [email protected] Using NEX-GDDP (a statistically downscaled, bias corrected dataset, developed by NASA from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 [CMIP5] model outputs), we study changes in mean annual rainfall accumulation, peak-wet-season timing and duration over agricultural regions across the globe, under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 global warming scenarios (as compared to historical). In regard to agricultural regions, we find a large increase in precipitation over the maritime continent by 10-17% (3-7%), over Indian land by 13-30% (616%), over eastern China by 7-17% (4-10%) and over south Africa by 3-17% (3-7%) under RCP8.5 (RCP4.5). Under RCP8.5, wet period duration over most of the agricultural regions is found to decrease in the range of 1-9%. In general, change in wet period duration is found to be much smaller under RCP4.5. Largest changes in the timing of the peak precipitation during the wet period are found over southern South America [forward shift in the range of 5-15% and 2-6% under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5, respectively], and over South Africa [forward shift in the range of 5-11% and 4-5% under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5, respectively]. Changes in rainfall availability (in terms of amount, timing and duration) over global agricultural regions could potentially lead to significant food security concerns in the absence of appropriate adaptation and mitigation measures. Keywords: Wet-Season, Agricultural Hotspots, Global Warming, CMIP5

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B02 ASSESSMENT OF INSAT-3D/3DR DERIVED ATMOSPHERIC MOTION VECTORS USING WIND PROFILER OBSERVATIONS LOCATED AT GADANKI, INDIA Dineshkumar K Sankhala1,2, Sanjib K Deb1 and Amit Kesarkar3 1 Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Group, Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmedabad, India 2 Department of Mathematics, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India 3 National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, India email: [email protected] In the last decade, extensive use of satellite derived atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) in improving the initial conditions for the numerical weather prediction (NWP) models have been seen throughout the globe. With the rapid increase in horizontal and vertical resolution of NWP models, the demand of satellite-derived AMVs for accurate monitoring of flow at smaller scales and higher temporal resolution has also increased. In order to provide the accurate AMVs, accuracy assessment of the satellite derived AMVs with ground based observations is very important. In the present study, evaluation of AMVs derived from geostationary satellites viz. INSAT-3D/3DR have been carried out using wind profiler data. The wind profiler used in the present study, is an L-band radar lower atmosphere wind profiler (LAWP) and is installed at the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki located at (13.58°N, 79.28°E) for continuous high-resolution wind measurements in the lower atmosphere. In this study, normal infrared AMV derived using 10.5–12.5 μm channel of INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR satellites and staggering mode infrared AMV retrieved using INSAT-3D/3DR combination are used. AMVs accuracy assessment was performed for the year 2017 by calculating statistical scores viz., root mean square vector difference (RMSVD), speed bias and number of collocation points etc. Based on the above scores, INSAT-3D derived AMVs were found performing better compared to INSAT-3DR AMVs. Further, AMVs derived using staggering mode had the highest number of collocation compared to INSAT3D/3DR derived AMVs because of temporal resolution. This study opens an opportunity to the use AMVs for improving the initial conditions to be used in NWP models in future. Keywords: Atmospheric motion vectors, INSAT-3D/3DR, Wind profiler, Accuracy assessment, Staggering

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B03 ATMOSPHERE INVESTIGATIONS USING LIDAR: INDIAN AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES Som Kumar Sharma Space & Atmospheric Sciences Div., Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India email: [email protected] LIDAR is one of the best and state of art instrument for the atmospheric and environment investigations. It is also known as LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging). Lidar provides vertical profiles and distributions of various atmospheric species in the Earth’s lower and middle atmosphere. The characteristics of tropical and sub-tropical middle atmospheric temperature structure different stations are studied using more than ~ 500 nights Lidar observations. Monthly mean temperatures show two distinct maxima in the stratopause region (~45-55 km), occurring over February-March and September-October. The mesospheric temperature shows a prominent semi-annual oscillation at ~60 km. A comparison with the satellites Halogen Occultation Experiment (onboard UARS) and SABER (onboard TIMED) data shows qualitative agreement, but quantitatively significant differences are found. The temperatures from Lidar are warmer in the stratospheric region and warming are stronger in the mesospheric region than temperatures from the satellite. In the altitude region of 55-70 km models deviate significantly from the observations. Heating and cooling rates have been estimated from temperature climatology. Ozone is another very major component of the Earth’s middle atmosphere. Stratospheric ozone works as a protective layer for us as it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiations emanating from the Sun. A detailed study between stratospheric temperature from Lidar, and ozone from Total Ozone Measuring Mission and HALOE (onboard UARS) has been carried out over India. Our investigations revealed a strong correlation between stratospheric ozone and temperature during winter month than during summer months. A good correlation between temperature and ozone is observed over Mt. Abu in the height range of ~ 32-48 km. Detailed investigations have shown prominent differences in the tropical and sub-tropical regions in India. Further, the first comprehensive findings on clouds using Ceilometer Lidar and results of atmospheric parameters, such as atmospheric waters, observed by Raman Lidar over the western India has also been carried out. Recently we have initiated a program for bringing up Indian Lidar network for atmospheric investigations. A glimpse of these newer activities in India along with global scenario will be presented and discussed.

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B04 STUDY OF AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH AND IT’S RELATIOSHIP BETWEEN SOLAR RADIATION OVER VARANASI Pramod Kumar Yadava & Sunita Verma Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development BHU Varanasi, India email: [email protected] The current research focuses on seasonal dynamics of ozone over Varanasi, eastern Uttar Pradesh India. Over all 5 years (2010-2014) recorded data was used for study. Aerosol has been divided into four seasons namely winter (December, January, and February), summer (March, April, and May), monsoon (June. July, August and September), and post monsoon (October, November). In this paper correlate the ozone variability and solar radiation (Direct, Diffuse and Global). The outcome of present research shows that diffused solar radiation and global solar radiation was maximum during monsoon (1.37 W/m2) and summer (2.9 W/m2) respectively. The aerosols optical depth is found to be affecting the atmospheric transmissivity of direct components in the region. The increase in diffused radiation is highly correlating with higher values of aerosols optical depth over the region. Key words: Solar radiation, Scattering, Diffusion, Temperature, AOD and aerosol.

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B05 HISTORICAL DATA ANALYSIS OF WIND SPEEDS FROM ERAINTERIM DATASETS AND CMIP5 MODELS FOR ARABIAN SEA K. Sandesh Upadhyaya, Subba Rao & Manu Department of Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics, NITK, Surathkal, India email: [email protected] Ocean waves are generated by air-sea interaction where wind plays a vital role in wave generation. The wave parameters are the function of wind speed, fetch and duration of wind. The computational advancements have helped in capturing these processes in a mathematical form. This has resulted in global climate models which can be further enhancing by some additional in-situ measurements along with satellite datasets. The void which was bothering the coastal engineers to study the long term behavior of waves has been filled with these atmospheric and ocean models. ERA-Interim a product of ECMWF along with CMIP5 are some reliable global datasets which have proved worldwide that their predictions are closer to reality. The performance of these modelled result can be compared with the in-situ measurements of shorter duration. In the present study, data analysis from two such datasets are performed. The wind speeds are compared to obtain the best fitting CMIP5 model for Arabian Sea region. The wind speed data from the CMIP5 model can then be used in the prediction of wave parameters. The ERA-Interim values are validated against buoy measurements. Once this is established ERAInterim wind speeds for a period of 20 years (1980-2005) are compared with 38 different CMIP5 models given by various countries. The efficacy of CMIP5 models are assessed by means of statistical tools from which a best suited model for Arabian Sea region is obtained. From the data analysis performed CMCC-CM, a model developed by an Italian institute under CMIP5 showed results closer to ERA-Interim dataset. The wave parameters obtained from wind speeds of this dataset can further be used for design of marine structures. Design wave height for a given return period based on the different emission scenarios accounting climate change effects can be obtained. Keywords: Wind speeds, CMIP5 models, ERA-Interim datasets

 

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B06 3D VIEW OF CLOUDS FROM CLOUDSAT FOR A DECADE IN INDIA: ASSOCIATION WITH MONSOON RAIN IN THE LOW AND HIGH AEROSOL REGIME Thumree Sarkar, Sagnik Dey, & Dilip Ganguly Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India email: [email protected] Indian monsoon has been found to change its pattern (duration and intensity of extreme events) in the warming climate. Elucidating the causal pathway for these changes to greenhouse gas feedback and aerosols is critically important in order to predict the future climate. However, large discrepancy amongst the climate models to mimic the monsoon cloud distribution accurately continues to be the main challenge in resolving this issue. Partly, lack of a comprehensive observation-based cloud 3D structure is responsible for the limitation of robust evaluation of climate models. Passive remote sensing alone cannot provide the solution, especially in case of multi-layer clouds. We use ten years (2007-2016) of active radar measurement (CloudSat) to assess the 3D cloud distribution during the monsoon season in the Indian core monsoon region. The mean summer monsoon (June-July-August) season cloud occurrence in Indian subcontinent (latitude 50 - 400 North and 650 – 1000 East), as seen from CloudSat data for individual cloud types, Cumulus, Stratus-Stratocumulus, Nimbostratus, Altostratus, Altocumulus, Deep-convective and Cirrus are 4.7%, 11.7%, 2.2%, 5.5%, 4.8%, 1.5%, and 5% respectively. Further, CloudSat-based climatology of individual cloud types is examined against climatology from passive sensors (ISCCP), another active sensor (CloudSatCALIPSO joint product) and ground-based observations (EECRA). Changes in cloud vertical structure and associated microphysical properties (effective radius and water path for water and ice clouds) are analyzed as a function of rainfall intensity in the region considered here. The structural and microphysical modifications of 3D cloud distribution with an increase in rainfall intensity are examined in a low and high aerosol regime (identified based on MODIS collection 6 aerosol product). Our analysis provides an observational framework to quantify precipitation susceptibility of monsoon clouds for the Indian summer monsoon. The strategic knowledge in terms of process understanding would facilitate refinement of weather and climate models through better representation of precipitating and non-precipitating clouds in the Indian monsoon region. Keywords: CloudSat, ISCCP, Cloud types, 3-D Cloud climatology, Indian summer monsoon, Cloud properties.

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B07 SENSITIVITY STUDY OF MICROPHYSICS SCHEMES ON MESOSCALE SIMULATION OF TRAILING STRATIFORM SQUALL LINES OBSERVED DURING STORM CAMPAIGN USING THE WRF MODEL 1

Soma Dutta1 & A. N. V. Satyanarayana2 DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change and Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU, Varanasi, India 2 Centre for Oceans River Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected]

In the present work, sensitivity study of microphysics schemes are performed using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model on mesoscale simulation of leading convective line with trailing stratiform (TS) squall lines observed during Severe Thunderstorm Observations and Regional Modeling (STORM) Programme in 2009 and 2010 over the Gangetic West Bengal (GWB) region of India. Four different cloud microphysical (MP) schemes (Goddard, WDM6, Thompson and Morrison) are chosen for this study based on the same number of hydrometeors parameter. The WRF model is used with three nested domains with 2 km grid spacing and explicit convection in the innermost domain. The model simulated results are compared with available observations (Surface data, TRMM and Doppler Weather Radar products). The analysis demonstrates that the simulation of TS squall lines are very sensitive to the parameterization of microphysical processes of different MP schemes, in spite of using similar initial and boundary conditions and model configuration. Results clearly indicate that the simulated parameters such as rainfall, maximum reflectivity and vertical profiles of hydrometeors are well resolved by the model with Morrison Scheme. The statistic parameters viz. root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and correlation coefficient (CC) indicates that model simulated precipitation with Morrison scheme is better simulated compared to the other MP schemes. The study suggests that simulation of TS squall lines with high resolution mesoscale model is sensitive to different cloud microphysics schemes and useful for the prediction of such severe events. Keywords: TS squall line, WRF Model, Cloud microphysics

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B08 MERGING OF LIGHTNING DETECTION OBSERVATIONS WITH INSAT-3D SATELLITE AND DOPPLER RADARS TO IMPROVE THE NOWCASTING FOR SEVERE WEATHER HAZARDS OVER INDIA A. K. Mitra & V. K. Rao National Satellite Meteorological Center, IMD, New Delhi, India email: [email protected] The forecasting of cloud to ground (CG) lightning flashes is of great importance.Because of lighting is a high-impact weather phenomen that causes deaths and injuries in india, especially in the warm seasons from May to September.it also causes significant property damge and ecnomica loses. The primary tools for detecting thunder storms are weather radars, lightning detectors and satellite imagery. For this purpose , we used first time cloud to ground (CG) lightning observations along with spaceborn INSAT-3D satellite brightness temperature and radras reflectivity observations retrieved from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) Network. The whole of India is covered by Doppler radars and lightniing ground - based observeations, It is updated every 10 - minites and time gap between INSAT-3D satellite and lightning data will be around 1 hour , due to the satelllite scan stratagy. However, the initial motivation was to explor the possibility of defining indicators for the occurrence of lightning activity, because inspection of individual case studies has shown a strong relation between the regions of cold brightness temperature and significant lightning activity. The compared results showed that the greater threshold value for reflectivity 35-dBZ echo detected is the best indicator for predicting the beginning of CG lightning activity. In addition, we also found that most of the cases with flashes have INSAT-3D brightness temperature lower than 225 k. The results presented in this study can be useful for issuing severe weather warning, both for protecting human lives and for lightning sensitive operations over India. Keywords: Nowcasting, Lightning,Reflectivity, Doppler radar,INSAT-3D

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B09

  CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CONDUCIVE NATURE OF ATMOSPHERE FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF THUNDERSTORMS USING THERMODYNAMICAL INDICES OVER KOLKATA Pankaj Kumar & A. N. V. Satyanarayana Center for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] During pre-monsoon season, the eastern and north-eastern (NE) parts of India, i.e. Assam, Orissa, Gangatic West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar and other parts of NE states, are affected by higher frequency of severe thunderstorms locally named as Kal-baishaki or Nor’westers. In the present study, an attempt has been made to assess the variation of conducive nature of the atmosphere using different thermodynamical indices during pre-monsoon months such as March, April and May and whole pre-monsoon season over Kolkata (22.52 N, 88.37 E). The thermodynamic indices used in the study are lifted index (LI), K index (KI), severe weather threat index (SWEAT), showalter index convective available potential energy (CAPE), Convective Inhibition (CIN). The climatologically analysis during pre-monsoon thunderstorm month over Kolkata (22.52N, 88.37E) is investigated using thermodynamic indices obtained using upper air observations of 00 UTC and 12 UTC from 2000 – 2018. The preliminary analysis reveals the increasing trend of CAPE and decreasing CINE, there by showing the increase in the conduciveness of the atmosphere for the occurrence of thunderstorms. The severity of the thunderstorms is showing increasing trend while investigating the Showalter index and SWEAT index. There is no significant variations of K index and showalter index are noticed whereas Lifted index has shown significant lift of the air parcels during pre-monsoon season over Kolkata region. From the average analysis the conducive nature of thunderstorm is more due to high value of CAPE & Lifted index and low value of CIN. From the preliminary analysis, it is found that one index alone cannot predict the occurrence of thunderstorm over Kolkata region. Keywords: Thunderstorm, Convective available potential energy, Convective Inhibition

 

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B10 STUDY OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION IN THE SOUTHERN BAY OF BENGAL K. Vijay Kumar, P. Mehra, Desmond Gracias, A. Yogesh, Ryan Luis & S. Khalap CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India email: [email protected] High-frequency flux measuring system and surface atmospheric and oceanic parameters have been measured from a research ship to estimate surface turbulent heat and moisture fluxes and momentum during the Bay of Bengal Boundary Layer Experiment (BoBBLE) in the southern Bay of Bengal. The flux measuring system included a threedimensional sonic anemometer/thermometer, high-frequency Infrared Gas Analyser, tilt, and acceleration, and four components of radiation sensors (shortwave in, shortwave out, downwelling longwave and upwelling longwave). The data collected from the flux system permitted direct computation of turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes and wind stress using the Eddy Covariance Method (ECM). The ECM results are validated with the Bulk Aerodynamic Method (BM). During the observational period, a mixed level of convections was observed; 1) suppressed convection or calm period (4-15 July), and; 2) convective active or disturbed period following the suppressed convective period. During the calm period, high solar radiation, low latent heat flux, and reduced moist atmospheric boundary layers were observed. While during the convective active period, enhanced latent and sensible heat fluxes, intense precipitation, reduced solar radiation, and moist boundary layer were apparent. These different states are related to the fluctuations in the surface heat fluxes, upper atmospheric process, and SST (sea surface temperature) gradients between the ocean and atmosphere. During the suppressed convective period, strong capping inversion was observed. The dry atmosphere column and comparatively small relative humidity suggest enhanced subsidence and decoupled surface atmospheric boundary layer from the upper atmosphere. The moisture content, however, increased during the convective active period at all levels in the atmospheric boundary layer, coinciding with enhanced surface heat fluxes and the SST gradient. Analysis of data suggests that the Latent Heat Flux (LHF) variation was in the range of 40-260 Wm-2 while the Sensible Heat Flux (SHF) varies between (-10 Wm-2 and 20 Wm-2). Generally, on a sunny day, SHF peaked in the afternoon and decreased by the evening. But on rainy days peaks were seen even after a late evening and declined rapidly during midnight. In contrast, the LHF increased in the first half of the day on a sunny day and decreased in the night. The decrease is mostly seen before midnight. The wind stress value ranged between (0.05 Nm-2 and 0.45 Nm2 ). Hourly averaged net heat flux (Qnet, i.e., net heat flux at the sea surface) was observed maximum around 700 Wm-2 during sunny days and the minimum less than -200 Wm-2 during cloudy or rainy days. At the time series location (4-15 July), Qnet remained positive till 15 July and contributed to the increase in SST. Keywords: Air-sea interaction, Air-sea fluxes, Sensible heat flux, Latent heat flux, Momentum, Ship observations, Eddy covariance

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B11 CLIMATOLOGY OF LAND SURFACE PARAMETERS OVER INDIA H. P. Nayak1,2, Palash Sinha1, R. K. S. Maurya1, A. N. V. Satyanarayana2 & U. C Mohanty1 1 School of Earth Ocean and Climate Sciences, IIT, Bhubaneswar, India 2 Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT, Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] In the recent era, climate change has been a major concern due to its vigorous consequence on various sectors ranging from ecosystem, food production, human health, Infrastructure to extreme weather events and mortality etc. Under this changing climate scenario, the role of land surface on extreme events such as flood, drought etc. are important to investigate and it is well understood that the land surface has strong influence on local/regional climate. The knowledge of soil moisture and soil temperature (SMST) climatological information is critical for agriculture, and weather forecast. In the present study, high-resolution land surface state such as soil moisture and soil temperature (SMST) dataset generated at 4 km spatial and 3 hourly temporal resolutions for the period 1981-2017 is used. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) daily gridded rainfall analysis is also used for the same period. There is strong relation between monthly SM climatology and rainfall distribution. However, the water retention properties of soil and vegetation characteristic allows SM more heterogeneous. The soil is dry during March and April and gains moisture with progress of monsoon and saturates in July and August. The northwest India is the driest and northeast is wettest region following the rainfall distribution. The central India exhibits higher SM in both dry and wet periods due to the water retention properties of clay soil over the region. The ST is warmer in May (~306-312 K) while cooler in Dec (~290 – 300 K). However, the ST attains its maximum in June over northwest region. The monthly SM has a decreasing trend during dry period (Jan-May) over the central and northeast region and these trends are more prominent during Jan-Mar (~0.04 m3/m3) while the trend is increasing over south peninsular region in April, May, June and August. The ST exhibits increasing trend (1.2 K) during Feb-May over north and north west region. Interestingly the same region has a decreasing trend in ST and increasing trend in SM during Jun-Jul. The antecedent warm and dry soil condition during Feb-May may have played a role for changes in monsoonal rainfall pattern over north and northwest region leading to changes in SMST pattern over north and northwest regions. Keywords: Soil Moisture, Soil Temperature, Rainfall, Climatology

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B12 INTER-ANNUAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY BASED ON HIGH RESOLUTION STABLE ISOTOPE (Δ18O & Δ13C) RECORDS OF TRIDACNA MAXIMA BIVALVES, MINICOY ISLAND, LAKSHADWEEP ARCHIPELAGO A. A. Fousiya1, H. Achyuthan1, S. Chakraborty2, N. Gandhi2, A. Phanindra Reddy2 & Aasif Lone1 1 Department of Geology, Anna University Chennai, India 2 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India email: [email protected] In the present study detailed isotopic profiles were constructed for a specimen of giant clam-Tridacna maxima (T-maxima) collected from a depth of ~2 meters from the Minicoy Island (8°16′23.84″N, 73°01′34.71″E), Arabian Sea. A total of 192 sub samples were retrieved from the annual bands and analysed to examine the isotopic (13C/12C), (18O/16O) relationship with the growth pattern of the clam and the environmental parameters. A 25-year chronology was established using the δ18O record obtained from the internal layers near the hinge area along the radial sections extending from umbo to the outer shell layer margin (initial to later growth). The annual growth rate varies from 0.2 mm to 2 mm with an average growth rate of 0.78mm/yr. The δ18O varies from -0.64‰ to -4.40‰ with an average of -1.85‰ and characterized by a strong seasonality. The average δ18O values during the early summer (March-August) and during late winter (Sep-Feb) seasons are -2.05 ‰ and -1.54‰ respectively reflecting distinct seasonal cycles. The amplitude of δ18O is about 0.5‰, which is consistent with the total seasonal variation of the SST (29.81°C to 28.22°C). However, δ13C does not show any seasonality, rather it showed an increasing trend towards the positive values with time. Two polymorphs of CaCO3-calcite and aragonite were found associated with the initial and later stages of the shell ontology. Furthermore, we have compared our isotopic records with a coral δ18O profile having 23 years of growth collected from the same lagoon. The δ13Cshell and δ18Oshell values show weak or no significant correlations (r=0.30, p>0.05) suggesting that there is no kinetic effect. Since the calcification process in giant clam is known to take place in isotopic equilibrium while that in the reef building corals is kinetically controlled, the comparison of the isotopic profiles between these two organisms helps to estimate the so called 'vital effect' in corals. This is estimated as -2.70‰. Since the Minicoy region harbours massive coralline community, estimation of this offset value would be useful to use the coralline isotope records in studying the variability of past ocean surface conditions.

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B13 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AEROSOL PROPERTIES AT FOUR SITES IN THE INDO-GANGETIC BASIN USING AERONET DATA Amit Misra1, S. N. Tripathi1, Harjinder Sembhi2, Darren Ghent2,3 & Hartmut Boesch2,3 1 Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur, India 2 Earth Observation Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, UK 3 National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, UK email: [email protected] We studied aerosol optical properties at four sites in the Indo-Gangetic Basin -- Lahore, Jaipur, Kanpur and Gandhi College, using data from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sunphotometer for 2006 - 2015. Among these sites, Kanpur and Lahore are urban and industrial cities with high level of pollution. Jaipur is located in a desert source region, whereas Gandhi College is predominantly rural site with mainly agricultural activities. We analyzed the aerosol optical depth (AOD), angstrom exponent (AE), single scattering albedo (SSA) and fine mode fraction (FMF). The variation in AOD is observed to be similar at Kanpur and Gandhi College, where the increase during pre-monsoon season and decrease during monsoon season is smooth. On the other hand, corresponding variation at Lahore and Jaipur is sharp. At Kanpur and Gandhi College, the maximum value of AOD and minimum value of AE are observed during pre-monsoon season indicating that the aerosol climatology is dominated by coarse-size particles. On the other hand, at Jaipur and Lahore, though minimum AE is observed during May, the maximum value of AOD is observed during July. We also examined data from MACC ECMWF to understand the variation in different aerosol components, viz., dust, black carbon, sulphate, sea salt, organic matter. The analysis showed the dominance of different species at the sites. In order to understand the effect of land surface on the prevailing aerosol climatology at these sites, we analysed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and soil moisture data from European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI). Low soil moisture and vegetation lead to an increased concentration of soil-generated aerosol during pre-monsoon season. Keywords: Aerosol, Indo-Gangetic Basin, MODIS, MACC, NDVI, Soil moisture

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B14 PM2.5 CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS RELATION WITH MODIS AOD OVER SELECT LOCATIONS IN INDIA B. Mahesh, K. Niranjan & V. Sreekanth Department of Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India email: [email protected] Keeping in view the growing interest in the air pollution attributed morbidity and mortality, this study investigates the levels of ambient fine particulate matter and empirical relations between Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and PM2.5 mass concentrations established over five Indian mega cities. over the rapidly developing and agglomerating Indian cities. Despite several measures and pollution mitigation strategies being implemented over Delhi, it recorded the highest PM2.5 among all the study cities, across all the seasons, in all the times of the day. The annual mean (±standard deviation) PM2.5 is found to be ~37 ± 17, 51 ± 23, 54 ± 36, 80 ± 67, 114 ± 86 over the cities of Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi respectively. Winter season is the most hazardous among others, with almost all of its days exceeding the WHO threshold for daily mean PM2.5. Based on the annual and seasonal segregation of the daily mean PM2.5, a clear northward increasing trend is observed in i) mean PM2.5, ii) median PM2.5, iii) spread in the PM2.5 distribution, iv) skewness in the PM2.5 distributions, v) percentage number of days when PM2.5 exceeding the WHO and Indian NAAQS. Similarly, based on the annual and seasonal mean diurnal variations, it was found that the i) number of polluted hours in a day ii) departure of hourly PM2.5 concentrations from WHO and Indian air quality thresholds iii) difference between the maximum and minimum hourly PM2.5 concentrations increase as we move from CHN in the south to DEL in the north. In colder seasons (PMON and WIN), over MUM, KOL, DEL the rush hour traffic peak PM2.5 concentrations are comparable to that of mid-night highs. On the other hand, the diurnal variations over CHN and HYD are characterized by two well-developed peaks. Over all the study cities, MON season recorded the lowest PM2.5 concentrations and no clear diurnal pattern is observed over this season. Weekday and weekend daily mean PM2.5 distributions are similar, statistics are comparable; MUM and KOL exhibiting a small decrease in concentrations during weekends. The demographic factors influencing the concentrations and the modulations by weather and other natural phenomena were thoroughly discussed. The relations (linear and quadratic) are sought to predict the surface PM2.5 mass concentrations from high resolution columnar AOD datasets. Current study utilizes multi-city public domain PM2.5 data (from US Consulate and Embassy’s air monitoring program) and MODIS AOD, spanning for almost four years. PM2.5 is found to be positively correlated with AOD. Stationwise linear regression analysis has shown spatially varying regression coefficients. Similar analysis has been repeated by eliminating data from the elevated aerosol prone seasons, which has improved the correlation coefficient. The impact of the day to day variability in the local meteorological conditions on the AOD-PM2.5 relationship has been explored by performing a multiple regression analysis. A crossvalidation approach for the multiple regression analysis considering three years of data as training dataset and one-year data as validation dataset yielded an R value of ~0.63. The study was concluded by discussing the factors which can improve the relationship. The statistics and analysis presented in the manuscript are highly useful for the policy makers to strategize their region-specific mitigation efforts.

Keywords: Aerosols, Air Pollution, Human Health, AOD, PM2.5 47   

   

B15

  ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL TREND OVER INDIA DUE TO HIGHER TEMPERATURE Shruti Trivedi Centre of Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India email: [email protected] According to fifth assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperature is rising. The National Climate Data Centre (NCDC) reported that the world is experiencing temperature rise more than 1°C above the pre-industrial era. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) stated that by the end of century, the global temperature is expected to most likely rise well above 2°C than that of pre-industrial conditions. This temperature rise has contributed to some of the changes in global climate system. Sea level rise, ocean acidification, variation in global water cycle, decline in polar ice are some of them. One of the important effects of global surface temperature rise is changes in rainfall pattern and extreme precipitation events all around the world. India is an agriculture-based economy; hence monsoon is critical for power generation, irrigation and drinking. This fact makes analysis of rainfall pattern change study over Indian region crucial. Also, extreme events like floods and droughts effects thousands of lives and economy of the country. Therefore, there is an unavoidable need to have a close look towards the rainfall pattern changes in India. Paris Agreement (2015) has long-term goal to limit the global temperature rise well below 2°C and making further efforts to limit the temperature rise even below 1.5°C. This gives arise to a strong need to study and analyse the changes in the rainfall pattern due to temperature rise in the range of 1.5°C and 2°C future climate scenario. This study aims to understand the rainfall pattern changes observed over India in the elevated temperature scenario. In a study of river basin wise trend analysis of four major river basins of India (Brahmaputra, Ganga, Godavari, Krishna), all of them showed linearly decreasing trend in annual rainfall over the period (1950-2005) when assessed by the regression analysis. Out of which the deceasing trend of only one basin is significant at 95% confidence level. While the trend of monsoon rainfall of three basins showed linearly deceasing trend and one basin showed linearly increasing trend for the same period. These results are not consistent with the other studies. Annual maximum 1D precipitation for Brahmaputra basin shows considerable variations with some long-term pattern. In future the study is oriented toward determining the trends of these basins along with inclusion of various other river basins of the country by Sen’s Slope estimator and ManKendall test methods. Extreme rainfall indices such as annual total precipitation from days greater than 95th percentile (R95p) and 99th percentile (R99p) for Indian river basins is also important to analyse. Keywords: Rainfall, Trend, River basin, Extreme rainfall indices

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B16 SEASONAL AND INTRASEASONAL VARIATIONS IN CLOUDINESS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTREME RAINFALL EVENTS OVER INDIAN REGION USING KALPANA-1 BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE AND TRMM-GPM RAINFALL DATA P. Vijaykumar1, S. Abhilash1,2, E. K. Krishnakumar1, K. R. Santosh2 & A. K. Sahai3 1 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, CUSAT, Kerala, India 2 Advanced Centre for Atmospheric Radar Research, CUSAT, Kerala, India 3 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India email: [email protected] The present paper examines the seasonal and intraseasonal characteristics of cloud structure and associated rainfall over the Indian mainland and adjoining oceanic regions using brightness temperature (BT) derived from the INSAT (Kalpana-1) and rainfall derived from TRMM-GPM for the period October 2012 to September 2017. Different cloud types are defined based on BT threshold values and their seasonal variation is studied. The spatial distribution of frequency of occurrence of different types of clouds, extreme (rainfall >10 mm/hr) rain events and the fractional contribution to the total rainfall by extreme rain events during the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season is presented. The Spatio-temporal evolution of active and break (A&B) events is studied for the first time using brightness temperature data. The evolution of A&B phases is analysed using lagged composites of both BT and rainfall data. This analysis provides fresh insights into the role played by two dominant classes of clouds namely very deep and shallow to high clouds. These two cloud types and their distinct propagation characteristics together contribute to the Active spell of monsoon over the core monsoon zone of Indian region. Among the three seasons studied, it is during monsoon the frequency of deepest clouds is the most and appears mainly over the head Bay of Bengal. Extreme rain events are more frequent over land as compared to the Oceans. Over northeast India, extreme rain events occur both during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Nearly 15 % of the total rainfall received over some parts of central and northwest India during the monsoon period is contributed by extreme type rain.

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B17 MIXING STATE OF BLACK CARBON AEROSOL IN INDOGANGETIC PLAIN AND ITS EFFECT ON RADIATIVE FORCING Navaneeth M. Thamban1, S.N. Tripathi1,2 & P. M. Shamjad1,3 1 Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur, India 2 Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur, India 3 Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Denmark email: [email protected] Black carbon (BC) plays in important role in climatology by strongly absorbing the radiation and lowering the extinction due to scattering. Atmospheric aging of black carbon will change its morphology and mixing state, which further effect the radiative forcing calculations. Individual BC mixing state, mass concentration and its absorption properties were measured with Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2), Photo-Acoustic Soot Spectrometer (PASS-3) in Kanpur, an industrial city located in Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Simultaneous measurement from these instruments were carried out from 8 January 2015 to 28 February 2015.The mean mass and number concentration of BC were 4.06 μg/m3 and 1314 #/cm3, respectively. The BC mass concentration were peaking during late nights and traffic hours. The mean number fraction of internally mixed BC particles were 61.6%, indicating BC undergoes atmospheric processing in IGP. Increase in the internally mixed number fraction of BC (fTCBC) during the daytime indicate that solar photochemistry enhance secondary coating on BC in IGP. The mean ± standard deviation of mass absorption cross section (MAC781) and absorption coefficient (βabs) for the sampling period were 10.1 ± 1.27 m2/g and 39.5 ± 22 Mm-1 respectively. The observed MAC value at Kanpur were much comparable to the MAC values at Mexico and Switzerland. FTCBC is positively correlated with the mass absorption crosssection at 781 nm (r=0.58). This positive correlation between FTCBC and MAC781 suggest that 61.6% of internally mixed BC particle can enhance the absorption by a factor of 1.8, which in term result in the positive radiative forcing in the IGP.

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B18 DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL AND QUALITY ZONES IN MUVATTUPUZHA RIVER BASIN USING ARCGIS SOFTWARE Ammu Boban, Noufiya Ebrahim, M. T. Shabeer, Sreehari Subash & Alka Abraham Mar Athanasius College of Engineering Kothamangalam, India email: [email protected] Integration of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) has become a breakthrough in the field of groundwater studies. Increasing population and modern industrial and agricultural activities are not only creating more demand for groundwater due to lack of surface water resources but are also polluting groundwater by releasing untreated wastes. The present study attempts to identify the potential ground water zones and zones of groundwater quality suitable for domestic purposes in the Muvattupuzha river basin using remote sensing techniques and GIS which is an efficient and effective result-oriented method for studying the development and management of water resources. Weighted overlay analysis tool in Arc GIS application is been used to identify the areas. The input data for this analysis are drainage density, elevation, geology, geomorphology, land use and land cover, lineaments, dykes, rainfall pattern, slope gradient and soil texture. The selected parameters have been prepared and has to be classified in GIS environment, then weight age for each parameters and its classes have been assigned using Analytical Hierarchical Process, then weighted overlay analysis in ArcGIS is used to find out the result. The result depicted the groundwater potential zones into four categories, viz., good, moderate, low and poor that and can be used for better planning and management of groundwater resources. To find the zones of suitable groundwater quality the thematic maps of alkalinity, chloride, iron, pH, dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen. To identify the zones of suitable quality specifically in the potential zones, the map of groundwater potential zones and the map of groundwater quality suitable for domestic purposes were integrated and classified. Groundwater quality monitoring studies could also be conducted to monitor both new occurrences, and remediation of, particular pollutants affecting the available groundwater resources.

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Modelling (Atmosphere/Ocean/Land/Bio-Chemical)

C01 COST-EFFECTIVE WEATHER, MACROWEATHER AND CLIMATE REGIME MODELS USING SCALE INVARIANT MULTIFRACTAL CASCADES Arun Ramanathan & A. N. V. Satyanarayana Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Recent advances in multifractal cascade dynamics, analysis techniques and availability of data have made the understanding of the fundamental space-time variability of atmospheric fields possible over a wide range of scales. This wide-range scaling paradigm unifies all three regimes: namely weather, macroweather, and climate through high-level emergent laws. Continuous-in-scale multifractal cascade models based on this physical principle of scale invariance are therefore an attractive choice for mathematically modeling geophysical fields. However, the fundamental issue with these models is the presence of “finite size effects” due to which, the statistics deviate from desired power-law scaling, making these models computationally expensive. While earlier studies have proposed singularity correction methods for isotropic models, here they have been generalized for correcting anisotropic models since geophysical fields are usually anisotropic. These singularity corrections appear to improve the small-scale statistical properties of mildly anisotropic simulations; nesting, on the other hand, seems to enhance statistics over almost all scales even for strongly anisotropic simulations. Both the correction and nesting techniques lead to a reduction in computational time and memory usage suggesting that nested singularity-corrected cascades offer a more cost-effective three-regime modeling framework than uncorrected, unnested cascades. Keywords: Extreme weather events, Macroweather and climate, Stochastic modeling, Nonlinear dynamics, Numerical simulations

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C02 UNDERSTANDING THE CHANGING CLIMATE SCENARIO OVER BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER BASIN USING DOWNSCALED GLOBAL MODEL DATA: A WAY FORWARD TO DECISION MAKING Rupam Bhaduri1, Koteswara Rao Kundeti2, Vinodh Kumar Buri2, Sudhir Sabade2 & Anamika Barua3 1 Centre for the Environment, IIT Guwahati, India 2 IITM Pune, India 3 Department of Humanities and Social sciences, IIT Guwahati, India email: [email protected] The transboundary river Brahmaputra is one of the most important rivers of the eastern Himalayan region. The river which is known as Yarlung-Zangbo in the Tibetan part of China, enters India as Siang and flows downstream to Assam and further moves to Bangladesh as Jamuna, accompanied by tributaries from Bhutan. The river is one of a kind and is an ecosystem in itself. Several communities depend on the river for their livelihood and other day to day activities as it holds enormous potential for hydropower generation, fisheries, navigation and other utilities. However, with time it has been observed that, there has been serious variations in the climatic conditions over the entire basin which is leading to visible physical changes like frequent floods, drought, increase of temperature and occurrence of erratic rainfall. The fear of Dam outburst flood (DOF), disrupted e-flow, increased sedimentation etc. are some of the predicted threats which might affect the river at the downstream. With the ongoing trend of this climate variability, the entire Brahmaputra river basin (BRB) is at risk of disasters if no exclusive adaptation strategies are developed. Therefore, there is a need to manage the river by including climate change as one of the parameters in the decision making process by all the four countries sharing the basin and providing a way forward to a climate resilient model. The focus of the work is on exploring the climate extremes over the BRB using NEX-GDDP data sets with respect to precipitation and temperature for near future (2050s) and far future (2080s). The study tries to understand how the variability in precipitation and temperature over the BRB can put an impact on different utilities of the basin and how can we adapt to the changes. The exclusion of these climatic factors in decision making can perhaps make the basin sensitive to climate change. Thus, a decision making model needs to be developed which is inclusive of climate dynamics, so as to reduce the vulnerability. Keywords: Brahmaputra river basin, Climate Change, Decision making

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C03 INTERCOMPARISON AND VALIDATION OF ISOTOPE ENABLED GCMS OVER INDIA IN CONNECTION TO PAST CLIMATE INTERPRETATION 1

Nimya. S.S 1,2, Saikat Sengupta1,2 & Anant Parekh1 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India 2 Savitribhai Phule Pune University, Pune, India email: [email protected]

Studies have shown that temporal and spatial variation of stable isotopes (oxygen 18O/16O, and hydrogen, D/H) in rain and vapour are associated with the corresponding changes in various physical processes which result in isotopic fractionation through phase changes. Moreover, using these isotope ratios, the extent of those processes (i.e. evaporation, condensation, mixing, convection etc.) can be estimated. The pristine isotopic composition of the past rainfall is assumed to be archived in various natural samples (speleothem, tree ring cellulose etc.). So their isotope studies would be useful to understand past physical processes in decadal and centennial scale. Considering the importance, these isotope ratios have been incorporated in various General Circulation models (GCM). However, those GCMs have many local and regional biases depending upon the schemes they follow and the variability of atmospheric circulation in local scales. Therefore, location-specific intercomparison and validation of those models are extremely important. Moisture for Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall originates from various sources and suffers complex rainout mechanisms. Moreover, this country hosts a variety of natural archives for paleoclimate studies. Hence, it would be an interesting study to assess the performance of the models over India. Towards this, the present study will compare the performances of various isotopes enabled GCMs in some selected Indian locations and attempt to understand the role of different processes in the performances.

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C04

INFLUENCE OF ENHANCED ASIAN NOX EMISSIONS ON OZONE IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE AND LOWER STRATOSPHERE IN CHEMISTRY–CLIMATE MODEL SIMULATIONS Chaitri Roy1, Suvarna Fadnavis1, Rolf Müller2, D. C. Ayantika1, Felix Ploeger2 & Alexandru Rap3 1 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India 2 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IEK7, Jülich, Germany 3 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK email: [email protected] The Asian summer monsoon (ASM) anticyclone is the most pronounced circulation pattern in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) during northern hemispheric summer. ASM convection plays an important role in efficient vertical transport from the surface to the upper-level anticyclone. In this paper we investigate the potential impact of enhanced anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions on the distribution of ozone in the UTLS using the fully coupled aerosol–chemistry–climate model, ECHAM5-HAMMOZ. Ozone in the UTLS is influenced both by the convective uplift of ozone precursors and by the uplift of enhanced-NOx -induced tropospheric ozone anomalies. We performed anthropogenic NOx emission sensitivity experiments over India and China. In these simulations, covering the years 2000–2010, anthropogenic NOx emissions have been increased by 38 % over India and by 73 % over China with respect to the emission base year 2000. These emission increases are comparable to the observed linear trends of 3.8 % per year over India and 7.3 % per year over China during the period 2000 to 2010. Enhanced NOx emissions over India by 38 % and China by 73 % increase the ozone radiative forcing in the ASM anticyclone (15–40◦ N, 60– 120◦ E) by 16.3 and 78.5 mW m−2 respectively. These elevated NOx emissions produce significant warming over the Tibetan Plateau and increase precipitation over India due to a strengthening of the monsoon Hadley circulation. However, increase in NOx emissions over India by 73 % (similar to the observed increase over China) results in large ozone production over the IndoGangetic Plain and Tibetan Plateau. Thehigher ozone concentrations, in turn, induce a reversed monsoon Hadley circulation and negative precipitation anomalies over India. The associated subsidence suppresses vertical transport of NOx and ozone into the ASM anticyclone. Keywords: Asian summer monsoon, Tropospheric ozone, Tropospheric NOx, NOx transport, Upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Ozone radiative forcing

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C05 USING OF GIS TECHNOLOGY TO MITIGATE THE CYCLONE ISSUE IN INDIAN SUNDERBAN TO PROMOTE WOMEN FOR RURAL ECONOMY Partha Sarathi Sarkar Jadavpur University, India email: [email protected] It is a necessary point to remember that every kind of situation has some gender specificity. No one can deny that a woman and a man will act differently when a similar situation can be happening. Even in vulnerability this gender role is quite finely tuned and their dimensional approach is different. Even the Climatic hazards due to change in the atmosphere is told by the role diversification. The women have given participation where less energy is required. It is too possible to see with a look out with the energy conservation theory as like they were usual to save their power to use their strength during a time of hazard. It has become a socio-economic landscape rather to keep the women behind in participatory action. But the change has occurred in the ascriptive functionality so women are now trying to come forward and the modernised thinking has realized the strength of women for being progressed. Henceforth women should get a honourable place in the society. Still there is every chance of climatic hazard even before than previous. This situation can be screened with the perspective of Indian Sunderban which is geographically vulnerable. Many cyclones may come to that region like AILA. It has high chance to keep the women in regressive standard. So this possibility has to be reduced in any case and GIS (Geographic Information System) may help the seeking by informing the information relating to Cyclone by keeping time in hand. Here this study will present how the said system can be a solution for using in the community to take the women in a situation to be developed. This study will be unique as the feminization of agriculture will be understood as the point of discussion to make women strong enough to deal with rural economy. Keywords: Gender, Climatic hazards, Cyclone, Women, Rural economy

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C06 SIMULATION FOR EXTREME RAINFALL AND FLOOD EVENT IN KERALA-2018 USING WRF MODEL Leena Khadke1, S Pattnaik1, A. Sisodiya1 & Aman Srivastava2 1 School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar, India 2 Department of Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas−CTARA, IIT Bombay, India email: [email protected] Kerala extreme rainfall event occurred in the month of August 2018. This event has created havoc over the state of Kerala over period of one week and left unimaginable trails of death and destructions. A combination of factors such as stagnant wind due to shear, mesoscale circulation, depth of moisture layer and intense convection triggers can result into a prolonged extreme rainfall event. It is essential that these kinds of extreme rainfall be forecasted with adequate accuracy with reasonable lead time. This research work is an attempt to address this issue. As a first step, it is proposed to examine the skills of rainfall forecast using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with lead time up to 96hours valid for 14 to 16 August 2018 from different initial conditions. Further, forecast outputs from each of these initial conditions will be validated against available observations/analysis to obtain performance evaluation matrices to quantify the best forecast among these experiments. In the next step, using this best initial condition more forecasts will be generated using different cumulus parameterization schemes up to a lead time of 96hours. This component is mainly targeted towards understanding the influence of different convective processes on model forecast skills with thrust on the rainfall prediction. Convective parameters such as moisture convergence, wind shear, CAPE/CIN, benchmark stability and thermal indices will be thoroughly examined at high temporal resolution (3hourly) to quantify its characteristics and representation in the model and their respective influence in forecast of rainfall up to day4. We propose to carry out these comprehensive study with an aim to not only understand the impact of initial condition and parameterization on rainfall forecast, but also to elucidate complex interactions among important processes modulating the model forecast. Keywords: Moisture convergence, Parameterization, Weather Research and Forecasting Model

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C07 MESOSCALE MODELING OF TWO CONSECUTIVE THUNDERSTORMS CASES OVER KOLKATA Anup Mahato & A. N. V. Satyanarayana Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Thunderstorms consociated with severe gusty winds and lightening cause loss of life and property even though they last for an hour or so. Forecasting of these severe weather events is highly essential due to their impact on socio-economic conditions of affected regions. Kolkata (22°57′ N, 88°36′ E) is in the region of Gangetic West Bengal (GWB) affected by high frequency of occurrence of thunderstorms during pre-monsoon months. In the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the performance of Thunderstorms events occurred during consecutive days 22 and 23 May 2018, at Alipore as well as in Dum Dum over Gangetic West Bengal (GWB). A two way interactive triple nested domain with high resolution WRFARM version 3.9.1 model having 1 km grid length in the innermost domain is used. The model simulated results are compared with the available in-situ observations obtained as a part of Severe Thunderstorm: Observations and Regional Modeling (STORM) programme, reflectivity products of Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) Kolkata and TRMM rainfall. The performance of the model such as diurnal variation of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction at the station Kolkata in GWB region reveal a sudden fall in temperature, increase in the amount of relative humidity and sudden rise in wind speed during the arrival of the storms. Attempts are also made in ascertaining the mechanisms where come time high/low rainfall episodes during the period of the study. More detailed analysis of different aspects related to the occurrence of these two thunderstorms would be provided in the final presentation. Keywords: Thunderstorms, Doppler weather Radar, TRMM

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C08 IMPACT OF DATA ASSIMILATION AND DIFFERENT BACKGROUND FIELDS FOR PREDICTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER BAY OF BENGAL REGION USING WRF AND 3DVAR SYSTEM K. S. Singh1, P. K. Bhaskaran2 & B. Tyagi3 Department of Mathematics, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle, 517325, Andhra Pradesh, India 2 Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture, IIT Kharagpur, India 3 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, India email: [email protected] 1

Land-falling tropical cyclone (TC) are considered one of the most destructive weather phenomena in the coastal regions worldwide and this devastation can be minimized by providing more accurate forecast of the storm. In this study, impact of data assimilation on different background fields for prediction of Bay of Bengal cyclones “SIDR”are investigated using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW-WRF) model and its 3DVAR data assimilation system. The initial condition for the model is derived from two different background fields of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) GFS analysis at 1.0ºx1.0º and 0.5ºx0.5º resolutions. The assimilated observations are microwave and infrared sounding unit (AMSU-A, AMSU-B, MHS, HIRS and AIRS) and NCEP PREBUFR observations. The model predicted results viz, track and intensity are compared with the India Meteorological Department (IMD) best-fit datasets and rainfall is compared with available observations. The results from 3DVAR system suggested that initial condition of the model improved compared with GFS analysis. The simulated results show that the track, intensity and rainfall of the storm are better simulated using high resolution GFS analysis with assimilation of available observations. The location and time of landfall of the storm are also better simulated with improved initial using 3DVAR system. It is noticed that mean track forecast errors during the entire simulation period are reduced by 69% and 76% respectively with the use of 1.0ºx1.0º and 0.5ºx0.5º resolutions GFS background field with assimilation of observations. Overall, it is fond that high resolution GFS analysis with assimilation of available observations provides better forecast of the storm. Keywords: 3DVAR, WRF, Bay of Bengal, Cyclones, GFS

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C09 MAPPING AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT VULNERABILITY AT A REGIONAL LEVEL USING GIS – A CASE STUDY C. Prakasam & R. Saravanan Department of Civil Engineering, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India email: [email protected] Drought is the most intricate however slightest understood of every single natural risk. It is caused by lack of rain and mugginess shortfall and is an intermittent meteorological marvel. The presence of farming drought early warning framework can be exceptionally valuable in a request to enhance drought readiness and to decrease drought impacts. Drought vulnerability is an idea which demonstrates the probability of harms from peril in a specific place by focusing on the framework status preceding the catastrophe. Drought vulnerability has been seen as a potential for misfortunes in the district because of water lack at the season of drought. In this examination, a GIS-based method for assessment of horticultural drought vulnerability for the Larji and Binwa hydropower undertaking's basin in Kullu and Kangra region. Larji Hydropower Project (126 MW) Larji hydropower venture was proposed to be built in Jun e 1984 on river Beas as a power advancement plot and in an offer to outfit the immense hydropower potential accessible in the State. Binwa watershed is situated in Kangra area of Himachal Pradesh., comprising of a touch of Lesser Himalayas and Shivalik bumpy inclines. The key indices that will be evaluated to define farming drought vulnerability are NDVI, NDWI, LULC. Based on the dimension of the impact of drought because of these indices, the weight will be given accordingly. In view of the weights, overlay analysis will be set up to give a drought vulnerability zones in the investigation. Thematic maps of each index will be created using GIS software dependent on allowed loads. The final outcome will be exhibited in a type of guide and it was calculated by the straightforward expansion of loads of the considerable number of GIS data layers. The resulting guide of local drought vulnerability can help leaders to create valuable farming drought mitigation strategies. Keywords: Drought, Mapping, NDVI, NDWI, Larji

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C10 DEVELOPMENT OF FLOOD INUNDATION MAPS USING A COUPLED 1D-2D HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL FOR BRAHMANIBAITARNI RIVER BASIN, INDIA 1

Bithnath Pattnaik & Sanat Nalini Sahoo Dept. of Civil Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela, India email: [email protected]

With frequent visits of extreme rainfall events on the Bay of Bengal Coast of India, the river basins of this region have become vulnerable to flash floods, causing loss to both life and property. This study focusses on development of flood inundation maps of different return periods for the deltaic region of Brahmani-Baitarni River basin of India. 1D modelling is the general practice but now-a-days model formulations include 1D representation for rivers whereas 2D representation for floodplain flows. This study uses LISFLOOD-FP, a simple raster based coupled 1D-2D hydrodynamic model, for development of Flood Inundation Maps. The hydrological data was used in HEC-HMS to develop flood hydrographs of different return periods (2yrs, 5yrs, 10yrs, 50yrs, 100yrs). The river cross-sections were extracted from SRTM DEM 4.1 of 3 arc second (90m). For validation and calibration, simulation results were compared with past gauge-discharge data at four locations, two each on both rivers. Sensitivity Analysis to spatially uniform as well as spatially varying friction coefficient values to both floodplain and river bed was carried out. The maps produced can give better insights while developing regional flood management plans and carrying out flood risk assessments. Keywords: Hydrodynamic Modelling, Flood Inundation Mapping

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C11 RESOURCE MAPPING OF GOSABA ISLAND OF INDIAN SUNDARBAN USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TOOL Argha Ghosh1, Debolina Sarkar1, Sukamal Sarkar2, Manoj Kumar Nanda1 & Kaushik Brahmachari2 1 Department of Agricultural Meteorology and Physics 2 Department of Agronomy Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] Sundarban, the UNESCO World Heritage site, is one of the richest biodiversity hotspots in India. Indian Sundarbans come under the coastal saline agroclimatic zone in West Bengal and it is popularly known for mangrove ecosystems. The coastal forests of Sundarbans serve as a biological buffer between land and sea. The region constitutes 104 islands and Gosaba island is one of the main deltaic island which is the last inhabited area before the deep forests start. An attempt was made to map the available natural resources viz. land, water etc. of Gosaba island using remote sensing technique and GIS tool. Areas under agricultural land, natural vegetation, settlement areas and water bodies distributed over the villages were delineated on the Quantum GIS (QGIS) tool using Google earth images as the base map. The overlay analysis was done for obtaining the distribution pattern of different types of resources among the villages. Amount of surface water resources per unit area of agricultural land was determined separately for each and every village. Per capita availability of surface water resources in different villages was calculated using village wise population data. Land use and land cover maps were generated to determine the status of different resources during two successive post monsoon seasons (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) using Sentinnel-2 data on SAGA GIS software. Agricultural land and water bodies were found to be differently distributed over the villages. Amount of surface water resources per unit area of agricultural land was the lowest in Pakhirala village which was indicated by the largest area under fallow land during post monsoon period. Per capita surface water availability was also found to be different among villages. The findings of the study will help to know the current status of available resources in the region for planning and management of resources. Keywords: Gosaba island, QGIS, Remote sensing, Resource mapping, Sentinnel-2

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C12 WRF MODEL OPTIMIZATION, PROFILING, AND BENCHMARKING Subhadeep Maishal Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, India email: [email protected] WRF (Numerical Weather Prediction Model) developed by NCAR, today its application area is bigger than before. Real-time data analysis/problem solving required much faster calculation with cost-effective. The numerical weather prediction model has version control serial, parallel, Nested parallel, and vectorized program.WRF model followed Shared and dynamic memory based programming approaches. Low-level c/c++ and Fortran code coupling is very difficult but it should be possible when some I/O based scaling and optimization methods come. Parallel data I/O and high-level compiler flag define take a big role. Numerical and Logical thread distribution for the nested parallel program in very challenging in Hyper-threading enables core. MPI and TBB based IO optimized threading gives a better result for standalone WRF model but coupled WRF model optimization and scaling is more difficult when MCT an interpreter that time more optimization required than before.

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C13 IMPACT OF FORCING PARAMETERS ON LAND SURFACE MODEL SPIN-UP IN A MONSOONAL REGION A. Bhattacharya & A. N. V. Satyanarayana Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Accuracy of initial conditions of land-surface states have a notable impact on the seasonal prediction of Indian summer monsoons. A land surface model approaches its equilibrium state through the process of spin-up. The spin-up process is important for the faithful representation of land surface parameters by the model. The study is presented in two major parts. The first part studies the impact of soil and vegetation parameters in different seasons on the model spin up behaviour. In the second part, investigation is carried out to look into the influence of initial soil moisture condition and precipitation forcing on the spin up behaviour of the model in different seasons to obtain the optimum initial conditions for the minimum spin up time of the model. From the study, it is seen that the soil and vegetation type, as well as the soil moisture content influence the model spin up significantly. The present study reports that the experiments initialized just before a continuous rainfall event has the least spinup unless the initial soil is saturated. Keywords: Land Surface Model, Soil Moisture, Monsoonal Region, Spin up

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C14 SKILL ASSESSMENT OF NEWLY DEVELOPED MULTI-MODEL SUPERENSEMBLE BASED NOVEL APPROACHES FOR THE INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON RAINFALL PREDICTION Swati Bhomia, Neeru Jaiswal & C. M. Kishtawal Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India email: [email protected] Traditionally, monsoon forecasts have encountered many difficulties that stem from numerous issues such as lack of adequate upper air observations, mesoscale nature of convection, proper resolution, radiative interactions, planetary boundary layer physics, mesoscale air–sea fluxes, representation of orography etc. Uncertainties in any of these areas lead to large systematic errors. Global circulation models (GCMs), which are developed independently at different institutes, each of which carry somewhat different representation of the above processes, can be combined to reduce the collective local biases in space, time, and for different variables from different models. This is the basic concept behind the multi-model superensemble and comprises of training and a forecast phase. The training phase learns from the recent past performances of models and is used to determine statistical weights from a least square minimization via a simple multiple regression. These weights are then used in the forecast phase. The superensemble forecasts carry highest skill compared to simple ensemble mean, bias corrected ensemble mean and the best model out of the participating member models. This approach is a powerful post-processing method for the estimation of weather forecast parameters reducing the direct model output errors. Although it can be applied successfully on the continuous parameters like temperature, humidity, wind speed, mean sea level pressure etc., but in the present work this approach is applied on rainfall, a parameter quite difficult to handle with standard post-processing methods, due to its high temporal and spatial variability. The present study aims at the skill assessment of newly developed advanced superensemble techniques comprising of precipitation forecasts from state-of-the-art global circulation models (GCMs) obtained from THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE), which is one of the most complete data set available. The novel approaches for which accuracy assessment has been performed includes dynamical model selection approach in which the selection of the superior models from the participating member models at each grid and for each forecast step in the training period is carried out. Skill assessment of Multi-model superensemble based on the training using similar conditions is also discussed in the present study, which is based on the assumption that training with the similar type of conditions may provide the better forecasts in spite of the sequential training which is being used in the conventional MME approaches. The validation of these schemes with respect to the observations verifies that the newly developed approaches provide more unified and skillful prediction of the summer monsoon (viz. June to September) rainfall compared to the conventional multi-model approach and the member models. Keywords: Skill assessment, Multi-model superensemble, Dynamical model selection, Similarity criteria, Rainfall prediction

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C15

  FLOOD HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND MODELLING BY MULTI CRITERIA OF GHAGHARA RIVER BASIN USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS TECHNIQUES, MIDDLE GANGA PLAIN, INDIA Pawan Kumar Gautam Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, University of Lucknow, India email: [email protected] Flood is the natural disasters worldwide, predominant in Ganga plain, India. Flood hazard in the plain region occur due to high discharge of the Ghaghara River and its major tributaries during monsoon season. The present study prepared Flood hazard zonation maps of Ghaghara River Basin to identify the flood risk zone including affected villages under cause of flood hazard based on the Remote Sensing and GIS tool. The multiple analyses used such as Annually Rainfall, Slope, Drainage Density, Channel Gradient, Landuse/landcover, Soil type and to prepare Flood Hazard Zonation map. In this study Weighted Overlay Analysis method is involve to prepare the Flood hazard zones. Total 468 settlements affected by flood hazard during monsoon season. Include 30, 108, 330 settlements affected along the Sharda, Rapti and Ghaghara River respectively. Using multi criteria Assessment the Weights are assigned to evaluated the study which helps to reduce the risk of these hazards in Ghaghara River Basin. Keywords: Flood, Multi Criteria Assessment and modeling, Hydrology, Weighted Analysis, Remote Sensing and GIS

 

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C16

HOW FAR THE WRF REGIONAL MODEL ABLE TO SIMULATE THE SENTINEL-3A SATELLITE DATA OVER THE CRITICAL ZONE OBSERVATORY OF KANPUR, AND NCT OF DELHI? J. K. Meher1, S. N. Tripathi1, H. Sembhi2 & D. Ghent2 1 Dept. Of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur, India 2 Dept. Of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. Of Leicester, United Kingdom email: [email protected] The present work has used state-of-the-art Sentinel-3A land measurements complemented by in situ observations to map the heterogeneity of land surface and upper air properties across the Indo Ganges Basin. Here we presented the first study of this kind over the Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) as the Sentinel-3A Earth observation satellite has been launched three years back on 16 February 2016 by the European Space Agency. The overall aim of the work was to monitor changes in agricultural practices and drought in the IGP. In the early phase of the work, a regional downscaling study over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) has been carried out to validate the SLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer) Level-2 LST (Land surface temperature) and associated parameters generated on the 1 km measurement grid from the Sentinel-3A earth observation satellite. Other than LST (which is the only retrieved parameter from an SLSTR observation), all other parameters (2m air temp, surface pressure, etc.) come from the auxiliary dataset which are the meta data fields extracted for each SLSTR pixel from ECMWF (European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). Model performance and sensitivity to model physics options are analysed for a 16day (05-11-2018 00:00:00 UTC to 20-11-2018 00:00:00 UTC) cloud-resolving simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF V3.8.1) over CZO (Critical Zone Observatory region) region of Kanpur, and National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi using both surface and upper air meteorological parameters with a spin-up period of 1-day. In the first experiment, a nominal cold (warm) bias of 0.49 °C (0.61 °C) was observed in the model simulated 2 m air temperature with respect to the observational (Sentinel-3A) data with a significant (at 1%) correlation score of 0.68 (0.53). Simulation of another surface parameter, i.e., surface pressure estimates of WRF was mostly underestimated by the Sentinel-3A data. A low negative bias of ~1.10 hPa in the surface pressure estimates of the WRF was observed compared to both Sentinel-3A and observational data. The diurnal variation of the surface pressure had shown a significant (at 1%) correlation of ~0.89 with both the datasets. In the second experiment, one of the upper air parameter ‘cloud cover’ and surface parameter ‘rainfall’ triggered due to Western Disturbance in the National Capital Territory (NCT) of New Delhi was also well simulated by the WRF model exclusively for a specific day during the study period. In general, it was noticed that WRF with the parameterisation scheme of ‘single moment 5 class’ for ‘surface physics’, ‘Yonsei university scheme’ for the ‘vertical sub-grid scale fluxes due to eddy transport at PBL, ‘Kain-Fritsch scheme’ for ‘cumulus parameterisation’, and ‘Lin et al scheme’ for ‘microphysics’ produced best results in reference to the Sentinel-3A and the observational data tested through different standardised statistical measures over the CZO and NCT region of the IGP.

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Presently we have provided some early results from work and, we are looking beyond these results such as to show the first results of SLSTR LST inter-comparison with Indian National Satellite System-3D (INSAT-3D) LST for Oct/Nov 2018 over the IGP. Keywords: WRF, Sentinel-3A, Critical Zone Observatory, Parameterisation, Indo-Gangetic Plain

C17 GEOSPATIAL MODELLING OF AGRICULTURE FORESTRY AND OTHER LAND USE (AFOLU) CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO FOR SAARC NATION Ram Kumar Singh1, Vinay Shankar Prasad Sinha2 & P. K. Joshi2 1 Department of Natural Resources, TERI School of Advanced Studies, India 2 School of Environmental Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India email: [email protected] Assessing future land use is a challenge. With an assessment of future land use helps to know the availability of agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). Climate is changing, climate and geomorphologic parameters having an impact on land use, so future climatic scenario variables are one of important basic factor for accessing the year 2050 AFOLU Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN), which considers multi-variables, current land use transitions, constraints, weight to various nodes at different stages and use back propagation for its self-testing and calibration. It predicts future AFOLU land uses. Geospatial modelling and predicating capability performance tested and validated for current AFOLU with MLNPP predicted land use and total operating characteristic area under curve found in between 0.58 to 0.86. Model was found useful for predicating future scenarios based long term AFOLU land-use changes. Climate driver variables for moderate RCPs (RCP 4.5 & RCP 6.0) mean annual temperature based variables was in dominance, for extreme RCP 8.5 annual mean temperature based variables and annual mean precipitation both variables were in dominance and for lower RCP 2.6 variable annual mean precipitation will be prime factor for AFOLU land use change. Keywords: Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLNPP), Scenarios based land change model, Future Land Use Prediction, Climate Change.

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C18 VALIDATION OF SUMMER MONSOON RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE OVER THE INDIAN HOMOGENEOUS REGION USING REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL Shruti Verma1, R. Bhatla, Manas Pant & Soumik Ghosh 1 Department of Geophysics, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, India Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU, Varanasi, India DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU, Varanasi, India email: [email protected] The Climate changes in the major regions of the world have an impact on the functioning of the whole Earth system. Climate change impact the monsoon influencing sectors over Indian subcontinent such as agriculture, water resource, human health, forestry etc. Indian subcontinent is adherent with inhomogeneity due to its vastness and topographical feature with regards to climatic parameter. Hence, there is need of regionalized study of Indian subcontinent regions for better understanding of local distribution characteristics of rainfall and temperature its influence on environment due to global climate change. The main objective of this paper to identify best performing convective parameterization scheme of REGional climate model (RegCM-4.3) regarding inhomogeneity of Indian region to simulate regionalized Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) and temperature. The performance and validation of regional climate model (RegCM-4.3) simulation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) and temperature have been conducted with futuristic view of climate change study with best convective parameterization scheme over different homogeneous region of India. This paper presents a validation study for the Regional Climate Model Version 4.3 (RegCM4.3) over the Indian subcontinent at 50 km horizontal resolution. The ability of the model to capture temporal and spatial variability of temperature and precipitation over the region of interest is evaluated using monthly mean IMD rainfall and temperature data respectively during 1986 - 2010 (25 years). The analysis is done over five homogeneous regions of India i.e. R1(NWI), R2(NCI), R3(WPI), R4(EPI) and R5(SPI). The CPS schemes Mix98 simulate reasonably good over North West and Western peninsular part of India i.e. R1 and R3. Over the North Central India predictability/simulation of Grell and Kuo is best among the six parameterize scheme of RegCM-4.3. The Western Ghat consisting region and Eastern peninsular shows Mix99 as the best simulated scheme of RegCM-4.3. The overall diversification of simulation depending upon the topological difference of Indian subcontinent cause the regionalize difference in simulating monsoon rainfall over Indian subcontinent.  

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Ocean Dynamics and Processes

D01 ROLE OF OCEAN SUBSURFACE WARMING ON THE INCREASING TRENDS IN MARINE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OVER THE EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN Modi Aditi1, M. K. Roxy1, L. Zhou2,3 & Raghu Murtugudde4 1 IITM, Pune, India 2 Institute of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 3 Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China 4 Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Centre (ESSIC)/DOAS, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA email: [email protected] The current study investigates the impact of rapid basin-wide ocean warming in the Indian Ocean on the long-term trends in marine primary productivity. Marine phytoplankton are the microscopic plants in the ocean, which plays an inevitable role in global biogeochemical cycles and forms the base of the marine food web. During boreal summer, largest concentrations in marine phytoplankton are observed in the tropical Indian Ocean, owing to the strong monsoon winds. Concerning the largest observed trends in sea surface temperatures during the past six decades (greater than 1°C) in the tropical Indian Ocean, we analyse longterm trends in marine phytoplankton in the region using multi-sensor blended satellite data, along with CMIP5 historical simulations and an Earth System Model. Similar to observed trends in most of the tropical oceans, Indian Ocean also exhibits a large decline in chlorophyll concentrations across the basin resulting from increased stratification due to rising ocean surface temperatures. However, we note contrasting patterns in the response of marine ecosystem to the ocean surface warming, with a significant increasing trend in phytoplankton over the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) during the past two decades, despite the ocean surface warming. The tropical Indian Ocean is vividly important in terms of biological diversity, and hence trends in marine primary productivity in these regions are crucial to understand. Our analysis suggests that this increase in primary productivity is due to reduced oceanic stratification, driven by a relatively larger warming in the subsurface, allowing enhanced vertical mixing of nutrients. Our study is the first to note large subsurface warming trends (>1.5°C) in the EIO. We find that the eastward propagating downwelling equatorial Kelvin waves are largely responsible for this observed significant rise in subsurface temperatures. The current analysis also investigates the role of Indonesian throughflow and the local winds in altering the primary productivity of this ecologically valuable region. Keywords: Indian Ocean warming, Eastern Indian Ocean, Marine ecosystem, Chlorophyll, Equatorial Kelvin waves, Indonesian throughflow, Bio-physical interactions, Ocean dynamics

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D02 INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF MIXING AND BARRIER LAYER FORMATION IN BAY OF BENGAL: A MODELING STUDY Shikha Singh1,2, Vinu Valsala1 & Sridhar Balasubramanian2,3 DESK, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India 2 Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate Studies, IIT Bombay, India 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay, India email: [email protected] 1

The interannual variability (IAV) of surface mixing in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is examined with the help of an Ocean Dynamic-Thermodynamic Model (ODTM) and observational data. The model embeds a conventional nonlinear primitive equation based reduced gravity model (RGM) with ‘‘N’’ active layers overlying a 1/2 quiescent layer. This is coupled to a high-resolution mixed layer model (MLM), which is based on level-2 turbulence closure mixing scheme (Mellor and Yamada, 1982). The coupled model calculates the net hydrostatic pressure as a sum of pressure due to RGM layers with constant densities and pressure due to dynamic topography of MLM levels with variable densities. At each time step: (i)a layer-averaged tendency of momentum and tracers of MLM is updated to RGM, (ii)momentum and tracers of MLM get advected by large-scale horizontal dynamics of RGM, and (iii)horizontal layer divergence of RGM aides for the vertical advection of MLM. By virtue of this coupling, the model faithfully reproduces the seasonal cycle of temperature, salinity, sea surface height, thermocline, mixed and barrier layer thickness (BL) of the tropical Indian Ocean. A simulation with Coordinated Ocean-Ice Reference Experiment (CORE) forcing for 15 years is used to study the IAV of the mixed layer depth and BL in BoB. The dominant modes of IAV in the BoB mixing are governed by surface momentum, heat, and fresh water fluxes with little contribution from entrainment. Further, these fluxes are controlled by El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. The BL IAV is predominantly controlled by precipitation forcing from ENSO. A stability analysis indicates high (low) turbulent kinetic energy production, low (high) flux Richardson number based stability function (SH), and low (high) dominance of buoyancy-driven mixing during positive (negative) phases of ENSO. The results highlight that the counteracting TKE and SH is a plausible reason for weaker amplitude of IAV of BoB mixing compared to its seasonal cycle. Keywords: Ocean dynamic thermodynamic model, Mixed layer variability, Turbulent kinetic energy

 

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D03 INCREASE IN NORTH-EAST MONSOON PRECIPITATION BY RAPID INDIAN OCEAN WARMING AND A STRENGTHENING INTER-OCEAN THERMAL GRADIENT Sarthak Mohanty, Sayak Basu & Prasanta Sanyal Department of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, India email: [email protected] Indian monsoon, being one of the most important and regular tropical climate phenomena, shapes the livelihood of one-sixth of the global population. Compared to its boreal summer counterpart, a cause-effect relationship of winter monsoon precipitation receives less attention. The North-easterly wind picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and provides heavy to moderate over southern India and this winter monsoon phase (Oct-Dec) is commonly referred as North-east monsoon (NEM). In contrast to the steady decrease of summer monsoon precipitation over central parts of the Indian subcontinent (Roxy et al., 2015), southern India has witnessed a substantial increase in NEM precipitation in past decades. The causal factors behind the intensification of NEM precipitation remain enigmatic due to a dearth of investigations. In the present study, the roles of sea surface temperature (SST), tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) and mixed layer heat content (MLHC) in BoB have been studied to provide a detailed perspective of NEM precipitation pattern over southern India. For this purpose, gridded climate dataset (CRU, NOAA ERSST, ECMWF ORAS4, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis) at a finer spatial resolution has been used. Our study shows that SST, TCHP, and MLHC are positively correlated with NEM precipitation and MLHC yields the highest correlation (R=0.64, P<0.05, tau coefficient=0.45) with the winter monsoon precipitation for the past 60 years. These factors result in the enhanced moisture evaporation from BoB is related to the increasing trend of SST, TCHP and MLHC which in turn are governed by atmospheric parameters like total cloud cover, downward solar radiation flux, wind stress curl and freshwater flux from the major rivers (like Irrawaddy and Salween flowing through Myanmar) to ocean. The intensity of north-easterly wind has also been monitored for the last 60 years as its intensity plays a crucial role in the transport of precipitable water content from BoB to Southern India. It has been observed that the air-temperature gradient between the north-western Pacific and Arabian Sea warm pool governs the north-easterly wind intensity. The progressive increasing temperature difference between north-western Pacific and Arabian Sea warm pool is thus attributed to the increase in horizontal transport of precipitable water. A prominent correlation (R=0.58, P<0.05) has been observed between the temperature gradient and precipitation inside southern peninsular India. Our study also identifies the changes in upward vertical transport of precipitable water in BoB and downward transport in Southern India in order to assess the role of the Walker circulation. The regression analysis exhibits an increasing trend of upward transport in the BoB and downward transport in southern India. In conclusion, the regional factors (SST, TCHP, and MLHC) in combination with the remote forcing parameters (the air-temperature gradient and Walker circulation) are responsible for governing NEM precipitation pattern over southern India. 72   

D04 MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE TO HOLOCENE BOTTOM WATER OXYGENATION VARIABILITY IN THE JAPAN SEA: A FORAMINIFERAL PERSPECTIVE Manisha Das1, Raj K. Singh1, Nishant Vats1, Ann Houlbourn2, S. Mishra1, S. H. Farooq1 & D. K. Pandey3 1 School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar, India 2 Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany 3 ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Goa, India email: [email protected] Carbon compensation depth (CCD) and oxygenation history of Japan Sea, changed drastically in association with glacio-eustatic sea level changes and orbital to suborbital scale climate variability during the Quaternary. Japan Sea is connected to open sea with very narrow and shallow straits. Tsushima warm current (TWC) is only warm current which flows into the Japan Sea through Tsushima strait, and is a branch of warm Kuroshio Current. As this current is associated with the subtropical North Pacific Ocean gyre, it supplies warm oxygen-rich and more saline waters to the Japan Sea. Further, the cyclonic eddies associated with it causes upwelling and bring cold, nutrient-rich water. During winter, this oxygen rich surface water cools down and sinks, forming the Japan Sea Proper Water (JSPW), that regulates bottom water oxygenation in the Japan Sea. The formation of JSPW promotes the oxic to hyper oxic deep water conditions with shallow CCD and its reduction causes anoxic bottom water associated with deepening of CCD. We have analyzed sediment core samples of IODP Expedition 346 Site U1426 that reflects the deposition of organic-poor, grey clay under oxic conditions, whereas organic-rich dark brown layers were deposited during anoxic conditions. The samples were quantitatively analyzed for benthic foraminifera to reconstruct middle Pleistocene to Holocene oxygenation history of the Japan Sea and its association with the CCD. Benthic foraminifera of the Uvigerinidae family representing one of the most diverse and widely distributed group, are found in abundance in middle to upper Pleistocene samples. The distribution patterns of dominant Uvigerinidae family are affected by organic carbon flux to the seafloor, and changes in oxygen levels of bottom waters. During the interglacial period the enhanced inflow of TWC with high influx of organic matter, cause abundance of Uvigerinidae species (viz. U. mediterranea, U. pygmaea, U. yabei, U. sp.1, U. peregrina) and suggest dysoxic conditions between 775-475 ka. The transition to more extreme glacial conditions was marked between 490-470 ka and is inferred by the presence of pyritized layer indicating more extreme low stands sea level. The high abundance of T. angulosa after ~475 ka suggests major changes in bottom water conditions and prevalence of hyper-oxic conditions during glacial low sea level stand. Two most dominant species U. peregrina and T. angulosa are showing antiphase relationship after 475 ka during glacial interglacial alternations, which suggest alteration of oxic and anoxic condition in the Japan Sea linked with glacial interglacial cycles. Keywords: Tsushima warm current, Anoxic, Oxic, Carbon compensation depth, Uvigerinidae

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D05 RIP CURRENT VARIABILITY ALONG VISAKHAPATNAM BEACHES: A STUDY BASED ON GNSS DRIFTERS AND DYE EXPERIMENTS S. V. V. Arun Kumar, B. Sivaiah, K. V. S. R. Prasad, Rashmi Sharma & Raj Kumar Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Ahmedabad Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India email: [email protected] Rip currents are known as one of the most dangerous hazards in the sandy beaches worldwide. Indian beaches are least explored to study the variability of rip currents in space and time. The present study is the first attempt made to understand its dynamics by utilizing indigenously developed GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) drifters and RhodamineB dye experiments. The Rama Krishna and Rushikonda beaches of Visakhapatnam are chosen for this study, due to recorded number of rip current related drowning cases observed during the past decade. Few experiments were conducted during Pre and Post monsoon seasons of 2018. Drifters work on Langragian principle, where they measure the current velocities along their paths driven by the surface currents. Error analysis of drifter measurements showed that they are capable in resolving surf zone motions very accurately. Strong rip currents were observed in few locations in the study area, where at times current velocities reached approximately 2 m/s. In addition, Rhodamine-B dye was also released into the rip current prone zones along with the drifters and observed that the dye patches also followed the drifters. From these experiments, it has been observed that the rip currents are relatively strong during post monsoon season, could be due to the change in the beach morphology. Similar experiments with more number of drifters would help in understanding rip current dynamics and would help in reducing rip current drowning in the beaches. Keywords: Rip currents, GNSS, Drifters, Seasonal variations

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D06 RESPONSE OF THE UPPER LAKSHADWEEP SEA WATER MASSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE: TREND OR OSCILLATION? K. S. Sreejith & C. Shaji Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] The Sea surrounded by the Lakshadweep archipelago within 8°N-12°30´N and 71°E74°E is commonly known as the Lakshadweep Sea (LS). This oceanic region displays strong seasonal variations in the upper ocean circulation and hydrographic characteristics, primarily due to the semi-annually reversing monsoonal wind forcing. The LS plays a crucial role in the physical and biogeochemical characteristics of the west coast of India. The LS also experiences constant threat from the vulnerable effects of global climate change. Herein, using the latest hydrographic datasets, we have studied the property changes of the upper ocean water masses in the LS in the climate change scenario. Both θ-S diagrams and cluster analysis confirms the presence of three distinctive water masses in the upper ocean (0-500 m) of the LKS, namely the Bay of Bengal Water (BBW), Arabian Sea High Salinity Water (ASHSW), and Persian Gulf Water (PGW). All water masses originate from different source regions and eventually reside at various density (σθ) levels upon reaching the LS. The inter-annual variability analysis during 1977-2016 (40 years) has revealed the decreasing salinity of all the three water masses during El-Niño events and increasing salinity during La-Niña periods. Despite the temporally oscillating nature of the salinity of all the three water masses, they are indicating a tendency to become saltier and warmer with the progression of years. The BBW and ASHSW show pronounced inter-annual variability signals compared to the PGW. Overall, this study demonstrates significant oscillations in the upper ocean water masses’ characteristics in the LS, which result in changes in the upper ocean stratification and enhancement and expansion of the mid-ocean oxygen minimum zone in the LS. Keywords: Lakshadweep Sea, Water Masses, Climate Change, Oscillation, Trend

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D07 ROLE OF COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC DATA ASSIMILATION IN IMPROVING ANALYSIS OVER THE TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN Sagar Gade, Sreenivas Pentakota, Hari Prasad KBRR & A. Suryachandra Rao Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India email: [email protected] The accuracy of the forecast depends on an estimation of the current state of the system which is done with data assimilation. Data assimilation is an analysis technique by which observations are incorporated in a model state with the assistance of consistency constraints that evolve with time and physical properties. Accurate analysis can be used for processes studies, as input to forecast models as an initial condition. Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) is crucial for the sustenance of life in the Indian subcontinent region. A small initial condition uncertainty will lead to large forecast uncertainty, making it highly sensitive to initial and boundary conditions. Hence accurate ISMR predictions can be achieved with improved initial conditions by means of better data assimilation. In Uncoupled data assimilation condition of each component is assessed by using background state estimate from a stand-alone model with an observation of the same component. Coupled data assimilation substitutes the uncoupled model with a coupled model which provides better analysis than uncoupled data assimilation. Ensemble Kalman filter uses a Gaussian approximation that evolves with time and follows the time evolution of the mean and covariance by propagating ensemble of states. Under National Monsoon Mission a coupled ocean-atmospheric data assimilation scheme based on LETKF technique has been implemented for the CFSv2 model for better prediction of monsoon. LETKF provides global ocean-atmospheric coupled analysis from the CFSv2 model which will be compared with existing data assimilation techniques to study the role of coupled data assimilation on uncoupled data assimilation.

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D08

HETEROTROPHIC NITROGEN FIXATION RATE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN Himanshu Saxena & Arvind Singh Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, India Nitrogen plays an important role for the sustenance of life and biodiversity on the Earth. N2 molecules are very firmly bound together, with large energy being required to break them apart. There are certain nitrogen-fixing organisms called the diazotrophs that are capable of converting the nitrogen into bioavailable form such as ammonia with the help of nitrogenase enzyme, which is highly sensitive to oxygen. Once thought nitrogen fixation in the ocean to be dominated by cyanobacteria (autrotrophic organisms), it is now clear that marine nitrogen fixing organisms in the ocean are more diverse, and are geographically more widespread than expected. Heterotrophic diazotrophs have been found to dominate in the aphotic and the hypoxic conditions like oxygen minimum zones of the ocean. Though hypoxia has the potential to damage important commercial fisheries as over the long term food webs become disrupted and organisms at all trophic levels are impacted but it is an essential condition needed for the sustenance of heterotrophic diazotrophs as they contribute to 40–95% of the nitrogen fixation rate of the whole water column activity (Bonnet et al., 2013; Rahav et al., 2013; Benavides et al., 2015). In the Indian ocean, which possesses one of the biggest oxygen minimum zone of the world oceans, my research interest lies to estimate the heterotrophic nitrogen fixation rate and to understand how they contribute to the nitrogen budget of the ocean. Lately, I have collected samples from the Bay of Bengal and analysis is being carried out to estimate the nitrogen fixation rates.

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D09 EFFECT OF CLIMATIC PHENOMENA IOD AND ENSO ON BARRIER LAYER IN THE BAY OF BENGAL FOR 1980-2015 Anshu Kumari & Arun Chakraborty Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

email: [email protected] Climate play important role in a particular regions and its variations causes the variation of local atmospheric and oceanic parameters. Barrier Layer in the ocean is one of the prominent signal in the northern part of Bay of Bengal (BoB). This makes the upper ocean warm in compare to subsurface layer and helps to form cyclogenesis which affect the local climate. For this purpose, an objectively analyzed monthly gridded ocean analysis derived from a combination of satellite and in situ observations has been used for the period from 1980 to 2015. The analyses show that during La-Nina (El-Nino) and negative (positive) IOD year downwelling (upwelling) in the northern BoB helps to develop thick (thin) barrier layer that favours (supresses) the formation of cyclogenesis. During La-Nina (El-Nina) year strong (weak) cyclogenesis zone helps the formation of more (less) depression in compare to negative (positive) IOD year.

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D10 INDIAN OCEAN EQUATORIAL UNDERCURRENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Ruma Samajdar & C. Shaji Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Since the ocean is an essential component of the climate system, it plays a very crucial role in changing the weather and climate patterns over the land. Particularly the equatorial oceans, where the air-sea interaction processes are the most intense, play a cardinal role in climate regulation. The Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) is different from the equatorial Pacific and Atlantic Oceans because of the substantial seasonal variability of surface winds and surface currents in this region. Although there are a few studies to understand the surface variability of the EIO, not much is known about the subsurface hydro-thermohaline dynamics of the EIO. Among the subsurface features of the equatorial region, one of the most prominent characteristics is the presence of Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). Not many studies have been devoted to understand the features of the Indian Ocean EUC, especially to demarcate its differences and uniqueness compared to the EUCs of the other two major oceans. Thus, herein, by employing the observed data from the Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) and reanalysis data based on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts-Ocean Reanalysis System 4 (ECMWF-ORAS4) during 1980-2014, we have carried out a comparative study of the EUC in the Indian Ocean with the other two oceans. One of the significant characteristics observed in the Indian Ocean EUC is its seasonality in appearance, which is in contrast to the other two oceans where it is perennial year-round. There is also a striking difference regarding the origin of the Indian Ocean EUC. While for the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the water for the EUC mainly arrives from the subtropics, for the Indian Ocean EUC the main water supply is from the tropical Arabian Sea. Moreover, in this study, we have also analysed some other characteristics associated with the EUC like its zonal and meridional structures, thermocline heat content, etc. Keywords: Equatorial Undercurrent, Equatorial Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Thermocline

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D11 NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS IN BAY OF BENGAL USING PRINCETON OCEAN MODEL (POM) V. Kumar, A. P. Joshi & H. V. Warrior Department of Ocean engineering and Naval architecture, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Anthropogenic activities have increased the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide forces CO2 to enter in ocean water, which causes an increase in Dissolved Inorganic carbon(DIC). The dissolved inorganic carbon is changing the chemistry of ocean water by adding more and more Hydrogen ions, making seawater more acidic. The rate of increase in DIC and pCO2 per year are known to be higher in Northwestern Bay of Bengal, whereas this rate in Southwestern (SW) Bay of Bengal was consistent with Global trends. Northwestern coast receives a significant amount of river runoff and precipitation making Bay of Bengal water stratified. The river transport contains clay minerals and nutrient inputs from atmosphere facilitate rapid variation of organic carbon from the water column. This study uses the Princeton ocean model (POM) which includes secondorder turbulent closure scheme to investigate the upper ocean’s dynamics of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) in response to an increase in pCO2. The depth of the Bay of Bengal is divided into three regions based on the stratification of the ocean. These three regions are provided with constant diffusivity respectively in descending order, which is used for preliminary estimation of DIC in the Bay of Bengal. The existing POM code is modified as per the requirement of the study area. New variables S5, S6, and S7 are added to account the changes in Carbonic acid, Bicarbonate, and Carbonate respectively. The model uses an orthogonal curvilinear grid and 16 sigma levels with realistic bottom topography. The model is forced with wind and difference in concentration of CO2 across the ocean surface. Analyses of results show a significant change in partial pressure and Carbonate due to the advection and diffusion. Keywords: Bay of Bengal, Dissolved Inorganic carbon, POM, Vertical Diffusivity

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D12 STUDY ON THE SEASONAL EVOLUTION OF HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES IN THE SOUTH EASTERN ARABIAN SEA WITH EMPHASIS ON THE TRANSITION PHASES OF UPWELLING AND DOWNWELLING K. Rajith, M. Harikrishnan & A. R. Rao Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Kochi, India email: [email protected] South Eastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) is dynamically active region with seasonally reversing winds and currents also dominating with upwelling/downwelling process. Three cruises were conducted to survey the SEAS with representative seasonal coverage during premonsoon (March), monsoon (August) and post-monsoon (October) periods in 2017. The present study describes the hydrographic structure of the region observed during these three seasons using a comprehensive datasets of temperature, salinity and supplementary data of current, wave and meteorological parameters. All these parameters showed intra-annual variability both in temporal and spatial scales. During the pre-monsoon season, the upwelling signatures were observed in the Gulf of Mannar area except off Kanyakumari. The upwelling signatures were evident all along the Kerala coast, however downwelling signatures were still prevalent further north. The remarkable shrinking and shoaling of isotherms towards the coast is observed in all transects during the monsoon season which is an indication of strong upwelling and its signatures are dominant along the Kerala coast. Below the thermocline, isotherms exhibit downwelling trend towards the coast indicating the presence of northward flowing undercurrent. During the post-monsoon season, the upwelling intensity has further reduced resulted in deepening of mixed layer. In the Gulf of Mannar area, weak downwelling signatures observed suggesting the phase reversal of prevailing wind and current. The existence of undercurrent also inferred from the downwelling of 20o isotherm.

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D13 ROLE OF TROPICAL CYCLONE ‘HUDHUD’ ON THE VARIABILITY OF MESOSCALE EDDIES IN THE BAY OF BENGAL Venkata Sai Gulakaram1, Naresh Krishna Vissa1, Prasad Kumar Bhaskaran2 & Deepak Kumar1 1 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India 2 Department of Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Warm tropical Ocean plays a major role in the intensification process of tropical cyclones (TC). Many studies have documented the role and response of ocean in TC through mesoscale eddies and sea surface cooling. However, the present study specially focused to understand how mesoscale eddies modulates during the passage of TC. The study considered ‘HudHud’ a very severe cyclonic storm that occurred over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during October 2014. Prior to the passage of HudHud, there are three pre-existing mesoscale eddies (one cyclonic eddy, two anticyclonic eddies) that exist over the region of interest. Mesoscale eddies are identified using the Eddy Detection Technique of Okubo-Weiss method to the Sea Surface Height Anomaly (SSHA) data. HudHud passed over the cold eddy (~50 km) in the western BoB, whereas warm eddies are ~ 2° away from the track. After the passage of the cyclonic storm cold eddies intensified, this could be attributed from the cyclone induced upwelling in the wake of the storm. However, slight weakening of warm eddies is evident after the passage of HudHud. Present study investigated the life cycle (genesis, mature and dissipation) and three-dimensional structure of the mesoscale eddies during the cyclone passage. After its passage variations in temperature in the cyclonic eddy are mostly restricted to the mixed layer. Keywords: Tropical cyclone, Bay of Bengal, Mesoscale eddies, Sea surface height anomalies, Sea surface cooling

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D14 EVOLUTION OF SUBTROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE IN EXTREME YEARS OF INDIAN MONSOON Balaji Senapati & Mihir K. Dash Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Science, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Long range prediction of Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) remains an important challenge for Scientists as it has large Social and Economic value for the Indian Sub-continent. Moreover, Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) plays a crucial role in Indian Monsoon dynamics. Keeping in view, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the SIO region is selected in this study. The influence of the SST variability in SIO on ISM Rainfall (ISMR) is investigated during the year 1948-2015. A composite analysis is carried out to examine the spatio-temporal behavior of the SIO during deficit ISM years. It has been observed that, the SIO Dipole (SIOD) is turning around in different extremes of ISM years. In drought (flood) years a positive (negative) SST anomaly persists in the South-Western part (55-650E, 37-270S) with an opposite pole in the North-Eastern region (90-1000E, 28-180S) of the SIO. This is considered as the positive (negative) phase of the SIOD. Further, SIOD begins in the Boreal winter of the preceding extreme ISM years and gradually strengthens due to the positive wind-evaporation feedback and Ekman pumping. As a result, Findlater Jet weakens (Strengthens) and anomalous signal spreads throughout the Northern Indian Ocean Basin during Drought (Flood) years. Hence, SIO SST affects the Indian Monsoon Circulation in a chain of processes. Keywords: SST, ISMR, SIO, SIOD, Findlater Jet

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D15 DECADAL PREDICTION OF THE TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN CFSV2 Subrota Halder1, 2, Anant Parekh1, Jasti S. Chowdary1 & C. Gnanaseelan1 1 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India 2 Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India email: [email protected] Decadal prediction is getting attention of climate scientific communities as it is a critical bridge for planning adaptation strategies. Decadal prediction is controlled by both boundary and initial conditions. Realistic initial condition is one of the most important components for decadal prediction. This study examined the skill of Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) decadal prediction of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) of Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO; 40°E – 120°E, 30°S – 30°N) for different initial conditions. In addition, region wise prediction skill is also studied for South Indian Ocean (SIO; 40°E – 120°E, 30°S – 6°N), Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO; 40°E – 120°E, 6°S – 6°N), Arabian Sea (AS; 45°E – 78°E, 6°N – 30°N) and Bay of Bengal (BOB; 78°E – 100°E, 6°N – 24°N). Extended Reconstructed SST version 4 (ERSST) is used as observation and SST from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) decadal run of CFSv2 are available for 10 lead years initialized every 5 years during 1960 – 2005 which is used to assess the capability of models prediction. CFSv2 based decadal prediction used two initial condition, for 1960 – 1990 COLA NEMOVAR ocean initial condition are used whereas for the period of 1980 – 2005 CFS reanalysis fields are used for initial condition. In our current study, ensemble mean of available realizations is computed and utilized. Monthly mean SST fields are converted to annual mean and summer mean separately. SST predictions are capturing the observed trend in SST in all the study regions. Annual SST is underestimated in SIO and AS and overestimated in EIO whereas summer SST is underestimated in all the region except for EIO. Root mean square of error (RMSE) between the model and observation are computed for each region. In all the region and for most of the run, error is oscillating with respect to lead year, not increasing as usual error increases with forecast lead year. In the first and second years RMSE and its spread are more however it decreases in the next lead years and again it increases. RMSE ranges in 0.4°C – 0.8°C except for AS (0.5°C – 1.1°C) which is high in summer (0.7°C – 1.5°C). In summer, RMSE of IO and SIO also increased as compared to annual. Pattern correlation for basin wise SST prediction with observation is increasing with lead year. Correlation is significant for all the study region, but it is lower for BOB. For annual and summer, pattern correlation for IO and SIO is in the range of 0.95 to 0.99 and in BOB 0.35 to 0.85 and in EIO 0.75 to 0.95. In AS correlation decreased from annual to summer ranges 0.89 – 0.96 to 0.80 – 0.91. It is also observed that as compared to BOB, AS has better correlation but RMSE is less for BOB than AS. Present study concludes that summer error for SST is higher than annual, region wise it is higher for AS than rest of the basins. Error for the SST is higher than the actual year to year variability of observed TIO SST, indicating higher noise compared to signal. Hence we conclude that the decadal prediction system based on CFSv2 need improvement for meaningful TIO SST prediction in the decadal time scale. It is important to note that error magnitude and its spread are higher for initial years and then decreased for few years and again increased. The decadal prediction model has cold bias (underestimated SST) which has higher magnitude in 84   

the AS. Not much difference is found between decadal prediction based on NEMOVAR ocean initial condition and CFS reanalysis based initial condition. Keywords: Decadal Prediction, Indian Ocean, CMIP5, RMSE, CFSv2

D16 INTER-ANNUAL VARIATIONS OF NORTHERN ARABIAN SEA SST AND SSS AND ITS IMPACTS ON ASHSW K. S. Sreejith & C. Shaji Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] The semi-enclosed Northern Arabian Sea (NAS) experiences strong atmospheric forcing which leads to the greatest seasonal variations compared to any other tropical ocean. Though NAS is ventilated by Arabian Sea High Salinity Water (ASHSW) at the surface (0-100 m) and high saline Persian Gulf Water at sub-surface (200-300 m) layers, the dissolved oxygen content of thermocline waters in this tropical ocean is substantially low. Considering the significance of ASHSW ventilation to thermocline depths in the NAS, herein, the primary goal is to understand the variations of ASHSW on inter-annual timescale using the latest hydrographic datasets from 1950 to 2014. After its formation in the surface layers of the NAS during winter, the ASHSW spreads southwards in the Arabian Sea along 24 σθ surface. During the 65 years (1950-2014), both Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) in the NAS has indicated an increasing trend. While SST has shown an increase of 0.0074ºC per year, SSS has increased by 0.001 psu per year. The observed rising trends in SST and SSS are also reflected in the potential temperature and salinity at sub-surface layers of the NAS where the core of ASHSW usually resides. Both the potential temperature and salinity of the ASHSW core have increased by 0.0026ºC per year and 0.0008 psu per year respectively. These variations in the physical characteristics of the core of the ASHSW has resulted in the water mass turning into lighter over the years. Specifically, we have inferred that the ASHSW is no longer spreading southwards in the Arabian Sea along 24 σθ surface, but along the σθ surfaces lesser than 24. Consequently, the depth at which the ASHSW resides has also shown significant inter-annual variations. Because of the observed shoaling with the time of the ASHSW, this water mass cannot ventilate the sub-surface layer thermocline waters. This study cautions that the thermocline waters in the NAS could most likely become a dead zone (highly depleted in oxygen) shortly owing to the changes in water mass properties (potential temperature and salinity) and shoaling nature of the ASHSW in the NAS. Keywords: Northern Arabian Sea, Arabian Sea High Salinity Water (ASHSW), Inter-annual Variations, Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Sea Surface Salinity (SSS)

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D17 TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN VARIABILITY AND ITS CONNECTIONS TO INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON IN IITM-ESM A. G. Prajeesh, P. Swapna & R. Krishnan Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India email: [email protected] The fidelity in reproducing tropical Indian Ocean (IO) variability, particularly the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and its linkages to South Asian Monsoon Rainfall (SAMR) is investigated in the phase 6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) historical simulations of the IITM Earth System Model (IITM-ESM). The model simulated sea surface temperature (SST) shows a basin wide negative bias of the order of 1C. Conversely, thermocline depth shows positive bias reaching up to 100m in many regions such as the Arabian Sea and the southeast IO. Nonetheless, model successfully simulates many fundamental characteristics of IOD owing to better SST-thermocline coupling and much smaller biases in the IOD region. Although the simulated IOD amplitudes are larger than the observed, model skillfully represents the IOD spatial pattern, periodicity and phase-lock to the monsoon seasonal cycle. IITM-ESM simulates a realistic IOD-SAMR relationship, contrary to most of the CMIP5 models which fail to represent the observed IOD-SAMR correlation due to the overly strong control of ENSO3. In agreement with this, we find a weak correlation (r=0.35) between IOD and ENSO in the model. Further, the study tries to find potential factors responsible for this better representation of IOD-SAMR relationship in the model.

 

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D18 PALEO-REDOX CONDITION IN THE ARABIAN SEA DURING LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM AND DEGLACIAL PERIOD Romi Nambiar1,2 & Ravi Bhushana 1 Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 2 Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India email: [email protected] Deep ocean circulation has been modulated as a function change in climate during the past. Earlier studies have reported influence of bottom water circulation of ocean in regulating redox conditions at the sediment–water interface. Bottom water redox condition also gets affected by high export flux due to overhead productivity. Arabian sea is one of the highest productive region in world oceans, and northernmost part of the Indian ocean where all deep water masses terminates. A sediment core chronologically constrained with AMS radiocarbon dating from the Arabian Sea was investigated to understand changes in redox condition during past and possibly identify factors responsible for changes in redox condition. Redox sensitive elements were assessed along with productivity proxies. Decreased productivity with reducing condition during LGM indicates transition towards redox condition, resulted due to changes in bottom water circulation rather than export productivity. Reducing condition during LGM and oxidising conditions during deglaciation period indicates reduced proportion of North Atlantic Deep water (NADW) component reaching Indian ocean during LGM, which was higher during deglacial period. Keywords: Climate change, LGM, Paleoredox condition, Bottom water circulation, Arabian sea

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D19 INTER-ANNUAL VARIABILITY OF WINDS OVER THE EQUATORIAL INDIAN OCEAN Ruma Samajdar & C. Shaji Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] The semi-annually reversing monsoon winds blowing over the Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) (40ºE-100ºE, 5ºS-5ºN) are the fundamental driving mechanism for many unique oceanatmospheric processes occurring in the North Indian Ocean (NIO). Examining the spatial patterns and trends of the EIO winds helps in understanding many wind-driven upper ocean processes. The main goal of this study is to understand the inter-annual variability of the EIO winds at various dynamically significant regions of the equatorial belt by using monthly ERAInterim winds from 1980 to 2014. Additionally, to understand the dynamics underlying the inter-annual variability of the EIO winds, we have used the multi-years monthly Sea Surface Temperature (SST) based on Ocean Reanalysis System 4 (ORAS4). Although the EIO is a small basin, it does not show a uniform spatial wind pattern in any particular season but instead exhibits sizeable spatial variabilities. Based on this framework, we have divided the whole EIO basin into four different local regions and studied the wind variability therein. The EIO zonal wind component has exhibited substantial inter-annual variability compared to the meridional part. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the zonal winds has revealed two primary climatic modes of the equatorial inter-annual wind variabilities: a dominant first mode explaining 50% of the variability and the second mode explaining 20% of the variability. The first mode mainly describes the inter-annual variability of the zonal wind during monsoon transition periods, while the second mode explains the variability occurring during the SW monsoon season. Moreover, we have also examined the variability of the EIO winds in the context of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climatic events. This study confirms that in the EIO, the effect of IOD on winds is more prominent than the influence of ENSO. Keywords: Winds, Equatorial Indian Ocean, Inter-annual Variability, Climatic Modes, Indian Ocean Dipole, El Niño Southern Oscillation

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D20 ESTIMATES OF PALEO DEEP-WATER VENTILATION AGES FOR THE INDIAN OCEAN USING FORAMINIFERA Nisha Bharti & Ravi Bhushan Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India email: [email protected] Global ocean circulation has undergone major changes during glacial and interglacial periods, as revealed by radiocarbon ages of benthic foraminifera extracted from sediment cores of Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. The ventilation ages of deep waters thus show changes in ventilation age during shift from interglacial to glacial periods. Though, some studies report no change in ventilation age during the same interval. Equatorial Indian Ocean, located far from deep water formation regions is expected to provide better estimates of deep water circulation changes as a function ventilation age during glacial and interglacial periods. Sediment cores from the Indian Ocean are being investigated to decipher the rate of thermohaline circulation during quaternary period based on radiocarbon dates of select species of fossilized planktonic and benthic foraminifera. The deep waters in this region is ventilated by Modified North Atlantic deep water (MNADW). Radiocarbon dates of planktonic (monospecific species) and benthic foraminiferal (mixed benthic species) shell using Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) at two location of equatorial Indian Ocean demonstrate that ventilation age during last glaciation was much higher compare to present ventilation age. However, detail analysis at various depth of sediment core and multiple location is in the process. The estimation of paleo ventilation ages can provide clues to some debatable topics e.g., slowdown/cessation of thermohaline circulation during last glacial maxima (LGM), changes in the CO2 sequestration in the ocean as a function of changes in the rates at which deep ocean ventilates. Keywords: Ventilation age, Radiocarbon, Glacial and interglacial periods, Foraminifera  

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D21 UPPER OCEAN RESPONSE OF THE BAY OF BENGAL DURING THE CYCLONE TITLI (OCTOBER 09-13, 2018) M. Mishra & C. Shaji Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] In the North Indian Ocean (NIO), nearly 80% of tropical cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal (BB). Usually, about 5-6 tropical cyclones form in the BB every year, of which about 2 might turn into a severe or very severe stage. In the BB, cyclones occurring during the postmonsoon season (October-November) are the severest, though a few severe cyclones also form during pre-monsoon season (April-May). The present study examines the physical and biological changes occurred in the upper BB and the Andaman Sea during the different stages of the passage of a very severe cyclonic storm named Titli during the post-monsoon season (October 09-14, 2018). After evolving as a low-pressure system in the southeastern BB (October 07, 2018), it moved in the northwest direction, and en route turned into depression and deep depression stages, before becoming a tropical cyclonic storm (October 09, 2018). Later, this particular cyclone further intensified into severe and very severe cyclonic stages (October 10, 2018). In its phase of the very severe cyclonic storm with high winds (140–150 km/h), Titli crossed the north Andhra Pradesh and south Odisha coast near Palasa and the south-west of Gopalpur (October 10, 2018). Under the influence of southwesterly winds at middle and upper tropospheric levels, Titli recurved into the northeast direction (October 11, 2018), before weakening and hitting the Gangetic West Bengal and adjoining Bangladesh and north Bay of Bengal coastline (October 13, 2018). This study indicates that Titli induced cooling along its track, with substantial magnitude observed before the landfall of the cyclone. Analysis of subsurface temperature and salinity fields show intense vertical mixing caused by Titli, which is mainly confined within the upper 100 m water column. The biological response due to Titli showed the occurrences of two distinctive Chl-a blooms in the BB – central Bay and northwest coastal Bay. These blooms are driven by the Ekman pumping velocity and translation speed of Titli. Keywords: Bay of Bengal, Tropical cyclone, Post-monsoon season, Chla- bloom, Ekman pumping, Translation speed.    

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Polar Science and Himalayan Studies

E01 STUDY OF WEATHER VARIABLES AND ENERGY FLUXES OVER INDIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS, MAITRI AND BHARATI DURING 1979-2017 AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE Maya Raghunath Suryawanshi1,2, Naveen Tripathi1 & Sandip R. Oza1,2 1 Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India 2 Department of Physics, Electronics & Space Science, Gujarat University, India email: [email protected] Present study focuses on variations in weather variables (air temperature, wind speed, and mean sea level pressure) and energy fluxes (net surface solar radiation, net surface thermal radiation, sensible heat fluxes, and latent heat fluxes) obtained over Indian Antarctic stations namely, Maitri and Bharati using the best estimates amongst National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), European centre for medium range-weather forecasts ReAnalysis-Interim (ERAI), and Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) datasets. Amongst three datasets, ERAI yielded the best result when compared with Automatic Weather Station (AWS) observation at Maitri hence selected for further analysis. ERAI data indicated relatively low air temperature at Maitri as compared to Bharati during January and December (summer), probably due to 100 km inland location of Maitri. Prevalence of southeast katabatic wind was observed at Maitri while dominance of northeast winds was observed over Bharati. Further, climatologically (1979 – 2017), monthly mean net flux over Maitri indicated negative value (flow of energy from surface to atmosphere) during all months unlike Bharati, which indicated positive value (flow of energy from atmosphere to surface) during January and December (summer). Month wise time series analysis indicated sudden decrease in year 2000, followed by decreasing trend in net flux values, over Maitri. However, this effect was not detected over Bharati. The effect observed at Maitri can be attributed to ozone hole recovery measured over Antarctica from year 2000 onwards, due to Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting substances. Keywords: Maitri, Bharati, AWS, ERAI, Energy fluxes, Ozone hole

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E02 VARIATIONS IN SEA ICE THICKNESS DERIVED FROM SARAL/ALTIKA DATA NEAR INDIAN RESEACH STATIONS IN THE ANTARCTICA (2016 & 2017) Purvee Joshi, Ujjwal K. Gupta, Sandip R. Oza & I. M. Bahuguna Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India email: [email protected] Polar regions of the earth are characterized by occurrence of two kinds of ice masses, i.e. continental ice sheets and sea ice. Sea ice extent and thickness are two parameters, which play an immense role in the global climate system by interacting with hydrosphere and atmosphere. Besides climate change studies, data of sea ice thickness is considered as an important parameter in the navigation of ships. There have been number of satellite missions with active and passive microwave sensors, which have been used for operational spatial and temporal monitoring of sea ice extent such as AMSR, SCATSAT, etc., However, retrieval of sea ice thickness from satellite missions is still in the development stage. This study demonstrates the approach for the retrieval of sea ice thickness by using SARAL-AltiKa (Ka band altimeter) data. Sea ice thickness data was averaged over 25 by 25 km grid near Indian Antarctic Research Stations Maitri and Bharati for the year 2016 and 2017. Data of snow depth required over sea ice was taken from NSIDC, which is generated from SSMIS radiometer Brightness temperature data. Examination of sea ice thickness data near the two stations indicate higher thickness near Maitri station as compared to Bharati station. Away from coast, thickness values decrease gradually. Sea ice thickness nearby ice shelves is found to be higher than those observed elsewhere, emphasizing the role played by ice shelves in the growth of sea ice. Sensitivity study highlighted the role of snow depth and density in the retrieval of sea ice thickness. Various other meteorological parameters like surface temperature, precipitation, wind speed and direction etc., were also compared near two research stations to understand the variation in thickness, snow over sea ice and hence freeboard for the same period. From the data of thickness distribution, temporal variation of melting rates can be assessed. Keywords: Antarctica, Remote sensing, SARAL-AltiKa, Radiometer, Sea ice thickness

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E03

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN SNOW COVER AND HYDROLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR IN PARVATI RIVER BASIN, INDIA USING MODIS DATA DURING 2001-2017 Deepak Kumar1, Tejpal2 & Omvir Singh2 Department of geography, Kurukshetra university, Kurukshetra, India 2 Dyal Singh college, Karnal, Kurukshetra university, Kurukshetra, India email: [email protected] & [email protected] 1

The Parvati river basin situated in the Western West-Central Himalaya mountain ranges, it is the major tributary of Beas river in Himachal Pradesh, India. Snow cover dynamics in Mountainous regions is a vital input for energy Balance, glacier mass balance, climate change and hydrological behaviour of the river. Satellite based remote sensing is a convenient tool for the study of cryosphere that allows to carry out investigations over large and inaccessible areas. The present investigation has been carried out to monitor seasonal variation in the Snow Cover Area (SCA) for the Parvati basin, located in the western west-central region of Indian Himalaya. This analysis has been done using Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data for the past 17 years (2001– 2017); the temporal snow cover being derived using the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI). Results are as follows: (1) The snow cover areal extent had increased over Parvati basin. It indicates that precipitation (Snowfall) increased over the time of period in study area. (2) The highest SCA variability was observed in the post-monsoon season which is 80% SCA in the 2009 and 30% SCA in the 2016 during the study time period 2001 to 2017. (3) The snow cover trend was observed statistically insignificant for summer, winter and post-monsoon seasons and statistically significant (p value = 0.017) trend was observed in the monsoon season with linear regression test. The increasing trend in SCA was observed in the winter, summer and postmonsoon season during 2001 to 2017. The decreasing trend was observed in the monsoon season snow cover area and it is statistically significant. (4) The ablation of SCA is more constant than accumulation of SCA in the Parvati basin. This has harmful effect on the cryosphere of Parvati basin. The regions more prone to snow-related disaster in western-central Himalayas becoming key zone of snow-cover monitoring and disaster prevention and mitigation. Keywords: Ablation, Accumulation, Modis, Snow cover, NDSI, Western and west-central Himalaya

 

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E04 SURFACE ENERGY AND MASS BALANCE OF SUTRI DHAKA GLACIER, CHANDRA BASIN, WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA Sunil Oulkar, Parmanand Sharma, Ajit Singh, Lavkush Kumar Patel, Bhanu Pratap, Ankit Pramanik, Vinay Gaddam & Thamban Meloth ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, India email: [email protected] Himalayan glaciers are the most significant freshwater source to major Asian rivers sustaining more than 1.2 billion people in the downstream region. Most of the Himalaya glaciers are difficult to assess in the field due to their remoteness, high altitude, and harsh climatic conditions. Therefore, it becomes very important to study these Himalayan glaciers using various glacier model. In the present study surface energy and mass balance of Sutri Dhaka Glacier, Western Himalaya, were computed using physically based energy-balance model ie., ‘COupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and Mass balance model’ (COSIMA) forced by meteorological data. Further, it was validated by in situ glaciological measurement. The meteorological data such as incoming & outgoing solar radiation, longwave radiation, wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity, surface temperature, and snow depth were collected using Automatic Weather Station (AWS) installed on the glacier surface. Modelled data shows that the net shortwave radiation (%) dominated (79%) the total surface energy heat fluxes followed by net longwave radiation (%), turbulent sensible heat (11%), turbulent latent heat flux (4%), and subsurface heat flux (4%). The point mass balance using modelled and in-situ observation at the AWS site (over two separate periods October 2015 to September 2016 and October 2016 to September 2017) were -1.29, -0.80 m w.e. and -1.36, 0.86 m w.e. respectively. The sensitivity of mass balance was examined by perturbations of temperature (±1 °C), relative humidity (± 20%), precipitation (± 20%) and cloud cover (± 20%). The results indicate that the mass balance is more sensitive to changes in precipitation and cloud cover rather than air temperature and relative humidity. Considering very few physical based glacier mass balance models in Chandra Basin, the present study can be significant in formulating more realistic results which can be helpful for different climate projections. Keywords: COSIMA, Energy balance, Mass balance, Sutri Dhaka Glacier, Himalaya

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E05 LONG-TERM PRECIPITATION VARIABILITY ANALYSIS IN BEAS RIVER BASIN OF NORTH WESTERN HIMALAYAS Shekhar Kumar & K. Ngeswara Rao Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India email: [email protected] Human induced climate change has now become one of the most prominent challenges of our time, with a warming planet being a present-day reality, rather than a potential future threat. India is among the list of nations projected by various intra and inter-governmental agencies to be worst hit by the adverse effects of climate change in near future. Being a large populous country dependent on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture, forestry, etc. for livelihoods; India has multiple reasons to be concerned for the likely impacts of climate change. Observations about inter-annual and inter-decadal variations in various variables of weather provide an insight into the response of regional climates to the changing atmospheric conditions. Precipitation being one among the most important inputs for the formation of weather and climate of any place has been taken for investigation to trace the intensity of changing climatic conditions. The area drained by river Beas and its tributaries has been taken as the spatial unit of study. The objectives of this study were to investigate the trend of rainfall variability in Beas River Basin. To perform the analysis, precipitation data for the period of more than 100 (1901 onwards) years of available meteorological stations located in the basin area were used in this study. Keywords: Climate, Climate change, Precipitation, River basin, Beas

 

95   

E06 CLIMATIC VARIABILITY AND ITS IMPACT ON SHIFTING OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN KALPA TEHSIL, HIMACHAL PRADESH Amir Khan, Arunava Das, Barsha Biswas and Sk Mafizul Haque Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, India email: [email protected] Temporal variability of climatic parameters is quite common phenomena in all over the areas of tropical monsoon. But the changes of climatic condition in the high altitude Himalaya region deeply control the local agricultural system. Among all of the agricultural productivity reducing factors, the climatic variability is most important. The plant phenology in the Himalayan orchard is fully controlled by temperature and snow feeding capability along with the topographic conditions. In this present study an attempt has been made towards the study of climatic variability and its influence on apple production through the different geo-spatial techniques. This study has been assessed the spatio-temporal characteristics of snow cover area using remote sensing platform. The multi-spectral satellite data from 1989 to 2018 have been used along with climatic information; various statistical methods i.e Mann-Kendall (MK) test and Sen’s slope estimation have been incorporated for detecting and estimating the temporal trends. Result, indicates the rise in temperature in winter season at rate of 0.01˚C year-1 and declining winter precipitation at the rate of -0.0883 mm year-1 are major controlling factors for the shifting of the apple orchard from lower to higher altitude. Variability regarding the spatial location of apple orchards also causes the upward changes of settlement position and shifting of the forest cover areas. A zonation map has also been prepared on the basis of computed outputs and temporal variation of apple production. The spatial-zonation map shows the ridge ward shifting of orchards and it indicates that very good quality with low infected apples are seem to grow in Zone III with an altitude of 3000 meter. Keywords: Climatic variability, Apple orchard, Snow cover area, Locational shifting

96   

E07 TRENDS IN SNOW ACCUMULATION AND SUMMER MELT DURING THE LAST CENTURY IN COASTAL DRONNING MAUD LAND, EAST ANTARCTICA: INSIGHTS FROM ICE CORE RECORDS Rahul Dey, Meloth Thamban, C. M. Laluraj, K. Mahalinganathan & Tariq Ejaz National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Goa, India email: [email protected] An increase in Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) is hypothesised in a warming climate as a result of enhanced precipitation when atmospheric moisture content increases. However, most of the available snow accumulation records reveal large regional differences and regional atmospheric models are unable to capture such precipitation processes, especially in the coastal Antarctica. The coastal Dronning Maud Land region in East Antarctica is characterised by highly variable SMB pattern through time and space with distinct signatures of summer-time melting. Such complexities require a regionally focused study of accumulation and melt processes beyond the instrumental period. Towards this, two ice cores (121 m and 50 m long) from Djupranen and Leningradkollen ice rises around the Nivlisen ice shelf in coastal Dronning Maud Land, retrieved as part of the Indo-Norwegian MADICE project, were partly studied. Visual stratigraphy and stable water isotopes (δ18O and δD), supplemented by major ions profile was used to establish the preliminary ice core chronology. The summer melt proportion for both the sites show a consistently decreasing trend in the recent decades, although this trend is much clearer in Djupranen, as Leningradkollen shows very high variability in melt proportion. The annual layer thickness combined with density profile was used to reconstruct the site-specific snow accumulation rates on a centennial scale. The annual average accumulation rate during the last 100 years for Djupranen is 0.34 m w.e. a-1, whereas for Leningradkollen is 0.21 m w.e. a-1, respectively. Preliminary data reveals that the snow accumulation shows high interannual variability, with a significant decreasing trend during the last four decades. Keywords: Antarctica, Dronning maud land, Ice core, Surface mass balance, Summer melt

97   

E08 INTERNAL TIDES AND NEAR-INERTIAL WAVES VARIABILITY IN FRAM STRAIT M. P. Subeesh & M. Ravichandran National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, India email: [email protected] Fram Strait is the primary gateway to the Arctic Ocean, through which warm and salty north Atlantic water flows into the Arctic and exports cold Arctic waters out of the Arctic. Fram Strait experiences warm and salty north-Atlantic waters at 40–200 m depths overlaid with cold and fresh Arctic waters. Sufficient disturbance between the boundaries of these two water masses can bring warm waters up and warm the surface waters. Internal tides and near-inertial waves (NIW) are the two primary contributors of ocean mixing in the deep ocean. The capability of these waves to mix temperature and salinity across density layers makes them important in water mass distribution. In this context, we studied the characteristics of internal tides and NIW in the Fram Strait using a decade of observations (1997–2011) from an array of current meters, ADCP and CTD moorings extending from longitude 3 o W to 9 o E across latitude 78 o N. The observations are used to quantify the seasonal cycle, vertical variations, and energetics of both waves. The analysis shows that internal tide and NIW activity is significant in the Fram Strait with strong temporal and spatial variations. The rms value of NIW and internal tides varies from 6–20 cm/s. The internal tide shows bottom amplification indicating their importance in deep-ocean mixing. NIW shows surface intensification and strong seasonality. Seasonal variation of NIW follows the seasonal variation of wind speed. The influence of these waves on vertical temperature structure is also noted in the study region. Keywords: Internal tides, Near-inertial waves, Arctic

98   

E09 INFLUENCE OF EXTRATROPICAL CLIMATE MODE AND SOLAR FORCING ON ANTARCTIC ICE CORE TEMPERATURE DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES Tariq Ejaz, Waliur Rahman, Thamban Meloth, C. M. Laluraj & K. Mahalinganathan ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, India email: [email protected] Coastal regions of Antarctica are more sensitive to climate change than its interior region and provide a resolution ice core record on annual scale. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are known as important driver for natural climate variability at inter-annual to decadal scale. Any changes in these climate mode in terms of their frequencies and amplitudes in the backdrop of the global warming scenario are also expected to influence Antarctic climate. Recent shift of Southern Annular Mode (SAM) to positive is concomitant with the increase in greenhouse gases show a positive relation with East Antarctic temperature and hence resulting to increase in the surface melting. In order to quantify relative role of these climates modes in modulating Antarctic climate, we have reconstructed high resolution past climate records based on oxygen isotope and major ions from a 101.4 m ice core (IND-33/B8) retrieved from Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica. We establish a robust chronology of IND33 ice core record which represents deposition history and temperature of past two centuries (~1809 - 2013 CE). The temperature record show significant annual to decadal variability in spectral analysis. Spatial correlation of ERA-40 reanalysis mean surface air temperature with ENSO and PDO shows significant correlation at our core sites, confirms their influence over DML region. In order to extract common temperature signal of the DML area, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) along with published ice core records of DML region is used. The common temperature reconstructed show a dominant signal of ENSO, PDO and solar forcing. Recent increase in high frequency ENSO signal along with positive shifting of SAM may influence the stability of East Antarctic ice sheet. Keywords: Antarctica, Ice core, ENSO, PDO, SAM, Solar cycle

99   

E10 CURRENT STATUS AND PAST EVOLUTION OF BLÅSKIMEN ISLAND IN DRONNING MAUD LAND, ANTARCTICA Vikram Goel1, 2, 3, Kenichi Matsuoka1, Carlos Martin4 & Joel Brown1, 5 1 National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, India 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway 3 Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway 4 British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environmental Research Council, Cambridge, UK 5 Aesir Consulting LLC, Missoula, Montana, USA email: [email protected] The ice-shelf-fringed coast of Dronning Maud Land in East Antarctica regulates ice flux from five Antarctic drainage basins accounting for about 6 m of potential sea level rise. Ice shelves in this region are punctuated with numerous ice rises, that influence the dynamics and mass balance of the region. However, only a few of these ice rises have been investigated in detail. We present glaciological settings and late Holocene evolution of Blåskimen Island, an isle-type ice rise adjacent to Fimbul Ice Shelf. This ice rise is largely dome shaped, grounded on a flat bed about 100 m below the current sea level. Shallow radar-detected isochrones dated with a firn core reveal that the surface mass balance (SMB) is higher on the southeastern (upwind) slope than the northwestern (downwind) slope by ∼37%. The mass balance estimated using the Input-Output method show that this ice rise has thickened by 0.12–0.37 m ice equivalent per year. We further investigate longer-term evolution of this ice rise, using a thermo-mechanically-coupled Elmer/ICE model applied to a profile going across the summit and along flowlines on either side. Constraining the model results with present-day flow speeds and englacial stratigraphy, we find that the present thickening started 20–40 years in the past, before which the ice rise was in a steady-state. SMB contrast between the upwind and downwind slopes was stronger than the present value by ~23% (or 0.15 mieq a-1) prior to ~1100 years ago. We surmise that these SMB changes are likely a result of synoptic-scale atmospheric changes, rather than local atmospheric changes controlled by local ice topography. Keywords: Antarctic glaciology, Ice-penetrating radar, Mass balance, Ice-flow modelling

100   

E11 HYDROGRAPH COMPONENTS AND MOISTURE SOURCES AT THE SUTRI DHAKA GLACIER, CHANDRA BASIN, WESTERN HIMALAYA Ajit T. Singh, Waliur Rahaman, Parmanand Sharma, C. M. Laluraj, Lavkush Patel, Bhanu Pratap, Vinay Kumar Gaddam & Meloth Thamban National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, India email: [email protected] The Himalayan glaciers are potential source of perennial water supply to Asia’s major river systems like the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus. Despite the hydrological significance of the Himalayan glaciers, their hydrograph components and precipitation sources remain largely unknown due to remoteness and inherent complexities of the Himalayan glaciers. In this study, samples of rain, surface snow, ice, and stream meltwater were systematically collected from the Sutri Dhaka glacier in the Chandra Basin, part of Indus River basin, Western Himalaya and analyzed for stable oxygen (δ 18 O) and hydrogen (δD) isotopes. The δ 18 O and δD in rain water samples ranged from -5.45% to -13.94% and -32.56% to -107.24%, respectively. The rain samples showed enriched isotopic values in the early season (July, 2015) that got depleted towards end of the season (August - September, 2015). Similarly, old snow samples showed enriched isotopic values compared to the fresh snow. The δ 18 O and δD values in glacier ice samples ranges from -11.6 % to -15.7 % and -31.7 % to -148.4 %, respectively, while in the meltwater stream, it ranged from -12.7 % to -16.2 % and -82.9 % to -112.7 %, respectively. The deuterium excess values estimated for entire samples range from 0.47 % to 20.2 % with mean value 16.5 %. Based on current knowledge of d-excess of the possible sources contributing to study area and back-trajectory analysis indicate that the predominant moisture source to the study region is derived from the Mediterranean Sea through Western Disturbances. Our estimation of hydrograph separation of the Sutri Dhaka meltwater using stable water isotopes method are 17% of snow and 82% of ice melt water, which are consistent with the estimates by glaciological field measurements i.e, 20 ± 2% of snowmelt and 80 ±16 % of ice melt respectively. Our study validates the results of isotope hydrograph separation with glaciological field measurements in a unique glacial basin in the western Himalaya were monsoonal rainfall is meager. Thus, the present study offers a more reliable method for hydrograph separation in Himalayan glacier streams. Keywords: Hydrograph separation, Stable water isotope, Western Himalaya, Sutri Dhaka Glacier

101   

E12 MID TO LATE HOLOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL SHIFTS AND RECENT ANTHROPOGENIC CONTROLS: A MULTIPROXY STUDY FROM ANCHAR LAKE, NW HIMALAYA Aasif Mohmad Lone1, Hema Achyuthan1, Rayees Ahmad Shah1, Satish Jadgeo Sangode2, Pankaj Kumar Baghel3, Sundeep Chopra3 & Rajveer Sharma3 1 Department of Geology, Anna University Chennai, India 2 Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India 3 Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC) New Delhi, India email: [email protected] Using multi-proxy results (geochemistry, mineral magnetics, grain size, and C/N ratio variability supported by 14C AMS dating), we present the record of paleoenvironmental shifts that occurred during mid to late Holocene period for a 1.4-m sediment core retrieved from the Anchar Lake, NW Himalaya. Phase 1 (6000-4700 cal yr BP) revealed wetter climate with significant terrestrial input corresponding to gradual strengthening of the westerlies. Phase 2 (4700-3900 cal yr BP) reflects an overall improved westerly precipitation and autochthonous sources of organic matter (OM). Magnetic parameters also indicate higher lake level conditions and reducing environment during this phase. Phase-2 was followed by gradual diminishing pattern of the westerlies as also represented by Phase 3 (3900-2500 cal yr BP) and Phase 4 (2500-1600) indicating moderate precipitation conditions, catchment stability. Phase 5 (1600500) revealed prevalence of moderately cold/dry and further reduced westerly precipitation. Phase 6 (500-Present) revealed reduced westerly precipitation, shrinking lake margins and intense terrestrial/anthropogenic inputs into the lake basin. Magnetic parameters indicate reducing bottom water conditions during this phase owing to anthropogenic activities and eutrophication of the lake. These paleoenvironmental shifts reveal near synchronous changes (within dating uncertainties) with other regional palaeoclimate records close to the present location and possibly reflect reduced late Holocene winter/early summer moisture. Keywords: Anchar Lake, 14C AMS dating, OM and C/N ratio, Magnetic and geochemical analyses, Paleoenvironmental shifts

 

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E13 SEISMIC HAZARD IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL HIMALAYAN REGION Sukanta Malakar, Abhishek K. Rai & W. K. Mohanty Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] The north region of India is a densely populated area of India hosting around one-third of India's population. According to 2011 census, the state of Uttar Pradesh have 16.5% of India's total population. According to Seismic Zonation Map of India:2002 made by the National Institute of Disaster Management, Government of India, this high population density region of north India largely falls under seismic zone III-IV with some area of Bihar and Uttarakhand falls under seismic zone V which indicates higher levels of seismic hazard. Out of several major earthquakes in India, a few of them have occurred in this region itself. One such large earthquake was the Bihar-Nepal Earthquake (1934) with a magnitude of 8.1, and Gorkha earthquake of April 2015 of magnitude ~8.0. These major earthquakes have caused huge devastation and extensive damage to life and property. There has been several other major earthquakes in the central Himalayas such as Uttarkashi (1991,M~6.1) earthquake, and a few large earthquakes are likely to occur in the region considering the seismicity gaps and other geodynamic studies in such subduction settings. Such major earthquakes pose a great risk, and seismic hazard to the population in the region. In this study we present an analysis of seismicity distribution, and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for the northern India.

 

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Asian Monsoons

F01 SPECIAL FEATURES OF ONSET PHASE OF INDIAN SOUTHWEST MONSOON (1997-2018) 1

Vidya S. Pawar1 & P. S. Salvekar2 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune, India 2 341 Narayan Peth, Pune, India email: [email protected]

Onset of the Indian southwest monsoon is the beginning of the rainy season. Onset and withdrawal date of particular place gives the spread of monsoon season. The spread of monsoon season varies from less than 75 days over west Rajasthan to more than 120 days over south western regions of India. Late arrival and early withdrawal of monsoon can be disastrous for the agriculture and the whole economy of India. Present work discussed the special features of the onset phase of the Indian Southwest Monsoon of the recent two decades (1997-2018, 22 years). Study shows the duration of monsoon coverage for the eastern (80°E-85°E, 5°N-30°N) and the central zone (75°E-80°E, 5°N-35°N) seems to play an important role in the overall behaviour of monsoon season. It seems that the progress of monsoon should be studied using the date for different zones (East, central, and Western) in any year in order to determine the total duration that is actually required to cover monsoon over India. Once the monsoon cover the entire India, it is possible to diagnose monsoon progress in the three different zones (East, Central and West). Keywords: Indian southwest monsoon, Onset phase, above and below normal monsoon

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F02 SYNERGETIC ROLE OF EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTIONS ON THE INDIAN MONSOON: A CASE STUDY Mahesh Kalshetti, Rajib Chattopadhyay, Phani M. Krishna & A. K. Sahai Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India email: [email protected] The atmospheric circulation process is strongly influenced by interactions and teleconnection between different global patterns. The interaction enables energy balance and teleconnection enables long-distance interactions. As far as Indian monsoon season is concerned, the weather chart analysis suggests high index circulation over midlatitude are associated with the active spells over Indian region while low index circulation over midlatitude is closely associated with the break conditions (Ramaswamy, 1962). Model simulations have demonstrated the extended monsoon breaks linked with midlatitude anomalous circulation, the intrusion of extratropical cold and dry winds into northwest Indian region weakens the monsoon flow (Krishnan et al., 2009). A diagnostic analysis by Fadnavis & Chattopadhyay, 2017 for prolonged rainfall break spells of ISM suggests its linkage with the extratropical stratospheric intrusion. This intrusion occurs over the North Indian region through eddy dissipation known as Rossby wave breaking. The devastating rainfall received  over  Uttarakhand and adjoining areas during 14–17 June 2013 is influenced by the vertical interaction between the monsoonal low-pressure system and midlatitude westerly trough, which has triggered low-level moisture convergence and upper-level divergence (Susmitha Joseph et al. 2015). The present comprehensive study depicts the spatial structure of eddy momentum and heat flux transport during the monsoon season. Spectral analysis of wind component in the vicinity of jet suggested a presence of significant 15-60 days variability. Bidirectional (northward and southward) transport of eddies is present over the Indian region. The study indicates that there is a role of extratropical eddies in the spatial-temporal evolution of high impact weather events over the northern part of India.

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F03 ROLE OF AUSTRALIAN HIGH ON EL NINO-MONSOON LINK Shinu Sheela Wilson1,3 & K. Mohanakumar1,2 1 Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, India 2 Advanced Centre for Atmospheric Radar Research, Cochin, India 3 Nansen Environmental Research Centre India, Cochin, India email: [email protected] Variability of Indian summer monsoon is controlled by both internal and external components. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the external forcings on Indian summer monsoon and the active-break cycle of the monsoon is the prominent internal forcings. The zonal and meridional pressure gradients are modified by the warm phase of ENSO. It modifies the east-west circulation and influences the nature of monsoon over India. A general belief is that all the deficit monsoon rainfall years in India have been associated with El Nino events. It is not always true. Even without El Nino, deficit monsoons are occurred. Excess monsoon rainfall years are also observed in El Nino years. In this study we investigate the role of El Nino on the modification of planetary scale meridional circulation over Asia- Pacific region on the different conditions of monsoon. The study reveals that during excess rainfall years, meridional pressure gradient in the Indian region strengthens with the intensified Mascarene High in the southern Hemisphere and monsoon trough over India. It activates the cross equatorial flow, low level jet in the lower troposphere and easterly jet stream in the upper troposphere, thereby strengthens the monsoon circulation over Indian region. In the Pacific Ocean, pressure gradient between two hemispheres weaken as the Australian High in the Southern Hemisphere is located to the South of Australia with the absence of west Pacific monsoon trough, hence the meridional circulation over west Pacific Ocean weakens. During deficient monsoon years, meridional pressure gradient in the Indian Ocean deteriorates by the weakening of monsoon trough and Mascarene High for both El Nino and non-El Nino years. Australian High, located to the east of Australia, intensifies in El Nino years while weakens in non- El Nino years. The presence of west Pacific monsoon trough in El Nino years along with the intensified Australian High strengthens the meridional pressure gradient in the Pacific Ocean. In a non-El Nino year, meridional pressure gradient weakens by the absence of west Pacific monsoon trough and weak Australian High. Thus the monsoon circulation weakens over Indian region and the Hadley circulation strengthens in El Nino years while it weakens in non- El Nino year over Pacific region. Therefore, the spatial variability and intensity of Australian High in the southern hemisphere as well as the meridional circulation has significant role in summer monsoon condition over India. Keywords: Indian summer monsoon, El Nino, Meridional circulation, Australian high

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F04

INTER-DECADAL VARIABILITY OF INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON RAINFALL Anand babu Amere, Mihir kumar Dash & Balaji Senapati  Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] The rainfall received over India during the south-west monsoon season is critical for the country’s economy. Thus, prediction of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) remains an important concern. Several literature is available which examined the long term and inter-annual variabilities of ISMR, however inter-decadal variability have least attempted. On the other side, choosing parameters for the ISMR prediction few months ahead is a challenging task. Since Ocean stores the signal for a long time, Oceanic parameters can be used as a good early predictor. However, a recent study claims that Ocean Heat Content (OHC) can predict in a better way apart from the earlier belief of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT). Keep in view, this study analyses the trends in the ISMR using rainfall data from Indian meteorological department (IMD) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Major part of this study is dedicated to analyse the trends in the ISMR during the period of the 1946-2015. A comparative study is attempted between All India (AI) rainfall, rainfall over the North-West India (NWI) and the tropical Indian Ocean heat content to investigate the decadal links. Interestingly, the two sudden decreasing trends are observed in both ISMR and NWI. As part of the finding reason for two sudden decreasing trends, we have analysed wind anomalies and Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) anomalies also. The major contribution is found from OLR than that from wind.  Keywords: ISMR, SST, OMT, OHC, OLR, CMIP5 

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F05

FUTURE PROJECTIONS OF ACTIVE-BREAK CYCLE OF INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON USING CMIP5 MODELS B. L. Sudeepkumar 1, 2, C. A. Babu2 & Hamza Varikoden3 1 India Meteorological Department, Lucknow, India 2 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, CUSAT, India 3 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pashan, Pune, India email: [email protected] Active-break cycle has an important role in regulating the performance of Indian summer monsoon, which has greater importance in various sectors of India including agriculture and economy. A study on changes in Active-Break cycle of Indian summer monsoon towards the end of the twenty first century has been carried out using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models. The active and break spells are identified using a criteria based on 850 hPa zonal wind speed. The changes projected in the intensity and duration of active-break spells is discussed. Twenty year climatology of models during historical period (1986-2005) is compared with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the models which effectively capture the monsoon circulation pattern is considered for assessing the future climate in RCP 4.5 scenario. They are CanESM2, CNRM-CM5, GFDL-ESM2M, MIROC5 and MPI-ESM-LR. The ensemble mean projects a strengthening of the wind speed towards north (north of 15°N) and weakening to the southern region (especially south of 12°N) during the southwest monsoon, which facilitates wetting of northern Indian regions and drying of southern peninsular regions. Active spells are found to be strengthening over northern India and weakening over the peninsular India. Break spells are strengthening over the peninsular India indicating intense breaks towards future. Increased propensity of short intense active days and decreased propensity of long active days are also projected by the models. There is no significant change in the number of break spells. Keywords: Active-break spells, Intraseasonal variability, CMIP5, Future projection, Summer monsoon

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F06 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF DYNAMICS AND THERMODYNAMICS ON MONSOON PRECIPITATION CHANGES IN PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE CLIMATES B. Lekshmi Mudra1,2, T. P. Sabin1 & R. Krishnan1 Centre for Climate Change Research, IITM, Pashan, Pune, India 2 Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India email: [email protected] 1

Understanding the dynamics and thermodynamics of monsoon in past, present and future climates have profound importance in unraveling the changes in rainfall over the monsoon regions. Using model outputs from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) Phase 5 and Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) Phase 3 we investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic effects on changes in monsoon rainfall in different epochs from Last Glacial Maximum to the anthropogenically warmed 21st century through naturally warmed Mid Holocene. Future projections indicate an enhanced African and Asian monsoon by the end of the 21st century associated with a warmer environment. Proxy records and climate model simulation demonstrates that around 6000 years prior (Mid-Holocene: MH), which was a warmer period with a stronger monsoon over South-Asia and Africa; the precipitation was likewise comparatively more than that of anthropogenically warmed future from RCP8.5 scenario. Here we are focusing on the similarities between past and future representations of the monsoon based on a linearized moisture budget equation and attempting to explain the distinctions in the rainfall change for different climatic epochs. Our analysis shows that the changes in precipitation under future climate change scenario are liable for the substantial increase in moisture availability resulting from the atmospheric thermodynamic effects, which would make extreme rain events more frequent. In contrast, atmospheric dynamics explains the enhancement in precipitation during the MH over South Asia and Africa. The results suggest that the intensified summer precipitation in future is a mostly thermodynamic response to greenhouse gases forcing and hence not conspicuous during MH. The study further uncovers the role of increased heating and strong dynamical coupling in large-scale ascent and the northward migration of ITCZ amid MH contrasting with its present or projected future northern limits. Keywords: Monsoon dynamics, Moisture budget, Mid-Holocene, Climate change

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F07 ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL VARIABLES OVER THE BANGANGA BASIN OF RAJASTHAN Jitender Singh & Omvir Singh Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India email: [email protected] & [email protected] Rainfall is one of the key climatic variable which affects the spatial and temporal patterns of runoff, groundwater reserves, soil moisture and water availability. Rainfall variability, in turn, directly influences the occurrence and frequency of droughts and floods. Apart from this, spatial and temporal changes in rainfall distribution affects the cropping pattern and yields bearing an effect on the economy of an area. In the light of these facts, the present study has been attempted to examine the trends in annual and seasonal rainfall and rainy days over the Banganga basin of Rajasthan. Data pertaining to rainfall amount and rainy days recorded at eight rain gauge stations located in the basin has been collected for the period 1961 to 2015 from secondary sources to study the seasonal and annual variations. MannKendall’s trend test and Sen’s Slope estimator have been used to determine the magnitude of trend in rainfall and rainy days series. The analysis reveals that the mean annual amount of rainfall in the basin varied between 594.61 mm to 687.20 mm during the study period. However, positive or negative trends have been detected in annual amount of rainfall and number of rainy days at some of the stations. Monsoon is the wettest season while winter season exhibited low quantities of rainfall in the basin. Furthermore, these variations in annual and seasonal amount of rainfall and rainy days will lead to variations in flow characteristics of the streams flowing through the catchment and subsequently in the availability of water resources.                                            

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F08 HISTORICAL SIMULATION OF THE INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON Lav Kumar1, Nishtha Agrawal1, Vivek Kumar Pandey1, Shailendra Kumar Mishra2 & Vinay Shankar Pandey3 1 K. Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric and Ocean Studies, Institute of Inter Disciplinary Studies, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India 2 Department of Anthropology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India 3 Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India email: [email protected] In this study, we present the simulated the June-July-August-September (JJAS) mean rainfall over India and its adjoining regions for the period of 1982 to 2006 under the historical run using Regional Climate Model (RegCM) version 4.6 at 50 km and 25 km horizontal resolution over the CORDEX South Asian domain. The simulated mean JJAS monsoon rainfall by RegCM4.6 is validated against the observational Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) data for 50 km horizontal resolution and IMD data for 25 km horizontal resolution for the given reference period. Comparison of JJAS seasonal mean summer rainfall for first decade, 1982 to 1991 and second decade, 1997 to 2006 indicate that the intensity of rainfall increases over Indian land-mass in case of later decade under the HISTORICAL scenario. The JJAS mean observed rainfall has two maximum rain areas, the Western Ghats and the Himalayan region and a significant bias is present at central land region and J & K region. The JJAS mean seasonal ground temperature distribution at 0.25 x 0.25 degree grids shows a decreasing temperature trend over the Indian land-mass. The JJAS mean model variables including temperature, winds, rainfall, evaporation and evapotranspiration are related with each other. Keywords: Indian monsoon, Regional climate model, CORDEX, Evapotranspiration

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F09 REAL-TIME PERFORMANCE OF EXTENDED RANGE PREDICTION SYSTEM OF IITM-IMD IN PREDICTING INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON, 2018 Avijit Dey1,2, Raju Mandal1, Rajib Chattopadhyay1, A. K. Sahai1, Susmitha Joseph1, R. Phani1 & D. R. Pattanaik3 1 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India 2 Department of Atmospheric & Space Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, India 3 India Meteorological Department, New Delhi, India Sub-seasonal/extended range prediction has got tremendous attention since it bridges the gap between medium range and seasonal forecast. During the monsoon season, prediction of above normal (active) and below normal (break) rainfall activity few weeks in advance has huge socio-economic importance. The Multi-Model Extended Range Prediction (ERP) System (developed at Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune) based on NCEP’s Climate Forecast System (CFSv2), is being run operationally once in a week at India Meteorological Department. The real-time performance of the ERP System during 2018 monsoon season will be evaluated in the present study. This work would emphasize observed and model predicted monsoon features, such as onset, progression and withdrawal phases of the monsoon, the role of intra-seasonal oscillation (ISO) such as Monsoon Intra-Seasonal Oscillation (MISO) and Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) in extended range prediction. The skill of the prediction system during 2018 monsoon season will be shown in details. Few important events (such as extended break, extremely heavy rainfall in Kerala) during this season will also be highlighted. Keywords: Extended range prediction, Monsoon, Active, Break, MISO, MJO

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F10 ASSOCIATION OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF DIFFERENT NINO REGIONS OVER EQUATORIAL PACIFIC OCEAN WITH ALL INDIA AND ITS REGIONS Babita Dani1, Harikesh Yadav2, B. Mandal3 & R. Bhatla3 Department of Geology, Institute of Science, BHU Varanasi, India 2 Department of Botany, Institute of Science, BHU Varanasi, India 3 Department of Geophysics, Institute of Science, BHU Varanasi, India email: [email protected] 1

Monsoon, meaning season, is the wind system over India and adjoining oceanic regions that blows from the southwest half the year and from the northeast during the other half. The intraseasonal and interannual variability of the summer monsoon has a tremendous socioeconomic impact on India, especially in the fields of agriculture and health. In the present study, the correlation between SST (Sea Surface Temperature) anomaly of different Nino regions (Nino1+2, Nino3, Nino3.4 and Nino4) on summer monsoon rainfall have been analyzed to study the association of Sea Surface Temperature of different Nino regions over Equatorial Pacific Ocean with all India and its homogeneous regions including core monsoon zone for different time scale. The study shows that the entire Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) is inversely related to SST anomaly over Nino 3, Nino 3.4 and Nino 4 region for the period previous to spring to winter-spring (MAM-DJF) and hence, behavior of SST anomaly during MAM-DJF over Nino 3, Nino 3.4 and Nino 4 region can be used as precursor of ISMR over all India. Inverse relationship exists between summer monsoon rainfall of North West region and SST anomaly of Nino 3 and Nino 3.4 for period MAM-DJF. While direct relationship observed between rainfall of this region with SST anomaly of Nino 1+2 and Nino 4 for the month Jan and previous winter respectively. In case of Central North East region, ISMR inversely associated with SST over Nino 1+2 and Nino 4 for the month May and over Nino 3 for the month April. Yet relationship between rainfall of this region with SST anomaly over Nino 3.4 during spring season MAM is proportional. SST over Nino 1+2, Nino 3, Nino 3.4 and Nino4 could not give any significant relation to rainfall of summer monsoon over core region of monsoon, North East and West Central zone. Keywords: ISMR, SST, Correlation analysis, Nino regions, Homogeneous regions

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F11 THERMODYNAMIC INDICES VARIABILITY IN RELATION TO PREMONSOON THUNDERSTORMS OVER NORTH-EASTERN INDIA Rajesh Kumar Sahu1, Bhishma Tyagi1, Jiteshwar Dadhich1 & Jyotsna Singh2 1 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India 2 Shanti Raj Bhawan, Paramhans Nagar, Kandwa, Varanasi, India email: [email protected] The pre-monsoon thunderstorms in the eastern and north-eastern Indian region are the main source of rainfall and catastrophic destruction. These thunderstorms locally known as Nor’westers or Kal-Baishakhi are having signatory values of thermodynamic indices over the occurrence stations, which evolve temporally and spatially with the stages of thunderstorms. These thermodynamic indices are useful in nowcasting of thunderstorm events and also to improve the forecasting of these events using mesoscale models. In the present study, we have analysed the radiosonde data over two tropical stations of north-eastern India, Agartala and Gauhati, for past twenty five years (1987-2011) for the computations of various thermodynamic indices. The study attempts to identify the trends in the variation of various thermodynamic indices and the changes in their threshold values for every five years period. The work shows the impact of climate change evident by the temporal variation in the values of these thermodynamic indices with a marked shift in some of the indices, whereas some other indices show no clear change in pattern over the period of study. Keywords: Thunderstorms, Radiosonde, Thermodynamic indices, Climate change

 

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F12 INTRASEASONAL VARIATIONS OF CONVECTION AND AIR-SEA FLUXES OVER INDIAN MONSOON REGION REVEALED FROM BIMODAL ISO INDEX Gopinadh Konda & Naresh Krishna Vissa Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India email: [email protected] Air-Sea interactions play a key role in modulating the propagation of convection on intraseasonal timescales. The intraseasonal oscillations (ISO) of atmospheric convection and air-sea fluxes over the Indian region during summer monsoon season are revealed from the satellite and reanalysis datasets. To accomplish this, the study employs the extended empirical orthogonal function based bimodal ISO index developed by Kikuchi (2012). The propagation of deep convective anomalies and air-sea fluxes are explored during the different phases (P1P8) of the bimodal index. The composite analysis of anomalies depicts the strong (weak) northward (eastward) propagation of convective anomalies over the Indian region (equatorial Indian Ocean). Over the Indian region, active (suppressed or weak) convection is evident during the phases of P4 and P5 (P1, P2 & P7, P8). Enhanced deep convection leads by a phase of 850 hPa westerly winds and negative SST anomalies. The precipitation, release of latent heat flux anomalies are in-phase with the moisture convergence, 850 hPa westerly winds anomalies respectively. Signatures of ISO during different phases are examined from Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monson Analysis and Prediction (RAMA) buoy observations over the Bay of Bengal. Rainfall, SST and LHF anomalies from RAMA buoy measurements are in concurrence with the spatial composites of bimodal ISO phases. Findings from the present study advocate the applicability of Kikuchi bimodal index (2012) over the Indian region and have practical application for the validation of ocean-atmospheric coupled models. Keywords: Intraseasonal oscillations, Air-Sea interactions, Indian summer monsoon, Convection, Sea surface temperature, Latent heat flux

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F13 VARIATIONS OF CO2 AND CH4 OVER THE BAY OF BENGAL DURING THE MONSOON Mohammad Atif Khan & Sanjeev Kumar Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India email: [email protected] Tropospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are two potent greenhouse gases emitted from various natural and anthropogenic sources causing global warming. These gases have significantly long residence time and are well mixed in the troposphere, thus can travel a long distance from their sources. Therefore, it is very important to quantitatively constrain the sources and sinks of these gases from natural ecosystems, particularly oceans. There are limited studies vis-à-vis fluxes of CO2 and CH4 from the basins surrounding India, i.e., the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. In order to understand the fluxes of CO2 and CH4 and their spatial variability in near surface concentrations during monsoon, a cruise was undertaken in the Bay of Bengal during July 2018. Shipborne in situ measurements of near-surface CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios and their carbon isotopic composition were measured using Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS). Water samples were also collected for measurements of dissolved concentrations of these gases in the water column. During the presentation, results based on observations of the study will be carried out. Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Bay of Bengal, CRDS

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F14 DRY AND WET PHASES OF MONSOON RAINFALL OVER INDIA IN RELATION TO NIÑO 3.4 SST 1

E. K. Krishna Kumar 1, S. Abhilash 1,2, P. Vijaykumar 1 & K. R. Santosh 2 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Marine Sciences, CUSAT, India 2 Advanced Centre for Atmospheric Radar Research, CUSAT, Cochin, India email: [email protected]

Analysis of 65 years of IMD gridded rainfall and NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis data sets reveals how Indian summer monsoon system is differentially influenced by different phases of ENSO events. The ENSO events were classified into five groups based on the time of occurrence of SST variations over the Niño-3 region in the Pacific with respect to the Indian summer monsoon season. The phases of ENSO identified are (1) El-Niño in phase, (2) Spring El-Niño, (3) La-Niña in phase, (4) Spring La-Niña and (5) Neutral ENSO for the period 1951 to 2015. In general, the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) is enhanced during La-Niña in phase and spring El-Niño events whereas El-Niño in phase and Spring La-Niña leads to reduced ISMR. Neutral ENSO events moderately favour ISMR. The variability of rainfall during each phase is explained by the differences in vertically integrated moisture convergences and the variations in the Hadley and Walker circulations along with the zonal wind shear. During each of the different phases ENSO, it found that the circulation features of Hadley and Walker along with VIMFC and zonal wind shear over the equatorial Indian Ocean plays a major role in the distribution of rainfall. Keywords : El-Niño in phase, Spring El-Niño, La-Niña in phase, Spring La-Niña, Neutral ENSO, Vertical Integrated moisture flux convergence (VIMFC), Wind shear, Hadley,Walker circulations

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F15 INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON VARIABILITY AND ITS DRIVING FACTORS DURING PAST TWO MILLENNIA Som Dutt1, Anil K. Gupta2, Hai Cheng3,4, Steven C. Clemens5, Raj K. Singh6, Sonu Jaglan7 & Vinod C. Tewari8 1 Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, India 2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, IIT Kharagpur, India 3 Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China 4 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA 5 Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, USA 6 School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India 7 Department of Geology, Govt. P. G. College Narnaul, Mahendragarh, India 8 Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India email: [email protected] & [email protected] Enhanced frequency of extreme precipitation (floods/droughts) events in the Indian subcontinent has raised concerns about the future climate variability and its impact on society in the region. High resolution paleoclimate records are essential to understand the natural forcings of such climate extremes in the future scenario. The present study aims at understanding changes in ISM precipitation in northeastern India during ~112 BC to 1752 AD using oxygen isotopic signatures as preserved in a speleothem sample collected from the Mawmluh cave, Meghalaya. Our record suggests strong ISM conditions between 112 BC and 440 AD. Abrupt dry intervals are observed between AD 440 and 568 coinciding with the decrease in solar insolation, leading to the decline of the Gupta Empire in India. Strong/Weak summer monsoon conditions are also observed during the Medieval Climate Anomaly/Little Ice Age. The weakest monsoon conditions were observed during the Maunder Minimum interval. The decrease in the solar insolation resulted in cooling of the northern hemisphere temperature, coinciding with the weak summer monsoon conditions and prolonged droughts in India.

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F16 INCREASE IN NORTH-EAST MONSOON PRECIPITATION BY RAPID INDIAN OCEAN WARMING AND A STRENGTHENING INTER-OCEAN THERMAL GRADIENT Sarthak Mohanty, Sayak Basu & Prasanta Sanyal Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, India email: [email protected] Indian monsoon, being one of the most important and regular tropical climate phenomena, shapes the livelihood of one-sixth of the global population. Compared to its boreal summer counterpart, a cause-effect relationship of winter monsoon precipitation receives less attention. The North-easterly wind picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and provides heavy to moderate over southern India and this winter monsoon phase (Oct-Dec) is commonly referred as North-east monsoon (NEM). In contrast to the steady decrease of summer monsoon precipitation over central parts of the Indian subcontinent (Roxy et al., 2015), southern India has witnessed a substantial increase in NEM precipitation in past decades. The causal factors behind the intensification of NEM precipitation remain enigmatic due to a dearth of investigations. In the present study, the roles of sea surface temperature (SST), tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) and mixed layer heat content (MLHC) in BoB have been studied to provide a detailed perspective of NEM precipitation pattern over southern India. For this purpose, gridded climate dataset (CRU, NOAA ERSST, ECMWF ORAS4, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis) at a finer spatial resolution has been used. Our study shows that SST, TCHP, and MLHC are positively correlated with NEM precipitation and MLHC yields the highest correlation (R=0.64, P<0.05, tau coefficient=0.45) with the winter monsoon precipitation for the past 60 years. These factors result in the enhanced moisture evaporation from BoB is related to the increasing trend of SST, TCHP and MLHC which in turn are governed by atmospheric parameters like total cloud cover, downward solar radiation flux, wind stress curl and freshwater flux from the major rivers (like Irrawaddy and Salween flowing through Myanmar) to ocean. The intensity of north-easterly wind has also been monitored for the last 60 years as its intensity plays a crucial role in the transport of perceptible water content from BoB to Southern India. It has been observed that the air-temperature gradient between the northwestern Pacific and Arabian Sea warm pool governs the north-easterly wind intensity. The progressive increasing temperature difference between north-western Pacific and Arabian Sea warm pool is thus attributed to the increase in horizontal transport of perceptible water. A prominent correlation (R=0.58, P<0.05) has been observed between the temperature gradient and precipitation inside southern peninsular India. Our study also identifies the changes in upward vertical transport of perceptible water in BoB and downward transport in Southern India in order to assess the role of the Walker circulation. The regression analysis exhibits an increasing trend of upward transport in the BoB and downward transport in southern India. In conclusion, the regional factors (SST, TCHP, and MLHC) in combination with the remote forcing parameters (the air-temperature gradient and Walker circulation) are responsible for governing NEM precipitation pattern over southern India.

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F17 SUB-PERIODIC RELATIONSHIP OF REGIONAL AND GLOBAL SSTS AND INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON RAINFALL Malladi Siva Kumari1, Arun Chakraborty1 & Milind Mujumdar2 1 Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India 2 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India email: [email protected]    In this present study, sub-periodic relationship of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) with Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over Arabian Sea (AS) (60OE-78OE and 5ON – 25ON), Bay of Bengal (BOB) (79OE – 100OE and 5ON – 25ON), South equatorial Indian Ocean (SEIO) (60OE -100OE and 5ON – 25OS), Nino-3 region (150OW – 90OW and 5OS – 5ON) and for global SST’s have been examined for four seasons DJF, MAM, JJAS, ON and annual during the periods 1901-1930, 1911-1940, 1921-1950, 1931-1960, 1941-1970, 19511980, 1961-1990, 1971-2000, 1981-2013 and entire period 1901-2013. The relationship between DJF and MAM season SSTs over Arabian Sea and ISMR shows positive relationship, but inverse relationship is observed during JJAS season, SSTs over Bay of Bengal positively correlated with ISMR during DJF season, except one sub period (1901-1930). SSTs over South equatorial Indian Ocean (SEIO) shows positive relationship during DJF season, except two sub periods (i.e) (1911-1940 and 1921-1950). In MAM season, half of the sub periods are identified as positive and half negatively correlated with the JJAS rainfall. First five sub periods show negative correlations between DJF SSTs over Nino-3 region and ISMR, and remaining are showing positive relationship, but none of the sub periods has significant relationship with JJAS rainfall. However, remaining all season’s viz. MAM, JJAS, ON and annual SSTs are negatively significantly correlated, out of three seasons ON season negatively significantly correlated (-0.70) with ISMR. In addition, annual and seasonal temperature series have been examined by using trend estimation technique for regional and global SSTs. In this study, few of the notable changes is reduction of summer monsoon rainfall over Indian subcontinent due to accelerated warming over SEIO; and Nino-3 region clearly indicating that El-Nino effect on Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Keywords: SST’s, Warming trends, Cooling trends, Summer monsoon

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F18 RECONSTRUCTION OF INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON VARIABILITY DURING 45000 TO 5500 YEARS BP USING A COMPOSITE RECORD FROM NORTHEASTERN, INDIA Sonu Jaglan1, 6,, Anil K. Gupta2, Som Dutt3, Hai Cheng4, 5 & Steven C. Clemens6 1 Govt. P. G. College Narnaul, Mahendragarh, India 2 Indian Institute of technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India 3 Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, India 4 University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA 5 Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China 6 Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA 6 Kumaun University, Nainital, India email: [email protected] Projecting Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) variability in future and forecasting its regional impacts depend on our understanding of the behaviour of the ISM through its past and its connections with another climatic component of the earth. Here we present a 230Th- dated composite stable isotope record encompassing 45000 and 5500 years BP using speleothems recovered from the Mamwluh cave, northeastern India. We have tried to understand the relation between the ISM, northern hemisphere temperature, East Asian monsoon and North Atlantic climatic anomaly from millennial to orbital scales. Our record suggests weak monsoon intervals during the Henrich events strengthening the North Atlantic Ocean cooling-weak ISM relationship. The weakest ISM conditions occurred during the Henrich event 1 (H1) and 4 (H4). The millennial-scale interstadial Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillation events are represented as intervals of strong summer monsoon conditions in our record, showing a saw-tooth pattern of ISM variability between 45000 and 5000 yrs BP. These findings are consistent with other paleoclimatic records and support the earlier observations that high latitude climate plays an active role in Indian summer monsoon variations as well as global hydrological cycle. Keywords: Indian summer monsoon, Heinrich events, Mamwluh cave, Speleothem, North East India 

 

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Extreme Weather Events

G01 STUDY OF OBSERVED TEMPERATURE DATASETS OVER IGP, INDIA: DECADAL TO INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY AND TRENDS ANALYSIS OF COLD WAVE EVENTS 1

Priyanshu Gupta1, Sunita Verma1, Rajeev Bhatala2 & Swagata Payra3 Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 Department of Geophysics, BHU, Uttar Pradesh, India 3 Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Rajasthan, India email: [email protected]

A changing climate leads to changes in the frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration and timing of extreme weather and climate events. According to Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) during cold wave (CW) conditions a rapid fall in temperature within 24 hours to a level occur which requires substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce and social activities.A cold wave is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by marked cooling of the air, or with the invasion of very cold air, over a large area. In the present study, cold wave frequencies and mean minimum temperature trends have been analyzed during the winter season for selected stations of Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in India. For the analysis, the temperature datasets of three decades period from year 1984 to year 2013 has been taken from IMD. The long term minimum temperature data over IGP has been categorised representing seven subdivisions for three decades i.e. 1984-1993 as D1, 1994 to 2003 as D2 and 2004-2013 as D3, respectively.The conventional and robust statistics has been used to evaluate the trend of winter minimum temperature datasets and frequency of cold wave events for chosen stations over IGP, India. The data is further analysed with descriptive statistics by standardizing and finding departure from mean minimum temperature during entire winter season data for all selected stations over the IGP region. The statistics results reveal that winter minimum temperature increase during these 30 years period. These temperature trends variations can be linked to various factors. Variations in temperature can be related to Western Disturbance which causes winter precipitation. It may be due to growing urbanization, Industrialization; aerosol loading this depends on aerosol properties, location and concentration. The results of present research work can help in assessment of climate extremes resulting from natural climate variability. Keywords: Extreme temperature, Cold wave, Frequency, Decadal variation

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G02 FLOOD AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSPORTATION: A CASE STUDY IN JORHAT DISTRICT OF ASSAM Parash Kumar Rajak1 & Neha Boruah2 1 Jagannath Barooah College Jorhat, Assam, India 2 Arunachal University of Studies Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh, India email: [email protected] & [email protected] In the economic development of an area, the transport network plays a very important role which can be seen everywhere. Assam is a state that lies in the northeastern region of India which is locked by mountains by the three sides and the river Brahmaputra flows from east to west through the state by dissecting the state into two. The Jorhat district is a city lies in the upper Assam region of the state having both the mountains and river lying opposite to one another. It has numerous rivers, streams passing through the district which carries a huge amount of water from the mountains. During, rainy seasons these river flows beyond their limits and creates floods in some areas which have major importance to the city, as they are serving the main transport network of the district. During that time, the entire city and its periphery suffers from scarcity of goods and services and the city as well as the state have a huge loss of life and property and a great fluctuation in the pricing index of goods have also been seen. Because of excessive water the river Brahmaputra also breaks its embankment in some areas and the roads that has been built over the embankments been completely disappears. Inland transport system been completely disrupted due the rise in water level. For this study both the primary and secondary data has been used. Secondary data has been collected from newspaper, books, journals, census reports, etc. Collected data has been analyzed using diagrams with the help of various tables prepared by the researcher. Keywords: Transportation, Embankment, Dissect

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G03 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT WAVE AND SEVERE HEAT WAVE EVENTS OVER INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN Saumya Singh, Nidhi Singh & R. K. Mall DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU, Varanasi, India email: [email protected] & [email protected] Heat extremes are observed as Heat Waves (HW) and Severe Heat Waves (SHW) during pre-monsoon and early summer monsoon season during March-July over India. Studies suggest a marked change in the characteristics of heat waves and severe heat waves in recent decades observing an increasing trend in the intensity, frequency and duration of their occurrences. The intensification of HW and SHW pose a severe threat to human health particularly the vulnerable section of the society. Indo-Gangetic plain, the fertile landmass with intensive agricultural production is inhabited by dense population largely involved in agricultural activities which makes them prone to heat extremes. The study analyses spatiotemporal variations of HW and SHW events on a monthly, decadal, seasonal basis over the Indo-Gangetic plain. Heat Wave and Severe heat wave events have been studied for pre-monsoon and early summer monsoon season from March to July during 1951-2016. The study uses daily gridded maximum temperature data at a resolution of 0.5˚ x 0.5˚ obtained from India Meteorological Department (IMD). HW and SHW events were identified using revised criteria given by IMD. The decadal and seasonal variations in the frequency of HW and SHW events show a significantly increasing trend over the north-western region of the Indo-Gangetic plain while the north eastern region observed a significant decrease in frequency of HW events and a nonsignificant decrease in SHW events. Frequent occurrences of heat extremes over the region increase the risk of heat induced morbidity and mortality suggesting the need of adequate mitigation and adaptation measures along with a functional heat action plan based on vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the region. Keywords: Extreme weather events, Heat waves, Severe heat waves, Spatio-temporal analysis, Indo- Gangetic plain

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G04 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RAINFALL PATTERNS AND LARGE SCALE FLOODS IN INDIA Gorja Mohan Murali Krishna Department of Meteorology & Oceanography, Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India email: [email protected] In the global warming era, weather extremes are significant in repeated occurrence of sustained wet and dry spells and they varies over spatial and temporal scales. The present study shows the enormity and frequency of extreme rainfall events in various parts of India by using a daily observed rainfall data from India Meteorological Department (IMD) at 0.25° for the period 1901-2016. The intensification of wet spells frequently causes large scale flooding in India (Mumbai 2005; Chennai 2015; Assam 2016) that endangers life on the earth and makes loss of infrastructure. The study notions a correspondence of rise in Indian Ocean SST and atmospheric moisture content under warming climate have amplified the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events in India during the last few decades. Keywords: Global warming, Convective instability, Indian ocean SST

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G05 ROLE OF METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN INDIA AND EXTENDED RANGE PREDICTION Raju Mandal1, A. K. Sahai1, Susmitha Joseph1, Somenath Dutta2, Rajib Chattopadhyay1, Avijit Dey1, R. Phani1 & Shubhayu Saha3 1 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India 2 India Meteorological Department, Pune, India 3 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA email: [email protected] Climatic factors (e.g. temperature, precipitation, humidity etc.) can have direct or indirect impacts on human health through changes in ecological conditions which can affect vector ecology and the appearance of various infectious diseases. So, better monitoring and long-term planning for health systems are required with the help of an early disease warning system. For this purpose, the extended range forecasts (2-3 weeks lead time) will be very helpful to reduce health impacts through the development of such disease warning systems. This study has tried to explore how these meteorological products could explain some of the variation in the incidence of infectious diseases like malaria (MAL) and acute diarrheal diseases (ADD), and how the findings from the analysis can be utilized by the health sector to prepare and respond better to manage these disease outbreaks. An approach has been made to build up suitable relationships between these diseases and the meteorological parameters from the weather monitoring stations for two districts (Pune and Nagpur) in the state of Maharashtra, India. A suite of weather metrics have been constructed using the standard meteorological factors based on Self-Organizing Map (SOM) technique. Two separate SOM classifications (each for ADD and MAL) have been done for each district using those climate variables (standardized and weekly) as input to SOM for the period 2012 to 2016 (with some missing data). The Extended Range Prediction (ERP) system (based on Climate Forecast System version 2) of Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology is skilful up to 3 weeks lead in predicting rainfall/temperatures during the relevant seasons and hence can be used for operational purposes. So, after developing the suitable relationship between weather and climatic factors and those infectious diseases, an attempt is made for the real time monitoring and prediction of such conditions with a lead time of 2-3 weeks. A deterministic as well as probabilistic forecast approach (% probability of Below Normal, Near Normal, Above Normal and Extreme occurrences) of infectious diseases in sufficient lead time is taken up. The SOM clustering technique and the design of the prediction system and strategy adopted for ERP of such infectious disease outbreaks will be discussed in details. Skill of the prediction system will be shown. Some of the important events of occurrence of MAL and ADD will also be highlighted. Keywords: Extreme weather events, Infectious diseases, Self organizing map, Multi-model nsemble, Extended range prediction

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G06 TRENDS AND SHIFTS IN THE TIMING OF FLOOD PEAKS ACROSS MAHANADI RIVER BASIN, INDIA Nandamuri Yamini Rama, Poulomi Ganguli & Chandranath Chatterjee Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] This study investigates the spatial trends, and the shifts in the timings of floods over the past four decades using observational hydrometric stations across the Mahanadi River Basin (MRB), India. Historical monsoonal maxima peak discharge (MMPD) events and peak over threshold (POT) events at 24 gauge stations with at least 70% data availability during monsoon months (June to September) with a minimum of 10 years of record availability, over the basin are used to investigate monotonic trends and timing of extreme floods between 1971 and 2016. Two non-parametric tests, Mann-Kendall and Pettitt test, are performed to detect the monotonic trends in flood peaks, and abrupt changes in the peak discharge time series respectively. Circular statistics are used to explore the nature of flood regimes based on changes in timings and regularity of peak discharges. The findings of the study inform resilient flood management strategies at densely urbanized and semi-urbanized watersheds across MRB in a changing climate. Keywords: Mahanadi river basin, Floods, Trend analysis, Change points, Circular statistics

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G07

SEASONAL CLIMATOLOGY AND VARIABILITY OF ATMOSPHERIC RIVERS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEAVY PRECIPITATION OVER THE INDIAN COASTAL REGIONS D. Dhana Lakshmi & A. N. V. Satyanarayana Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] The Indian coastal regions are encountered frequently by extreme weather events such as heavy precipitation. In the present study, we have made an assessment on the relationship between atmospheric rivers and heavy precipitation events in the Indian coastal regions. The climatological relationship between the daily precipitation from the India Meteorological gridded (0.250 X 0.250) datasets over east coast and west coast regions of India and the occurrence of atmospheric rivers (obtained from four different reanalyses datasets) are analysed over different seasons for the period spanning 1980-2015. It is found that the influence of atmospheric rivers in the occurrence of very heavy precipitation is noticed to be higher over the west coast compared to east coast of India. Over the west coast the association between very heavy precipitation with atmospheric rives is above 50% (for rainfall events > 125 mm day-1) than east coast by ~30%. The occurrence of atmospheric rivers on heavy precipitation for the events (64-125 mm day-1) is higher over east coast by 29% compared to 24% over west coast. While for the events (< 64 mm day-1), the percentage of occurrence is more over east coast (28%) compared to west coast (~10%). The study has advocated that the presence of atmospheric rivers is in good correlation with the occurrence of heavy precipitation.

Keywords: Indian coastal regions, Heavy precipitation, Atmospheric rivers, Seasonal variation

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G08 SYNOPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT WAVES AS SIMULATED BY REGCM-4.6 MODEL OVER INDIAN SUBCONTINENT DURING SUMMER SEASON Soma Dutta & R. K. Mall DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change and Research Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU Varanasi, India email: [email protected] Heat-waves become a severe problem in India as increasing rate of heat wave become a threat to human health and mortality. Heat-wave is a period of several days to week’s high temperature and hot weather over a region. Extreme heat events are also responsible for death each year as against any other extreme weather events like cyclones, thunderstorms, lightning, earthquakes and floods in unison. Climate change has created heat-wave conditions more frequent and intense. The purpose of this paper is to assess the capability of ICTP Regional Climate Model version 4.6 (RegCM4.6) in simulation of heat-wave events and its associated synoptic-scale characteristics during summer season (March-May) of India. Three numerical experiments are conducted with 50 Km horizontal resolutions for three consecutive years of 2013, 2014 and 2015. Some important features like low level westerly wind, upper level easterly jet, heat low, temperature anomaly and precipitations are analyzed and compared with Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) data and National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. It is found that the temporal variation of maximum temperature is well predicted by the model. Model simulated heat low was situated over northwest India and Pakistan in all three years which is also seen in observed spatial distribution of maximum temperature of IMD data. The statistical analysis indicates that maximum temperature and rainfall are well reproduced by the model. So RegCM4.6 showed generally sufficient performance in capturing the main characteristics of the Heat-waves in summer season of India. Keywords: Heat-Wave, RegCM4.6, Synoptic characteristics, Indian summer season

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G09

  RS-GIS BASED ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD HAZARD IN WEST BENGAL: CASE STUDIES OF TWO MAJOR FLOOD EVENTS IN 2000 AND 2013 Sayantan Das1, Sunando Bandyopadhyay2 & Nabendu Sekhar Kar3 1 Department of Geography, Dum Dum Motijheel College, Kolkata, India 2 Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India 3 Department of Geography, Shahid Matangini Hazra Government College for Women, Purba Medinipur, India email: [email protected] Flood is a common climate-related disaster in West Bengal. About 42% of the state’s 87,852 km2 area is highly susceptible to it. The topography of the deltaic drainage basins of West Bengal are characterised by natural levee systems and earthen embankments alongside the rivers (highs) and numerous palaeochannels and wetlands (lows). These levees act as barriers and prevent the floodwater to get back into the main channel. Most rivers in this region—in their present condition—are unable to contain the monsoon discharge within their banks, thereby making the catchment areas susceptible to the floods frequently. In many areas, due to channel siltation, the river beds are raised higher than the surroundings, thus causing stagnation of floodwater till it is percolated down or finds its way through some abandoned channel(s). The 2000 southern West Bengal floods—occurred in the months of September and October due to a tropical storm in the Gangetic West Bengal and Jharkhand—inundated vast areas of Murshidabad, Nadia and North 24 Parganas districts (the upper Ganga delta). It was the worst flood in the living memory for the inhabitants of this area. Similarly, the 2013 southcentral West Bengal floods took place in October because of the tropical storm Phailin in the upper catchment of the Kangsabati–Shilabati Basin in Paschim Medinipur and Howrah districts (the plateau-fringe palaeodeltas). In this study, Standard False Color Composites (Landsat TM, ETM+, OLI and IRS L3, L4) were used to compare the pre-, syn-, and post-flood scenarios. Digital Elevation Models (DEM) were collated with the syn-event satellite images to relate the areas’ topography with the inundation levels. The flow-lines were generated by using the DEMs to find out the hydraulic routing during the floods. Besides, discharge and gauge height data of selected rivers were also collated with the image database. The 2000 floods inundated about 46% (3630 km2) of the Upper Ganga delta. Following the regional slope, the floodwater moved across the Jalangi, Mathabhanga–Churni and Ichhamati River courses to flow southeastward into the Jessore district in Bangladesh. The floodwater routes indicated that the palaeocourses present in the Bhagirathi–Jalangi and Jalangi–Churni interfluves carried the floodwater along the regional slope. The elevation of the floodwater route ranged between 17 m in the Bhagirathi–Jalangi interfluve (North) and 7 m in the Churni–Ichhamati interfluve (South). 130   

Between 13 and 25 October, the 2013 post-Phailin flood inundated about 327 km2 area. Widespread inundation occurred on the left bank of the Shilabati River, where the nowabandoned circuit embankments were located. Standing at least 4 m higher than the surroundings, the Chetua Circuit embankment protected a major part of the Ghatal town and surrounding areas from being waterlogged. Here, the flow-lines align across the Shilabati and Dwarkeshwar courses at a number of places, denoting the approach of the floodwater toward these river valleys. As the floodwater slowly drained into the tidal Rupnarayan, month-long stagnation of water occurred at a few places. Moreover, flood tides routinely reversed the flow through the Rupnarayan towards upstream, causing the inundation to remain for longer duration. Any significant alterations in the features associated with the floodplain morphology are not noticeable from the area after the floods. So, it can be concluded that even a high intensity flood event is not enough for bringing long-term changes in the fluvial morphology of these areas. The present landforms are relatively stable, and might be the outcomes of relatively slower and less devastating fluvial processes. Keywords: Flood, Delta, Phailin, Interfluve, Embankment

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G10 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT OVER CENTRAL REGION OF INDIA Arnab Kundu1, R. K. Mall1, D. M. Denis2 & N. R. Patel3 1 DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh 2 Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India 3 Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (ISRO), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India email: [email protected] Climate variability and change are strongly associated with the water and energy cycle and related extremes, such as drought. Drought has been considered as a slow-moving natural hazard mainly occurs owing to below normal rainfall in a province or state. Droughts are classified into meteorological, agricultural, hydrological and socio-economic categories. In this study, hydro-meteorological drought was assessed with respect to climate change over the central part of India, which economy is entirely dependent on agriculture. Now a day, satellite technology is much admired tool to monitor and evaluate the drought scenario over a region or place. Thus, remote sensing techniques and meteorological indices i.e. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) and Standardized Water-Level Index (SWI) were chosen to accomplish this study. Besides, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Climate Hazards Group Infra-Red Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) based daily rainfall datasets were integrated with groundwater level from 1998 to 2015. The groundwater data was used to validate long-term hydrological drought situation in comparison with meteorological drought indices which revealed a positive agreement with each other. Consequently, the spatio-temporal disparity of drought was investigated and found that every drought events has its own characteristics in terms of its areal extent, its progression, withdrawal and severity over the region. In addition, study can be conveying smart information to the decision makers for mitigating drought and may guide policymakers to minimize the negative impacts of future climate change that could have consequences on agriculture, water resources and economy. Keywords: Climate change, Hydro-meteorological drought, CHIRPS, TRMM, SPI, RAI, SWI

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G11 DEVELOPMENT OF FLOOD INUNDATION MAP USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES Satarupa Mitra1, 2, Enosh Dara2, N. Aishwarya1 & H. A. Bharath1 1 Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India 2 Symbiosis Institute of Geoinformatics, Pune, Maharashtra, India email: [email protected] & [email protected] Flood is the overflow of water over any land that is otherwise dry, and the submerging of that land under water is flooding. Floods can occur due to natural causes and man-made causes. Floods are devastating for human lives and property, especially in case of flash floods. With the advancement of Geographical Information Systems and all its associated tools and techniques, it is possible to come up with solutions for coping with various disasters. One such solution and decision-support system is Flood Inundation Mapping. It is the method of mapping and assessment of the extent of the area which could be affected by the overflowing of a nearby waterbody. With the help of such a map, it could be possible to access how much devastation may occur in the surrounding areas, necessary precautions can be taken, and immediate necessary actions can be made. This study was conducted to analyse flood vulnerability of an area surrounding a river system, using HEC-GeoRAS- Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System to access flood impact assessment of the surrounding area and formulate an emergency response plan for the area. The results indicate HEC-GEORAS can easily model and flood prediction can be performed that can help to mitigate the hazardous situation and considering preparedness actions using mitigation techniques that could possibly save both natural resources and human lives at risk. Keywords: Flood inundation, HEC-GEORAS, GIS, Flood mapping

 

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G12 ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IMPACTS IN SAHYADRI: A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF NUTRIENT LEVELS DURING THE PRE AND POST FLOOD TIMES IN PERIYAR RIVER BASIN, SOUTHERN WESTERN GHATS, INDIA S. K. Aditya, A. Krishnakumar, Jeenu Jose & K. Anoop Krishnan National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS) Ministry of Earth Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India email: [email protected] The human imprint on the global environment has now become so large and active that it rivals some of the great forces of nature and its impact on the functioning of the Earth system. Over the past several decades, the intensity of extreme weather events and natural disasters has increased in frequency. The '2018 Kerala Flood,' witnessed an unprecedented monsoon rainfall,from June to August 2018,recording 36% excess rainfall than normal levels, leading to widespread floods, landslides events, destruction of property and infrastructure.Sporadic events of intense rainfall in the catchments of Western Ghats caused reservoirs to reach Full Reservoir Level resulting in the release of excess waters through flood gates. The release of excess water caused the unprecedented floods in some of the Western Ghats river basins. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the pre and post flood nutrient hydrochemistry of Periyar river which witnessed worst flooding in 100 years due to the global change phenomenon. Nutrients namely NO2, NO3, PO4, SiO4 and NH3from 85 locations each, during August (pre-flood) and October (post- flood)of 2018 were evaluated. The analysis revealed that Ammonia showed an increase from 14.50 µg/L to 87.17 µg/L in the post-flood time which may be the result of putrefaction as a consequence of flooding. Similarly the Nitrate and Nitrite content also exhibited an increasing trend (956.76µg/L to 999.46µg/L and 3.92µg/L to 6.9 µg/L respectively) due to flooded sewers, fertilizers and other agricultural runoff together with the anoxic conditions prevalent in the system. Phosphates (36.22µg/L to 10.74µg/L) and Silicates (2.98µg/L to1.25µg/L) showed a decrease after flooding. Since the water from Periyar River is used for the domestic needs,the quality of water assessed with respect to WHO and IS 10500 drinking standards. It was observed that the evaluated nutrients were within the standard limits. The higher values of Fecal Coliform counts (2200 CFU/ml) noted in post-flood time when compared to pre-flood (80CFU/ml) indicating the increased microbiological contamination in the river after the floods. Keywords: Global change impacts, Nutrient analysis, Western Ghats, Periyar river basin

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G13 LONG TERM CLIMATIC CHANGE IMPACT ON DROUGHT OCCURRENCES EFFECT IN PART OF KOEL BASIN, JHARKHAND (INDIA) USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY Stuti & Arvind Chandra Pandey Department of Land Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Jharkhand, India email: [email protected] & [email protected] Drought is a creeping natural disaster with long lasting effects on ecology as well as economy. The present study demonstrates geoinformatics-based assessment of drought analysis in part of Koel river basin of Jharkhand state, located between 83°91’E and 86°12’E longitude and between 22°48’N and 24°41’N latitude. Remote sensing technologies are widely used for drought analysis. Long term climatic data as rainfall data from 2000 to 2017 of kharif season was used as metrological parameter where as depth to water level data from 2000 to 2017 was used as hydrological parameter and NDVI MODIS data of same time period was used for agricultural parameter. Long term fluctuation in rainfall and depth of water level was assessed using least square statistical method and spatially interpolated using interpolation technique in GIS platform. Satellite based indices viz Vegetation condition Index was calculated. Weighted overlay technique has been used for cumulative drought analysis in the study area. Rainfall fluctuation varying from 26mm to 90 mm results in reduction of rainfall over last seventeen years. Fluctuation in depth of water level from 0.40 to 7.41 m/bgl during kharif season. VCI values ranges between 14 to 78 in with major areas shows lower values i.e 40-14 reflects poor vegetation condition in the study area. Major parts of study area is affected by Drought. North East, North West and South Western region of study area mainly affected by drought as these areas shows high fluctuation rate in rainfall, depth of water level and vegetation condition as well. These areas need proper planning and management to overcome the expected drought condition in upcoming years. Keywords: Climate change, Drought, Agricultural, Hydrological, Metrological, Geospatial technique

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G14 UNDERSTANDING THE AEROSOL VARIABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH EXTREME RAINFALL EVENTS OVER FOOTHILLS OF HIMALAYAN REGION Goutam Choudhury1, Bhishma Tyagi1, Jyotsna Singh2 & Rajesh Kumar Sahu1 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India 2 Shanti Raj Bhawan, Paramhans Nagar, Kandwa, Varanasi, India email: [email protected]

1

Aerosols, by its direct and indirect effect, are associated with either invigoration or suppression of extreme convective events. Such impacts are sensitive to the geographic location and ambient atmospheric conditions. Recent works have shown the ability of aerosols through its direct impact to support the dynamic instability leading to extreme events over orographic regions downwind of highly polluted urban areas. To identify the relationship between aerosol variability with extreme rainfall events, we have utilised aerosol optical depth (from MODIS Terra), daily precipitation (from TRMM) and ERA-INTERIM reanalysis data products over the chosen domain in the foothills of the Himalayan region for the period of 2001 to 2017. We have analysed the convective available potential energy, moist static energy along with other parameters to get a clear representation of physical and dynamical changes associated with these extreme rainfall events. The results show observational evidence to the aerosol-induced convective instability for the occurrence of extreme precipitation events. Keywords: Aerosols, Moist static energy, Extreme precipitation events, Climate change

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G15 ACCESSING THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY IN DRYLAND FARMING Sathya Uma Lakshmi1, Piyush Kumar Singh2 & Dillip Kumar Swain1 1 Department of Agricultural & Food Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, India 2 Rural Development Centre, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] The climate has changed significantly in recent decades and is predominantly humanmade activities and affects living beings in many ways. However, it is challenging to reduce these activities as the population and its cupidity increasing across the world. Hence, it is crucial to persuade society towards climate change and its adaptation to prevent form climate variability. Dryland farming is highly affected with climate variability as it's coefficient of variation with climate change is high. The climate change impact can assess by examining vulnerability index of the community in the climate changing scenario. The aim of this study is to examine the climate change vulnerability in one of the most dryland region i.e. Southern Tamilnadu of India. We used model 1and model 2 to measure the vulnerability level of the community by taking the aggregate measures and individual analyses of vulnerability indicators and its factors and perform Principal Component Regression (PCR) to analyse the factor affecting the climate change vulnerability among dryland farmers. The vulnerability index value for model 1 and 2 were 0.3 and -0.0128 respectively. The results from both model shows that the community is moderately vulnerable because of its high adaptive capacity. PCR results showed that the crop diversity index and the dependency ratio influenced the vulnerability level of the community significantly. The study suggested the appropriate technique to measure community’s vulnerability and adaptation strategy at sub district level and will be suitable for climate change policy planning and implementation at ground level.                          

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G16 GPM BASED RAINFALL-RUNOFF ESTIMATION FOR A UNIT STORM PERIOD AND BRIGHT BAND DETECTION OVER KOSI RIVER BASIN Akash Anand1, 2, Ramandeep Kaur M. Malhi1, Prashant Kumar Srivastava1, Kanhaiya Lal2 & Prem Chandra Pandey3 1 Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India 2 Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India 3 Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, UP, India email: [email protected] The present study deals with an approach to estimate the total runoff for a unit storm period using rainfall data provided by Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) with a spatial resolution of 0.1 degree. Unit storm period of one day is taken into consideration followed by 48 half hourly precipitation datasets. The accuracy of GPM based global precipitation datasets when tested with the IMD gridded dataset gave R2 of 0.3956 which is quite good as compared to other precipitation products like TRMM, POWER NASA etc. In present study, Soil Conservation Service -Curve Number (SCS-CN) based runoff is calculated for every half an hour precipitation data and a unit hydrograph is generated for each observation. Further, the unit hydrographs are combined to generate a compound hydrograph showing the total direct runoff for the particular unit storm within the Kosi River Basin. It showed a peak value of 81.71 m3/s for a unit storm having a cumulative rainfall of 28.78 mm. Moreover, the total rain is classified into three major classes viz. convective, stratiform and transitive using the Dual Frequency classification module and the bright band is plotted to see the vertical height of the storm using the Highly Sensitive Dual Precipitation Radar (DPR) band of GPM. For the unit storm, it is estimated that the bright band height is varying between 4200 m to 4500 m from the ground. The study revealed the potential of high temporal precipitation data in monitoring the frequent rainfall runoff even for the unit storms periods. Results also highlighted the capability of DPR in providing a multi-dimensional profiling of rain types with an integration of bright band height. The approach used in the present study can widely be used to monitor the near real time rainfall runoff of any region or river basin that can be helpful for the decision makers and researchers to take necessary decisions whenever required. Keywords: Global precipitation measurement, SCS-CN, Runoff, Bright band, Dual precipitation radar

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G17

STUDY OF VANDIYUR TANK CASCADE SYSTEM IN MADURAI: EXPLORING LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE, RAINFALL AND GROUNDWATER Aman Srivastava & Pennan Chinnasamy Department of Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas, IIT Bombay email: [email protected] & [email protected] Most arid and semiarid regions of southern Indian peninsula experience frequent drought. To combat this, historically, many water recharge structures have been constructed. The Vandiyur Tank Cascade System (VTCS) in Madurai is one such structure located in Tamil Nadu. These tanks also increase natural recharge to groundwater and delay surface runoff. However, in recent years, the performance of these tanks is limited due to impacts of external factors that are not scientifically estimated. This study, for the first time, aimed to document these impacts and challenges faced, using field surveys and preliminary data analysis. During the field survey, it was found that the availability of water in the tanks across the seasons is uncertain and mostly dependent on rain, and hence historic rainfall analysis was done. Results indicated that the annual percentage departure in rainfall was found deficient for 11 years between 2002 to 2017. This was also reflected in the reduction in surface water storage leading to a gradual shift from surface water civilization to groundwater civilization in the Madurai. There was an increase in the number of bore wells and tube wells in the vicinity of the tanks, particularly in the vibrant-urban areas resulting in the over-exploitation of the groundwater resources. The depth of tube well and bore well to extract this groundwater resources was found increasing at an alarming rate from 8 meter on an average in 1990s to 60 meter in 2007 to further 200 meter in 2017-18. Using areal imagery, a rapid increase in urban area, up to 300%, was estimated between 2002 and 2018 in periurban and urban Madurai. Field survey and groundwater data also indicated that, in the past 15 years, approximately 60% of the groundwater levels have gone from safe to critical status (i.e. extraction rate above natural recharge rate), leading to unsustainable groundwater levels. As a result of erratic rainfall patterns and increased urbanization, the discharge into the VTCS decreased, which lead to a decrease in the natural recharge of groundwater in the areas adjoining the tanks. In this research, a combination of remote sensing data, observed data and survey data was used to estimate the overall importance of tanks and create awareness on how the tanks are connected with the changing climate patterns and anthropogenic activities, which can limit the efficiency of water tanks.   Keywords: Tank cascade system, Climate change, Remote sensing, Land use/land cover, rainfall, Groundwater, Wells, Water harvesting, Geographical information system, Google earth pro, Sustainability  

 

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G18 ASSESSING IMPACT OF LAND USE/LAND COVER (LU/LC) ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY AROUND COAL MINING REGION USING WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI) AND GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES Akshay Kumar, Alok Bhushan Mukherjee & Akhouri Pramod Krishna Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Technology, Jharkhand, India email: [email protected] Groundwater is the most vital element for the human being. Both its quantity along with quality is equally important. Land use/land cover (LU/LC) change has a significant influence on the quality of groundwater in the area. The present investigation was conducted to determine groundwater quality through the water quality index (WQI) and its relationship with LU/LC using geographic information system (GIS) in the coalmining region of Ramgarh and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand, India. Specimens of groundwater were collected during pre and post-monsoon seasons from multiple sampling sites and analyzed for physicochemical parameters along with five heavy metals such as As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb in which except Fe and Mn rest of the element were in below detection level (BDL). These parameters are analyzed and results compared with standard guideline recommended by the world health organization (WHO) and Indian standards for drinking and public health. Spatial distribution maps of water quality parameters were generated using inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation technique in a GIS environment. The present study reveals that a major productive South Karanpura coalfield, a significant number of coal-based industries (Power plant, Steel Plant, Sponge Iron, etc.) and a most substantial portion of agricultural fields having a severe impact on quality of groundwater. Keywords: Land use/land cover (LU/LC), Groundwater, Water quality index (WQI), Coal mining, GIS  

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Biodiversity, Vegetation, Fishery, and Marine and Land Resources

H01 ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF MANGROVE BIOMASS IN REDUCING COASTAL VULNERABILITY DUE TO WAVE ACTION IN THE ESTUARIES OF SUNDARBANS Mourani Sinha1, Sufia Zaman2 & Abhijit Mitra3 Department of Mathematics, Techno India University, West Bengal, Kolkata, India 2 Department of Oceanography, Techno India University, West Bengal, Kolkata, India 3 Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India email: [email protected] 1

Indian Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (SBR) with an area of 9630 sq km is a mangrove dominated World Heritage Site at the apex of Bay of Bengal. The area experiences a sea level rise of 3.14 mm/year, whose vulnerability is considerably reduced by the distribution and biomass of mangroves. Salinity plays a crucial role in regulating the mangrove characteristics. The present paper aims to throw light on the role of dominant mangroves in reducing wave related vulnerabilities along two major estuaries of Indian Sundarbans (Hooghly estuary and Matla estuary) with significantly contrasting salinities (average salinity in Hooghly estuary is around 15 psu, whereas in Matla estuary the average salinity is 22 psu). The diversity and growth of mangrove along the Hooghly estuarine complex is relatively higher compared to the mangrove thriving along the mudflats of Matla estuary. In this study we used the SWAN model with vegetation and mud input to calculate the wave attenuation along the selected estuaries of Indian Sundarbans. The SWAN model has been run with the real time data collected from the mudflats along the two estuaries during November 2018. Our first order analysis reveals the significance of dominant mangroves in the domain of wave attenuation although the distribution of mangroves is extremely salinity specific. Keywords: Wave attenuation, Salinity, Mangroves, Sundarbans, Bay of Bengal

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H02 LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR BETTER AGRICULTURAL CROP SELECTION USING GIS-AHP TECHNIQUE IN WEST BENGAL Chiranjit Singha & Kishore C. Swain Department of Agricultural Engineering, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] The land-use suitability evaluation leading to fine-tuning of crop selections and rotations are very important in optimising the land and labour productivities enhancing higher cropping intensities, producing better crop yield. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique coupled with GIS software environment can be an unique tool for better land suitability studies. The GIS-AHP technique is used in land suitability study of crop rotation decision for Rice/jute (Kharif) and potato/lentil (Rabi) crop in Hooghly District, West Bengal, India. The cropping area was selected through remote sensing LANDSAT8 based NDVI analysis (agricultural area >0.2 NDVI value) for an area covering nearly 300ha. The study area has been classified based on soil nutrient level with randomly selected seventy plot based soil sample analysis with selected parameters. The pairwise comparison matrix based ranking was carried out considering the importance of each parameter for selected crop in the region. The total area, being under major rice potato belt, could be classified from the suitability view point to ‘highly suitable’ (S1) class occupying 29.2%, ‘and ‘not suitable’ (N) class 4.5% for rice, about 6.5% of land is ‘highly suitable’ (S1), ‘and nearly 2.1% area is ‘not suitable’ (N) for jute, 21.3% area under in ‘highly suitable' (S1) and nearly 0.1 % is existed as in case of area under ‘not suitable’ class (N) for potato and ‘highly suitable’ class occupying 12.4%, ‘and ‘not suitable’ class 3.0% for lentil. The GIS-AHP technique should used for crop rotation analysis for multiple seasons for better agricultural crop selection in long run. Using the application, jute crop was recommended for the area unsuitable for rice crop but classified as suitable for the jute crop in Kharif season. Similarly, area unsuitable for potato crop but classified as suitable for lentil crop were recommended for continue growing lentil in Rabi season. Keywords: GIS, AHP, Land suitability, Rice crop, Crop rotation                   142   

H03 OVERSTORY SPECIES REGULATION OF UNDERSTORY TREE PHYSIOLOGY AND MICROCLIMATE: A CASE STUDY AMONG FOUR LIFE FORMS IN THREE CONTRASTING TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FOREST ASSOCIATIONS OF TERAI REGION IN NORTHERN INDIA 1

Nayan Sahu1, Soumit K Behera2 & Pragya Singh1 Department of Botany, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India 2 CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India. email: [email protected]

The understory is imperative to tropical forest ecosystems and reflects a high stress environment where vital resources that plants need are often in short supply. Understory lacks much needed detail physiological data for the development of site and species-specific predictive carbon budgeting models of understory vegetation response to change in forest types and management strategies. Exhaustive leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, microclimate, leaf water relations, leaf area index (LAI) and Phytosociological attributes were quantified across three contrasting forest association (FA): Dry mixed (DM), Teak forest, and Sal mixed (SM) in tropical moist deciduous forest of terai region for investigating role of overstory tree association in controlling microclimate and understory tree physiological performance. The variations were largely explored among five understory woody species (Mallotus philippensis, Tectona grandis, Shorea robusta, Clerodendrum viscosum and Tiliacora acuminata belonging to four life forms (understory tree, tree sapling, shrub and climber). Understory photosynthesis was closely coupled to seasonal microclimatic fluctuations. Maximum assimilation rates (15.45 μmol m-2s-1) were observed during summer season which decreased by nearly 90% during post monsoon season as PAR was very much reduced. Leaf transpiration to followed patterns similar to stomatal conductance and were maximum (8.61 mmolH2O m-2s-1) in summer season. Fluorescence values also followed a diurnal regime with typical bell shaped patterns observed with higher Fv’/Fm’ during morning and evening measurements. Dominant monoculture Teak FA showed higher diurnal photosynthetic rates (all the four life forms) owing to increased understory PAR (Photosynthetically active radiation) availability (due to applied silvicultural practices and uniform phenophases). Heterogeneous canopies (SM) provided extremely low PAR and sunfleck (availability) to understory vegetation thereby limiting assimilation rates as compared to Teak forest under ambient conditions. Dry mixed deciduous FA showed higher understory LAI values in contrast to other FA due to modified local competitive hierarchies, heterogeneous resource availability and utilization among species. Overall a complex interlinking was found between microclimatic variables, photosynthetic responses and species association. Polynomial quadratic regression functions applied to explore relationships, showed PAR and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) as major factors limiting understory leaf level photosynthesis. Addressed diurnal and spatial variability in microclimate, tree physiology along different species associations in different life forms will provide vital inputs for various dynamic global vegetation models in predicting and refining net ecosystem exchange at regional and global level.

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Keywords: Understory photosynthesis, Gas exchange, Plant functional types, Sunflecks, Leaf area index, Ecophysiology

H04 FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION DECISIONS: A MICRO-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF FARMERS IN THE BUNDELKHAND REGION, INDIA Surendra Singh ICAR-National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, PUSA, New Delhi, India email: [email protected] Research on agricultural adaptation has become matured overtime with the thoughtful recognition of human dimensions and human-environment systems. This study develops an understanding on the human dimension of adaptation with special reference to Indian agriculture. This study, assesses, farmers’ perception and adaptation responses based on micro level survey data of 200 systematically selected farm households and multi-criteria approach from two districts of Bundelkhand region, India. The study finds perceive and adapt the cognitive condition to be a main adaptation condition. Further, the study recognizes the importance of social relations for developing an understanding on climate information along with other hypothesized sources. The specific findings are; (i) changes in temperature and precipitation levels and drought are the climate extreme conditions which affects farmers the most, (ii) education is observed key indicator to tackle with climate variability at a household level, (iii) farmers belong to above poverty line (APL) have a higher adaptive capacity to change cropping pattern, early maturing varieties and improved irrigation facilities, (iv) farmers have information about climate have likely to more adaptive capacity than those don’t have the information, and (v) access to agriculture insurance leads to improved irrigation facility. The results provide useful guidelines for identifying region-specific adaptation strategies and enable policy intervention in strengthening other non-farm specific adaptation options, like crop insurance schemes and availability of non-climate sensitive job opportunities for migrant. The role of government needs to be escalated in providing appropriate and adequate climate information in the form of creating awareness, increasing faith on the reliability and accuracy of climate information services to the farmers. Keywords: Multi-criteria approach, Rainfed agriculture, Farmers responses and Local Adaptation

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 H05

 

  COMPARISON OF SURFACE REFLECTANCE AND VEGETATION INDICES BETWEEN SENTINEL-2 MSI AND LANDSAT-8 OLI 1

Debabrata Behera1, Santanu Ghosh2, S. Jayakumar1 & Pulakesh Das2 Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India 2 Dept. of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, Midanpore, West Bengal, India email: [email protected]

The latest Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager (MSI) sensor provides the spectral properties of the land surface features in the VNIR and SWIR range since the year 2015 with higher temporal, spectral, spatial and radiometric resolutions compared to the Landsat multispectral sensors, which providing data since 1970’s. Therefore, long term monitoring and change study with Senetinel-2 data also requires Landsat data and their appropriate integration. In this study, we have compared the surface reflectance, and vegetation indices such as NDVI and EVI obtained from MSI and OLI sensors for homogeneous land cover areas as cropland, dense forest, open forest fallow land, and grassland in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Two study sites were chosen as Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal state and Banki subdivision of Odisha state. Although, there were minor differences in the spectral ranges and response, spatial and radiometric resolution between OLI and MSI, high similarity in the surface reflectance was observed for all land cover types in each band except NIR band. In comparison to the spectral bands, higher inter-correlation was obtained for the vegetation indices (R2 ≥ 0.70) among the data from two sensors. With NDVI, highest correlation was obtained for cropland followed by grassland and dense forest in pre-monsoon; and grassland followed by open forest in post-monsoon. With EVI, the highest correlation was obtained for cropland followed by grassland, and dense forest in pre-monsoon; and cropland followed by grassland, dense forest in post-monsoon. The regression parameters (coefficient and intercept) were observed nearly similar in two study areas, validates the uniformity of the obtained parameters, which needs further comparison in more numbers of test sites. The proposed methodology and regression parameters for various bands and indices indicated the potency of use of the older Landsat data with latest Sentinel-2 data in creating smooth time series analysis. Keywords: Landsat 8, Sentinel-2, Regression, Data integration, Surface reflectance, Vegetation indices

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H06 ESTIMATION OF TREE DENSITY AND BIOMASS IN TROPICAL FOREST USING SENTINEL SAR DATA – A CASE STUDY AT JHARGRAM FOREST RANGE Sambhunath Roy1, Sujit M. Ghosh2 & Pulakesh Das2 Dept. of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, India 2 Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] 1

Forest biomass is accounted as the backbone in regulating the climate by sequestering atmospheric carbon. The destructive method for the biomass assessment is now updated to use of non-destructive methods. The allometric equations are developed by integrating the plant biomass obtained through destructive methods with the plant physical characteristics in ground as tree density, height and girth. These equations are now being used in rapid and temporal above ground biomass (AGB) assessment employing the remote sensing data. The microwave remote sensing are more preferred owing to its higher wavelength that enables backscatter from plant canopy and its structure, which is only limited to canopy cover reflectance in VNIR data. In this study, Sentinel-1 C band dual polarization data was used to estimate AGB and tree density in Shorea robusta dominated forest of Jhargram CD block, West Bengal. 40 sample plots data were collected during January to May, 2018, where the tree density, plant height and girth were measured. The Sentinel-1 SAR was used to develop the relationship between plot level biomass with the backscatter values, where the Sentinel-2 VNIR data was used to differentiate the forest area from other land covers. Simple linear regression was applied to develop the relationship between the SAR-derived backscatter coefficient (σ ̊) and the field measured AGB. Out of the total data points, 25 plot data were used to model development and 15 plots were used for validation. Regression accuracy was obtained higher for VerticalHorizontal (VH) polarized data (R2=0.633) compared to Vertical-Vertical (VV) polarized data (0.44), where the estimated AGB ranged between 44 tons to 249 tons (per 0.09 ha). Moreover, using this equation, the tree density was also estimated from the SAR backscatter values, where the regression accuracy (R²) was obtained as 0.868 between observed and predicted tree density. The study outcomes indicate the applicability of cross polarized SAR data to estimate AGB along the tree density accurately that enables in monitoring deforestation and afforestation activities. Keywords: Above ground biomass, Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Tree density, Regression, Shorea robusta

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H07 DEVELOPMENT OF A WEB PORTAL FOR FIELD DATA WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY – CASE STUDY AT VIDYASAGAR UNIVERSITY CAMPUS Sujoy Mudi1, Vazeed Pasha2 & Pulakesh Das1,2 Dept. of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, India 2 Centre for Oceans,Rivers,Atmosphere and Land Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal email: [email protected] 1

Collection of field data on species abundance and location is the prime input in ecological research, which is constraint for many studies owing to its time and cost effectiveness. In the present study, an attempt has been made to develop a web portal to record the spatial-temporal and qualitative species information that can be directly be analysed in a GIS environment or a database for later uses. With the perspective of data quality and assurance, the developed portal starts with the uploading a Geo-tagged image from GPSequipped mobile or camera photograph, where the corresponding ground information such as local name can be added by the user. The web platform was developed using the HTML, HTML5, java scripts, .css, and .php coding. For a case study, field data was collected was carried out in the Vidyasagar University campus. In addition to locational information, the abundance data was utilised for Above Ground Biomass (AGB) estimation. Thus, the field inventory data included tree species, height and girth, which was further used in an allometric equation for AGB computation. The estimated AGB was also validated with field measured data that varied between 193tons/haand 323 tons/ha. The developed Web-GIS portal has the provision to compute the AGB at real time with the uploaded data that are represented through spatial maps in vector and raster formats with the attribute information. The developed portal can also be integrated with the World Wide Web to provide the accessibility to larger network both data uploading and retrieval. Keywords: Web-GIS, Above Ground Biomass (AGB), Field data collection

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H08 DECADAL SHRINKAGE OF VEGETATION COVER IN MINING AREAS OF KORAPUT DISTRICT OF ODISHA Chandan Kumar Sahoo, Rakesh Paul & Kakoli Banerjee Department of Biodiversity & Conservation of Natural Resources Central University of Orissa, Landiguda, Koraput, India email: [email protected] Mining has been beneficial in terms of its own economic impact, although it includes various health hazards, deforestation, loss of biodiversity and contamination and erosion of soil. Koraput is a major bauxite producing district in Odisha which produces 98.82% of the total state bauxite production. Panchapatamali bauxite mines and Ampavali lime stone mines have been studied with respect to change in mining area over a period of 20 years (1998-2018) through Landsat 5,7,8 and quality of vegetation in the study site through NDVI at an interval of 10 years. This study revealed the percentage area occupied by Panchapatamali bauxite mines was 2.327% and 5.355% in the year 1998 and 2008 whereas it has increased tremendously in the year 2018 reaching 99.99% of the total plateau. The percentage of area occupied by the mining area in Ampavalli mine over the 20 years showed 10.298 %, 10.077% and 11.469% in 1998, 2008 and 2018 respectively. The NDVI values of Panchpatamali mine in 1998 showed a range from -0.050 to +0.4 and the value in 2008 ranged from -0.172 to +0.4. The NDVI from -0.050 to -0.172 depicted the complete death of the vegetation and plant materials during the period, but the NDVI value from -0.059 to +0.17 in the year 2018 showed an encouraging trend. The NDVI values of Ampavali mines in the years 1998 and 2008 showed values of 0.35 and 0.375 respectively with a still decrease in the NDVI values in 2018 with values ranging from -0.075 to 0.0816968 i.e. 0.081. This shows a poor vegetation status in the mining valley area after the mining patches have been expanded. The vegetated area in the years 1998-2008 decreased from 52.704 % to 28.268 % of the total area but shows an increase in the year 20082018 to 30.161 % of the total plateau of Panchpatmali mines which is in contrast to Ampavalli mines that showed decrease in the vegetated area in same rate from the year 1998 to 2018 i.e. 57.268 % in 1998 to 37.184 in 2018. Our first order analysis reveals that there in significant increase in floral diversity in Panchpatmali mines. However in case of Ampavalli mines, the significant decrease in vegetation cover may be attributed to intense human intervention in the area. Framing of proper management strategy linked with alternative livelihood befitted with the local environment may be a conservative lane to achieve eco-restoration in the study area. Keywords: Mining, NDVI, Panchapatmali mines, Ampavali mines, Vegetation cover

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H09

HOW DOES RAINFALL AFFECT INDIAN TEAK GROWTH IN SYNOPTIC MULTI-DECADAL TIME SCALE? Saikat Sengupta1, Hemant Borgaonkar1 & Reji Maria Joy2 1 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India 2 Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, India email: [email protected] Monsoon (June-October) and Post monsoon (October- November) rainfall amount in south east India exhibit distinct spatial and temporal trends. Earlier studies suggest that the trends are largely controlled by the reduced wind speed as well as moisture fluxes over the adjacent the Bay of Bengal in last few decades which is intricately associated with the recent global warming. However, studies are extremely rare on whether similar synoptic scale rainfall variation also exist in multi-decadal time scale beyond the period of instrumental observation. This is possibly due to paucity of annually resolved proxy data from suitable locations. Towards this, tree ring width Ring width chronology (~200 years) data of Indian Teak (Tectona Grandis L.f.) generated from four locations is presented. The locations are situated from east coast of India to Inland along a south east North West transects. The primary objective of this work is to understand how ring width index data respond to temperature and precipitation in synoptic scale. Ring width data show moderately positive response to monsoon rainfall and negative response to summer (March- May) temperature for all stations suggesting moisture deficit in hot summer and intense precipitation in monsoon control ring growth pattern in different ways. Ring width indices also exhibit positive response with post monsoon rainfall at coastal location but the response gradually reduces towards inland. This preliminary study, thus, suggests that Indian teak has a potential to capture signals of the synoptic variation of post monsoon rainfall from coast to inland. Keywords: Teak, Tree ring, Central, South India                    

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H10 TERRESTRIAL COSMOGENIC NUCLIDE AS A TOOL TO BUILD CHRONOLOGY OF PAST GLACIATION IN HIMALAYAS Partha Sarathi Jena1 & Ravi Bhushan1 1 Physical Research Laboratory, Gujarat, India email: [email protected] Paleo-glaciations in the Himalayas has occurred due to complex factors of climatic variations. However, the dominance of the factors responsible for glaciation events is not yet well understood. Himalaya presents a natural archive and repository of past glaciations affected both by local and global factors. Several dating techniques such as luminescence dating and radiocarbon dating have been employed to estimate the timing of geological events. Recent developments in Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating method has opened new avenues to build chronology for past glaciations. With cosmogenic nuclide (10Be) production rates and concentrations, timing of past glaciation event can be quantified using TCN method. In this presentation, initial results and observations from studies in Himalaya region for deciphering past glaciation would be reviewed. Additionally, some results and preliminary inferences based on Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dates of Himalayan lake sequences will be presented. Limitations of chronological techniques either with exposure age dating using TCN method or radiocarbon dating of lake sequences in Himalayan region would be discussed. Keywords: Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide (TCN), Radiocarbon, Glaciation

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H11 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE CONTEXT OF WATER RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Sudesh Singh Choudhary & Chandranath Chatterjee Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Availability of water resources and production of agricultural goods are facing tremendous change in all over the world due to shift in climate and its trend. These changes are continuous because of the ongoing emission of greenhouse gases resulting from the enhanced anthropogenic activities. The discrepancy in climatic condition is quite obvious in India due to its vast area and geographical complexity. Different weather events, such as flood, droughts, heat, and cold waves, snowfall etc., occur in the recent past years which alter the freshwater availability. Seasonal changes in climate variables, such as precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation are responsible for the change in crop yield in a negative manner and also for the increase the water requirement of the crop. A Significant warming trend of 0.57 0C per 100 years was observed in India.The model ensemble also suggested an increase in water scarcity with a rise in temperature. This will cause a potential decline in food production under irrigated croplands which could affect the food security and the food prices. The declining rate of various crop yields such as rice, wheat, maize, and soybean etc., are also reported in the various portion of the country. Therefore, it is suggested from this review study that quantification of the impact of climate change on water resources and agriculture production is very crucial, as they are directly or indirectly influence human life. Consequently, it should be the center of attention to develop the adaptation strategies for coping the negative impact of climate change for maintaining sustainable food production and water availability. Keywords: Impact of climate change, Crop production, Change in water resource potential

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H12 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY: A STUDY OF SEMI-ARID REGIONS OF INDIA Padmini Pani Centre for the Study of Regional development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi email: [email protected] Climate change is negatively affecting the agricultural pattern and its productivity in semi-arid regions in India for last one decade. It becomes a serious threat to rural development, mainly in vulnerable areas like semi-arid regions. This paper analysed and reviewed the climate change implications to smallholder farmers in the semi-arid land degraded region. The study area, Chambal region is one of the most vulnerable regions of India. Its 80 per cent rural people are dependent on agriculture. Therefore, it has been attempted to develop a better understanding of farmers’ perceptions about climate change of the region and adaptation measures and coping strategies taken by them to combat the adverse impact of climate change on their livelihood based on the field survey analysis of severely affected five villages in land degraded Chambal region. It has been observed based upon the house hold survey analysis that the most common adaptation strategies are as follows: i. Use of varieties of crops, various soil conservations, improving irrigation, levelling the ravine affected lands. However, despite having experience and sufferings due to the climates change a large number of farmers could not build up any sustainable mechanism to arrest the degree of the adverse effect of climate change on agricultural productivity and subsequently experiencing the loss of land and productivity. The major difficulties to adaptation mentioned by the farmers were lack of capital and credits, machinery, access to land, especially sustainable agricultural land and lack of transportation facilities, conservation planning, scientific information and access to the market also a great challenge for the people of this backward region. Lastly, the fragile ecology of this region needs a more scientific and holistic approach to deal with the unavoidable climate change implications in the near future. Keywords: Climate change semi-arid region, Chambal, Agriculture, Land degradation

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H13 CHANGE IN YIELD AND WATER REQUIREMENT OF RICE AND WHEAT CROP PROJECTED BY EIGHT GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS Madhuri Dubey, Ashok Mishra & Rajendra Singh Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Rice and wheat are the two mostly grown cereals crops on which food security depends. Declining rate of these crops’ yield have been observed, which is attributed to the increasing temperature, irregular rainfall and comprehensively to climate change. Coping with the negative impact of climate change on crop yield is mandatory to maintain the current crop production rate. Therefore, in this study, the impact of climate change on the rice and wheat yield and on their water requirement has been analysed using DSSAT4.5. DSSAT4.5 is a process based crop model enforced by bias corrected future climate data from eight global climate models for four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5. For this purpose, higher yielding districts Murshidabad and Malda for rice and Nadia and Dakshin Dinajpur for wheat were selected for the climate impact study. To achieve these objectives, in the first phase, the yield simulated by Indian Meteorological Department and GCMs historical weather data were compared. Then, yield simulations were done for three future time period 2030s (2006-2035), 2060s (2036-2065) and 2090s (20662100) for all RCPs scenarios. It is found that crop model has the potential to simulate the crop behaviour under the impact of climate change. Reduction in yield was obtained in the range of 15 to 45 % for rice and 21 to 56 % for wheat crop in both districts under all RCP scenarios. Future evapotranspiration of crop will increase up 10 to 37% for rice and 5 to 28 % for wheat crop. Shortening of crop duration of both the crops was obtained due to temperature increment in future time period. In addition, reduction in the yield of both crops and accretion of crop water requirement indicate the pessimistic future scenarios of food production. Keywords: Climate change, Global climate model, Crop modelling, Rice, Wheat

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H14 IMPACT OF ORGANIC MATRIX BASED SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZERS ON CROP PRODUCTIVITY, NUTRIENT LEACHING AND GASEOUS EMISSION IN ATMOSPHERE Sanjeev Kumar Center for Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India email: [email protected] Organic matrix based slow release fertilizer represent an economic, greener and ecofriendly alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers. In the present study, the impact of organic matrix based slow release fertilizers in combination with conventional fertilizers on crop productivity, nutrient leaching and gaseous emission has been examined. Initial experiments were conducted at net house, research field station, BBA University campus, Lucknow consequently for three years with conventional microbial biofertilizers (Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus subtilis; CBF), different doses of conventional chemical fertilizers and combination of CBF and CCF as different sole nutrient sources for the cultivation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. c.v. PBW-343). The lower doses i.e. 1/4 and 1/2 of the recommended dose of CCF along with the CBF separately and in combination of these two were entrapped in an organic matrix (OM) with saresh (plant gum of Acacia sp.) as binder, were also applied as alternatives to the free/ conventional forms of the various fertilizer treatments in the experimental fields. It was observed that combination of CCF and CBF increased nutrients availability and productivity of wheat more than the same fertilizers applied alone. Same fertilizers when entrapped in the above mentioned organic matrix further enhanced nutrients availability in soil as well as uptake in plants as measured on 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing (DAS) in terms of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium in rhizospheric soil (0-15 cm) and in plant leaves as well as yield and productivity of wheat. Our results showed that nitrogen amendment followed by commercial chemical fertilizer; urea and DAP resulted in significant emission of NOx (78 to 81 µg m-3) as compared to organic matrix entrapped based urea and DAP (40.2 to 61.25 µg m-3). The data indicates that even the lower dose of conventional chemical fertilizers in combination with microbial biofertilizers and organic matrix could be utilized effectively in sub-tropical agro-climatic conditions of wheat cultivating northern Indian regions for enhancing the productivity along with decreased nutrient leaching and gaseous emissions. Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus subtilis, Organic matrix, Saresh, Rhizospheric soil               154   

H15 CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE: A REMEDY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE                                                           Annapurna Dhal Dept. of Zoology, B.B. College, Baiganbadia, Mayurbhanj,Odisha, India email: [email protected] Population of India increases in an alarming rate every year. To provide food for such a large population, need production of additional food grains from the same land without losing the productivity of soil. It was found that agricultural activities around the world contribute about 15% to the annual emission of the green house gases. Increase concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are global threat to human civilisation. By their green house effect, they change the climate and help in global warming. An intensive tillage practice along with poor residue retention depletes soil health causing soil erosion leading to land degradation. Under nutrition of soil is a major problem along with climate change leads to uncertainty in food production. So it requires extensive research to provide scientific basis for enhancing and sustaining food production as well as soil productivity with minimum environment degradation. Research during the past few decades has demonstrated that conservation agricultural system has significant role to reduce the green house gases as well as sequestering carbon in soil as organic matter. Carbon sequestration is considered one of the remedial measures to arrest climate change. The principal way of carbon storage in soil is through formation of soil organic matter, which is a mixture of carbon compound consisting of decomposed plant and animal tissue, microbial biomass and carbon associated with soil minerals. The soil organic carbon is important which remain in soil for infinite period. Conservation Agriculture (CA) system has been successfully developed in different region of the world though not widely adopted by farmers for political, social and cultural reasons. Worldwide CA practice has been expanded to about 124 ha but in India it is just 5 m ha in the Indo Gangetic plains. Adoption of conservation agricultural system will help to mitigate green house gas emission by sequestering soil organic carbon. It will also increase soil productivity and avoid further environment damage caused by unsustainable use of inversion tillage system which threaten water quality, reduce soil fertility, reduce soil biodiversity and erode soil all over the world. In general soil carbon sequestration during first decade of adoption is 1.8 tonnes CO2 Per hectare per year. On 5 billion hectares of agricultural land this could represent one third of the current global emission of CO2. Conservation agriculture is one such strategy to reduce farming cost, increase soil health and arresting soil erosion. Keywords: Carbon sequestration, Tillage, Unsustainable, Mitigation, Green house gas

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H16 PHENOLOGICAL CHANGE DETECTION OF MANGROVE FOREST USING MODIS NDVI AND EVI TIME SERIES DATA: A CASE STUDY OF BHITARKANIKA NATIONAL PARK Subhro Banerjee, Deep Prakash Sarkar & Bikash Ranjan Parida Department of Land Resource Management, School of Natural Resource & Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India email: [email protected]. Phenology is the study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena with respect to plant and animal life. Phenological study can prove to be helpful to understand the timing of ecosystem processes, analyse species vulnerability and its rate to ongoing climate change. In this study, we have used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to estimate the phonological matrix in the Bhitarkanika National Park and derive spatial and temporal trend. The Bhitarkanika wetland is a biodiversity hotspot and shelters a large number of mangrove species. TIMESAT software has been used for smoothing, gap filling and deriving phonology matrix from the data. TIMESAT enables one to extract seasonality parameters like the start and end of the growing season and length of season, etc. To reduce the noise in data and smoothen the seasonal curves, TIMESAT uses Asymmetric Gaussian, Double Logistic functions or modified Savitzky-Golay filter. We have used data from 2000-2007 and 20112018 to study the change in vegetation dynamics. The results of the study shows differences in phenology estimated from EVI and NDVI and we can conclude that EVI is more efficient than NDVI in obtaining phenological parameters as it does some distortion correction in the reflected light, which is caused by particles in the atmosphere as well as the backscattered reflectances from the ground below the vegetation cover. EVI is also very less prone to saturation compared to NDVI while observing large mass of forest with huge amount of chlorophyll. Keywords: MODIS, Phenology, TIMESAT, Vegetation indices

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H17 CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION USING FLY ASH BASED FUNCTIONALIZED COMPOSITE SOLID MATERIALS Alkesha Naik1, Himali Bhatt1, Charmi Humbal1, Koushik Singha Roy1 1 Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India email: [email protected] Increasing energy owing to urbanization and industrialization has led to high carbon dioxide (CO2) emission into the environment and results into increase in earth temperature resulting in global warming. Therefore, there is urgent need to develop a cost effective methods and materials for the CO2 sequestration from point source and reduce its impact on the environment. This paper discloses results of an investigation concerning the performance of fly ash/waste glass alkaline based mortars with recycled aggregates reinforced by jute and cotton fibres exposed to hasten CO2 curing. The composite material used in this study were fly ash, cement, sodium hydroxide, milled glass, sand, jute fiber and water. The compressive strength increased significantly after CO2 curing and the flexural strength reduced significantly in the composite material. The composite reinforced block without jute fibre result into CO2 uptake by 32% and the composite material with jute fibre enhanced the efficiency to capture CO2 by 16%. The use of jute fibre leads to reduction in C emissions of 25 kg CO2 equivalent/m3. This means that accelerated carbonation of composites reinforced with natural fibres has not only carbon sequestration advantages but is also especially indicated for such composites. Therefore the jute fibre based composite blocks are exposed to accelerate CO2 curing. Keywords: Global warming, CO2 sequestration, Composite reinforced block, Accelerated carbonation, Jute fibre

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H18 THREAT PERCEPTIONS OF INTERTIDAL HABITATS IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MIGRATORY ENDANGERED SPECIES ALONG THE COAST OF BAY OF BENGAL Jayant Kumar Mishra Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology,Pondicherry University, Brookshabad Campus, Port Blair, A & N Islands, India email: [email protected] The concern for the impact of climate change on coastal environment in recent years has increased multifold. This has also invited tremendous attention of think tanks from different walks of life including scientists, environmentalists and policy makers from all over the world. The main stay of this concern is the probable changes due to climate variation and its inflicting long term irreversible damage on different habitat types along the coasts of several maritime nations. The major threat being the habitat loss in the face of sea level rise, it may alter the coastal marine ecosystem, which is considered as the most dynamic living shore line endowed with rich biodiversity. This complex narrow intertidal shore line encompasses vivid form of coastal habitats like muddy, rocky, sandy, grass/marsh land, mangroves and dunes etc. with potentially high biodiversity, which is an important indicator of the habitat heterogeneity and their health. In the present presentation, status report on the community structure and distribution pattern of flora and fauna inhabiting coastal environment with special reference to the east coast of India and Andaman Islands Sea will be discussed. As it is well documented that the east coast of India houses several endangered species including horseshoe crabs (Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda), sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea and Dermochelys coriacea) since millions of years and have undergone all the upheavals of climatic changes since time immemorial. To mention specifically, the sandy coast line acts as a breeding / nesting habitat for these endangered animals and responsibly serve as nature’s incubator for the fertilized eggs laid by these animals in the sandy beaches till they hatch out as juveniles and migrate to their nourishing ground in the enigmatic ocean abode. The structural characteristics of these designated beaches provide optimal incubating conditions. But the habitat loss due to changes in the coastal geomorphology and associated environmental conditions due to the compounding effect of disturbed global climate conditions and human interference is increasing day by day. Thus it is highly essential to adopt strategic policies and protect this highly fragile environment in terms of their utilization and stratification pattern to withstand any impact in the face of the global climate change, which is undeniably imminent due to frequent natural calamities and increased unregulated anthropogenic interference. Keywords: Intertidal biodiversity, Breeding habitat, Living fossil, T. gigas, C. rotundicauda, Habitat restoration

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H19 FLORISTIC DIVERSITY AND SOIL NUTRIENT STATUS IN SELECTED SAL FORESTS OF RANCHI, JHARKHAND, EASTERN INDIA R. Kumar & P. Saikia Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India email: [email protected] The present work was done with the aim to study the floristic diversity, population structure, regeneration status and soil nutrient status in six selected sal forest patches on the basis of sal density/hectare (2 dense, 2 moderately dense, and 2 least dense sites) of tropical moist deciduous forest of Ranchi, Jharkhand, Eastern India. Vegetation was sampled by the stratified random sampling methods using belt transects where size of sampling units was 100 X 50 m for tree (≥10 cm GBH), 5 X 5 m quadrat for shrubs and 1 X 1m quadrat for herbs. A total of 10 soil samples were collected from 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth, 5 from each selected site and then soil nutrient status was analyzed using standard methodologies. A total 1711 individuals of plants were recorded in the 6 transects, of which 1343 (78.49 %) were trees (>10 cm GBH), 153 (8.95 %) shrubs (including saplings of trees) and 215 (12.56 %) herbs (including seedlings of shrubs and trees) belonging to 25 families. Anacardiaceae was found to be the most dominant family with 6 species followed by Combritaceae (4 species) and Poaceae (3 species). An effective number of species (ENS) was computed from Shannon index which was around 6.82, 17.63 and 14.29 for trees, shrubs, and herbs respectively. Shorea robusta was found to be the most dominant tree species (in terms of density) followed by Diospyros melanoxylon, Buchanania cochinchinensis, Madhuca longifolia and Butea monosperma. Total density of sal in the studied forests was 12,847 (individuals haˉ¹) of which 90.80 % were seedling, 5.07 % sapling and 3.5% adults (>10 cm GBH). The highest percentage of individuals of sal was found in the 15-20 m height class (50 %) followed by 10-15 m height class (32%). pH of the sampled sites was found to be slightly acidic (5.55 to 6.9) which might be because of low moisture content and the texture of the soil was sandy loam in all selected six sites. Soil organic carbon (SOC) showed a positive correlation (0.76) with tree density and a negative correlation (-0.75) with tree species richness. The present study will help in creating a baseline data about the nutrient status of sal forests of Ranchi which will further assist in formulating better management practices for the same. Keywords: Floristic diversity, Soil, Jharkhand, Eastern India

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H20 AVICENNIA SPP.: A POTENTIAL STORE HOUSE OF STORED CARBON Nabonita Pal1, Sudeshna Biswas1, Sufia Zaman1 & Abhijit Mitra2 1 Department of Oceanography, Techno India University, West Bengal, India 2 Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, India   The stored carbon in the Above Ground Biomass (AGB) (comprising of stem and leaf), Below Ground Biomass (BGB) (comprising of root system) and total biomass (total carbon in AGB & BGB) were evaluated in the seedlings of Avicennia spp. (Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina and Avicennia officinalis) collected from 10 stations in the western and central Indian Sundarbans in 2018. These stations were selected considering ambient aquatic salinity as the primary driver. The western Indian Sundarbans has a different set of environmental parameters compared to the central sector, particularly with respect to salinity. This variation in salinity may be due to complete blockage of the fresh water in the central sector of Indian Sundarbans due to Bidhyadhari siltation since the late 15th century, which has made the region hyper-saline compared to the western sector, which receives fresh water through Farakka barrage discharge. Such a variation of salinity is the major driving force of biomass alteration and subsequent carbon storage in the present geographical local as mangrove flora are capable of adjusting in different salinity gradient depending on their salt regulating capacity. In all the selected stations, both in western and central Indian Sundarbans, a uniform trend is observed with highest percentage of stored carbon in leaf followed by stem and root. We also observed significant spatial variations (p < 0.05) in the biomass and stored carbon of the seedlings.

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H21

  RESPONSE OF COASTAL FISHERY TO CHANGING CLIMATE: A CASE STUDY FROM INDIAN SUNDARBANS 1

Abhijit Mitra1 & J. Sundaresan2 Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, India 2 CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resource, India email: [email protected]

Past observations on the mean sea level along the Indian coast indicate a long-term rising trend of about 1.0 mm year-1 on an annual mean basis. However, analysis of the recent data suggests a rising trend of 2.5 mm year-1 along the Indian coastline. Model simulation studies based on an ensemble of four A-O GCM outputs indicate that the oceanic region adjoining the Indian subcontinent is likely to warm up at its surface by about 1.5-2.0oC by the middle of this century and by about 2.5-3.5oC by the end of the century. The corresponding thermal expansion related sea level rise is expected to range between 15 to 38 cm and 46 to 59 cm respectively. This simulated rise in sea level by 46 to 59 cm along Indian coastline is comparable with the projected global mean sea level rise of 50 cm by the end of this century and may have significant impact on coastal resources of India. It has been documented that about 5,958,744 persons sustain their life through fishery or aquaculture in the coastal region of the subcontinent and the figure of such population in the east coast of India alone is 9,50,000. Any climatic change induced phenomena such as increase in sea surface temperature, change in frequency of storms, alteration of salinity, acidification, and sea level rise may aggravate the potential risks to coastal zones. Projected climate change could halve or double average harvests of any given species; some fisheries may disappear, and other new ones may develop. Warmer water species will migrate poleward and compete for existing niches, and some existing populations may take on a new dominance. These factors may change the population distribution and community structure of the fish that has profound influence on economies particularly on stakeholders whose livelihoods are directly related to fishing and fishery. The rich mangrove diversity of Indian Sundarbans (West Bengal), Orissa etc. have made the east coast of India rich in fishery, but recent surveys are pointing towards replacement of economically important fish species with low priced trash varieties in response to climate change induced salinity alteration. The dominancy of hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha) and bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) in the catch basket of western and central Indian Sundarbans respectively is a relevant case study in this context. The catch of commercially important fish species are almost consistent in the western part due to flow of freshwater through Farakka barrage that prevents the aquatic salinity from being rising as revealed from our long term survey since 1984. In the central sector, the gradual increase of low priced bombay duck is a clear signal of the impact of increase of salinity due to obstruction of freshwater from GangaBhagirathi system as a result of heavy siltation. The resource base in the fishery sector of the central Indian Sundarbans is gradually depleting owing to saline water intrusion from the Bay of Bengal region. Interlinking the freshwater dominated Hooghly River of the western Indian Sundarbans with the salty tide-fed Matla River in the central portion can save this ecosystem along with its resource base.

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H22 BACTERIA AS THE INDICATOR OF CORAL HEALTH Neha P. Patel1, 2, Gaurav G. Shimpi1 & Soumya Haldar1, 2 Analytical and environment science division& Central Instrument facility, CSIRCentral Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gujarat, India 2 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Gujarat, India email: [email protected]

1

Corals are the engineers of reef ecosystem that harbors diverse organisms and provide services to humans. However, in the era of climate change, the survival of reef engineers is in danger that decreases the productivity of the reef ecosystem. Incidence of mass coral bleaching and disease are being reported from all over the world including India raising concern for its protection. Deep understanding of the biology and functioning of corals and its associated microorganisms such as bacteria is required to develop tools and techniques for coral protection. The present study characterizes the cultural diversity of bacteria associated with healthy and bleached corals from the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat (India). It is assumed that healthy coral and its associated microbes secrete different antimicrobial compounds and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to prevent the attachment of opportunistic bacteria. However, in adverse conditions, the corals loses its symbiont zooxanthellae, a process called coral bleaching that weakens the coral’s immune response. Therefore, antimicrobial resistance (AR) pattern and ROS scavenging ability of healthy and bleached coral isolates were analyzed. The study showed significant difference in AR index of healthy coral (0.32), bleached coral (0.17) and nearby water & sediment (0.28). On the other hand, ROS scavenging enzymes activities viz. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione reductase (GR) of the isolates from healthy and bleached corals were also showed significant difference between the activity of SOD (t-test: P = 0.01), CAT (t-test: P ≤ 0.001) and GR (t-test: P ≤ 0.01).These findings distinguished healthy and bleached coral associated bacteria on the basis of their physiology which would form the basis for developing tools for monitoring coral health without damaging the coral animal. Keywords: Bleached coral, Coral bacteria, Coral health, ROS scavenging activity, Antibiotic resistance

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H23 UTILIZATION OF BIOMASS OF TRAPA NATANS AFTER HARVESTING THE FRUITS FOR PRODUCTION OF COMPOST AND VERMICOMPOST Sweta1, 2 & Rana Pratap Singh2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 2 Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow, India email: [email protected] 1

Application of synthetic fertilizers not only elicits the health issues of human beings it also enhances the deterioration of ecosystem survives, environmental contamination as well global climate change which are major environmental concerns of the day. Compost and vermicompost are the major traditional practices which considered as cheapest and economically as well as ecologically viable alternatives of the chemical fertilizers. The major drawback of these organic fertilizers is non-availability of the feed stocks, as it requires in bulk. The present study is performed to assess the suitability of biomass of Trapa natans for the preparation of compost and vermicompost. The plants of Trapa natans were collected from ten different ponds located in the Unnao District of UP after harvesting the fruits. The biomass of T. natans was allowed to prepare the compost and vermicompost with the help of earthworms (Eisenia foetidae) and the assessment was made to study the morphological and nutritional composition of the compost and vermicompost. The fertility parameters like organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, magnesium, iron, zinc, sodium, potassium etc. were found to be present in a substantial amount and all the parameters were comparable with the compost and vermicompost which procured from local market. The morphological study was done by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The aggregation of particles was appeared that may be an indication of more hydrogen bonding present in the compost and vermicompost. The IR spectrum of the compost and vermicompost was also taken to study the presence of characteristic groups of organic matter. Due to the complexity of the mixture of constituent substances of the material, broad bands are observed. These are due to the superimposed absorption signals. This suggests that the formation of complexes was relatively weak and that the interactions of the nutrients with the vermicompost were preferentially electrostatic. Findings of this study suggest that the biomass of T. natans may be used as a feed stock for the preparation of compost and vermicompost. Keywords: Compost, Trapa natans, Vermicompost, Nutrients

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H24 MITIGATING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE BY THE USE OF SIDEROPHORE PRODUCING RHIZOBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SALICORNIA BRACHIATA COLLECTED FROM GUJARAT COAST Ankita Mitra1,2, Gopal Bhojani2 & Soumya Haldar1 Analytical and Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrumental Facility CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, GB Marg, Bhavnagar, India 2 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CSMCRI, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, India email: [email protected] 1

The role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) to nullify the adverse impacts of ecological stresses and enhance plant growth and productivity by direct and indirect mechanisms has been documented. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) live in association with roots of plant, elicit the largest influence on plants, immunity and affecting their productivity. PGPR can facilitate plant growth indirectly by reducing plant pathogens or directly by influencing phytohormone production (e.g. auxin, gibberallin or cytokinin), by facilitating the uptake of nutrients from the environment, and/or by lowering the levels of plant ethylene enzymatically, nitrogen fixation, mineral phosphate solubilization (MPS), sequestration of iron by secretion of siderophores. PGPR are now being used worldwide as bioinoculants/biofertilizers to promote plant growth and development. In this research programme an attempt has been initiated to isolate siderophore producing rhizobacteria from halophytic plant Salicornia brachiata, collected from coastal Gujarat. A total of fifty-five Siderophore positive strains have been isolated and they were applied to wheat grass through four different treatments namely (i) application with iron salt (FeCl3), (ii) application with the bacterial inoculums, (iii) Application with iron salt and inoculums, and (iv) control (with water only). Best growth was observed in case of the wheat grass treated with iron salt and inoculums (mixed type). The length of the vegetative parts, weight of the plants and carbon content of the wheat grass biomass were used as proxies or success indicators. The significant variations between the four types of treatments were confirmed through ANOVA (p < 0.01). The overall results suggest that siderophore producing PGPR have the potential to retard the level of rising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by scrubbing more carbon leading to enhanced growth of the target floral species (here wheat grass). Keywords: Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Siderophore producing rhizobacteria, Coastal Gujarat, Salicornia brachiata, Wheat grass

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H25 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY & FISHERIES ALONG THE KARNATAKA COAST OF INDIA P. Vinaya Kumari1, K. S. Jayappa1, Sujitha Thomas2 & Anurag Gupta3 1 Department of Marine Geology, Mangalore University, India 2 ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mangalore RC, Mangalore, India 3 Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmedabad, India email: [email protected] Climate change is responsible for variations in rate and distribution of primary productivity in the oceans. Primary production plays a vital role in maintaining marine biodiversity and supports fish catches. Variations of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in coastal waters of Karnataka were studied for a period of ten years (January 2007 to December 2016). These variations are linked with Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) index and the ElNiño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) -Niño 3.4 SST index.Vertically Generalized Production Model (VGPM) is used to estimate NPP using Chl-a, Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR), euphotic depth, and maximum photosynthetic rate from SST. Change in NPP values over the decade is studied in context of global reports of decline in productivity. The relationship between NPP and SST shows change in the pattern over a period of time. It is very important to understand the pattern of NPP variability as well the interrelationship with SST over a long period to make out an impact of climate on biology of coastal waters.Declining trend in NPP is noticed since 2012. Strong El Niño condition observed in 2015 is found to be one of the reasons for decline in productivity by ~24% and increase of SST by ~1% compared to ten years average (2007-2016). High SST and low ocean productivity resulted in decrease of fish catch by 6.69% in 2015 compared to 2014. In 2016, again increase of fish catch by 19.6% is observed in the study area. Decreased water quality because of anthropogenic activities along the coastal areas is also attributed to change in primary productivity. Keywords: Climate change, Productivity, Fish catch

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H26 CAN CHLOROPHYLL-A BE A CLIMATE CHANGE PREDICTOR? Shukla Poddar & D. Swain School of Earth, Ocean & Climate Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar, India email: [email protected] Oceans play a fundamental role in climate change by serving as a heat reservoir and also as a carbon sink. Climate change has increased concerns of ocean acidification, changes in sea surface temperature (SST), currents and sea level rise that has affected the primary productivity of the oceans. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration serves as a proxy for the phytoplankton that indicates the primary productivity of the ocean. Trends of Chl-a has been studied for the North Indian Ocean (NIO) for the period 2000-2015 using ocean color-climate change initiative (OC-CCI) blended data from various ocean color sensors. From the 15 year trends, it is observed that there has been a sudden decline in the concentration of Chl-a concentration over the northern Arabian Sea (AS) and northern Bay of Bengal (BoB) from 2012 onwards. On the contrary, the southern AS and BoB exhibit declining trends from 2000 onwards. This study is carried out to analyze the primary productivity change in the NIO which includes the AS and BoB and the changes in the physical forcing that could have contributed to the persistent declining Chl-a concentration and hence productivity in the region. Keywords: North Indian Ocean, Climate change, Chlorophyll-a, Primary productivity

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H27 THE ENDANGERED RAINFORESTS OF THE SEA: ASSESSING CORAL HABITABILITY OF MAYABUNDER, ANDAMAN, USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY Debaleena Majumdar & Debajit Datta Department of Geography, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India email: [email protected] Coral reefs are one of the most diversified oceanic ecosystems. Mostly, growths of healthy corals are primarily dependent upon several physical and biochemical parameters. Coastal anthropogenic activities also exert considerable impacts on the extent and diversity of coral reefs. Altogether, these parameters function as the determinants of healthy reef development. In India, the most extensive coral formations are found in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The present study aims to assess the recent status of habitability of different coral reef sites in middle Andaman. Six parameters were incorporated to determine the composite score of the coral habitability index (CHI), namely, sea-surface temperatures, salinity, rain rate, wind speed, wind stress and chlorophyll concentration. The maximum scores indicated the presence of a healthy coral community. Ranges varied from 3.00 to 11.80 in the years 2016 and 2018. Comparatively higher scores were found in the northern part of middle Andaman in 2016 which proved that the area was less vulnerable and more habitable for corals than the rest of the region. This situation slightly changed when the values were observed to decrease in 2018, thereby indicating the deterioration in coral habitability conditions. Although the southern part of middle Andaman registered moderate scores during both the years, a significant low score was observed in Long island in 2018.Increasesin sea-surface temperatures, effects of the El-Nino and a sharp rise in tourist concentrations were found to be responsible for this situation. Nevertheless, in order to obtain a comprehensive value of the coral habitability index, further in-depth analyses using more parameters over a long term temporal scale must be undertaken. Keywords: Composite score, Coral reefs, Coral habitability index

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H28 EFFECT OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF ECOLOGY ON CO2 SEQUESTRATION IN COASTAL LAGOON S. Sova Barik1, Raj K. Singh1, S. Tripathy2, Pintu Prusty1, Partha S. Jena1& Krity Sharma1 1 School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] Coastal estuaries and lagoons being the transitional areas between land and sea are highly vulnerable to the dynamic changes. Seasonal variability in fresh water influx and ingression of sea water establish a unique transition zone in Asia’s largest Chilika Lake. Bottom sediments and water samples were collected from 22 fixed stations of the lake during three different seasons viz., September (Southwest Monsoon), January (Northeast Monsoon) and May (Pre-Southwest Monsoon) to access the impact of seasonal variability of fresh and sea water influx on the rate of CO2 sequestration. Physicochemical parameters of water were determined besides the population of foraminifera and grain size distribution in the sediments. These values were utilized along with pCO2 measurements from the literature to assess CO2 sequestration. The water from the region of the lake close to the river mouth has low electrical conductivity and pH experiences freshwater condition and the sediments have no foraminifera population. The region open to the sea experiences high energy tidal mixings and changes seasonally from brackish to marine water condition, and has limited calcareous foraminifera though in general the foraminifera diversity is high. Inter-mixing of fresh and saline water with medium energy conditions in the interior region away from the river and the sea mouth provides ideal condition for sinking of CO2 by calcareous foraminifera varying seasonally experiences a brackish water condition during all the seasons. Ammonia beccarii and Ammonia tepida are the dominant calcareous species with dominance of 125-63 μm size, with seasonal stressed condition. This study advocate maintainance of the brackish water ecology through the opening of new mouth increase in calcareous foraminifera abundance, which may enhance the rate of CO2 sequestration and reduce degassing of dissolved carbon carried by the river to the atmosphere. Keywords: Fresh water, Brackish water, Marine water, Energy condition, Chilika lake

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H29 ASSESSING THE ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL POPERTIES OF AEGLE MARMELOS (BAEL) AND ITS PHYTONUTRIENTS: A BRIEF REPORT Tapti Sengupta, Parijat Das & Tirthankar Saha Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] Plants are considered as rich source of bioactive antimicrobial compounds and phytonutrients. This study has evaluated the medicinal properties of Aegle marmelos (Bael) leaves using their aqueous and organic extracts against Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. fortuitum and M.phlei. Pure culture of Mycobacterium spp. were isolated from “ Jhora fishery” systems of West Bengal. Microtitre plate assay was used to study the antimycobacterial activities of aqueous and organic extracts and minimum inhibitory concentration was measured. Suspensions of Mycobacterial cultures were prepared at 1×108 cfu/mL in Middlebrook 7H10 agar supplemented with OADC using ATCC strains as control. Methanol, diethyl ether and aqueous extracts were used at various concentrations in this study. Diethyl ether extracts showed significantly larger (p< 0.05) inhibition zones at 13.07 mm ± 0.05 for Mycobacterium smegmatis, 8.3 mm ± 1.2 against M. fortuitum, and 11.01mm ± 1.0 for M.phlei. Methanolic extracts showed inhibition zones of 9.2 mm ± 0.4 for Mycobacterium smegmatis, 5.3 mm ± 1.0 for M.fortuitum and 6.3 mm ± 0.2 for M.phlei whereas crude aqueous extract was found to show the minimum inhibition against Mycobacterium smegmatis 5.46 mm ± 0.9, M. fortuitum 2.74 mm ± 6.2 and M.phlei 2.09 mm ±1.4 in comparison to other dilutions. The aqueous and organic extracts of the leaves were significantly effective against all mycobactrial strains used in the treament groups at p≤ 0.01 (SPSS). Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of 2.30 – 7.8% alkaloids, 5.7 – 26.2% flavonoids, 11.0 – 33.0% tannins and 0.60 – 3.8% saponins. Antibacterial efficacy shown by plant leaves supports the scientific basis of their use in traditional and aesthetic remedies. Proper characterization of the phytochemicals can prove to be beneficial as prophylactic and therapeutic agents in the present scenario of increasing antimicrobial resistance in various sectors. Keywords: Aegle marmelos, Antimycobacterial activity, Phytonutrients, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Antimicrobial resistance

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H30 MONITORING CROP DISEASES USING REMOTE SENSING IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY IN VARANASI Chandra Kant Singh1, Ramesh Chand1, 2 & R.K. Mall1 1 DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU, Varanasi, India 2 Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, India email: [email protected] Crop diseases and pests are responsible for substantial yield losses every year in India, so it is necessary to monitor timely and accurately for crop diseases and pests. Plant diseases and pests can affect a wide range of commercial crops and results in a significant yield loss. It is reported that at least 10% of global food production has lost due to plant diseases. The present study investigating the occurrences on spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana) susceptibility of wheat (HUW 234) variety based on an automated disease detection technique using remote sensing images in Varanasi district (India). Agriculturists are facing huge economic loss due to various crop diseases. The most significant part of this study is early detection of disease as well as it starts spreading on top layer of the leaves using remote sensing techniques. Nearrange and remote sensing techniques have demonstrated a high potential in detecting diseases and in monitoring crop stands for areas with infected plants. The occurrence of plant diseases depends on specific environmental and epidemiological factors; diseases, therefore, often have a patchy distribution in the field. This paper introduced four kinds of methods for crop diseases and pests information acquisition by remote sensing. Then five classes of crop diseases and pests information analyzing techniques based on remote sensing have been discussed. Finally, this paper talked about some remaining problems of remote sensing based crop diseases and pests monitoring and pointed out the future development directions of this field. Besides precision crop protection, plant phenotyping for resistance breeding or fungicide screening can be optimized by these innovative technologies. Keywords: Disease identification, Remote Sensing, Spot blotch, Wheat yield

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H31 DEPLETION OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF NORTH ANDAMAN, INDIA Subha Chakraborty1, Debaleena Majumdar2, Debajit Datta2 & Swati Saha1 1 Department of Architecture, Town and Regional Planning, IIEST, Shibpur, India 2 Department of Geography, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India email: [email protected] The coastal ecosystem are threatened with destruction by natural forcing (e.g. climate change, global warming, sea level rise) coupled with various anthropogenic disturbances. Mangroves are highly important natural resources of coastal regions which is vital for coastal livelihood and works as natural guard from various natural phenomenons, like storms, tsunami etc. Although, mangroves have the resilience capacity to adopt climate change and sea level rise. Rapid climate change influences the longitudinal expansion with alteration of species composition which will forced towards depletion of spatial coverage. This present investigation focuses on the impact of climatic variables (2010-2050) on mangrove suitability using multicriteria decision making techniques. Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) projected Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1-M, RCP scenario 6) based climatic data and projected population data plays the major roles in this analysis. The result shows that high decrease of precipitation (14%), increase of temperature (1%) and population growth (10%) has significant impact on mangrove depletion. However, continuous increase of sea surface height (1.5mm observed during 1980-2009) and seismic events with frequent storm surges are the key reason of quick depletion of this ecosystem. Thereafter, this study conclude that, climate changes are one of the key triggering factor of mangrove deputation in North and Middle Andaman. Simultaneously, population growth and encroachment of forest land are the major threats in the region. A sustainable development planning approach is necessary to increase the resilience capacity of these coastal ecosystem. Keywords: Climate change, Mangrove suitability study, Multi-criteria decision making techniques, Norwegian earth system model, Representative concentration pathways

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H32 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOUTHERN WESTERN GHAT BY ENHANCED VEGETATION INDEX (EVI) Sachin M. Bhere Department of Water resource engineering, Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad, India email: [email protected] The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of climate change on the southern western Ghat by Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). To study climate change impact, satellite imagenary is used from Landsat series to calculate the change in vegetation by Enhanced vegetation index (EVI). The Climate data from 1950 to 2010 is used to analyze the trend of temperature, rainfall, and diurnal temperature range (DTR) in southern western Ghat. The trend analysis of rainfall and other climatic data studied by the Mann-Kendall test. Climate data analysis shows the increasing trend in annual mean maximum, mean minimum, mean temperature and diurnal temperature range (DTR) of about 0.01 ̊ C\year. According to the report of the ministry of earth sciences, Government of India is observed that the temperature is increased significantly by 95% in southern states like Kerala but, the decreasing trend is observed in rainfall in some areas of about -2.4 mm/year. For studying the impact of climate change on forest the decadal change in the vegetation of southern western Ghat is calculated by the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI); instead of normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) so that the effect of steep slopes and topography of western Ghat can be neglected. The change in vegetation is analyzed using cloud-free Landsat series and the significantly decreasing trend in vegetation is observed about 8% in southern Western Ghat during the last three decades which is one of the biodiversity hotspots according to the UNESCO. The climate change impact on a western Ghat is important to study because it forms the catchment which drains more than one-third of India. Keywords: Climate change impact, Southern western Ghat, Kerala, Enhanced vegetation index, Normalized differential vegetation index, Landsat

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H33 IDENTIFICATION OF THE AREAS WITH RABI CROPS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH IRRIGATION OVER PASCHIM MEDINIPUR DISTRICT IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA Asadul Haque, Dipanwita Dutta & Pulakesh Das Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Vidyasagar University, India email: [email protected] Agriculture is the socio-economic backbone of the Paschim Medinipur District, where more than 80% population are directly and indirectly dependent on agriculture and allied industries. This current study was focused on identifying the cropland area in Rabi season and assessing the available irrigation facilities in this district. For cropland identification during 2014 to 2018, MODIS derived NDVI data was used; whereas, Sentinel-2 multispectral data was used to identify the areas under two major crops type as rice and potato. Decision tree based classification method was used to identify cropland area in Rabi season, and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification method was applied to identify the crop types. Validating with field collected data points, more than 72% overall accuracy was obtained. Rabi season cropping was identified in about 49% of the total usable cropland area during the 2014-2018, which corroborates the district statistical records. Rice was cultivated in majority of the study area (252492 ha) compared to Potato (51011 ha). Majority of the croplands were identified in Datan-I, Debra, Keshpur, Kharagpur-II, Narayangrah, Keshiri, Garbeta-I and Sabang. The corresponding block level irrigation data well validated the Rabi season cropland area. The study identified the areas having lack of irrigation facilities in Debra, Ghatal, Kharagpur-II, Sabang, Pingla and Garbeta-I blocks of Paschim Medinipur district. The spatially explicit maps have policy level implication to improved watershed management activities. Keywords: Decision tree, Spectral angle mapper, Rabi season crop, Irrigation

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H34 ASSESSMENT OF CHANGING TREND OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BY USING ENERGY BALANCE MODEL ON BURHABALANGA RIVER BASIN Bandana Sahu & Sanat Nalini Sahoo Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India email: [email protected] Evapotranspiration (ET) is highly variable in both space and time. It is variable in space due to the wide spatial variability of precipitation, hydraulic characteristics of soils, and vegetation types and densities. Satellite images provide an excellent means for determining and mapping the spatial and temporal structure of evapotranspiration. Change in climate is indirectly associated with the change in evapotranspiration of a certain area. In determining evapotranspiration, Land Surface Temperature (LST) is needed to be calculated throughout the river basin. In current study, the change in LST with respect to rainfall is checked which indirectly affects in estimation of evapotranspiration. So finally a trend is found out to analyse how these two atmospheric parameters are interlinked to each other. The study is also associated with the analysis of the sensitivity of different parameters like Rn (Net radiation), H (Sensible heat flux), G (Soil heat flux), LST, NDVI and emissivity with evapotranspiration that affects the most and the least. In this study, SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land) has been used as it has been proven to provide comparatively accurate results among other one source Evapotranspiration models. For SEBAL model Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C1 Level 1 images have been used. So the trend analysis has been carried out from the year 2013-2018. For assessing the model, various parameters are required which are developed in ARC-GIS Platform. To carry out the research work Burhabalanga river basin has been selected which is situated in the district of Mayurbhanj and Balasore in the Indian state of Odisha. Keywords: SEBAL, Evapotranspiration, Landsat-8, Rainfall, Net radiation, LST

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H35 INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN YIELD, NUTRIENT DYNAMICS AND QUALITY OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) UNDER VARYING CO2 ENVIRONMENT Usha Rani Jena & Dillip Kumar Swain Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] The study aims at investigating the response of rice genotypes to elevated [CO2] under open top chamber (OTC) on rice yield, nutrient acquisition, utilization, and grain quality in the subtropical climate of eastern India. For this purpose, three growing environments [open field, (OTC) of ambient and OTC of elevated [CO2] (25% above the ambient) were tested in four rice cultivars (IR36, Swarna, Swarna sub1 and Badshabhog) during wet season (2012 & 2013) at the research farm of Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. The grain yields of high yielding cultivars (HYCs) (IR 36, Swarna, and Swarna sub1) were reduced (11-13%) under elevated [CO2] as compared to ambient environment, whereas the yield increased by 6-9% for Badshabhog, a low yielding aromatic cultivar. The total N and P uptake by the crop did not differ between ambient and elevated [CO2] environment. However, the increase in [CO2] enhanced the K uptake by 1421%. The nutrient harvest index and internal utilization efficiency values indicated the reduced translocation of nutrient towards grain by the increased atmospheric [CO2] in all cultivars, except Badshabhog. The elevated [CO2] increased the alkali spreading value (10%), and reduced the crude protein (2-3%) and iron (5-6%) contents in the rice grain. The study highlighted the importance of source-sink partitioning and intra-plant nutrient dynamics. Strategic nutrient management is essential to alleviate plant nutrient stress under elevated [CO2].

 

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Coastal and Island Vulnerability

I01 COASTAL VULNERABILITY NEAR VISAKHAPATNAM COAST DURING TROPICAL CYCLONE PERIOD Teppala Vikranth & Killampalli Rajesh Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. email: [email protected] Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) is the natural and physical that can be seen near coastal and Islands in the coastal management. Coastal storms, high winds, deep water explosions volcano, tsunami, sea level rise are main causes. Coastal zone is a region where continuous dynamic interaction between land and sea. During shallow water wave massive energy exchange takes places in coastal area. Shallow water waves characterized by having lesser wave length and higher wave amplitude when compared to open ocean waves. Wave breaking activities took place mostly in shallow water region where water depth is lesser, during this activity huge amount of energy released, leads to deposition and erosion of sand at coastal regions. During tropical cyclonic period the wave amplitude increases and hits to coastal region with full force. At this time, there is a rise in sea level based on the bottom topography and CVI normally appeared in localities at coastal area living communities. This study mainly focused on up to at what extent the coastal zones are affected during tropical cyclone period at Visakhapatnam coast and compared sea level data during cyclonic period and non-cyclonic period. Here we have considered tropical cyclone HUD HUD 8th October 2014 – 14 October 2014 and PHETHAI 15th December 2018. To analyze this study we have chosen permanent mean sea level data at Visakhapatnam coast during, before and after cyclonic period. Outcome of this study is to analyze up to at what level coastal line eroded and effects coastal living communities during tropical cyclonic period. Keywords: Coastal vulnerability, HUD HUD, PHETHAI, Shallow water wave

176   

I02 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON COASTAL VULNERABILITY OF SOUTHERN INDIA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS Priyanko Das Department of Geography, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India email: [email protected] A number of studies has classified Tamil Nadu as one of highly vulnerable region to the major effects of climate change. A number of investigations using satellite data verified varying trends in sea level across Bay of Bengal, which is one of the largest oceans surrounding the Indian Subcontinent. The Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI), which is computed based on recorded sea level anomalies from multiple satellite altimetry missions, coastal topography extracted from high resolution satellite images and terrestrial laser scanner data, tidal range, significant wave heights and geomorphology. The study utilized satellite data from the ERS-1, ERS-2, ENVISAT, Jason-1, Jason-2 and TOPEX/POSEIDON mission obtained from the RADS database system, where the necessary corrections were applied accordingly. Keywords: Remote sensing, GIS, Coastal vulnerability index, Climate change

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I03

  DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL VULNERABILITY MAPS AND ESTIMATION OF THEIR RISK RATES ALONG WEST BENGAL COAST, INDIA N. N. V. Sudha Rani1 & A. N. V. Satyanarayana Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land sciences, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] West Bengal coastal area with nearly 220 km length is potentially under threat due to multiple hazards associated with the coast both regionally and globally. Due to low flat terrain, the region is highly vulnerable to inundation through sea level rise, annual tidal range changes and tropical cyclone induced storm surge. In all the cases, the inundation is affecting majorly socio-economic conditions. Being a thickly populated coastal districts with an over-pumping of fresh water the region is becoming highly vulnerable with slat-water intrusion into fresh ground water. The inundation due to sea water is also making the land surface intruded with salt water. Once the land surface gets inundated with salt water, it takes multiple times the rainfall over there to washout the salinity. This will again damage the regular agriculture and biotic habitat. Therefore, at a regional level with respect to focus on the regular physical coastal processes, one needs to address the salt water intrusion and inundation effect on this coastal region to estimate the Physical Vulnerability Index (PVI). Additionally, a for a better understanding of the coast, socio-economic parameters were added for this study. For the present study, an attempt is made to assess and to produce coastal vulnerability maps using multiple physical and social parameters that will effect the West Bengal coast. The results for the entire coastline is ranked into five categories with 30.71% of the coastline coming under very highly vulnerable, 17.02% as highly vulnerable, 15.31 % as moderately vulnerable, 11.65% as low vulnerable and 25.29% as very low vulnerable. These results can be used by the policy makers for developing and managing the coastal regions and for adaptive measures. Keywords: Vulnerability, Index, Salt water intrusion

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I04  

VULNERABILITY STUDIES OF KAVARATTI ISLAND, LAKSHADWEEP U.T, INDIA 1

R. Mani Murali1 & J. Sundaresan2 CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India 2 CSIR –NISCAIR, New Delhi, India email: [email protected]

Climate change effect is being felt across the globe in recent times. They are such as increased frequency and intensity of cyclones, coastal erosion, inundation of seawater along the low-lying areas, saline water intrusion in the coastal aquifers, storm surges, coral bleaching, ocean acidification, etc. IPCC reports have concluded the islands in the tropics are more vulnerable to the future sea level rise. Lakshadweep islands are also facing the impact of climate change and are visibly seen owing to their geographical isolation and small size. Results of this study show the impact of climate change in the Kavaratti island, Lakshadweep U.T which will be severely affected due to sea level rise. Satellite images have been used to map the Land use/Land cover and also to derive the elevation. Finally, vulnerable areas of this Island were derived and discussed. In Kavaratti island, built up land has increased from 49 to 161 acres. Plantations have increased from 1973 to 2001 about 119 acres and decreased 54 acres in 2015. Sandy area has decreased extensively from 1973-2015. Approximately 57 acre built uplands will be affected by coastal flooding in the future due to climate change. This study is essential for adaptation planning and for combating climate change impacts in tiny islands. Keywords: Vulnerability, Kavaratti, Lakshadweep, Sea level rise, Climate change

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I05 CORRELATION BETWEEN LANDSLIDE VULNERABILITY AND SOIL EROSION – A STUDY ON SHIMLA TEHSIL, HIMACHAL PRADESH C. Prakasam1, R. Aravinth1 & B. Nagarajan2 Department of Civil Engineering, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India email: [email protected]

1

Soil erosion over Earth is a quite-frequent and well-distributed problem. Mapping the level of risk of the areas subjected to rain and wind erosion is therefore an important issue. Soil Erosion in many parts of the developing world poses a threat to rural livelihoods, to the sustainability of the agricultural sector, and to the environment. These soil erosions indirectly pose a threat to landslide vulnerability during rainy season. Soil particles get dislodged due to kinematic impact of rainfall leading to landslides. The present research is carried out assess the soil erosion vulnerability of the study area and its impact on landslide by correlating the landslide occurrences in Shimla Tehsil, Himachal Pradesh. Survey of India Toposheets, Geological Survey of India Maps, ASTER GDEM and LANDSAT 8 OLI/TIRS sensors and Rainfall data from Indian Meteorological Department are used as data sources. Rainfall Erosivity, Soil Erodibility, Crop Cover, Landuse Landcover, Slope Length have been used as causative factors for monitoring soil erosion. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) method is applied to solve the modelling problem of the soil erosion. Landslide inventory mapping is carried with the help of Google earth, LANSAT and LISS III imageries. The data was processed in GIS environment to derive the soil erosion map and landslide impact due to soil erosion of the study area. Keywords: RUSLE model, Rainfall Erosivity, Soil erodibility, Crop factor, LULC, GIS, Landslide Inventory

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I06 GEOSPATIAL MODELING FOR PREDICTION OF FUTURE SHORELINE: A CASE STUDY ALONG THE ANDHRA PRADESH, EASTERN COAST OF INDIA K. K. Basheer Ahammed & Arvind Chandra Pandey Department of Land Resource Management, Central University of Jharkhand email: [email protected] Climate change and increasing trend of sea level rise is resulting its transformation of coastlines all over the globe. Due to these changes, shoreline is significantly changing its position with erosion or accretion over coastal landforms. Andhra Pradesh state has the second longest coastline in India with 972 Km coastline. The present study demonstrates the use of remote sensing and geo-statistical tools for predicting future shoreline changes based on their historical movement. End Point Rate (EPR) statistical tool was used to estimate the historical shoreline change and predict future shoreline position. Erosion and accretion of the coastline were delineated from Landsat satellite image for the period of 1973, 1980, 1990 and 2000. The study exhibited that the river mouth of Krishna and Godavari undergone a higher rate of change in shoreline position. Based on the empirical shoreline movement, shoreline is predicted for a short term (2025) and long term (2050) period. The study exhibited that the rate of average shoreline change is increasing since 1990. The average rate of shoreline change rate in the period 1980- 1990 was 10.86 m/yr (accretion), whereas, in the year 2000 it became -0.63 m/yr (erosion). Based on the model prediction, shoreline change rate undergoes erosion with -8.47 m/yr and -59.01m/yr during the period 2000-2025 and 2025-2050 respectively. Which is indicating the vulnerability of the coast is dominate with erosion coast that accretion. This study revealed that the use of remote sensing and geo statistical tools are most reliable and cost effective approach for monitoring and prediction of the shoreline change. The result obtained from the present study may serve as the baseline information for disaster management and resource planning in the coastal area. Keywords: Climate Change, Shoreline Prediction, End Point Rate, GIS, Remote Sensing, Andhra Pradesh                

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I07 VULNERABILITY AND FUTURE RISK ASSESSMENT OF GANGA BRAHMAPUTRA DELTAIC ISLANDS DUE TO CLIMATIC TRANSFORMATION Aniruddha Debnath, Chitralekha Das & Sunaina Singh Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar, Haryana, India email: [email protected] Together Ganga and Brahmaputra forms the world’s largest deltaic islands which is also best known for its largest mangrove reserves. At present time due to unsustainable development our environment is getting worsely effected. These results a mere climatic transformation which can be clearly seen in ocean and as well as in cryosphere. To analyse the climatic transformation in the deltaic islands gradually, the study have been performed. With the help of Remote sensing and GIS an analytical study was conducted to assess the vulnerability and future risk zonation of the Ganga-Brahmaputra deltaic islands since 1980. The datasets used for the study were Landsat MSS, TM, OLI, Sentinel 2, ASTER DEM, Bathymetric data and Tidal data. For the future projection of the vulnerability of the islands Fuzzy induced risk assessment had been done. Due to the effect of climatic imbalance the sea level rises result various small islands already inundated under water which indicates the threat to the islands population, shows the degree of probability of getting worsely vulnerable is increasing day by day. Keywords: Fuzzy logic, CVI, Change detection

182   

I08 NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF MODE-1 INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVE GENERATION FROM NORTH AND SOUTH OF BATTI MALV ISLAND, NICOBAR ISLANDS Jithendra Raju Nadimpalli & Mihir Kumar Dash Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] A non-hydrostatic, nonlinear and unstructured numerical ocean model (SUNTANS) is used to study the generation mechanism of mode-1 Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs), along a shallow ridge between Car Nicobar and Chowra Islands of Nicobar Island chain. Batti Malv Island situated between Car Nicobar and Chowra Islands separates this long shallow ridge into two nearly equal sections North (referred as North Batti Malv Island, NBM) and South (referred as South Batti Malv Island, SBM) of it. NBM is shallow and less steep than the SBM. The Barotropic tide over NBM and SBM generates mode-1 ISWs both in East and West directions. It is observed that the generation mechanism of these bidirectional waves radiating from NBM is the same but over SBM are different. During spring tide, the barotropic flow over NBM is supercritical with respect to first mode linear internal wave. This supercritical flow leads to the generation of mode-1 waves from NBM through “Lee wave mechanism”. Unlike NBM, the barotropic flow over SBM is subcritical throughout the springneap tidal cycle. From the model output, it is observed that the westward propagating mode-1 ISWs from SBM is generated through the “Upstream influence” while the eastward propagating waves are generated by “Internal tide release mechanism”. Hence, the generation mechanism of mode-1 ISWs observed from a numerical model output at NBM and SBM is very diverse. Keywords: Internal Solitary Waves, mode-1 waves, SUNTANS, Nicobar Islands, Andaman Sea, SAR

183   

I09 SURFACE OCEAN RADIOCARBON VARIABILITY RECORDS FROM ANDAMAN CORAL Harsh Raj & Ravi Bhushan Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India email: [email protected] Radiocarbon of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in surface seawater changes as a result of air-sea CO2 exchange and water mixing. The annual bands of massive corals growing in shallow seawater, provide continuous and high resolution radiocarbon records. High resolution radiocarbon record of corals would provide understanding of processes like air-sea CO2 exchange, ocean circulation, mixing and upwelling. A coral core from Andaman Island was analysed and its radiocarbon concentration are being reported. The Δ14C of coral from the Andaman Islands shows an overall decreasing trend of ~6‰ per year between 2003-2014. The 11-year radiocarbon record manifests seasonal variations superimposed on the long term decreasing trend. The plausible reason for the observed Δ14C variation can be seasonal surface water mixing during monsoon period. This work will add to the understanding of ocean dynamics in the Andaman region. Radiocarbon variation in corals from Andaman would help delineate signatures of coupled ocean-atmospheric events like El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) along with local processes. Keywords: Radiocarbon, Andaman coral, Monsoon

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I10 WIND-WAVE CLIMATE USING SATELLITE ALTIMETRY DATA FOR THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN S. Sreelakshmi & Prasad K. Bhaskaran Department of Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, India email: [email protected] Swells or long period surface gravity waves can propagate from the generation region or fetch to considerable long distance over the ocean basin circumscribing the hemisphere reaching distant coasts worldwide with no significant loss of energy or dissipation. The swells are known to travel considerable long distances in the order of about 20,000 km over the great circles from the generation region. In other words, the local wind-wave climate of a region can be significantly affected due to the remote forcing effects from distant swells. There are recent reports that signify on the abnormal rise in water levels at few locations along the east and south-west coast of the Indian subcontinent. There are very few studies attempted to understand on how swell waves modulate and modify the local wind-waves over a given region. In this context, the data of significant wave heights from satellite altimetry records will be immensely beneficial to investigate the nature of extreme waves over the Indian Ocean basin. The present study used the quality-checked bias-corrected swath data obtained from different multi-satellite missions processed into a gridded form using the Basic Radar Altimetry Toolbox (BRAT). The post-processed gridded data of significant wave heights for a period spanning 26 years (19922017) was used for further analysis. Monthly and seasonal analysis of the quality-checked spatial data of significant wave heights was used to understand the propagation characteristics and delineate the regions of extreme waves in the North Indian Ocean region. The study also performed the inter-annual variability of extreme waves to find out their possible trends. The implications of this study are expected to have important practical applications in wind-wave climatology and coastal engineering applications for the Indian Ocean region. Keywords: Swells, Wind-Waves, Altimeter, Satellites, Climatology, Indian ocean

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I11 CORRELATION BETWEEN WIND AND WAVE CLIMATE VARIABILITY FOR THE BAY OF BENGAL REGION Athira Krishnan & Prasad K. Bhaskaran Department of Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] Research on global climate change attributed due to greenhouse effect on the Earth’s environment is changing from understanding the phenomena to impact assessment, mitigation and adaptation strategies for future development of human society. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report documented the importance in understanding the windwave climate and its variability to better tune the climate models. Wave climate over the Bay of Bengal region located in the North Indian Ocean is an active area of research interest primarily due to the remote forcing effects. High quality wind and wave data over data sparse regions are required in order to provide a reliable source for wave climate analysis. Suite of Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (GCMs) developed under the framework of IPCC provides valuable source of data both in historical and projections time scale. This study analyses the correlation between wind speed and wave height data obtained from Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and high resolution global climate model developed under the KAKUSHIN program, Japan respectively. Wind speed data obtained from CMIP5 for the historical period (1992-2005) and projections (2006-2016) was used for analysis. The wave data product from global climate projection at a high resolution of 20 km from GCM developed by Meteorological Research Institute (MRI)/Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) was used in this study. MRI-JMA is a single atmospheric GCM with T959L60 resolution following A1B scenario and developed for the KAKUSHIN program. The model used SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) to simulate the global wave climate projections for present and future. The study investigated in detail the wind and wave climate from the above mentioned datasets.. The study signifies that future wave climate will experience both negative and positive changes depending on the region of interest. Keywords: CMIP5, KAKUSHIN, Wind speed, Wave climate, Bay of Bengal

 

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I12 VARIABILITY OF OCEAN HEAT CONTENT AND ITS CORRELATION WITH CYCLONIC INTENSITY AND SST OVER BAY OF BENGAL Jiya Albert & Prasad K. Bhaskaran Department of Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] Increased intensity and wind speed of tropical cyclones in the recent past along with rising SST trends brings to light the importance of volumetric enthalpy exchange processes in the tropical oceans. Analysis on the spatio-temporal distributions of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Ocean Heat Content (OHC) can help to understand the exchange process in a better perspective. The study used available data for the last two decades (1996-2016). In this context it would be worthwhile to study the influence of OHC and its mutual correlation with Maximum Sustained Wind Speed (MWS) and Intensity of tropical cyclones using Joint Typhoon Warning Centre (JTWC) data in a changing climate. The current study performs a composite analysis of cyclonic wind speed statistics using the variability of OHC and SST over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) region during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The climatological data of OHC covering a depth from surface to 700 m depth and obtained from Satellite Ocean Heat Content Suite (SOHCS) provided by NOAA Global ocean heat content and salt content were used to determine the physical response of sub-surface water mass characteristics towards the formation and intensification of tropical cyclones. The geographical domain of BoB was sub-divided into four geometrically disconnected regions. The study provides an opportunity to explain the influence of different water masses, especially which differs in their physical properties related to the cyclonic wind speed and frequency of cyclonic event generated within the sub-domain. The unusual behaviour of the head Bay sub-domain and its negative correlation with respect to cyclone intensity is evident during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons over the past two decades attributed due to the freshwater influx from the riverine sources. The study aims to establish an upgraded correlation of cyclonic intensity with SST and OHC for the BoB domain. The study is believed to have potential importance in research on tropical cyclone modelling. Keywords: Cyclone wind speed, Ocean heat content, Enthalpy exchange process

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I13 Shoreline change in West Bengal: a spatio-temporal perspective Nandita Singh & Neeti TERI School of Advanced Studies, India email: [email protected] Global sea level is currently rising at a rate of 3.2mm per year with consequences like erosion, habitat loss, seawater intrusion, etc. Approximately one-third of India`s 6,632km shoreline was lost to erosion during 1990-2016, with West Bengal being the most erosion prone state with up to 63% of its 534km shoreline undergoing erosion. Changing shorelines are a threat to coastal population, infrastructure, livelihood and biodiversity and hence require continuous monitoring in order to observe changes in the short and long terms for the better management of coastal resources. But, this change is not uniform over space and time. Factors like geomorphology, tidal characteristics, wave climate etc. are instrumental in shaping the shoreline. The objective of this study is to document the changing shoreline of West Bengal during 1997 to 2017 in varying time intervals (5 years, 10 years and 20 years) across three coastal districts of the state using remote sensing and GIS technology. Shorelines for the years 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017 were extracted using the Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) which employs the green, NIR and SWIR bands. The dynamic nature of shorelines in East Midnapore, S. 24 Parganas and N. 24 Parganas was analysed using GIS overlay techniques on vector shorelines. It is observed that though erosion is taking place in the region, it is not uniform in space and time. Widespread erosion is observed in the southern reaches of Sundarban Islands. Shoreline behaviour over varying time intervals is also different in some sections of the coast. Erosion is observed near Kanthi during the overall period of 1997-2017. During 1997-2007 and 2007-2017, erosion is visible in the region, but in a greater extent in the former decade as compared to the later. As for the shorter, 5 year intervals, an alternating pattern of erosion and accretion is observed with erosion taking place during 1997-2002 and 2007-2012 and accretion taking place during 2002-2007 and 2012-2017. A similar pattern is also observed in the Sagar Island. The study attempts to document the evolution of the West Bengal shoreline in varying time scales which might help to identify regions vulnerable to coastal erosion. Keywords: Shoreline change, Erosion, Accretion, AWEI

 

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Impacts on Urban Planning, Mitigation and Adaptation

J01 ENVIORNMENTAL IMPACT ON COMPARATIVE FLUCTUATION IN WATER LEVEL AT KARANATAKA STATE, INDIA V. Praveena Kumara Department of Geology, School of Erath Sciences, Central University of Karanataka, Kadaganchi, Kalaburagi, Karanataka, India email: [email protected] Water level measurements from Ground water level monitoring stations in Karnataka were carried out during our filed work November 2014 to January 2015. Out of a total network of 1309 stations, 1104 stations were monitored. A total of 106 GWM stations and 11 piezometers were found to be dry during the period. On the whole, 766 wells accounting for 60% of the analyzed wells have recorded a rise in water level during January 2016 as compared with the water level of May 2015. The remaining 510 wells accounting for 40% have recorded a fall in water level. In the rise category, the water level in the range 0-2 m is observed in 498 wells accounting for 39% of the analyzed wells. Rise in water level in the range of 2 to 4 m and more than 4 m is recorded in 175 wells (14%) and 93 wells (7%) respectively. In the fall category, the fall of water level in the range of 0 – 2 m is observed in 396 of wells accounting for 31% of analyzed wells. Fall in water level in the range of 2 to 4 m and more than 4 m are seen in 67wells (5%) and 47 wells (4%) respectively. According our observed analysis out of 1309 stations 1120 stations are fall 0.02m to 11.8m ,it means water is decreased in the respective season November 2014 to January 2015.All so out of 1309 stations 1107 stations are fall 0.01m to 9.3m and the rise in water level is in the range of 0.02 to 8.5 m. Rise in the range of 2-4 m is observed in Bangalore rural, Bangalore Urban, Bellary, Bijapur, Chamrajnagar, Chitradurga, Dakshin Kannada, Haveri, Kodagu, Koppal, Mandya, Mysore, Shimoga, Tumkur and Udupi districts. Rise of more than 4m water level is observed as small patches in parts of Bangalore rural, Belgaum, Bijapur, Chikmagalur, Kodagu, Mandya, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Davangere, Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri districts. Finally we found shortage of rainfall is one of the reason for depth to water level decrease. Also we want do some latest technic & awareness to formers. Keywords: Groundwater, Fluctuation, Depth to water level, Monsoon

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J02 SIMULATING MICRO-SCALE THERMAL INTERACTIONS IN DIFFERENT BUILDING ENVIRONMENTS FOR MITIGATING URBAN HEAT ISLANDS Ansar Khan1, Soumendu Chatterjee2 & S. K. Mithun3 Department of Geography, Lalbaba College, Howrah, India 2 Department of Geography, Presidency University, Kolkata, India 3 Department of Geography, Haldia Government College, Haldia, India email: [email protected] 1

The tropical cities are more susceptible to the suggested effects of the projected global warming because they are already located in the torrid zone and growing at rapid rates. Therefore, the significance of researches on mitigation of UHI effects in tropical cities has increased immensely during the recent years. The commonly used UHI mitigation strategies need to be examined in tropical context since the mechanism of attaining surface energy balance in tropics is different from that in mid-latitudes. The present paper evaluates the performance of four different mitigation strategies to counterbalance the impact of UHI phenomena for climate resilient adaptation in Kolkata metropolitan area (KMA), India. This has been achieved by reproducing the study sites, selected from three different urban morphologies of open low-rise, compact low-rise and mid-rise residential areas, through ENVImet V 4.0 and simulating the effects of different mitigation strategies- cool pavement, cool roof, added urban vegetation and cool city (a combination of three former strategies), in reducing the UHI intensity. Simulation results show that at a diurnal scale in summer, the green city model performed best at neighborhood level to reduce air temperature, by 0.7°C, 0.8°C and 1.1°C, whereas the cool city model was the most effective strategy to reduce physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) by 2.8 - 3.1°C, 2.2 - 2.8°C and 2.8-2.9°C in midrise compact low-rise and open low-rise residential areas, respectively. It was observed that for all the built environment types, vegetation played the most significant role in determining surface energy balance in the study area, compared to roofs and pavements. This study also finds that irrespective of building environments, tropical cities are less sensitive to the selected strategies of UHI mitigation than the temperate cities, which can be attributed to the difference in magnitude of urbanness. Keywords: Urban micro-climate, UHI mitigation strategies, ENVI-met V 4.0, Cool city model, 28 Physiologically equivalent temperature (PET)

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J03 ANALYSIS OF HEAT EXTREME INDICES OVER TWO URBAN REGIONS OF INDIA IN FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO Michael John, A. Naga Rajesh & T. V. Lakshmi Kumar Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram Dist, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India The occurrence of Heat wave conditions is increasing in different parts of the world which is expected to lead to increasing levels of discomfort to the human beings. It is not exactly the rise in temperature which causes human discomfort but the temperature coupled with high humidity, low wind and impervious clothing form the major causes of discomfort. Above all, the type of physical activities being undertaken in these adverse conditions is one of the important factors to decide the stress and strain encountered by a person. Systematically observed meteorological parameters as well as the regional/global climate model outputs are available from several sources can be used for estimating the values of heat index at any location. In this study, heat index is calculated for two major cities of Tamilnadu, Chennai (coastal) and Tiruchirappalli (landlock) using daily observed parameters from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for the period 1969 to 2015. The heat index trends have been estimated during summer time (March to May) and found highest trend during the recent decade (2001 to 2015). Based on the historical meteorological data and the future Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP -5) ensemble model data, the future temperature and relative humidity are obtained based on the statistical downscaling technique over the aforementioned study locations for the period from 2006 to 2100. The heat indices of the same have been studied for the two projection scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 and the implications are discussed. The projected heat indices show the drastic increasing trend which is the indication of extreme danger of human comfort. The results of the present study will be immense help in studying the urban heat island effects of Chennai and Trichy which will supplement to the future urban climate scenario of Chennai and Trichy.                                       191   

J04 A STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND DUE TO RECENT TREND OF URBANIZATION IN SILIGURI, WEST BENGAL Tirthankar Majumder1, Kalyan Adhikari1 & Soumya Bhattacharyya2 1 Dept. of Earth and Environmental Studies, NIT, Durgapur, India 2 Dept. of Civil Engineering, NIT, Durgapur, India email: [email protected] The impact of urbanization has placed mankind to a vulnerable position as man is directly exposed to the rapid meteorological changes. One such observation made is the difference of the surface temperature between urban and rural areas. Urban Heat Island (UHI) is one such meteorological impact where the surface temperature is comparatively higher than the surrounding rural areas. Siliguri city in India faced a rapid hike in population with an unplanned expansion of settlement over the last few years. It appears to be the first study of UHI in Siliguri using the remote sensing applications to determine Land Surface Temperature (LST) and to study the related changes in land use pattern of the study area. Satellite images from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS and Landsat TM 5 were downloaded through USGS website. Using mono-window algorithm the LST was derived and NDVI was determined to study the change in vegetation cover. NDBI was determined to assess the change in built-up areas. The study identified several heat pockets developing in the downtown of the study area over the study period and a clear contrast between the LST of the urbanized part of the study area and surrounding rural area was observed. A direct relation was observed between the LST and NDBI. The purpose of such a study is to make people aware of the impacts due to anthropogenic activities on LST and the alarming trend of increasing ambient temperature which can lead to health issues. Keywords: Urban Heat Island (UHI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Operational Land Imager (OLI), Thermal Infrared Sensors (TIRS), Thematic Mapper (TM), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalised Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Mono-window algorithm

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J05

 

 

  FEEDBACK OF STREAMFLOW GENERATION ON ATMOSPHERIC VARIABLES OF BRAHMANI RIVER BASIN USING WRF MODEL Subhadeep Mandal, Bhabagrahi Sahoo & Manas Ranjan Panda School of Water Resources, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] To understand the effect of climate change on the hydrologic variables, it is necessary to study the relationship between the atmospheric and hydrologic variables. Climate is a longterm averaged atmospheric condition of a place, where climate variability plays a significant role in changing the dynamics of this non-homogeneous system; and thus it is not easy to understand properly. To study the relationship between the variables, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been applied in the Brahmani River Basin (BRB) in Eastern India considering a suitable set of parameterized physics schemes, consisting of one coarse domain and one nested domain. The BRB witnesses two typical high flood events in July, 2010 and September, 2011. NCEP Reanalysis 2 data has been used to capture these two typical events for understanding the dynamics of the atmospheric variables, viz., Sensible heat flux, Latent heat flux, Soil moisture flux, and Skin surface temperature. This study provides an insight to understand the basin-scale streamflow generation dynamics and its feedback to the atmosphere in terms of moisture flux and pressure distribution in the BRB. Keywords: Climate, Feedback, Flux, Streamflow, WRF

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J06 THE IMPACT OF URBAN SPRAWL ON VEGETATION COVER & LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN BARASAT MUNICIPAL AREA Aniruddha Debnath, Ritesh Kumar, Chitralekha Das, Taniya Singh & Manjit Singh Haryana Space Applications Centre, Hisar, Haryana, India email: [email protected] India is a developing country and its development phase is facing the trio of urbanization, modernization and globalization. The study pertains to find out the negative impact of rapid urban development on the vegetation cover and inter relationship with the variability of land surface temperature. The study area, Barasat municipality is facing rapid urbanization since the mid 90’s hence the concentration of people is increasing at very fast pace resulting in dense concrete high rise buildings. The Barasat city is adjacent to Kolkata metropolitan city and is also part of Greater Kolkata, thus the urban growthis taking place in an unplanned way, hence rise in number of multi storied buildings, crowded population and hence effectively there is Urban Heat Island. The study aims to show the variability of land surface temperature from 2001 to 2017 with the help of geospatial techniques, use of multi dated Landsat satellite images,in relation to increase in urbanization. This study also highlights the impact of rapid urban growth on vegetation cover being measured by changes in NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)and LST (Land Surface Temperature) over a period of 17 years (2001 – 2017). May be, the 17 years’ time scale is very small period for detection of changesin urban land use but enough to show the urban growth pattern and trend and its impact on local Land surface temperature variability. The use of remote sensing and GIS techniques has proven its credentials for the change analysis of vegetation cover and Land surface temperature variation in relation to urban growth in the study area. Keywords: Urban sprawl, UHI, NDVI, LST

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J07 GLOBAL DIMMING: ITS EFFECT ON AGRICULTURE Rajashree khatua & S. Panneerselvam Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India email: [email protected] Sun is the source of all energy available on earth. The amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface gradually declines, termed as “Global dimming”. Changes in pan evaporation, diurnal temperature range (DTR) and transmissivity of the earth’s atmosphere support the incidence of global dimming. Global dimming is mainly caused by increased amount of particles (aerosols) in the air which can be determined by the aerosol optical depth (AOD), increased cloud thickness and cloud cover due to sea ice melting and changes in the land use. The albedo (short wave reflectivity) of the earth is increased by non-BC (black carbon) aerosols such as sulfate, nitrates and organics in atmospheric brown clouds (ABCs) which result in an increased amount of reflected radiation to the space. Albedo of the cloud is also increased as the non-BC aerosols nucleate cloud drops which is known as “cloud-albedoeffect”. Volcanic eruptions and desertification also add large amount of aerosols and dusts respectively in the earth’s atmosphere. Global dimming results in some ecological problems viz. changes in hydrological cycle, rainfall pattern and rate of photosynthesis. It sometimes causes drought, failure of monsoon and decrease or absence of seasonal rainfall in northern latitudes. Solar radiation controls photosynthesis by controlling the opening and closure of stomata and by maintaining CO2 concentration. Nevertheless, global dimming also harms human health indirectly. Thus actions could be taken to control this phenomenon due to its direct and indirect impacts on global ecosystem. By cultivating photo insensitive crop varieties we can minimize the adverse effects of global dimming on photosynthesis. Air pollution can be controlled by using some alternative fuels and strictly regulating the emissions from industries thereby lowering the aerosols content in the atmosphere and by these we can escape from the ill effects of global dimming. Global dimming is caused due to increased cloud thickness, cloud cover and suspended particulate matter in air (aerosol). These reduced solar radiations due to global dimming adversely affects photosynthesis by plant thereby having negative effect on agriculture. Keywords: Aerosol optical depth, Agricultural productivity, Black carbon, Global dimming, Pan evaporation

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J08 INLAND AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN AREAS SURROUNDING BENGALURU URBAN DISTRICT USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY Sanjana Biradar1, S. Rama Subramoniam2 & Mahadevi Kotyal3 Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Centre, Bengaluru, India 2 RRSC (South), NRSC, ISRO, Dept. of Space, ISITE Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka 3 JSS Banashankari Arts, Com, and S K Gubbi Sci College Dharwad, Karnataka, India email: [email protected] 1

The main objective of this study was to identify the suitable water bodies for fish farming using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing. Study was carried out in Bengaluru rural district and Ramanagara district using Sentinel 2 data. Supervised classification was carried out for the multi temporal images of December 2016, February and April 2017 to extract water bodies in the study area. Water bodies more than 1 ha and free from disposal by nearby industrial areas are considered fit for fish culture. Magadi taluk has the highest fish production as it has more number of clean water bodies for longer period of time (10-12 months). The inland fish production from Benagluru rural and Ramanagara district may fulfil up to 20% of the fish demand in the Bengaluru urban district. It was found that there is big gap between supply and demand.

 

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J09 MICROBE ASSISTED PHYTOREMEDIATION FOR EFFECTIVE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM CONTAMINATED SITES Ankit & Kuldeep Bauddh Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Brambe, India email: [email protected] Soil pollution and its effective remediation has evoked a worldwide concern. From amongst different techniques that have been used, phytoremediation is the safest and effective method for remediation of heavy metals. Phytoremediation reduces the risk of soil contamination which adversely affects the environment and ultimately human health. Phytoremediation of metalloids and toxic metals have been done in the past using a wide range of plants. Microbe assisted phytoremediation techniques, for example, phytostabilization or phytoextraction, may enhance the beneficial aspects and they can be seen as potentially useful ways for application in remediation of heterogeneously contaminated soils. Phytoremediation efficiency can be boosted by using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). These bacteria are capable of transforming metals into bioavailable forms through the action of organic acids, siderophores, biomethylation, biosurfactants and redox processes. PGPB also assists the plant in gaining biomass. This in turn increases the competitive advantage of these plants over the plants that grow in the absence of these microbes. Better plant growth also promotes colonization of beneficial bacteria, which in turn leads to an enhancement in pollutant remediation. Keywords: Microbe assisted phytoremediation, Heavy metals, Soil contaminants, PGP bacteria

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J10 SHRINKING ISLANDS: ADAPTATION AND VULNERABILITY OF THE “CLIMATE REFUGEES” OF INDIA Madhurima Chatterjee Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, India email: [email protected] It was claimed by UN climate change that “world needs to tackle climate displacement”, according to European parliamentary research service, it was increased from 173 million in 2000 to 258 million on 2017,increasing day by day, as people are migrating from coastal zones and islands are mainly because of sea level rise, draughts ,cyclones ,floods. The people are forced to migrate due to the vulnerabilities they were facing every day, they have struggled a lot to mitigate the situation at their best available local environmental knowledge. So, researchers across disciplines trying to understand and interpret climate change through the eyes of the sufferers rather than claiming it as human made global changes which needs action now. This study shows some people understanding this changes through their local knowledge of nature, like timing of the sea currents and availability of the food, sinking of lands, and unconscious dreams, Oral histories with aged who have a long experience with this environmental changes have been used with unstructured interviews to understand community member’s views, beliefs and narratives about changes they have faced and crisis they are living in, the PRA technique and triangulation was also used to understand the governmental effort being made to resettle climate refugees, interpretative explanations of the changes and how they have responded to that are analyzed by arising and pre-created coding in occupational, social, religious, political and environmental context. This paper will focus on narratives of the climate migrants from ‘Ghoramara’ and ‘Lohachara’ island of West Bengal to understand their accountability with nature and future risks and to disseminate the knowledge across disciplines. Keywords: Climate change, Climate refugees, Displacement, Vulnerabilities, Local knowledge

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J11 DIURNAL TEMPERATURE RANGE AND MORTALITY IN VARANASI, A CITY IN CENTRAL INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN Nidhi Singh1,2, Alaa Mhawish2, Santu Ghosh3, Tirthankar Banerjee 1,2 & R. K. Mall1,2 1 DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU Varanasi, India 2 Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU Varanasi, India 3 Department of Biostatistics, St Johns Medical College, Koramongala, Bangalore, India email: [email protected] Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) has been recently used in several study as a temperature metric to assess the additional burden of mortality due to unusual temperature. Importantly most of the studies have reported the mortality burden due to increase in DTR as the places where the studies were performed have very low mean temperature in compared to our study area. Therefore, this study assesses the impact of low DTR values on mortality. Restricted distributed Lag Non-linear Models combined with a quasi-Poisson regression model was used to assess the impact of DTR on all cause non accidental mortality from 2009-2016. Effect modifiers like age, gender and place of deaths controlled for potential confounders such as long-term time trend, day of week (DOW), mean temperature, relative humidity and air pollutants (PM10, NO2, SO2, O3) were used. We have considered effect of DTR between the summer season (from April-June), winter season (December-Feb), other season (inclusive of rest months) and annual. The trend analysis showed a sharp decline in DTR up to 2015 (2.2 °C), but an increase was observed during 2016 that caused an overall reduction of 0.8 °C between 2009 and 2016. The decrease in DTR was mainly contributed by decrease in maximum temperature (-0.012; 0th centile) and the increase in minimum temperature (0.004; 100th centile). The percent increase in non-accidental mortality was 0.63% (95% CI 1.12 to 0.24) with per unit decrease in DTR. People aged 5-44 years and males were mainly affected. The delayed (lag) effect was explored for 0-7 days and was found to be limited up to Lag 2 and peaked at lag 0. However, the cumulative relative risk (CRR) for “other seasons”, was little delayed by one day and persisted from 2-6 day. The results showed that decrease in DTR have relatively higher impact during summer (1.32%, 95% CI, -0.61, 2.03) than in winter and other seasons. The cumulative lag impact though was relatively higher during winter for per degree Celsius decrease in diurnal temperature range. The greater risk was observed for Institutional death (Death inside hospital; 0.92%, 95% CI: 0.22, 1.51%) than non-Institutional death (Death outside hospital; 0.55%, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.92%). This study added evidence that low DTR increased mortality risk and exhibited seasonal heterogeneity. Keywords: Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR), Non-accidental mortality, Restricted distributed lag nonlinear model, Poisson regression

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J12 URBAN HEAT ISLAND INTENSITIES AND LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGES DURING SUMMER AND WINTER SEASONS OVER A SUB-TROPICAL INDIAN CITY Sabiha Sultana & A. N. V. Satyanarayana Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] The rapid growth of human population in the cities has led to the conversion of natural environment into urbanized regions of highly polluted air and dense constructed areas of infrastructures. Significant modifications to the surface and atmospheric conditions resultsin to the rapid change in regional climatic conditions in urban areas, as the cities are mostly noticed to be warmer than their surrounding natural environments; the phenomena of urban heat island (UHI). The increasing UHI intensities over the cities of rapidly developing tropical countries are the major concerns of the city planners. The present study is an attempt to quantifythe spatial relationship of land surface temperature (LST) with land use/cover (LULC) changes and estimate the intensity of the UHIsover Chandigarh (30.74°N 76.79°E) (sub-tropical Indian city) which is one of the early planned cities,using remote sensing techniques. For this purpose, Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) images of summer and winter period during 2000 to 2018 are used to retrieve LULC, LST and UHI intensities. Using multi-spectral bands of the satellite images the Enhanced Built up and Bareness index (EBBI) and Built up Index (BI) are calculated to effectively differentiate the urban regions and barren lands. Based on the LULC classification the built up/urban areas are noticed to be significantly increased by about 10% at the expense of vegetated and/or barren lands during 2000 – 2018 and the classification is found be to in close agreement with the EBBI and BI assessments. The estimated LST distribution reveals the presence of prominent UHIsover theurban areas of the city. The UHI intensities are observed to be increased from 10.8 °C to 12.8 °C for summer season and from 6.3 °C to 7.5 °C for winter season during the study period. The higher temperature pockets or the hotspots are mostly identified over the dense built up areas and dry lands and are noticed to be increasing during the study period. Keywords: Urban heat island, Land use and land cover, Land surface temperature

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J13 HUMAN CLIMATE INDICES OVER THE TROPICAL INDIA Jayashree Sen Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute IRDM Faculty Centre, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India email: [email protected] Concerns have been raised on the human susceptibility and vulnerability in the changing climatic scenario in tropics. Human vulnerability may be expressed as the consequence of effective climatic exposure, combining to other forms of vulnerabilities, such as social, agricultural and occupational. Different meteorological parameters like temperatures extremes, humidity, radiative flux, wind speed, etc. have profound influence on human vulnerability. The cumulative expression of these meteorological parameters has conventionally been expressed by human-thermal indices, referring to direct, rational and perceptional indices. Present research focused on the utility of different indices (e.g., WBGT, HI, Humidex, SET*, PET, PMV, UTCI, Esk) for utility in different ranges of tropical environment. Analysis involved detailed derivation of different indices, based on the data obtained from two hundred and eighty nine AWS of IMD on a temporal frame of one year. The data presented indicate wide variability of the indices in predicting human comfort/discomfort in terms of stress and strain in hot and humid climate, and accordingly suggestions have been put forward of specific indices (such as Esk, SET*) on the merits in assessing human-thermal stress of the region. Keywords: Climate indices, Thermal stress, Human vulnerability

 

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J14 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH SURFACE WATER RESOURCES (NAG RIVER, NAGPUR) Harshvardhan Singh & Swapnil Nemade Climate Change and Skilling Division (CCSD) CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India email: [email protected] Water resources (both surface and groundwater) are very much important for survival of living beings, agriculture, climate sustainability and ecosystems. Besides contamination / pollution of water resources due to disposal of waste water / sewage & various anthropogenic activities; these precious resources are continuously depleting due to over exploitation & climatic variations, therefore, there is an urgent need for the sustainable development & management of water resources as per suitability of the Hydrological, Hydrogeological and physio-climatic conditions of the study area. These inputs are very much helpful while dealing with any river rejuvenation project. Such an attempt is being made for Nag River located in Nagpur, Maharashtra. Nag river flows across the city and joins Pili river at Pawangaon (around 17 km from Ambazari lake) and drains into Kanhan river at Sawangi (around 70 km from Ambazari lake). Width of the river near the Ambazari is around 14m whereas in the middle and lower stretch it is around 20-24m. Water depth of the river is shallow up to middle stretch and slightly deep on lower stretch up to Pawangaon. From Lava Hills to Amabazari lake, altitude level varies from 363m to 321m and at Pawangaon, altitude is 281m (confluence of Nag and Pili rivers). Historically, the Nag river was perennial from its origin (Lava hills) but the river health has been deteriorated because of environmental pollution & climatic variations mainly related with anthropogenic activities. Temperature rise, changes in precipitation and runoff has affected the catchment area from lava hills to ponds and will likely continue to affect water availability and quality. For rejuvenation and sustainable ecological management of Nag river, there is need to understand the river completely from all aspects thus different maps (different order streams, water body information, lineaments, hydrogeological, etc.) has been produced. It can be observed that the lineaments or the (underground) stream which supply the water to Ambazari lake from Lava Hills and other first or second order streams have been encroached / filled with sediments retarding the groundwater/water movements affecting the river flow and ultimately impacting the ecological function of the river linked with hydrological variations. The groundwater table measurements in and around the catchment area and along the river banks (up to 100 m) have been carried out to understand the different components of the hydrologic system. In the catchment area, water table level found around 0.2-0.3 m in Mahada colony whereas water table level in other parts of catchment area up to Ambazari lake varies between 0.5-2.5m. Water table level is 2-6 m in middle stretch (Ambazari to Nandanvan) and 6-9 m at lower stretch of the river up to Pawangaon. The water table level found 12m from the well (approx.1400m away from stream joining Ambazari lake). These preliminary studies indicate that river is recharging the nearby aquifer and management of hydro-geological structures will be helpful towards sustainable development of the Nag river.

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J15 CLIMATIC MASS BALANCE AND ASSOCIATED FRESHWATER RUNOFF IN KONGSFJORD BASIN, NORTHWEST SVALBARD Ankit Pramanik1,2,3, Jack Kohler2, Ward van Pelt4 & Thomas V. Schuler3 1 ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, India 2 Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway 3 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 4 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden email: [email protected] In recent warming climate glaciers and ice caps are the major contributors to sea level rise. They are very susceptible to changing climate, therefore, investigating long-term evolution of mass balance and runoff of glaciers is essential. On a regional scale, runoff from tidewater glaciers modulates ocean circulation and affects biological activities. Arctic region is experiencing greater warming than rest of the world. In northwest Svalbard, Kongsfjord basin is a hotspot for interdisciplinary studies, many of which addressing the significance of freshwater from glaciers and seasonal snow. We use a coupled energy balance-subsurface snow/firn model to simulate long-term (1980-2016) evolution of mass balance and runoff from entire glacierized area of Kongsfjord basin. A subsurface soil model is used to simulate seasonal snow development at the nonglacierized area. Meteorological data from the nearby station at Ny-Ålesund is used for climate forcing in the model domain, with mass balance data at four glaciers in the Kongsfjord watershed used to calibrate model parameters. Precipitation forcing in the model comes from downscaled ERA-Interim precipitation data. We find an area-averaged climatic mass balance of +0.23 m w.e. a-1 for the entire glacierized area over the simulation period, with a substantial spatial variability in mass balance between south, east and north regions of the fjord. We find a nonsignificant, yet negative trend for mass balance of entire glacierized area as well as for three subregions (south, east and north) for the period 1980-2016. Refreezing equals 0.24 m w.e. a-1, which is equivalent to 17% of the total mass gain from precipitation and moisture deposition. Total runoff comprises contributions from seasonal snow in the non-glacierized area (16%) and glacier discharge (84%). Runoff time series of the entire basin shows a significant and increasing trend (6.83x106 m3 a-1) over the simulation period. Maximum freshwater to the fjord comes from the tidewater glaciers. There tidewater glacier fronts are ecological hotspots which are severely influenced by the glacier freshwater flux, which helps to bring nutrients to the fjord surface providing food for wide range of species.            

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J16 STUDY OF SEASONAL VARIATION IN FLOW PATTERN OF BAITARANI RIVER, ODISHA Ratiranjan Jena1, Biswajeet Pradhan1, Abhishek Kumar Rai2 & Ghassan Beydoun1 1 Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo NSW 2007 2 Centre For Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Science (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, WB, India email: [email protected] Study of spatial and temporal dynamics of river systems is critical for understanding ecosystem processes, including wetland modelling, surface-groundwater dynamics and city planning. In this work, we study the spatio-temporal variation of Baitarani River which flows in Keonjhar district of Odisha. Both banks of the river are populated by thousands of people. Flooding of the river during the monsoon season, and drowning of children and livestock is a major problem. There has been no attempt to study the change in water flow pattern of the river. We use the publically available satellite data, and remote sensing techniques to study the river flow variability during 2015 and 2017. Our analysis suggests that the river flow is shifting towards the Anandapur side and decreasing towards the Ghasipura side. Keywords: River flow, Seasonal change, Baitarani river

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J17 ASSESSMENT OF URBAN ENERGY BALANCE COMPONENTS OVER TWO TROPICAL COASTAL CITIES ALONG EAST COAST OF INDIA USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES B. Vignesh Kumar & A. N. V. Satyanarayana Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Khargpur, India email: [email protected] A rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization alter the surface heterogeneity, which directly affects the radiation budget at Earth surface through changes in planetary albedo. There are no precise scientific assessments that evaluate the effect of urbanization on local climate dynamics. This present study attempts to quantify the various UEB components using remote sensing techniques over two Indian cities - Kolkata (22° 34' 21'' N, 88° 21' 50° E), Bhubaneswar (20.2961° N, 85.8245° E) and assess the various urban energy balance components over different land cover classes during 2013 and 2017 winter season (December) by using Landsat 8 satellite data. The impact of Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon on different energy flux over an urban area is also analysed and the sensible heat flux is observed to be increased considerably (i.e. warm atmosphere) with the increasing Land Surface Temperature (LST) over urban surfaces. The results indicate that the estimated results of Net Radiation Flux, Sensible Heat Flux and Latent Heat Flux are in the range of typical values that observed over a tropical region. Another expected result that the land surface temperature over an urban area is increased about 2 - 3 ° C. The supervised land cover classification over the study regions for different time period is evaluated with the overall accuracy of 91.34, 95.76, 91.71 and 84.97 % and an overall kappa coefficient of 0.88, 0.84, 0.825 and 0.782. These studies have significant role in understanding the local climate dynamics and validating the Regional Climate Models. Keywords: Urban energy balance, Urban heat island, Net radiation flux, Sensible heat flux, Latent heat flux

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J18 GROUND WATER PROSPECT ZONATION OF ASANSOL HARD ROCK TERRAIN BY REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUE A. Chakraborty1, K. Adhikari2 & S. Bhattacharyya3 1 Civil Engineering,NSHM Knowlegge Campus,Durgapur, India 2 Earth and Environmental Studies,National Institute of Technolgy, Durgapur, India 3 Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology,Durgapur, India email: [email protected] Asansol is a hard rock terrain. So it is a water stressed zone. Various Gondwana formations and various rock types are existing in the region. A methodology for ground water prospect zonation using an integrated remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) approach is presented. The western part of West Bengal basically the Asansol region was selected for the model execution. Satellite data (IRSP6: LISSIII & LANDSAT ETM+), DEM (Digital Elevation Method), rainfall map, Geology map, Geomorphology map, Soil map and other informative maps and data were used as inputs for the study by using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) modeling approach in GIS .The software used for the various operations of this study is TNTmips. Keywords: Remote sensing, GIS, Ground water potential, MCDA

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J19 OPTIMAL PATH AND SERVICE AREA IDENTIFICATION WITH THE HELP OF GIS TECHNIQUES Samrin Fatema & Abhisek Chakrabarty Dept. of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University Midnapore, India email: [email protected] The major urban infrastructure such as road network, urban land use, sanitation & sewerage and significant utility services such as hospital, fire station, school, bank, market, and recreation show the quality of the city. Also, these are the main component of urban growth or development. Transportation planning also plays the vital role in urban planning. With the increase in population, the transportation system became complicated, because the socioeconomic activities and transportation carried by road network. Nowadays GIS technique is major technology, it able for urban planning, urban utility services, urban monitoring, and decision-making. With the help of GIS technology, the present study tries to find out optimal and shortest path for major utility through road network and identify the various Bank ATM service area of Midnapore town. Google earth pro data and municipality map have been used for as base map. GPS survey has been carried out for different utility service such as school, college, hospital, fire station, bank ATM, etc. within the town. In the analysis, sentinel image has been used to understand the land use/land cover pattern of the study area. For network analysis, we have used Arc GIS 10.3 and Dijkstra’s algorithm to find out the optimal path and service area. The study resulted that, there is lack of significant utility services in the town periphery and need to more services established in the boundary. Geoinformatics techniques have a steady source which can monitor the real-time data, utility planning, and urban planning. Keywords: Optimal path, Remote sensing, GIS, Service area, LULC

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J20 NATURE OF URBAN GROWTH AND ITS IMPACT ON LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE INCREASES -A MICRO LEVEL CASE STUDY ON BARRACKPORE SUB DIVISION, NORTH 24 PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL Sandipta Das & Dasharatha P. Angadi Department of Geography, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, India email: [email protected] In present decades the population has increasing in rapidly which has been a threat to our daily life and also our future generations as well. Increasing population with high rate has put ghastly influences on our surrounding environments including Socio-economic and physical factors respectively. The greenness of environment has been declining due to population growth and impervious urban land expansions. As a resultant; Land Surface Temperature (LST) has changed or increasing trends over the land surfaces. Remote sensing techniques are very flexible to detect the spatial observation information for analyzing different field of application. The present study has deals with urban areas expansion and how it changes or increases to rise up the LST over the 26 years of time span (1990-2016). It is an analysis on a micro regional level case study using satellite imagery of Landsat TM (1990, 2001 and 2010), and Landsat ETM+ (2016) data. The current research has been made on Barrackpore Subdivision block levels of North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal which consist of 16 municipalities (ULB). The influences of industrial and situated near adjacent to capital of Kolkata made this area most populated. The finding of the present work has come out that urban built up density has highly increased within time periods. LST was derived based of mathematically calculation using the parameter of NDVI (Normalized differentiate Vegetation Index) and thermal emissivity of land features. Season wise (winter, summer and autumn) variation of surface temperature reveals that the maximum temperature in winter was 23.6°C and minimum was 16.1°C in the year of 1990 where in 2016 it was increased with max temperature 33.5°C and min 16.9°C. It is noticeable that there was highly intensification rises temperature in season of winter. In case of summer season of 1990, it was 34.8°C max and 22.3°C min land surface temperatures but in 2016 the study was faced range of temperature from 26.93°C (Min) to 41.6°C (Max). In the post autumn season, it can be observable that there was also highly surge in surface temperature ranges from 28.37°C to19.3°C in year of 1990 whereas in 2016 upsurge temperature ranges was 37.7°C to 21.7°C. As urbanization can impact to increase LST which is influence to change the local climate in a micro scale. Keywords: Urbanization, LST, NDVI, Remote Sensing, GIS           

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J21 INFLUENCE OF AN URBAN PARAMETERIZATION FOR PREDICTION OF HEAVY RAINFALL EVENT OVER TAMIL NADU, INDIA USING HIGH RESOLUTION WRF MODEL K. S. Singh1, Subbareddy Bonthu2 & P. K. Bhaskaran3 Department of Mathematics, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India 2 National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Anna University Campus, Chennai, India 3 Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] 1

A study reported that urbanization reached about 50% in 2009 and predictable to cross 69% in 2050 (U.N., 2009) and hence urban area will be impacted by weather and climate. Therefore, the features of urban area strongly influenced the exchange of momentum and water vapor between the surface layer and atmosphere and hence will impact precipitation over urban area. Hence, a high resolution (1 km) mesoscale model coupling with urban canopy model is important to study the dynamical behavior of the urban region and prediction of rainfall over a mega city. Last one and half decades the heavy rainfall events over the Indian sub-continent are increasing and known to because of their devastation in terms of huge damage to property and loss to life. The study by Singh et al. (2018) shows that the devastation due to Chennai heavy rainfall on December 2015 was about 1318 million US dollars and 122 loss of life. The devastation can be reduced by providing more accurate forecast of heavy rainfall events well in advance, but accurate forecast of these events using high resolution atmospheric model is a challenging in regional as well as city scales. The present study was attempted to investigate the performance of high resolution (1km) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with and without urban climate model for prediction of a heavy rainfall event that occurred on 01 December 2015 over the Tamil Nadu state of India. The results suggested that the rainfall event was better predicted with coupled urban parameterization scheme. It also seen that predicted reflectivity. Keywords: WRF, Tamil Nadu, Heavy rainfall, Urban parameterization

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J22 PROCESS DESIGN OF THERMAL STRIPPER FOR DESORPTION OF DISSOLVED H2S FROM PHYSICAL SOLVENT DMEPEG 1

Ashok Dave1, Bhumika Pathak2, Medha Dave 3, Sina Rezvani4 & Ye Huang5 Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, INDRASHIL University, Rajpur, Taluka Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, INDIA 2 Pramukh Swami Medical College, Karamsad, India 3 California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA 4 Mandurah Innovation, Information and Infrastructure Inc. Suite 1, 8 Donnelly Gardens, Dudley Park, Australia 5 CST, Ulster University Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK email: [email protected]

 

Acid gas removal from syngas is an important process step upstream of its further  processing such as combustion or CO2 capture in a pre-combustion IGCC power plant or  chemical production (such as urea or petrochemicals, etc.). The process of absorbing the H2S  in DMEPEG solvent and the process of enriching the DMEPEG solvent with dissolved H2S is described in literature (and other publications by the Author). This publication describe the  process of stripping out the dissolved H2S from the DMEEPEG solvent using a thermal tripper  - designed as per the rate based mass transfer simulations carried out using ProTreat software.  Detailed process design and equipment size is described in this publication. 20 MW heat input  is needed to strip out 19.13 kmol/s H2S from the 1.136 kmol/s DMEPEG solvent thus resulting  in overall heat consumption of 30.7 GJ / Ton. Limitations of this process design are also described. Various options are suggested for tower internals resulting in similar performance. This kind of detailed process design is necessary for accurate detailed CAPEX assessment (by bottom-up approach) and techno-economic assessment. Keywords: H2S Capture, Packed tower, HETP, DMEPEG, PFD

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J23 PROCESS DESIGN OF CO2 DESORPTION FROM PHYSICAL SOLVENT DMEPEG 1

Ashok Dave1, Bhumika Pathak2, Medha Dave3, Sina Rezvani4 & Ye Huang5 Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, INDRASHIL University, Rajpur, Taluka Kadi, District Mehsana, Gujarat, INDIA 2 Pramukh Swami Medical College, Karamsad 3 California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA 4 Mandurah Innovation, Information and Infrastructure Inc. Suite 1, 8 Donnelly Gardens, Dudley Park, WA 6210, Australia 5 CST, Ulster University Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK email: [email protected]

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is a leading fuel conversion technology, which lends itself to an effective control of green-house gas emission through CO2 capture pre-combustion process. Process design for CO2 Capture from power plant is becoming increasingly important in the past decades in view of the need for optimization of Capital Cost and Utility consumption. Syngas production and utilization at high pressure (in a precombustion IGCC power plant) is well suited for CO2 absorption by physical solvents such as DMEPEG because the CO2 absorption capacity of the solvent is in direct proportion to the partial pressure of the CO2 in the syngas. Subsequently, the absorbed CO2 in a physical solvent needs to be efficiently desorbed by a depressurization. The design and configuration of this process is conducive to the overall plant performance, energy consumption, reliability and economics. In this article, a novel configuration of the process design for CO2 desorption from physical solvent DMEPEG is proposed to improve desorption efficiency of CO2. The objective of this research is to develop a detailed process model for CO2 desorption from DMEPEG solvent. Desorption of dissolved CO2 from solvent at highest possible pressure is helpful to minimize the power consumption for subsequent compression of CO2. This article quantifies the effect of heating the DMEPEG solvent to 120 degC on the CO2 regeneration (desorption) at various pressure stages. CO2 desorption performance of DMEPEG solvent is assessed using ProTreat (R) simulation software. Depressurization of 4.455 kmol/s DMEPEG solvent (with dissolved gas) beginning at 120 degC results in 2.077 kmps CO2 capture (91.4 kg/s) out of initially dissolved 2.194 kmol/s CO2 (94.66 %). Keywords: DMEPEG, CO2 Desorption, CO2 capture

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J24 COOPERATIVE INVERSION OF GRAVITY DATA- A CASE STUDY FROM MINERAL EXPLORATION Anand Singh Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India email: [email protected] In mineral exploration, geophysical inversion becomes a common mathematical tool to obtain a reliable subsurface density property based on the gravity measurements. Many inversion algorithms are developed to obtain density distribution of the earth subsurface. Recovered density values are usually lower/higher than the actual density as a consequence of the any inversion algorithms. This paper presents the cooperative inversion to improve subsurface density model based on the triangular grids. The algorithm is written in MATLAB and uses fuzzy c means clustering to improve the density models results at each iteration. Two additional input parameters are added as the number of geologic units in the model (i.e. number of cluster) and the cluster center values of the geologic units (mean density value of each geologic unit). Inversion results from new cooperative inversion are presented and compared with conventional inversion. Efficacy of the developed approach is demonstrated for the interpretation of the synthetic data and field data. The new cooperative inversion shows the improvement over conventional inversion approach in differentiating the geologic units. Further, cooperative inversion was performed to reduce the ambiguity of interpretation for the delineation of chromite deposits as case study. In a systematic way, we have integrated other favorable information and shown the efficacy over conventional inversion for the field data. Keywords: Cooperative inversion, Fuzzy c-means clustering, Gravity data, Triangular grid, Mineral exploration

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J25 EL-NINO AND LA NINO EFFECTS ON THE GROUNDWATER RECHARGE IN VARANASI REGION, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA Sangita Dey, R. K. Mall & Diva Bhatt DST-Mahamana Center of Excellence in Climate Change Research Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU Varanasi, India email: [email protected] The cyclic movement of ocean circulations regulates rainfall patterns. El –Nino and La Nino brings the severe droughts and intense rains to different parts of the world. Therefore to see the effect at regional level, the study had been carried out. Rainfall anomaly over the period of 1996- 2014 evaluated at the Varanasi region for the study. Varanasi is situated along the western bank of the river Ganga. The district occupies an area of 1535 sq km. The temperature ranges here between 22o C to 46o C in summer and 15o C to 5o C in winter. Southwest monsoon brings rainfall and received a mean annual rainfall of 876 mm during the period from 1992 to 2014. Monsoon rainfall only contributed 86% to the annual rainfall. The period from 1997 to 2000 was characterized by alternating positive and negative rainfall anomalies along with the occurrences of rainy days ranging from 49 to 83. Such fluctuations in rainfall may be logically linked to the El-Nino/La-Nina cycles. Generally, droughts are associated with the El-Nino events and floods with La-Nina events. Over the Gangetic Plain a strong linear relationship has been found to exist between the El-Nino events and droughts. The Plain had witnessed four drought years i.e. 1992, 2009, 2010 and 2012. However, Varanasi region was only under the clutches of moderate droughts during 1994, 1998, 2009 and 2010 years. The largest negative departures in rainfall anomalies were observed during the drought years. In Varanasi, negative anomalies were recorded during 1992, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2012 years. Maximum rainfall negative anomaly in this area was noticed in 2009 which was a El-Nino year and the minimum water table fluctuation was also observed at that time probably caused by the less infiltration due to less rainfall activity. On the other hand, 1998, 2000 and 2010 were La-Nina years but Varanasi showed a negative rainfall anomaly and water table decrease in these years. Water table fluctuation was significantly high in 1997, 1999, 2001 and 2003. Among these years, maximum water table increase observed in 1997 which was a El- Nino year and none of 1999, 2001 and 2003 were associated with either El-Nino or La-Nino conditions. The rainfalls in these years are also higher than the Long Period Average that might have allowed good infiltration to augment water table fluctuations. In spite of very low positive rainfall anomaly (2%) in the year 2001, water table fluctuation was found remarkably high (4.06 m) wherein, the year had received 14 days of extreme rainfall in 77 rainy days might have supported the enhancement of the water table. Hence, it has been observed that El-Nino and La-Nina conditions have failed to bear any relation to the variability in rainfall pattern as well as the variation of recharge of groundwater on in Varanasi region. Keywords: Groundwater level, El-Nino, La Nina, Rainfall anomaly

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J26 SPATIAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF TOXIC METALS IN NOIDA SECTOR OF UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA Seemab Akhtar1, Jayant Nath Tripathi2 & Mohd Sayeed Ul Hasan3 1 Applied Geology, Indian Institute of Technology Dhanbad, India 2 Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Allahabad, India 3 CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Groundwater is a vital source of drinking water. Groundwater contamination of heavy mineral plays very noxious impact on the health of human being. Present Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) interpolation modelling and statistical analysis work are focused on the heavy mineral concentration in the groundwater data from 33 well located in district of Noida of Uttar Pradesh, India. In this study, ten heavy mineral elements have been chosen for modelling purpose. Spatial distribution of Cd and Pb is shown to be very high in the direction of North and South-West of the study area (at the well location of W11 and W22). However, Arsenic (As) concentration is high in the direction of east and East East South at well location W02 and W28. Aluminum (Al) concentration is high in the direction of the east at the well location of W02. Chromium (Cr) concentration is high in the direction of East, West and NW at the well location W13, W16 and W02. Nickel (Ni) concentration is high in the direction of the South at the well location of W02. These six heavy mineral elements are analyzed to be at a high toxic level in the study area. Skewness of the Cr is negative -0.14 which indicate the most of data are greater than the mean value 9.29 g/l of Cr and rest of the elements have positive skewness which indicates that most of the data are lower than their mean value. The coefficient of variation, a display of the degree of correctness to which the treatments are associated, is a good index of the reliability of the test. The high value of Coefficient of variance is observed for Cd and it is lowest for Manganese (Mn). Standard deviation (SD), a measure of dispersion, has been estimated to be very high for Mn and lowest value for Cd among the analysed heavy mineral element. Keywords: Coefficient of variation (CV%), Heavy mineral, IDW interpolation, Standard deviation (SD)

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J27 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON URBANIZATION AND URBAN SPRAWL ANALYSIS: A REMOTE SENSING AND GIS BASED STUDY Vaibhav Kumar1, Pabitra Ghosh2 & Saroj Kanta Mishra1 1 Centre for Atmospheric Sciences IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India 2 State Remote Sensing Application Centre Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India email: [email protected] Urbanization and urban growth has been considered as one of the essential key factor of economic growth and development of developing countries like India. In the past few decades cities are growing rapidly in physical dimension along with the growth of population. Climate, land surface topography, water table and even the anthropogenic activities all are affected by urban growth through various mechanisms. Urban land cover in large urban center including metropolitan areas continually changes over time and space, However, conventional methods of obtaining urban land cover data require a great deal of time, effort and money to meet fast growing cities. The modern technology of remote sensing which includes both aerial as well as satellite based systems, allow us to collect physical data rather easily, with speed and on repetitive basis, and together with GIS helps us to analyze the data spatially, offering possibilities of generating various options (modeling), thereby optimizing the whole planning process. These information systems also offer interpretation of physical data with other socioeconomic data, and thereby providing an important linkage in the total planning process and making it more effective and meaningful. Therefore, it is essential to know intensively about the characteristics and capabilities of these remote sensing and GIS data products available to the urban and regional planners. The main objective of this to analyze land use land cover pattern of Bhopal city. We have used Landsat satellite imagery for three time period 2000, 2010 and 2018 which have downloaded from USGS. One of the objective accomplished in this study is population growth and its future scenario of the city. The population growth and its future trend are also well produced using census of India and gridded downscaled (1 km) SEDAC NASA data products. The average annual maximum, minimum temperature and rainfall are also well generated using IMD gridded (temperature 10 x10 and rainfall 0.250 x 0.250) and simulated CCSM4 data products. Keywords: Climate change, Urbanization, Landsat, Land use/land cover change, Geospatial data

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J28 ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN LULC OF WESTERN GHAT BY COMPARING NDVI AND NDWI Shweta N. Panaskar ME Construction Engieering and Management, Mumbai, India email: [email protected] 1,50,000 km² of the area contains dense forest in western Ghat.Western Ghat is one of the world's ten "hottest biodiversity hotspot "which spread over six states. There is a gradual change in land and in water bodies of western Ghat which is affecting the surrounding. The study aims to compare and analyze the changes in land and in wet bodies by using Landsat series for the year 1988-2008. The Landsat data received for 1988, 1998 and 2008 is showing numerous differences in forest and water resources. The changes are Studied by using ERDAS software and by using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and also impact of forest changes on Western flowing rivers. The overall percent change in vegetation is found to be 8.17%.majority of changes is observed in Tamilnadu state by 14.98percent. For water bodies the change is observed as 4.4905percent overall.Maximum changes is observed in Karnataka state by 11.39percent. The changes from past and present of land can be used to predict the future changes in land and in water bodies and the impact of the same on the surrounding. This will be the contribution to nature for the conservation. Keywords: Western Ghat, ERDAS, Landsat, LULC, NDVI, NDWI

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J29 URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUE Mohd Sayeed Ul Hasan & Abhishek Kumar Rai Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] The objective of this paper is used to describe the application of geospatial technology and machine learning for the simulation of urban development. Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) also known as “Greater Kolkata” having area of 1788.76 KM2. For simulation the temporal satellite data of Landsat 5 (MSS/TM) of the year 2000 and 2010 used to analyse with reference to Landsat 8 (OLI & TIRS) data of the year 2018 for the preparation of the confusion matrix which helps in determining the transformation of one class to another class of land use/ land cover. Unsupervised classification of the satellite data carried out using K-mean statistics. From the confusion matrix it is found that the urban area in 2000 was 482.735 KM2 with the passes of time the contribution of the land from water, urban, vegetation, forest and waste land found to be 13.176 KM2, 292.357 KM2, 131.995 KM2, 230.501 KM2 and 39.0222 KM2 respectively contributing in urban for the year 2018 found 707.051 KM2. The SRTM DEM is used to prepare slope map and other data like road map used to describe the urban sprawl going to takes place along the road side. Using Euclidean distance method urban disturbance map is generated to check the trend of the expansion. Urbanization is likely to impact the percolation and recharge of subsurface aquifers, which directly impacts the per capita availability of potable water in the various metropolitan cities of India. Keywords: Aquifer recharge, Geospatial technology, Groundwater, Urbanization

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J30 AN ASSESSMENT OF URBAN GREENING USING LONG-TERM SATELLITE DATASETS Dipanwita Dutta1, Atiqur Rahman2 & Saikat Kumar Paul3 1 Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, India 2 Department of Geography, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India 3 Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Urban areas of developing countries have been experiencing an exceptional growth since the last couple of decades. However, this growth is not well planned in most of the cities. Even in recent years, there is no significant change in city planning and still, there is a lack of concern regarding environmental issues. The present study attempts to measure the potentiality of hyper-temporal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its temporal trend as an indicator of greening or de-greening process in Delhi NCT and its peri-urban areas. Satellite based SPOT-VGT NDVI (1998-2013) was used for identifying the vegetation trend and compared with CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station) rainfall data to reveal the causes of long-term transform scenario for urban green space. The spatiotemporal pattern of NDVI trend indicated a significant part of the area including Noida, Gurgaon etc. were experienced decreasing vegetation trend due to conversion of vegetated land into built-up areas and establishment of new multi-storied buildings. The strong negative correlation between rainfall-NDVI indicated that rainfall was not the key controlling factor of vegetation trend rather reduction of vegetation was mainly caused by human being actions. The areas of bounding zone were largely converted into built-up areas and as a consequence, surface vegetation cover of these areas was depleted. On the other hand, human induced greening was also observed in small pockets of Delhi NCT which indicated the positive measures like tree plantation and proper maintenance of urban trees, parks etc. in the lately planned housing areas. Keywords: Time trend analysis, Hyper-temporal NDVI, CHIRPS, Urban green space, NCTDelhi and per-urban area (India)

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J31 RETRIEVAL AND VALIDATION OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE FROM LANDSAT FOR THE BHUBANESWAR URBAN REGION Karishma Yadav, Ankit Sharma & D. Swain School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India email: [email protected] Land surface temperature (LST) is an important parameter for the analysis of effect of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes over any region. Though, satellites are important instruments for monitoring large scale LULC changes, studies on LST demand very high resolution data products. In the present work, we have attempted to develop an algorithm for the retrieval of LST from LANDSAT series of satellites at ~30 m spatial resolution for the Bhubaneswar city and its surroundings. The retrieved LST values are then validated by intercomparison with in situ LST observations in the region for a limited period of time. LST variability over the study region is further analysed for different time periods. Analysis of longterm high resolution LST is expected to provide very useful insights on the role of LULC changes in the thermal balance of the Bhubaneswar region.

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J32 SENSITIVITY OF AGRICULTURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE / VARIABILITY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES S. G. Mundhe1, L. Das1 & P. R. Jaybhaye2 1 Department of Agricultural Meteorology and Physics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India 2 Department of Agricultural Meteorology, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India email: [email protected] The two-way relationship of climate change and agriculture is of great significance particular to developing countries due to their large dependence on agricultural practice for livelihoods and their lack of infrastructure for adaptation when compared to developed countries. Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity, yield and productivity of several major crops in India by directly or indirectly influencing water-related parameters viz. evaporation, water runoff, soil moisture, soil productivity. The C3 plants (small grains, legumes, cool-season grasses, and most trees) usually respond more positively than the C4 plants (warm-season grasses, corn, sorghum, millet, and sugarcane) responses also depend in part on environment and crop physiology. Changes in geographical range and insect abundance will increase the extent of crop losses and thus, will have a major bearing on crop production and food security. Distribution of insect pests will also be influenced by the changes in cropping patterns triggered by climate change. The climate change projection for Indian subcontinent by 2100 indicate an increase in temperature of 2-3 oC, with different regions expected to experience differential changes in amount and distribution of rainfall variability during the monsoon precipitation causing extreme events like drought, flood and cyclones, instability in crop production and productivity in India. Climate change is set to compound the daunting complex challenges already being faced by agriculture. Several adaptation strategies, government policies and mitigation techniques can acts as to overcome the global threat of increasing temperature it is implications related to climate change to reduce the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient. Keywords: Climate change, Agriculture, Variability and major crops, Pest and diseases

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J33 CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE: SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT THROUGH PROMOTION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AREAS Vaishali N Kurhekar Department of Geography, University of Mumbai, India email: [email protected] There has been an increasing empbasis upon private mode of urban transport in the contemporary urban planning. Such emphasis has shifted the priorities of transport infrastructure from mass to class and from traditional to upgraded forms of infrastructure to assure nonstop and speedy access to car owners. Encouraging such private motorisation with simultaneous purposive degradation of public transport is not only leading to the exponential rise in the number of personal vehicles on the road, intensifying the traffic congestion but also releasing huge amount of oxides of Carbon, Sulphur, other greenhouse gases and dust pollution in the surface air. This has been identified as a major cause for, as scientifically proved, the rise in the temperatures in the megacities across the world. The urban heat island phenomenon is not restricted to now megacities but also medium and small towns and cities. In Indian cities, unfortunately the trend of using personal vehicle is becoming common in the absence of public mass transport. This explains the loop holes present in the current policies adopted for the implementation of the urban transport policies. It needs the critical assessment as the implications of the same can have a serious impact on the climate conditions. In wake of these changes in the urban climates, the urban policies undertaken should be rethought and diverted towards encouraging mass public transport. The efficient public transport becomes key factor in reducing the personal vehicles and offers solutions to most of the problems that are otherwise commonly observed. The present study focuses upon the quality of air in the specific time period in the select locations of Mumbai where there have been 'band' called by BEST - a public transport utility, private mass transport like autorikshas and taxi. The given paper will highlight upon the temporal data of the temperature change experienced in Indian cities in recent times. There will also be an attempt to address the existing inequality and uneven development with respect to public transport in select cities. How the futuristic urban planning policies should involve more use of public transport and nonconventional forms of energy resources with special reference to Mumbai, Thane cities. Keywords: Urban transport, Private vehicles, Pollution, Urban heat island, Non-conventional energy sources, Public transport

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J34 HOUSEHOLD CARBON EMISSIONS FROM VARANASI CITY: URBAN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION Pramit Verma & A. S. Raghubanshi Integrative Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India email: [email protected] India is expected to achieve an urban population of about 50% by 2030. Reducing emission from urban energy consumption would be necessary to prevent potential adverse impacts of global warming especially in the present scenario of climate change. The world’s largest population without electricity lives in India and a very large number of people depend on inefficient sources of energy. There is an urgent need to understand the complex relationship between factors driving urban household carbon emissions. We have studied the carbon from energy consumption of households in Varanasi city based on primary data in terms of socioeconomic classes, electricity, cooking and commuting activities. Welch’s ANOVA indicated that there was a disparity in how energy was consumed by different socioeconomic classes. Tukey HSD showed the interrelationship between socioeconomic lifestyles influencing the carbon emissions. The total household carbon emissions ranged from 195 to 1258 KgCO2e per household from poor to high income classes respectively. Household emissions showed significant and strong association with income classes, electricity and vehicular emissions, while weak association with dependent/independent ratio, LPG and kerosene emissions. Urban planning based on the identified factors influencing urban household carbon emissions would be necessary to formulate carbon mitigation policies. Inequality and lifestyle emissions at city level would strongly influence the development of Sustainable cities and societies. Keywords: Household carbon emission, Urban climate mitigation, Socioeconomic, Energy

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J35 INFLUENCE OF RURAL- URBAN DISPARITY ON SOCIAL VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDIAN STATES Alinda George & Pritee Sharma School of HSS, IIT Indore, India email: [email protected] Climate change is likely to become a major stressor on nations due to its adverse impact on livelihoods, food security, health and on the natural resources on which people depend. These adverse impacts may vary depending on the social or contextual vulnerability prevailing in an area, determined by the social, economic, political and demographic factors. Economic reforms in India brought about an increasing focus on development of cities or urban areas and rural areas became largely neglected. This rural urban divide in development planning resulted in differences in livelihood and access to amenities like education, health, energy etc. leading to differential coping capacities and thus differential vulnerability to impacts of climate change. This paper aims to have a state level assessment in India to analyze how far socioeconomic characteristics influence the vulnerability of people to climate change. Though rural urban disparity among Indian states is discussed in human development studies, its least discussed in vulnerability studies. This study aims to fill this gap by constructing a Composite Vulnerability Index, derived by Multi-Variate Analysis to compare the rural and urban sectors of 29 states of India in two periods, 2001 and 2011. The study makes use of secondary data from the previous two rounds of Census of India (2001 and 2011) and other authenticated sources. Preliminary analysis finds that rural urban disparity has a major influence on social vulnerability to climate change owing to the differences in quality of life, livelihood, infrastructure etc. The study is likely to be useful for grassroots level planning and adaptation efforts. Keywords: Social vulnerability, Composite vulnerability index, Multivariate analysis, Rural urban disparity, Climate change, States of India, Census of India

 

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Health, Societal, and Economic Issues

K01 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE EMERGING ISSUE OF WOMEN TRAFFICKING IN THE DELTAIC REGION OF SUNDARBAN IN SOUTH-24 PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL -A SOCIOECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE Priyanka Biswas & Nilanjana Das Chatterjee Department of Geography and Environment Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] ‘Human trafficking’, the most tormenting atrocity against the human being, has been thriving in a tremendous manner in the district of South-24- Parganas from the past few decades. It is obvious that in most cases the young women and the minor girls of the remote riverine villages of this district are the sole target of the traffickers for Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSE), sexual slavery, bonded labour, forced labour and many other forms of physical and sexual abuses. According to district wise open government data released by the Ministry of Home Affairs, in 2015, South-24 Parganas ranked second after North-24 Parganas district in terms of crime committed against women. Geographically, this district is located at the southernmost part of West Bengal with one side is adjoining to Kolkata metropolitan city and the other part is closely adjacent to the deltaic riverine villages of Sundarbans, close to the Bay of Bengal. Majority of this district is lies under rural areas with 74.42% rural population. Part of this district remains economically retrogressive. Most of the dwellers depend on agriculture and pisciculture. But productivity is low due to increased salinity in the soil. The problem is more acute in the low-lying riverine villages of Sundarban deltaic region of this district due to inter-tidal water. These enormous economic recessions directly affect the livelihood of the villagers and make people vulnerable. Despite these disadvantageous physiographic settings, this region is incessantly invaded by frequent climate change. The menace of tropical cyclones, monsoon, sea level rise and consequent flood and other natural hazardous situations make a wide swath between these riverine blocks and the mainland. This results in acute poverty, homelessness and forced people to migrate as ‘Climate Refugees’, and these susceptibilities somehow boost the propensity of human trafficking. So, present study tries to signify how frequent climate change amplify insecurities among the poor’s in the remote villages of South-24 Parganas and trap the poor women and the minor girls into trafficking. Further, this study tries to provide some strategic recommendations so that stakeholders could take additional initiatives to make this region trafficking free and every woman can live with dignity and honour. Keywords: Human trafficking, Climate change, Women and minor girls, Climate Refugees, Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSE), South-24- Parganas

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K02 MANAGING THE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: EMBANKMENTS AS TOOL FOR CLIMATE PROOFING IN THE INDIAN SUNDARBANS Hirak Sarkar Asian Institute of Public Policy and Development Studies, Kolkata, India email: [email protected] The India Sundarbans is endowed with unique characteristic resembling the mosaic of land, rivers, settlements and embankment. The area is interspersed with rural settlements, which are the dwelling places of the people who followed the occupations directly or indirectly linked with the production of land – agriculture, agriculture labourer, fishing and allied occupations. Extensive areas of low lying land in the tidal zone are flooded with saline water. The areas were protected with small dykes or mud embankment under Zamindari system for long period of time now under control of State Government. Irrigation and Waterways Department undertook the responsibility to construct and maintain the dykes to protect the land. Embankment often collapsed due to hydrostatic pressure and erosive action of wind and current. In the realm of climate change and associated sea level rise these muddy embankments has concrete role to survive coastal people already marginalised. Sustainability of life, economy and culture in the Sudarban landscape shaped by dense rivers, creeks and canal network now been conditioned by the health of the embankments. The present paper will investigate the profile of the critical infrastructure, the embankments, and its spatial distribution in the islands, vulnerabilities and prepare management plan for better association of manembankments-rivers in future climate proofing. Keywords: Sundarbans Island, Embankments, Climate proofing, Sustainability, Critical Infrastructure

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K03 SEA LEVEL RISE & ENVIRONMENTAL REFUGEES OF INDIAN SUNDARBAN: A STUDY OF REHABILITATION & ITS GEOMORPHIC IMPACT – JIBANTALA COLONY, SAGAR ISLAND, WEST BENGAL 1

Nabendu Sekhar Kar1 & Sunando Bandyopadhyay2 Department of Geography, S. M. H. Government College for Women, P. Medinipur, India 2 Department of Geography, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India email: [email protected]

Both in terms of absolute and relative considerations an alarming rise of sea level is reported from various sources in case of the Indian Sundarban. Sealevel.colorado.edu, from the trends of global geocentric MSL given by satellite altimetry (1992-2016), estimated a rise of +3.30 ± 0.13 mm a–1 in Bay of Bengal while for areas nearer to the Indian Sundarban a rise of +3.90 ±0.46 mm a–1 is estimated. The Relative Mean Sea Level (RMSL) values obtained from Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL: www.psmsl.org) stations are also showing values reaching up to +3.97 mm a–1 (Diamond Harbour) with increase towards landward directions resulting in intensified coastal erosion. Ghoramara, a small island situated in the Hugli estuary, is facing rapid coastal erosion for the last four decades. As a result, a large number of people lost their homes and livelihood. From time to time, many families were shifted to various parts of Sagar, a large and stable island situated south of it. Such a rehabilitation programme for 150 families was initiated in 1995 at the Jibantala area of Sagar Island. The colony is situated on a reclaimed mudflat 3 km from the eastern mouth of Chemaguri, a major tidal creek of Sagar that bisects the island into two. At monsoonal spring tides, the Chemaguri often rises above the embankments of the resettlement colony and inundates large areas. The saline tidewater cannot drain out easily and parts of the colony remains waterlogged for weeks. The colony inhabitants are forced to collect potable water as well as freshwater for household use from distant tubewells and ponds that are owned by other people. This often leads to social discordance and even skirmishes. To solve this problem, the local government constructed a lock gate at the eastern mouth of the Chemaguri to prevent the tidewater from entering into it. But it is found that a similar lock gate at the western mouth of the Chemaguri resulted into degeneration of its western section. If water entry to eastern part is also controlled through lock gates, with time the Chemaguri will degenerate completely and will result into collapse of the natural drainage of the eastern Sagar.

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K04 CLIMATE CHANGE, AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION IN INDIA: A REVIEW Nayana Baral, Bhagirath Behera & Pulak Mishra Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] Malnutrition has been embarked as a serious constraint to the economic development worldwide. The literature shows that it is more so for the low and middle-income countries like India which have more stunted, wasted, severely wasted and undernourished children of below five years, due to micronutrient deficiencies in food and undiversified dietary consumption. Thus, agriculture is believed to improve the nutritional outcome either from the supply or demand side, through intervention programmes and policies. But, agriculture and climate change go hand in hand. Agricultural production reduces due to climate change which results in acute malnutrition. Climate change can affect food availability, reduce access to food, and affect food quality. The new concept of Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture, being a supply side initiative, addresses the problem of malnutrition through nutritionally rich food and dietary diversity as a food-based programme. In this sense, the objective of this paper is, therefore, to systematically and critically examine the existing literature on the linkage between climate change, agriculture, and nutrition and thereof the impact of agricultural interventions for Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture across countries and make suggestions for a comprehensive policy framework for India. In addition, primary data have been collected through a pilot survey in two villages of Jalpaiguri (West Bengal) on Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture. The paper finds the negative role of climate change on nutrition and positive role of NutritionSensitive Agriculture in enhancing nutritional outcomes by providing appropriate and diversified food consumption, basically adopting home-gardening and bio fortification. Production of diversified crops enables the farmers to meet the basic micro-nutrient deficiency within the family members through self-consumption of produced crops and purchase other diversified foods by selling the rest amount of the produced crops. The impact of NutritionSensitive Agriculture on maternal and child healthcare is found to be better, as women play the decisive role in preparing the foods. But, their workload to prepare foods and lack of access to quality foods constraint the path. This will be made possible through better community involvement and awareness among the mass. As education plays a pivotal role in bringing out awareness about adopting and practicing nutritional agricultural and food-making practices, there is a strong need of institutional framework for the provision of the educational programmes on nutrition and implementation of policies. Keywords: Climate change, Agriculture, Malnutrition, Nutrition-sensitive agriculture, Sustainability, Development, India

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K05 PROMISES OF SEAWEED RESOURCES IN THE BLUE ECONOMY, PROSPECTIVE FROM ANDAMAN SEA, INDIA V. Shajeeda Banu & J. K. Mishra Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Pondicherry University, Brookshabad Campus, Port Blair, A & N Islands, India email: [email protected] Seaweeds are among the most important primary producers and considered as ecological engineers on rocky coasts of the world's oceans. They are significant not only from ecological point of view but also have great economic importance. Diversity of seaweeds in India comprises about 1,153 species with few commercial exploitation towards production of some phycocolloids. Andaman and Nicobar Islands harbour a very rich diversity of seaweeds comprising about 300 species and may be more as it is not explored properly. In this study, out of total 88 species recorded along the coast of South Andaman, 31 species belong to Chlorophyta; 25 species belong to Phaeophyta and 32 species belong to Rhodophyta. Some of these species have high commercial values such as seven species of Gracilaria are utilized for the production of agar and also consumed by humans; ten species of Sargassum and three species of Turbinaria are used for the production of Sodium alginate. Other seaweeds like Caulerpa racemosa, Codium tomentosum, Ulva fasciata, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Hydroclathrus clathratus and Acanthophora spicifera etc. are being consumed as food in different forms. Some species also exhibited significant bioactivity against human pathogens as found in the case of seaweed Tricleocarpa fragilis, Trichogloeopsis pedicellata and Halimeda opuntia etc. Apart from bioactivity, biochemical constituents of T. fragilis such as proximate composition analysis including Carbohydrate (28.76%), Ash (42.29%), Moisture (24.05%), crude fiber (12.05%), lipid content (0.84%) and Protein (4.07%), DPPH free radical scavenging activity showed 76% of antioxidant activity suggests that seaweeds can be utilized towards feed for livestock, poultry and fishes. Micronutrient estimation of T. fragilis expressed good elemental composition, which strongly depict its potential as manure or green fertilizer for agricultural purposes including treatment of leached soil due to its high calcium content. Similarly, fatty acid profiling revealed that due to high percentage (58%) of monounsaturated fatty acid it can be used for biofuel production. However, seaweed resources of Andaman Sea is yet to be explored to its fullest capacity and these important marine living resources can be exploited to meet the raw material requirements of the seaweed based industries in our country. Probability of Seaweed aquaculture in island condition also is in preliminary stage and it should be adopted to meet the demand. There is need for comprehensive approach towards sustainable management of seaweed resources, which is a major component in the growth of blue economy and these living resources also subjected to challenges of climate changes and global warming. Keywords: Andaman Sea, Seaweed biodiversity, Bioactivity potential, Blue economy, Climate change         228   

K06 INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT AND CHALLENGES ON HUMANHEALTH AND SOCIOECONOMIC STABILITY IN INDIA AND NEIGHBORHOOD AS DEVELOPING NATION 1

Shambhavi Krishna1 & Shailendra Rai1, 2 K Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric and Ocean Studies and M N Saha Centre of Space Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002 2 M. N. Saha Centre of Space Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002 email: [email protected] 

There has been a signal of uneven distribution of rainfall causing extreme weather events like floods, cyclones, heatwaves and droughts in Indian which is affecting human health and sociology–economic stability due to climate change. This study investigates the impact of extreme weather events with reference to Asian monsoon including its vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies on India and neighborhood as a developing nation. The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme events particularly droughts, cyclones, intense rainfall, heatwaves spells in summer leads to health related vulnerabilities such as vector diseases such as malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, increase in morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal disease with increase in stress of abundance of toxicity of cholera in South-Asian developing countries. Therefore the adaptation to climate change causing extreme weather events is vital and urgent priority. There is a need to work legally and strictly on adaptation strategies plans and programmes including funding, insurance, sustainable development planning and practices by research, national, international meetings and partnerships. Capacity-building at local, national and regional levels by education, training and public awareness is also need of the hour. Keywords: Asian monsoon, morbidity, Mortality, Malaria, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, Adaptation strategies                      

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K07 DISTRIBUTION OF ANOPHELES CULICIFACIES AND MALARIA TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OVER ODISHA, INDIA Ruchi Singh1, Prasanta Kumar Bal1, Vaibhav Kumar1, Saroj Kanta Mishra1, Sandeep Sahany1, Sushil Kumar Dash1 & Ramesh C Dhiman2 1 Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India 2 Environmental Epidemiology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India email: [email protected] Odisha is highly endemic in malaria for many years. However, there is no adequate information on the abundance of malaria and the influence of climatic factors on malaria dynamics, incidences and distributions in the endemic areas of Odisha. Therefore, this study is an attempt to carry out a modeling aspect of malaria dynamics to generate such information. VECTRI, a malaria model is run from 1951 to 2013 to model the dynamics of malaria transmission of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite transmitted by the Anopheles culicifacies, which is the most potent malaria vector in Odisha. For this study, data obtained from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for daily maximum and minimum temperature at 1° x 1° resolution and rainfall at 0.25° x 0.25° resolution for 63 years analyzed and used as inputs to the VECTRI model for the simulation. Results indicate that the model simulated values of mean temperature; mosquito population and biting rates have increased during 1951 to 2013. Analysis of the recent period (2000-2013) reveals that the malaria vector abundance is higher during the summer monsoon season. Specifically, intensities of malaria transmissions are found to be more endemic in the north, central and southern districts of Odisha where the mosquito populations and the number of infective bites are more and mainly of forest or mountainous ecotypes. It is also found that the peak of the malaria transmission occurs in the mean temperature of 28 to 29°C and rainfall of 7 to 11 mm day-1 during summer monsoon season, the favorable conditions for the malaria parasite to develop over the Odisha region. Such information related to malaria dynamics will be useful for the policy makers to formulate suitable adaptation strategies by enhancing the accessibility to health services. Keywords: Climate change, Malaria, VECTRI model, Malaria dynamics

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K08 PROSPECTS OF PHYTORESTORATION OF METAL CONTAMINATED SOIL IN THE ERA OF CLIMATE CHANGE Kuldeep Bauddh Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India email: [email protected] Environmental contamination is an utmost important issue at the present. There a million hectares waste land throughout the world that may be reclaimed by using ecofriendly technologies like phytoremediation to fulfill increasing demand of food. Phytorestoration has proven a cost-effective and ecologically viable technique over the traditional processes like soil washing, electro-osmosis and excavation/reburial and incineration for the reclamation of contaminated soil. Numerous plants have been screened which accumulate toxic metals in to the roots from the soil and also transfer them in to the aerial parts. Various climatic factors like elevated heat and cold, droughts and presence of excess amount of CO2 in the atmosphere can influence the growth and productivity of plants, bioavailability of nutrients in the soil, plant microbe interactions etc. are the key features of phytoremediation. Although, elevated concentration of CO2 enhances growth and productivity of the plants, but elevated heat results numerous abnormalities in the plants growth like protein denaturation, production of reactive oxygen species etc. To overcome the impacts of climatic chaos on phytoremediation, some technological interventions like genetic modification in plants, application of biological and chemical amendments etc. are needed. The application of invasive plants especially weeds that grow easily in the harsh conditions may also be helpful to in phytorestoration of contaminated sites in the disturbed climatic conditions. Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Climate change, Phytoremediation, Plant growth

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K09 PEOPLE PERSPECTIVE ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON LIVELIHOODS –TRIBAL VILLAGES FIELD STUDY IN KORAPUT DISTRICT, ODISHA Pitabash Sahoo PDM 18, The DHAN Academy, DHAN Foundation, Madurai, India email: [email protected] Climate change is one of the greatest challenge faced by all the nations across world, especially monsoon dependent country like India. Even though there is not significant change in the amount of rainfall over the years, there is huge regional variations in its intensity and frequency and also there is a slower temperature increase which altogether affects people livelihoods in a greater manner. In this study, a random sample of 104 households from three different villages, belonging to tribal context, in Koraput district of Odisha, were taken. Their major livelihood are agriculture, livestock rearing and Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) collection. Among the samples, 85 - 90% respondents observed that there is increase in temperature, uneven rainfall, frequency of drought and decrease in number of rainy days. The forest area has been decreased from 70.77% to 21.22% by 2007 (MSSRF), due to urbanization, which resulted in reduction of NTFP activities. Within 2011 to 2016 itself, there is increasing trend of average temperature as 0.017 degree Celsius, 93 to 100 of the respondents observed that there is raise in crop, livestock diseases and decrease in ground water level. This study in detail analyses the impact of climate change and the strategies such as crop diversification, chemical inputs, etc adopted by the community and how much it helped them to overcome the effects of climate change. The findings clearly shows how climate change affects the people in the sample area and the reach of government policy to those vulnerable areas. The study also suggests what are the steps to be taken by various stakeholders and their needs to combat this changing climate pattern. And also recommendations the policies and other steps taken by the government which has to improve in a greater manner to protect vulnerable communities across the nation. Keywords: Climate change, Tribal context, Impact, People perceptions, Government policy

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K10 ARSENIC HAZARD IN RURAL VILLAGES OF WEST BENGAL AND ITS PROBABLE SOLUTION WITH COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE Pallabi Pattnaik Rural Development Centre, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Safe drinking water is the right of people. Most of the people of North24 Pragansas depend on deep tube wells for drinking purposes. As per Government reports, many of these water sources are contaminated with Arsenic for more than 10 years. Due to this most of the rural people in the study area have ceased to drink water from their own tube wells and are carrying drinking water from common tube wells declared safe by Government. The water samples of those sources are tested during this study. Total Arsenic content of 8 common drinking water sources in Jhanjhania village of Habra-1 block are measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and found to be within the range of 9.454ppb to 46.1066 ppb. Tolerable daily intake of one of the sources is 1.314 microgram per kilogram body weight per day which exceeds the acceptable limit. Hazard Quotient is 4.380. Cancer risk as per Deterministic method is 3.285x10-4. The study finds that the Cancer risk for the area is above the permissible limit and the awareness level of community regarding Arsenic contamination and its effects is very low. Greater community awareness with availing low cost individual Arsenic filter in open market and ensuring arsenic free common water source in each village can help the poor families to tackle this hazard. Keywords: Arsenic contamination, Cancer risk assessment, Hazard Quotient

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K11 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON NUCLEAR ESTABLISHMENTS IN INDIA Saha Dauji Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India & Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India email: [email protected] The nuclear energy program in India presently is moving forward with indigenous and imported reactors and many 'Energy Parks' each of 6000 MW to 10000 MW capacity are planned in future along the long coastline, as well as the inland locations. These large reactor complexes require huge water supply for the meeting the cooling requirements of the different systems and components. The locations along the coast provide inherent attraction for these facilities owing to the ease of shipment of various machinery and components for the plants and the cooling water supply and discharge as well. However, due to the climate change, the oceanic variables such as significant wave heights & periods or sea levels are expected to undergo changes in future. These could also have impact on the coastal hydrodynamics, siltation and erosion of shoreline. Invariably any such adverse change could affect the safety or sustainability of these expensive facilities. The effect of climate change on coastal nuclear establishments, which might arise in a few decades from now, has not been specifically evaluated in literature. The design philosophy for these facilities incorporates the safeguard against these or any other beyond design basis effects with the various 'factors of safety' and design margins. There have been a few studies on the changes of wave height and sea levels for the India Ocean and coasts. In this paper, these studies are reviewed to appreciate the possible climate change impacts on the operational and future nuclear establishments along the coasts of India. Keywords: Climate change, Nuclear establishment, Impact, Indian coast

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K12 CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF FOG/SMOG OCCURRENCES ACROSS INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS: IMPACT ON HUMAN LIVES AND SURFACE TEMPERATURES R. K. Jenamani IMD, New Delhi, india email: [email protected] During each winter of Nov-Feb, Indo-Gangetic plains(IGP) suffers a lot from frequent spells of occurrences of high duration dense fog and smog events. It is utmost dangerous and disturbing for all mode of transports especially aviation and Railway. The common people have to face severe impact as it impaired their visibility. Though no define study of its impact available, but data from multiple sources alone for just two winters of 2016-17(2017-18) find around 120(159) human lives lost in Dec-Jan across north India out of which there were some of the terrible accidents. Considering them from various physical processes triggering respective fog formation, we can classify and distinguish these events between radiation fog, radiation- advection mixed fog, advection fog, steam fog, cloud-base lowering fog and Precipitation Fog. For common routine use, Fog can also classified based upon how it impacted surface visibility e.g. shallow and dense fog, an intensity based or upon aerial extent it has covered like restricted to a part of city or airport or to a RWY side leaving other RWY fog free called local fog or meso-scale fog and further bigger cases when covered across a few states called synoptic scale or further larger areas covering most parts of IGP called large-scale fog. In the present study, we have attempted to study Characteristics of major fog events across IGP and their monthly trends at climate scale in terms of spatial scale they covered and period they prevailed if for longer period using airport met data since 1960s till 2018 for IGIA and for other airports from 1987. For spatial coverage at synoptic/large-scale using Satellite fog coverage, we used day to day Kalpana/INSAT of 1997-2018 for all major spells as detected in satellite. It is at each morning from Vis channel for 1997-2016 and then from RGB-Fog for 2016-18. Study finds during each winter of Nov-Feb, there are winters across IGP e.g. Dec 1997 and 1998, Jan 2003, Jan 2010 and recent of 2013-14, 2016-17 and 2017-18 when either all across or parts of Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) had frequent spells of occurrences of high duration dense fog and smog events lasting for 5-28 days at both synoptic scale as well as largescale reducing the visibility below 200m. In fact these are the periods of extreme spells when besides airways, railways severely affected and the local daily temp Max also remain across many station were at lowest ever records in these spells. Followings are certain unique Characteristics of fog events across IGP we have found from the present study:  It mostly form during peak winter of Mid Dec to 1st week Feb and of mixed type Radiationadvection  Once it forms, it continues to persist for weeks at night and morning over vast areas with only partial lifting at late noon with conversion to low stratus clouds.  In fact, at both temporally and spatially, such fog events may be the fastest in formation, largest in areas and longest in duration, if compared to any other fog areas of the world and, so also in terms of magnitude of its severe impact as it spreads over such world’s mostly densely populated region.

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 Persistence of such thick fog layer further compounded lives of common people when dense fog layer devoid sunlight to reach to the surface during most parts of the day with day max temp falling to as low as 10-15degC with 8-12degC below normal for weeks.  It also severely affects air quality when it traps large amount of pollutions available in the region and hold them all at lower levels with not much dispersion. Study of fog layer across Indo-Gangetic plains using surface and satellite shows complexities of such fog events lies with its sudden development and its fast spreading to cover most parts of this great plain. It is interesting to note spreading of such large-scale fog only restricts across to only those areas which is of low topographic part of this plain having the surface height upto 300m extending from Pakistan to Bangladesh across Punjab-Delhi-Utter Pradesh-Bihar-West Bengal and extends to further narrow north-eastern parts plains. Among this large area, it is also most frequent in the plains areas covering three major river basins those all feeding to Indus, Ganges and Brhmaputra-Meghna respectively. One may note its distinct footprints accordingly and often their major occurrences correspond to respective three river basins. Study also finds, certain large-scale features makes the region favourable for STR to descend to upto surface level and narrow down just along 500-700km at north-south by running just paralal to the Himalayas- IGP where lower level Inversion in the region is also semi-permanent. Longer period trend analysis of such low visibility and fair visibility say using hourly vis data for IGI Airport Delhi, for Dec-Jan, for both the peak winter months using longer period data of 1964-2017 have also been undertaken. We find that the city’s clean visibility of 1960s have been deteriorated very highly as Results from 5-years data average for 1964-2017 shows for dense fog/smog duration per day at vis <= 800m and 200m respectively for Dec-Jan have increased by 15-20 times by late 1990s(6-10 times respectively during the period with worst effect in late 1990s and late 2010s in contrast, the trend of fair vis of >5000m which was 17-18 hours per day during 1960s has reached to zero hours-nil in 1990s and latter. Hence by presuming longer period smog/fog coverage cut-off sunlight to surface, we further studied the impact of such increased smog/fog coverage in late 1990 and 2000 on overall trends of average monthly max/min temp of Delhi during 1969-2017. For 1990-2017, we have analyzed daily max and min temp data for all episodic severe fog/smog spells and also studied how occurrences of such sever and prolonged spells smog and fog coverage till late afternoon in most dates in these spells in peak winter have caused to record many lowest max temp days and thus severe cold days at Delhi. Similar study we also did for Lucknow, Amritsar, Varanasi and other stations using airport and surface data for northwest India parts of IGP.

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K13 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF TRANSMISSION OF RODENT-BORNE ZOONOTIC DISEASES - LEPTOSPIROSIS AND TYPHUS - IN LAKSHADWEEP ISLANDS Raji Prasad1, Sabitha Hassan2, Sara Jones1, Raishad Khan2, Muhammed Aslam2, M. Radhakrishna Pillai1 & Iype Joseph1 1 Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India  2 Health Services Department, Government of Lakshadweep, India email: [email protected] Climate Change predictions up till the year 2030 shows a likely increase in incidence of existing diseases. Due to extreme climatic events and urbanization, rodent-borne zoonotic illness are likely to increase. Andaman & Nicobar Islands and islands near the African shore like Reunion, Seychelles, etc have the problem of Leptospirosis. But, there has been no report of Leptospirosis from any of the inhabited islands of Lakshadweep.   Lakshadweep islands have a serious problem with rodent infestation, the most prominent carrier of Leptospira (through urine) and transmitter of Typhus (through ectoparasites). Rat holed coconuts have played a significant role in the Chikungunya outbreak there in 2006. A case-record review of all Medical cases admitted to the main government hospital in Kavaratti Island during the year 2017 was done. 11 persons with symptoms and signs overlapping with that of Leptospirosis were identified. Of them, 2 patients were short term employees from Main land, India. They had left Lakshadweep. 3 patients could not be traced and one person refused to cooperate. The remaining five persons provided blood samples. All are permanent residents of Kavaratti Island. They were tested for presence of IgG antileptospira antibodies by Novatec Immunediagnostica kit as per the manufactures instructions. One person was identified to have IgG anti-leptospira antibodies. This is the first report of Leptospirosis from Lakshadweep islands. In addition, two persons with Typhus (one with pathognomonic eschar) from Kadamath and Kavaratti island were discovered from the record review. The work has been done in collaboration with the Lakshadweep Health Department. It was done as part of the Health Component of VACCIN Project of CSIR-NISCAIR.

 

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K14 CHALLENGES TO GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS BY TERROIR ALTERATIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: NEED FOR PROTECTING FARMER’S INTERSTS Ananthu S. Hari & K. D. Raju IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] A Geographical Indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or reputation due to that origin. The protection of origin specific products like agricultural goods, natural goods, handicrafts, manufactured goods as well as food stuffs gained momentum after the entering of WTO TRIPS Agreement of 1995. The very purpose behind considering GI as an intellectual property is to protect the interest of the producers of origin specific goods which is also instrumental in rural development. The granting of GI tag to the product is a value addition which enhances the reputation of the product in the market and thereby improves the livelihood of the indigenous people associated with it. In most cases, the quality of such products is largely depended upon the geographical features of the locality including agronomic conditions, terroir features, temperature etc. In the recent times, the phenomenon of climate change is reported to have caused serious alterations in the agronomic conditions and other terroir attributes. In response to the alterations in the agronomic conditions caused by climate change, farmers and other producers of terroir-based products were forced to modify the methods of production or change the terroir of cultivation. However, once terroir modification takes place, it always lead to alteration in some distinctive features which enabled the product to get the GI tag in the first instance. Therefore the subsistence of the GI tag after terroir alteration is as a contentious issue in the sense that very quality for which the GI is granted got diminished by producer induced changes. This paper attempts to examine the need for restructuring of the GI law so as to accommodate terroir alterations caused by climate change and thereby protect the interest of the indigenous people who are basically producers of such goods in the lights of Paris Agreement under the UNFCCC. Keywords: Geographical Indications, Climate Change, Terroir alteration, Paris Agreement

 

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K15 CONSERVATION OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY IN THE BAY OF BENGAL: A REGIONAL RESPONSE UNDER THE LAW OF THE SEA Utpla Kumar Raha & K. D. Raju RGSOIPL, IIT Kharagpur, India email: [email protected] Biodiversity that indicates variability within species, between species and ecosystems maintains web of life. Most importantly, taking its depth into account, marine zones comprise the majority of world’s space available for life. Over the years, human activities like excess exploitation of marine living resources, pollution etc. are continuously contributing marine biodiversity decline. The implications of climate change on the marine biodiversity are not invisible. The rise of temperature, loss of ice cover and its impact on ocean circulation pattern, rise of sea level and oxygen level in waters etc. have fasten marine biodiversity loss. The role of climate changes and other human activities to the marine biodiversity loss and its combined impact in Asian region especially, in the Bay of Bengal littorals will be far reaching. The low lying deltas of the Sundarban and its neighboring coastal regions are at risk endangering huge land covers, population and economy. There is overwhelming reliance on the evolving scientific knowledge about the loss of marine biodiversity and rise in extending international and regional legal efforts in the preservation, restoration and protection of marine biodiversity. The global community has agreed and adopted agreements like Dumping Convection 1972, MARPOL 1973 to limit marine pollution at sea. The UNCLOS 1982 which is the Constitution of the Sea urges States parties to adopt appropriate measures to minimize pollution within individual marine spaces. Additionally, there are several regional agreements with a goal to limit land based pollution and preserve marine environment, besides standalone agreements to address individual harms affecting marine health like over exploitation of fisheries, marine mammals, oil spillages. The survey of these agreements in addition to Agenda 21 of the Earth Summit 1992 and Sustainable Development Goals indicates to the integrated approach against marine biodiversity loss. This paper provides an overview on the implications of climate change, pollution and indiscriminate exploitation of marine living resources on marine biodiversity and its link with human life. Then it will concentrate on the Bay of Bengal region. Regarding causes of the loss of marine biodiversity in this region, the paper will focus on the littoral States activates in particular pollution, indiscriminate exploitation of coastal resources including marine living resources that affects biodiversity. With regard to countering measures, it argues for regional integrated measures like the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Marine Reserve Areas (MRAs). The paper underscores the necessity of adopting MPAs or MRAs for the conservation of marine biodiversity in the Bay of Bengal. It will further suggest a model structure for the development of regional agreement based on the other regional marine pollution agreements for the conservation of marine biodiversity in the Bay of Bengal. Keywords: Marine life, Human activities, Loss of marine biodiversity, Bay of Bengal, Marine protected areas, Regional agreement

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K16 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SUGARCANE CROP OVER EASTERN PLAIN ZONE OF UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA Geetika Sonkar & R. K. Mall DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU, India email: [email protected] Sugarcane is one of the significant cash crops in India which accounts for the major contribution in Indian economy. This crop is highly sensitive by the adverse impact of changing climate and frequent extreme events. Therefore, the role between the climate variables and crop production becomes important to understand in order to meet the need of growing population. The present study is based on to assess the impact of changing climate on the sugarcane crop over Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. The analysis was carried out for the baseline period from 1971 to 2013 and for the future climate scenario 2041 to 2060(RCP 4.5) derived from regional climate (RegCM4) model. CANEGRO Sugarcane crop model was used to perform the evaluation and simulation under different conditions in order to predict the stalk fresh mass (SFM) and sucrose content (SC) of the sugarcane crop. The simulation experiments were conducted for irrigated and rainfed conditions. The result showed that 1°C temperature rise increased the SFM with decline in SC under irrigated condition whereas under the rainfed condition both SFM and SC declined. The gradual increase in temperature (2 to 4°C) led to decline in SFM and SC under both the conditions. Under elevated CO2 (450 to 850ppm), the SFM and SC both increased under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Keeping the change in temperature constant and at various elevated levels of CO2 concentrations, the changes in SFM and SC were studied. The projected change under the RCP 4.5 scenario with respect to baseline, the SFM will increase up to 7% and 3% in irrigated and rainfed, respectively. However, SC will increase up to 11% in the irrigated condition whereas, in the rainfed condition, the SC will decline by -22%. The study shows that research is needed in order to sustain the sucrose content of the sugarcane crop. Hence, without affecting the sugar production, research to enhance the sucrose content has to be taken up so as to meet the demand of the increasing population for the same. Keywords: Stalk fresh mass, Sucrose content, CANEGRO sugarcane model, RegCM4

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K17

SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN SUNDARBAN: NEEDS FOR LIVELIHOOD ASSET STATUS TRACKING (LAST) STUDY Chandan Surabhi Das Barasat Govt. College, North 24 Pgs, West Bengal, India email: [email protected] ‘Resilience in changing climate’ is characterized by a capacity to adapt to changing climatic conditions and persistent stresses by responding effectively. The Sundarban in India has been undermined by sea level rise, salinization of soil and water, cyclonic storms and flooding which have combined over the past century to render this one of the most hazardous areas in the world. The vulnerability of this region is exacerbated by existing conditions of poverty, malnutrition and increasing populations. This puts intense pressure on limited natural resources, especially land, water and energy – all of which are integral to agricultural system which is the single livelihood practice in Sundarban. The present study includes last habited island (Gosaba block), surrounded by Sundarban Reserve Forest on three sides. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tool, such as Focus Group Discussion (n= 14) and house hold survey (n=1323) was conducted during a period of January 2015 to June, 2017 to get the overview of the impact of the climate change on their livelihood, income, fishing practices as well as socio economic conditions including migration or climate refuges. 30 percent of households have a family member migrate outside Sundarban in search of work. Salinity has increased beyond the safe threshold for agricultural production of all mouzas. Forest resource collection has dropped to 35.34% during last two decades. The study identified 4 Pillars for Sustainable Socioeconomic Development like vulnerability reduction, poverty reduction biodiversity conservation and institutional change. Livelihood Asset Status Tracking (LAST) method will be an attempt to measure the changes in five capital asset groups (social, financial, human, physical, and natural assets) for suggesting climate resilient sustainable livelihood in the low lying forest dependent coastal areas like Sundarban. Keywords: Resilience, Climate change, Sundarban, Sustainable development, LAST method

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K18 PREDICTING THE NUMBER OF CASES OF DENGUE INFECTION IN EASTERN UTTAR PRADESH USING SARIMA MODEL Ajay Singh1, R. K. Mall1 & Rajniti Prasad2 1 DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 2 Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi email: [email protected] Epidemic dynamics of dengue, like those of other vector-borne diseases, are driven by complex interactions between hosts, vectors and viruses that are influenced by environmental and climatic factors. Several determinants in dengue fever (DF) emergence have been identified including human population growth, accelerated urbanization, increased international transport, weakened public health infrastructure as well as a lack of effective vector control and disease surveillance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of weather variable on dengue incidence rate in Varanasi. The data was collected of patients attending Sir Sundarlal Hospital, B.H.U and Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhaya Hospital, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh from August, 2018 to November, 2018. The patients admitted were from Uttar Pradesh (94.4%), Bihar (5.2%) and Madhya Pradesh (0.4%). 694 patients were admitted in hospital of which 662 were discharged and 20 patients expired. The number of patients reported LAMA (Left against Medical advice) were 12.61.5% of male and 38.5% females were admitted. Maximum number of dengue patients admitted was in age-group 22-35 years. Climatic parameters like temperature, humidity, and precipitations directly affect the breeding of mosquito and helps in transmission of the virus. Climatic as well as local conditions like dry habitat, low drinking water supply in cities, improper sanitary condition, defects in rain water harvesting system (RWHS), lack of awareness about dengue and their transmission makes it feasible becomes epidemic. There is need to improve not only our diagnostic facilities at field level, fogging by municipality, cleanness of surroundings, proper disposal of cans and plastic containers, improve water supply and their storage, repair of RWHS, prevent global warming effects but also awareness about dengue. New prevention and control efforts are needed to counter the potential consequences of climate change on the geo- graphic range and incidence of dengue, including novel methods of vector control and dengue vaccines. Keywords: Vector-borne diseases, DF, Temperature, Relative humidity, Fogging condition

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K19 TREND OF RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION AND ITS VARIABILITY FROM 1972 – 2002 AND CONSEQUENCE ON FOOD GRAINS PRODUCTION IN HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA S. K. Iman Vivekananda Palli Kishore Bharati High School, Behala, Kolkata email: [email protected] Rainfall is one of the most important climatic indicators for the management and modification of natural environment into cultural environment. The present paper is an attempt to analyze the Trend of rainfall distribution and its variability from 1972 – 2002 in Himachal Pradesh state of India and also to explore consequence on food grains production on the basis of annual rainfall for sustainable yield. Based on the district wise rainfall data of Himachal Pradesh obtained from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Pune, I prepared the rainfall distribution map by taking the average annual rainfall amount and also prepared district wise rainfall dispersion diagram. The results show that marginal variability have occurred in all district of Himachal Pradesh. Based on normal rainfall highest negative anomaly has been recorded in Lahul & Spiti district and also maximum variability has been recorded in Kullu district based on coefficient of quartile deviation from 1972 - 2002. However, a considerable uses of rainfall water is suggested for the sustainable yield and as well as considering demographic change of the region. Keywords: Rainfall distribution, Environment, Sustainable yield, Sustainable development, Demographic changes

 

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K20 IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE FINANCE AT CITY SCALE: A CASE STUDY OF MUMBAI AND PUNE MEGACITIES Kapil Ashtekar Department of Geography, University of Mumbai email: [email protected] The latest form of global finance could be seen in the form of climate finance. The global climate finance is channelized mostly through United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the form of climate actions, adaptations and mitigation measures to the Global South to manage their climates and reduce the actions pertaining to climatic aftermath. Though there is institutionalisation of climate finance at global level, at a country level, how far there has been an effort to set up institutional arrangements for effective utilisation of climate finance in the Developing country like India. For instance, in the year 2014, according to a report by Climate Policy Initiative (CPI), total climate finance generated alone was $391 billion, of which 38% was public money and the rest were private investments by in renewable energy (Seetharaman, 2017). Three-fourths of public climate finance were raised by developing countries domestically. The maximum share of this climate fund has been given to India, to manage climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. It would be interesting to see what happens to this climate fund? what kind of institutional arrangements have been made in India in the form of policy? Does the climate finance flow through the regional and urban hierarchy to reach the climatically vulnerable places and spaces? Megacities and metropolitan regions like Mumbai and Pune, the 'economic engines' are vulnerable to the climate change and its aftermaths. Major concern here is regarding the form of climate finance introduced in these metropolises and its utilisation, if any. With the globalising concern of coastal cities like Mumbai, is most vulnerable to Global warming and Pune being landlocked is witnessing exponential rise in surface temperature. It would be essential here to investigate the present city development policies and the understandings on climate change, firstly. Secondly, Interrogating all the challenges of Climate change at city scale and thirdly, how the climate finance is incorporated at city scale to deal with urban climate change adaptation and mitigation. The collection of data would be done through primary and secondary sources of information. Use of satellite data, questionnaire survey and interview method would be applied for the same. Keywords: Climate finance, Reliability and credibility, Upcoming consequences

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K21

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE FOR URBAN SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT: SUSTAINABLE LIVING IN UNSUSTAINABLE CLIMATES Isha Bihari National Institute of Science Education and Research email: [email protected] The urgent housing needs of the millions, in population dense regions of South Asia needs to be addressed in the background of climate change responsibility. For ex- the plan of the Indian government to construct 20 million houses for the urban poor by 2022 is ambitious and carries good intentions but gives little value to what goes on in the construction. What and how we build is pertinent to meet the challenge of energy scarcity in developing countries. Concrete and cement, elements adapted from the West, has for long dominated our architectural engineering without much heed to our tropical climate. The design has now percolated in a ‘top-down’ fashion and become a handy tool in the hands of the middle classes, the biggest consumer in the housing industry, who use the ready-made template to build houses. The masons and contractors remain equally un-trained to suggest otherwise. The concept of ‘dwelling’ popularized by the German philosopher, Martin Heidegger, emphasized the importance of buildings beyond its functional utility as a living space. The policies of the real estate sector and that of the housing industry has remained stagnant for decades now and is in need of being revamped for better sustainability and energy efficiency. Laurie Baker, the British-born Indian architect, who lived in Kerala, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s ideals, called for the use of locally sourced materials in constructions and designed cost effective and energy conserving designs, the defining principles of vernacular architecture. The feasibility, practicality and social acceptance of this form of architecture is laid bare to provide a sustainable alternative in the growing economies of South Asia.

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K22 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES OF THE GOMATI RIVER BASIN (INDIA) Diva Bhatt1, R.K. Mall1,2 & Arnab Kundu2 1 Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, BHU, India 2 DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, BHU, India email: [email protected] There is close-knit inter-relationship between water, agriculture and energy in the context of climate change. In the wake of the severe water shortage both due to increasing demand and decreasing supply already affecting a major portion of the country, the present study focuses the suitability of various meteorological datasets in terms of their capability to simulate the impact on the water resources of the Gomati River Basin. The basin is sub-basin of the Ganges river basin that encompasses a large portion of the northern part of India. In this study, satellite based datasets were incorporated with meteorological data. The recent droughts considered as hydro-meteorological extreme events were investigated in terms of intensity and frequency of various rainfall percentiles. Also, the time series analysis was implemented to confirm the extent and magnitude of hydrological extremes that rendered the basin periodically dry or wet. Furthermore, satellite derived vegetation health index was compared with variability of rainfall for the extreme years. In addition, census based population density was analysed with district-wise crop yield in the perspective of water use efficiency. The dire necessity to sustain yields of various staple crops like rice and wheat across Gomati basin, it was highly relevant and required to assess spatio-temporal distribution of its water resources under the climate change scenario. Keywords: Climate change, Hydro-meteorological extremes, Vegetation health index, Remote sensing, Water resources

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K23 SUSTAINABILITY AND ECONOMIC STRATEGY: THE CASE OF BIHARSHARIF CITY Surajit Das1, Binay Shankar2 & Esham Chatterjee3 1 Department of Geography, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan 2 Urban Management and Planning, University of Calcutta 3 Dept. of Economics, University of Calcutta email: [email protected] “We are all dead in long run” – as claimed by J.M Keynes. This short term rationality prevails in economic policy decisions. On the contrary, the impact of climate change is detrimental to the existence of human civilization. Challenge to tackle climate change is a long run policy based process. Any discretionary policy distorts employment opportunities and production process leads to class conflicts. Hence, compromise needs to be reached by policy makers balancing economic aspirations and tackling climate change. Recent events point out that aggressive implementation of Paris Climate Agreement is leading alienation of common people. French Government implemented policy of heavy taxation on fuel consumption to change the preference pattern. This policy was met by a huge public outrage in form of the Yellow-Vest movement ultimately leading to the partial push back of the policy. The Indian challenge against climate change is based on the principle of rigorous economic growth along with creating a self-sustaining society that is efficient in resource usage. The National Action Plan on Climate Change is the preamble of policy decision on climate change which advocates a sustainable approach of long term solutions instead of kneejerk reactions. The study concentrates on the urban planning and public transportation aspect of the Nation Mission of Sustainable Habitats which is a major part of the National Mission of Climate Change. Better urban planning and modal shift to public transportation system would ensure efficiency in the daily life of people as well as reduction in CO2 emission and other green-house gases. The study is primarily lensed on Biharsharif, a city of Bihar which has been selected as the last smart city in the race of 100 smart cities mission of Government of India. Bihar Sharif is the headquarters of Nalanda district and the fifth-largest sub-metropolitan area in the eastern Indian state of Bihar. The municipal area of Biharsharif is about 23.50 sq km. The aim of this paper is to establish Biharsharif as a hub of tourism hospitality and bicycle transportation planning as intra-city communication. Increasing the level of bicycle transportation is often considered as a means of decreasing the level of automobile commuting. Encouraging people to commute by bicycle is one of the solutions discussed to reduce traffic congestion, energy dependency, and environmental problems, which have been associated with existing urban transportation systems. (RB Noland, 1995) Pucher (1988) has shown how different policies in western European countries have resulted in a lower level of automobiles usage. These policies include substantially larger taxes on gasoline and subsidies to mass transit. These types of policies (while not originally intended as such) probably more accurately reflect the social costs of automobile transportation than in the USA. The result is a lower level of automobile transportation and increased usage of transit, walking and bicycling. Some European countries, such as The Netherlands and Denmark have 247   

very high proportions of total trips made by bicycle, demonstrating that it is possible for modern developing countries to reduce motor-vehicle use. It has been official policy in these countries to build safe and convenient bicycle lanes and to discourage automobile traffic in cities. The study suggests the unbalanced growth of the Biharsharif and implies a huge number of employment opportunities with forward and backward linkage effects. Christaller’s transportation principle (K = 4) – especially bicycle transportation minimizes the negative effects of climate and coordinates positively in accommodating the effects of climate change. Keywords: Urban planning, Climate change, Transportation management, Tourism studies

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K24 CREATING AN ECOLOGICALLY RATIONAL AND ENLIGHTENED SOCIETY THROUGH TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE Swatiprava Rath NISER, Bhubaneswar email: [email protected] The modern-day society is engulfed by countless problems. Climate change is significant among all and has put all the researchers, Govt. officials, scientists into deep thought. The power hungry human has spoiled Mother Nature who nurtured him. Every kind of exploitation has reached its peak point. Now the only way is to adapt and mitigate. There is no doubt that the scientific community can provide various ways of adaptation and mitigation, but there is something more to look at. That is Traditional knowledge. It is time tested, experienced by people, well understood, sustainable and fulfills the need of the society. Indigenous wisdom involves practices that preserve the environment in long run. All the scientific solutions are not affordable, accessible and available to the underprivileged sections of the society. Hence here comes the scope for an alternative model that can be provided through TK. For creating an “ecologically rational and ecologically enlightened society”, scientific knowledge has to join hands with Traditional knowledge. Studies have been conducted on how TK helps in adaptation and mitigation in India so also in island countries. It is an alternate approach to all environmental problems. With the use of phenomenological theory and social ecology theory, the paper will evaluate the capacity of TK in improving adaptation and mitigation to climate change. It will provide the procedure to successfully use it by recognizing, storing and sharing it. The proposed paper will be based on secondary sources. Keywords: Adaptation, Mitigation, Traditional knowledge, Phenomenological theory, Social ecology theory

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K25 ASSESSMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE DUE TO URBAN SPRAWL IN CHENNAI R . Praveenkumaar, S. Rekha & M. Shanmugam Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India email: [email protected] India’s urban population is growing enormously in the past few decades. According to census of India, in the year 1901 the population rate in urban areas is 11.4%, in 2001 it is about 28.85% and in 2011 it crossed above 30%. A survey that was conducted by UN State of World Population resulted as the population rate in urban areas would be 40.76% by 2030. The increase in urban population is predominantly due to migration of people from rural and smaller towns to bigger cities in search of better employment opportunities and standardization of their lifestyle. This rapid population growth had resulted in unplanned growth of urban areas so that it can accommodate these migrant people which in turn lead to urban sprawl. It is a growing as a problematic aspect of every metropolitan city in India. Urban sprawl inturn results in loss of productive agricultural lands, forest area depletion, open green spaces, loss of surface water bodies and depletion of ground water. Therefore, there is a need to study, understand and quantify the urban sprawl rate. In this paper an attempt has been made to assess urban sprawl using Resourcesat-1 data and topographic sheet in GIS environment for one of the fastest growing city of South India (ie., Chennai) and its surrounding area. The built-up area of the city has increased from 174 km2 to 426 km2 in 2011. The study shows that there is a remarkable urban sprawl in and around the city; the agricultural land and forest areas has lost to built-up land during this period. As a result the urban ecosystem has changed in the last few decades. Keywords: Urban sprawl, GIS, Resourcesat- 1, Ecosystem

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K26 CLIMATE TRENDS WITH LAND USE DYNAMICS IN THE WESTERN GHATS T. V. Ramachandra, S. Vinay & Bharath Setturu Energy and Wetlands Research Group, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India email: [email protected] Land use changes leading to deforestation have been contributing to the global warming as the landscape loses its ability to sequester carbon and also the stored carbon in trees gets released by clearing the forests. Deforestation due to anthropogenic activities accounts globally for around 18% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Changes in the climatic regime due to global warming necessitates understanding landscape dynamics, which will help in evolving appropriate prudent management strategies to mitigate changes in the climate. The current study investigates landscape dynamics with climate trends in the ecologically fragile Western Ghats, which has been ensuring water and food security to the peninsular India. The Western Ghats is one among 35 global hotspots of biodiversity with the exceptional endemic flora and fauna: 4,600 species of flowering plants with 38% endemics, 330 butterflies with 11% endemics, 156 reptiles with 62% endemics, 508 birds with 4% endemics, 120 mammals with 12% endemics, 289 fishes with 41% endemics and 135 amphibians with 75% endemics. Numerous streams originate in the Western Ghats which sustain the water requirement of the peninsular India and hence this ecologically fragile region has been aptly termed as water tower of India. The temporal land use analyses using temporal remote sensing data acquired through space borne sensors at regular intervals, highlight a decline in evergreen forest cover during 1985 to 2018 from 16 to 11 % with the increase in agriculture (28 to 37%), monoculture (16 to 18%). Climate regime has been assessed through rainfall and temperature trends across the North, Central and Southern Western Ghats and also across the Agro-Climatic Zones at 1-degree latitude. Analyses of rainfall dynamics reveal a declining trend in southern Western Ghats, while an increasing trend in the northern western Ghats. Across the agro climatic zones at 1 degree latitude, Ghats and the transition zones in the south (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) shows decrease in rainfall ranging between 40 mm to 650 mm in the century with a decline of rainy days of 5 to 10 days, whereas the north (Maharashtra, Gujarat), showed increasing trends of rainfall ranging from 120 to 430 mm and rainy days by 3 to 6 days both at Ghats and transition zones between Ghats and plains. Similar trend analyses of temperature, show an increasing trend in temperatures all across the Western Ghats. Analysis at one degree latitude reveals Grid wise analysis an increasing trend ranging between 0.31oC to 1.1oC in the Coast. Similar trends are observed in Ghats (0.1 oC to 1.0 oC) and transition zones (0.1 oC to 0.8 oC) with the highest changes in the south, followed by the north, while, the central western Ghats showed low variability in the last century. Unplanned developmental activities in the ecologically fragile region have led to the large scale land use changes which in turn altered the climatic regime in the region. Reduction in rainfall in the Western Ghats of Kerala, Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada is directly linked to the loss of native vegetation and the consequent reduced aerodynamic roughness, which shifts the rain bearing clouds along the direction of wind. Higher instances of floods with the rainfall in the northern Ghats and towards plains of Karnataka, Maharashtra, could be attributed to the 251   

loss of catchment’s capability to retain rainwater. The temperatures have increased with the stride of deforestation process throughout the Western Ghats. The outcome of this research will help decision makers to implement location specific mitigation measures to minimize alterations in the climatic regime with land use planning involving all stakeholders towards the sustainable livelihood. Keywords: Western ghats, Agro climatic zones, Climate change, Rainfall and temperature trends, Land use dynamics

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K27

Port-led Development or Destruction: A Case Study of Uran Tehsil Sanjana Mulay & Priyanka Patil Department Of Geography, Lokmanya Tilak Bhavan, Vidhyanagari, Mumbai, India email: [email protected] Port-led urban development is gaining momentum in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), developed in NAVHA-SHEVA, Uran Tehsil, Raigad District, Maharashtra, in 1970s, is getting further expanded with establishment of a Special Economic Zone (JNPT SEZ) and newly constructed Singapore port. The same has decisively influenced the local spaceeconomy, geography and natural environment to a great extent. As a subsidiary process of port-led development, the process of gentrification has been set in to gallop agricultural land and reproduce them as urban-industrial lands. There have been various consequences of such port-led urban development in the form of displacement and socio-economic exclusion of native people, loss of traditional occupations, loss of traditional cultural practices and societal ethics. The most important change is experienced in the quality of natural environment as the land required for such spatial development is huge and that is acquired by clearing the spaces under natural environment like coastal wetlands. As a result there have been several major adverse changes experienced in Uran Tehesil like reckless deforestation, removal of mangroves, reclamation of wetlands and salt pans and absolute loss of bio-diversity. NAVHASHEVA creek and the surrounding areas have been vital for migratory birds and marine species specific to creek ecosystem. Due to land reclamation, the habitat conducive for migratory bird has deteriorated to a major extent affecting the number of birds. At climate level, there has been a decisive change in the surface temperature as well as oceanic water surface temperature leading to further complications. The objective of the research is to understand the impact of port-led development on the coastal environments in Uran Tehsil. The study will also bring out the consequences on socio-economic life of indigenous population. For the same, a questionnaire survey will be conducted to understand the impact on people and ecology. Secondary data in the form of various government records, reports by NGOs and satellite data from LANDSAT 8 will be processed. Keywords: Port-led urban development, JNPT, Land reclamation

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K28 NUTRIENTS RECOVERY FROM HUMAN URINE AS STRUVITE: AN ALTERNATE OF FERTILIZER Azhan Ahmad1 & Anirban Gupta2 Department of Civil Engineering IIEST Shibpur, Howrah, India 2 Department of Civil Engineering IIEST Shibpur, Howrah, India email: [email protected] & [email protected] 1

The population of world is increasing at a very fast rate and as a result of which the demand for crop production is also tend to rise therefore for the productivity of crops by agriculture requires fertilizers. Production of fertilizers required phosphate which is available in the form of natural mineral as phosphate stone, manufacturing of fertilizers leads to degradation of this natural mineral. The fertilizer industries are emitting greenhouse gases therefore producing carbon footprint and are contributing in global climate change and thus by replacing fertilizers with struvite [MgNH4PO4.6H2O] will reduce the effective carbon foot print and thus climatic changes can be controlled. Eutrophication in lakes is also the major problem when the phosphorus from the fertilizer industries as well as from other sources also runoff into it, this can be eliminated by recovering the nutrients in the form of struvite and using it as an alternate to fertilizers. Struvite precipitation from human urine occurs with the presence of magnesium, ammonium and phosphorus in equimolar concentration and depends on pH, temperature, aeration rate etc. Human urine was characterized for Ca2+,Mg2+, PO4-P and NH4N and their concentration is found to be 56 10 mg/L,24 5 mg/L,550 150 mg/L and 1600 400mg/L respectively. The pH of human urine was found to be around 6. Magnesium was added as magnesium sulphate because urine have a deficiency in magnesium and to maintain the equimolar concentration of magnesium with phosphorus and ammonia for precipitation of struvite and the precipitation of struvite after adding magnesium was found to be 0.85±0.1 g per 100 ml of urine. Keywords: Nitrogen,phosphate, Precipitation, Fertilizer, Struvite, Human urine

 

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