Careers in Financial Markets Your guide to finding a job in banking and finance
2007-08
The Financial Job Marketplace
Your vision: To reach for the top. Our promise: Lifting you even higher.
You thrive on achievement and you want to see just how far your talent will take you. We do too. That’s why, at Deutsche Bank, you’ll be given the opportunity to realize your greatest ambitions. As one of the world’s leading financial institutions, we have the platform to take your career higher. You will be part of an innovative, modern corporate culture that celebrates achievement. Expect the better career. Find out more at www.db.com/careers Analyst Program Application Deadline: 1 November 2007 Analyst Internship Program Application Deadlines: Asset Management, Global Banking, Global Markets and Private Wealth Management - 15 January 2008 Group Technology and Operations, Human Resources, Finance, Legal, Risk and Capital - 15 February 2008
A Passion to Perform.
Banking & Financial Markets
Accounting in the City
Contents
IT in Finance
Employers
How to use this guide Sarah Butcher Editor eFinancialCareers.com
Banking and financial markets A highly competitive industry ...................................................... 02 Rungs on the ladder .............................................................................. 06 The recruitment process ................................................................... 08 Graduate training schemes ........................................................... 12 Internships ....................................................................................................... 16 Mergers & acquisitions ....................................................................... 20 Capital markets ........................................................................................... 26 Sales, trading & research ................................................................ 32 Foreign exchange .................................................................................... 36 Corporate banking .................................................................................. 38 Fund management .................................................................................. 42 Hedge funds .................................................................................................. 46 Private equity ................................................................................................ 50 Investment consulting ......................................................................... 52 Global custody ............................................................................................ 53 Wealth management ............................................................................. 54 Operations ....................................................................................................... 58 Risk management .................................................................................... 60 Compliance ..................................................................................................... 62 Data providers & rating agencies ............................................ 64 Insurance ........................................................................................................... 68
Accounting in the City Accounting City careers .................................................................... 70 Front office careers ................................................................................. 72
This guide is designed to be used together with the Student Centre on the eFinancialCareers.com website. It will help you to navigate your way around the competitive world of financial services, and provides an introduction to the careers on offer and different sectors. As well as information on front-office roles, we have sections on IT in finance and opportunities for accountants. On the website you will find the latest news on graduate hiring and vacancies, tips from senior industry figures, advice on internships and getting a job from those who’ve been through the process, plus the chance to discuss what’s going on with other hopefuls and those already in the industry. By using this guide and the website, you will be among the best-informed candidates around – half the battle in the highly competitive world of finance. Good luck in your job search,
Sarah Butcher
Student Centre
IT in finance Information technology ...................................................................... 74 IT careers .......................................................................................................... 76
Employers Employer profiles ..................................................................................... 78 Partner profiles ............................................................................................ 88
Like this book? You’ll love the website. Our Student Centre is the place to go for the inside track on getting your first job in finance. Check regularly for new features and updates at www.students.efinancialcareers.co.uk
What’s going on? The latest news for graduates, including last-minute vacancies.
Internships The best way to get a job is by doing an internship. Our Student Centre tells you all you need to know about applying for and making the most of internships. Careers in Financial Markets is published by eFinancialCareers Ltd - www.efinancialcareers.com Project Manager: Janice Chalmers; Editor: Sarah Butcher; Production editor: Graham Judge; Writers: Sarah Butcher, Nic Paton; Marketing: Alison Traboulsi; Sales: Iain Small, Alex Ross, Marc Speer, Robert Wood, Asha Wadhwani Art Director: Valerio Italiano Designer: Jane Roberts Additional copies: cifm@efinancialcareers.com +44 (0)20 7309 7777 ©2007 eFinancialCareers Ltd No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission.
Graduate programmes Your complete guide to applications and choosing between employers, plus what to expect from those who’ve been there before you.
Learn about the industry Financial sectors explained:
including information on even more sectors than are contained in this book. Career paths: profiles of professionals in different roles and at different stages of their careers, from the lowly analyst up to managing director and beyond. Jargon buster: make sure you know your assets from your equities.
Top tips Individual nuggets of advice from top banking professionals.
Off the record What the banks won’t tell you about getting that job – real information from people already on the ground.
Numerical tests Most banks will make you sit one and they take a little getting used to, so practise first with our online tests.
Banking & Financial Markets
Accounting in the City
IT in Finance
Employers
At a glance
A highly competitive industry Demanding workplace with outstanding rewards
Want to work in an investment bank? You’ll need to fight for it. At the start of 2007, graduate recruiters at banks and fund managers expected vacancies to rise nearly 18% to around 3,000, according to the Association of Graduate Recruiters. But tales of multi-million pound bonuses mean more people want a piece of the investment banking action. Student research company High Fliers puts the number of applicants per banking job at (wait for it) 60:1. Even if you manage to elbow 59 people aside to land one of those coveted traineeships, there’s no guarantee you’ll become a millionaire. Why? Investment banks only pay mega-bonuses to the best people, typically after six years or so, and then only when business is really good. When business is bad, banks are equally quick to make people redundant and bonuses are a lot lower.
“If you want a risk-free job, become an accountant”
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
Logan Naidu, Cornell Partnership
2
A career in banking is a bit like the lifecycle of a butterfly: you’ll have to put in time as a hardworking grub (analyst/ associate) before you can metamorphose into a beautiful winged creature (managing director). There’s a constant risk of being squished if unsuccessful – and throughout your life you’re liable to be snuffed out by an adverse economic climate. Most of the biggest investment banks are either USowned (eg Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley) or continental European (eg Deutsche Bank, Credit Suisse and UBS). They carry out many activities, such as advising on mergers and takeovers; helping companies raise money by issuing bonds and shares; buying and selling bonds, shares and other securities; and managing funds.
Pay for performance Investment banks pride themselves on being meritocracies. For example, Tracey Hahn, head of leadership and talent management for Europe, the Middle East and Africa at Merrill Lynch, says the bank fosters “a meritocratic and fully inclusive work environment,” and a culture that provides people with “the opportunity to advance as high as their commitment, ambition and talent will take them.”
Banking is a competitive industry at the mercy of economic swings Pay is by performance: less than 20% of senior pay is base salary ‘Hot’ sectors include mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and risk
In plain English, this means if you work hard and have a talent for banking (i.e. make lots of money for your employer) you will both be promoted and be well paid. But don’t expect to be paid unless you perform. “Even for managing directors, banks rarely pay base salaries higher than £260k,” says Lee Thacker, partner at headhunter Heidrick & Struggles. “The rest is performance-related bonus.”
Hiring and firing Following annual talent reviews, banks such as Goldman Sachs regularly cull up to 10% of their worst-performing staff and Thacker says the practice is becoming more common. If banks get rid of 10% of staff as a matter of course even in good years, they’re a lot more brutal when business turns. According to the think tank Centre for Economics and Business Research (CEBR), some 35,000 jobs were chopped in the City of London between mid-2000 and early 2003. The bloodbath followed several years of vigorous hiring worldwide – in 2001, the global headcount at Goldman Sachs was 25,000; by 2003 it was down to 19,500. In 2007, however, banks were back on top. By the end of the first quarter, Goldman Sachs employed nearly 27,000 people globally and by mid-2006 the CEBR said employment in the City of London exceeded the previous record at the height of the dotcom boom. But after several good years and a credit crunch, are we in danger of another downturn? Banking recruiters say it’s just the nature of the beast. “There’s no doubt that we’re near the peak, but the risk of losing your job when times are bad is the natural corollary to making huge amounts of money when times are good,” explains Logan Naidu, a consultant at recruitment firm Cornell Partnership. “Banking is cyclical. It’s very rare nowadays to go into banking thinking you will never be unemployed – if you want a risk-free job, become an accountant.”
Riding the wave What can be done to minimise the risks of being rudely turfed out if things turn nasty? Philip Beddows, a partner and seasoned investment banking career coach at mentoring firm IDDAS, says the best thing is to go for a top-tier bank or boutique that offers excellent training: “If you start in division one, you can always move to division two
>
With your potential, our future is in good hands. It starts with you.
Your ideas make a difference. At UBS, we believe in creating opportunities for every one of our employees to empower them to excel and realize their potential. We know that the best view could be through your eyes. That is why we value diversity and want to create an environment that encourages different perspectives. As a leading financial firm with offices in over 50 countries, UBS can offer the inspiration you need from all corners of the globe. After all, when you’re inspired, we all succeed. It starts with you: www.ubs.com/graduates
© UBS 2007. All rights reserved.
Global Banking & Markets
“It’s my first year on the graduate programme and I’m being trusted to handle a two billion dollar trade. That’s the difference.” Our numbers tell an incredible story of growth and global expansion. We’ve become a leader in some of the most exciting areas of investment banking. And the rapid progression of our people is vital to this success. In RBS Global Banking & Markets you can go as far and as fast as your abilities allow. No rigid hierarchies. No glass ceilings. Just extraordinary opportunities to match your capabilities. Be part of it. Find out more at www.rbs.com/gbmgraduates
The Royal Bank of Scotland. Tenth largest bank in the world. One of Europe’s leading corporate banks. 95 per cent of the FTSE 100 and 80 per cent of the Fortune 100 are customers. Now growing rapidly and aggressively worldwide.
Make it happen™ The Royal Bank of Scotland plc. Registered Office: 36 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh EH2 2YB. Registered in Scotland No 90312
Continued from pg. 2
Hot sectors Bearing in mind the roller-coaster nature of the investment banking industry, it’s worth giving some thought to where you want to work. Fixed income? Equities? Corporate finance? Choose carefully. You are not just selecting a job; you’re positioning yourself in the financial services market, some areas of which are likely to be more healthy than others. Look at the individual sector articles for more detail, but for a quick guide to hot sectors, read on.
Mergers and acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions is a volatile sector in which to work. When things are hot, they’re very hot. How But when M&A deals Mon hot e stop happening, y Ku Opp dos these bankers are ortu nitie often among the s first to be shown the door. In 2007, however, M&A bankers were sitting pretty. In the first quarter of the year, deals announced in Europe rose 14% to $531bn, according to information provider Thomson Financial. And soaring M&A deals inspired banks to add staff – an April 2007 poll of 250 M&A bankers by Financial News found 69% of respondents in the UK were looking for talent. “Deal flow is still strong and a lot of banks are hiring,” says Adam Cairns, a director at Fennemore Banks.
Derivatives sales and trading Demand for derivatives specialists has been hot for years. Derivatives are complex financial instruments based on underlying stocks, How bonds, currencies and Mon hot assets. Hiring has been Kud ey Opp os driven by the quest ortu nitie for better returns and s by banks’ ability to charge more for complex derivative ‘solutions’ than for simple equities or bonds. At their simplest, derivatives may be futures, where a buyer purchases the right to buy a product at a future date and price; at their more exotic, they may be single tranche collateralised debt obligations, where investors buy debt products catering for their risk appetite. The August 2007 crisis in the credit markets and related problems have temporarily halted hiring. New products may emerge that overcome the turmoil and reinvigorate hiring, but this remains to be seen.
Risk Right now, risk hiring is hot – and even if things get a little more ‘risky’, risk analysis looks like a good place to be. “If the How cycle turns down, h ot Mon Kud ey risk hiring will hold Opp os steady,” predicts Gail ortu nitie Connolly, managing s consultant at recruiters PSD Group. “Banking is a regulated sector, so you will always need risk specialists for regulatory reasons,” she adds. Research by PSD Group suggests over 40% of banks are adding risk specialists in 2007 and another 30% are replacing staff who’ve left. The bestplaced jobs are in market risk or quantitatively-focused roles helping to price derivative products. As hiring expands, Connolly says some risk staff are getting bonuses equivalent to, or even more than, salaries – unheard of a few years ago.
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
later – the other way round can be more challenging.” If you don’t manage to get an offer from an investment bank, an ACA (accounting qualification) can also be a good safety net and allow you to move into banking later on. Naidu tells of one candidate who couldn’t get into banking in 2001, so spent three years training for an ACA. In 2004 he moved into investment banking and in 2007 got a job in private equity. “Careers in financial services are all about riding the cycle,” says Naidu. “If you can stay on the board throughout, you’ll do well. And if you fall off, you’ll need to get back on quickly.”
5
Banking & Financial Markets
Accounting in the City
IT in Finance
Employers
At a glance Expect to spend at least three years on each rung of the ladder
Rungs on the ladder From analyst to MD – the ‘typical’ investment banking career The City of London, as this guide makes all too clear, offers a feast of roles, opportunities and career paths. But whether you join a small European investment bank or a large US bank, you’ll encounter (roughly) the same job titles, in the same order of importance.
Analyst This is the lowest position of all; in investment banking, ‘analyst’ is another way of saying ‘graduate trainee’. What analysts do varies from division to division. In corporate finance, analysts are number crunchers who put together ‘pitchbooks’ (research to help banks win bids) and analyse a company’s financial products.
“At every level you need to show you are able to increase productivity, anticipate market changes and add value” Esther Oxenbury, JPMorgan
In sales, analysts telephone relatively unimportant clients on non-crucial matters. On the trading floor, analysts can’t trade until they’ve passed regulatory exams – and even then, they are heavily constrained. At most banks, you will be an analyst for two to three years. The bank then decides whether or not to renew your contract and you have an option whether to stay on.
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
As few as 6% of directors go on to become managing directors
Vice-president At this level, life starts to become exciting. The title sounds grand, but don’t be deceived: VPs are plentiful at any large investment bank. As a VP, you will manage the day-to-day affairs of the associates and analysts beneath you and are likely to have more contact with clients. You’ll typically be a VP for three years, but you could be here for much longer, as the job can become a bit of a sticking point.“Once you make it to VP, further progression is not guaranteed. It depends on a much greater number of variables than at analyst and associate level,” says John Harker, head of HR at Citi. VPs who fail to progress at one bank tend to move to another, where they can join the next rank – director or executive director.
Executive director or director Executive directors or directors (the titles are interchangeable) are the right-hand men and women of the real potentates – the managing directors. Executive directors help managing directors cope with the daily whims of client companies. In sales and trading, they have bigger and more important clients to call, or even larger trades to place.
Managing director
Associate
You’ve made it! Managing directors (MDs) are the upper echelons of the banking hierarchy. MDs are the people who deal directly with clients and bring in business. Very few people make it this far. At one large US bank, only 6% to 8% of directors are promoted to MD each year. At Goldman Sachs, there are around 1,200 to 1,500 MDs for 25,000 employees. Whether you’re a lowly analyst or an MD, progression ultimately comes down to adding value. “Do not sit back and wait to have your career managed for you. You have to be first and foremost accountable to yourself for your success,” says Richard Moore, EMEA head of campus recruitment at UBS.
The next rung on the ladder, associates, are analysts who have made the grade or business school students who joined after studying for an MBA. Associates typically have a team of analysts in their charge, to whom they allocate work . Expect to be an associate for another three years before moving up to the next rung – vice-president (VP)
Although this hierarchy exists across banks, it’s less noticeable in sales and trading divisions where you work on your own to make money. If you’re an exceptionally talented VP on the trading desk, there is every chance you could earn more than an MD.
How to move to the next rung?
6
Many vice presidents move banks to make it to the next rung
Demonstrating the drive and motivation to succeed and learn are key, asserts Esther Oxenbury, head of investment banking graduate recruitment at JPMorgan, where everyone is issued with a ‘road map’ of what they need to do to progress. “At every level you need to show you are able to increase productivity, anticipate market changes and add value; to be competitive,” she says.
Exception to the rule
Some think steel and glass. We think meeting of minds.
Mention global finance and people will often think of big buildings of glass and steel, marble halls and swift lifts. But offices are only offices and we have to work somewhere. It’s what we do inside those offices that matters. Banking adds value, creates wealth and makes things happen in the world. The people at Credit Suisse do important, exhilarating, rewarding work, but they are still just people. So if you’re thinking that the high-rise world of global finance is not for you, give us the benefit of the doubt and visit the website. You might feel right at home. www.credit-suisse.com/careers
Thinking New Perspectives. Credit Suisse is an Equal Opportunity Employer and does not discriminate in its employment decisions on the basis of any protected category. To the extent permitted or required by applicable law, a candidate who is offered employment will be subject to a criminal record check and other background checks before the appointment is confirmed. © 2007 CREDIT SUISSE GROUP and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Banking & Financial Markets
Accounting in the City
IT in Finance
Employers
At a glance
The recruitment process Applications, interviews, assessments and, if you’re lucky, a job Recent graduates who join investment banks are called analysts. If you want one of these jobs you’ll need to show your pedigree during the banks’ multi-hurdle hiring process.
Hurdle 1: the application form According to the graduate research company High Fliers, a large investment bank receives 60 applications for every graduate-level job. That’s 9,000 candidates for the 150 or so places on the average bank’s graduate recruitment scheme. More than 7,500 are eliminated at the online application form stage.
“You need to research the division you want to work in... you cannot overestimate the amount of research you can do”
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
Sally Whitman, Deutsche Bank
8
Academic criteria are the main stumbling block. In an ever more competitive environment, most of the big banks specify that would-be candidates must be on track for a 2.1 and typically have 320 or more UCAS points. If you don’t meet the grade, you won’t get any further than this. Most trainees come from the best universities. However, even if you’re on track for a first, the application form could still trip you up. Esther Oxenbury, head of investment banking graduate recruitment at JPMorgan, says many candidates fall down because of poor spelling or poor punctuation: “It is amazing how many applications come through with mistakes on them, yet our business is all about attention to detail,” she says. A cut-and-paste approach is also perilous. Everyone accepts people make multiple applications, but for heaven’s sake put the right bank’s name on the form. “I once had someone email me explaining how motivated they were to come and work at Morgan Stanley – it did not go down well,” says Jonathan Jones, EMEA head of recruiting at Goldman Sachs All application forms will have questions on your motives, says Vivienne Dykstra of recruitment firm Graduate Solutions. “What they are looking for is evidence that you have done your research and that you have the hunger and drive to thrive at their organisation,” she says.
Competition is tough with 9,000 applicants for each vacancy A 2.1 and 320 UCAS points are the minimum grades preferred Most applicants fall at the first hurdle – the application form
Hurdle 2: the numeracy test Banks increasingly use tests to check candidates’ numeracy. Some also use language tests to establish whether candidates can think logically in English. Numeracy tests typically eliminate another 50% to 60% and are supposed to be academically neutral – they are designed to test your underlying numerical ability, not your knowledge of advanced calculus. They are also supposed to be impossible to prepare for. However, many university careers offices can help when it comes to sorting out advance practice. Test provider SHL also offers sample questions at www.shl.com/shl/uk – click on ‘Practice Tests’ in the top right corner.
Hurdle 3: the first interview By this stage, only around 1,000 of the original 9,000+ applicants will still be in the running. First interviews typically take place on your university campus. There you face junior people from the business area to which you have applied and people from HR. The first round is all about ensuring you’re the right kind of person for the bank. All banks have a list of skills and personal characteristics they try to identify. These are fairly generic and include: team building, communication, pro-activeness, assertiveness and leadership. The key is to try and be yourself. “You are guaranteed to be asked some questions about your drive and motivation. We won’t want people who’ll just answer in parrot fashion. We want people who will really listen to what the interviewer is asking and digest that information,” says JPMorgan’s Oxenbury. It’s also important to come with some questions to ask of the interviewer. “If you have no questions, that would make me wonder how motivated are you,” she adds. “You need to research the division you want to work in, as that is going to be the main focus of your first interview, they will spend a lot of time on that,” agrees Sally Whitman, head of specialist resourcing at Deutsche Bank. “You will need to be able to talk about it. You cannot overestimate the amount of research you can do,” she adds.
Hurdle 4: the second interview By this stage around 320 of the original 9,000 applicants are left. Between half and two-thirds will receive the coveted offer of a full-time place. >
All in a day’s work.
Whether you are interested in a career in investment banking, capital markets, investment management or any of our corporate areas, visit us online at www.lehman.com/ruready.
lehman.com/ruready
Today you affected tomorrow’s financial headlines.
Lehman Brothers is an equal opportunity employer. The Firm and its affiliates do not discriminate in employment because of race, religion or belief, gender, national or ethnic origin, disability, age, citizenship, marital or domestic/civil partnership status, sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression. ©2007 Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. All rights reserved. Lehman Brothers International (Europe), authorised and regulated by the Financial Services Authority, is an affiliate of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.
IT’S NOT €£$Y BUT IT IS WORTH IT. In the highly competitive global finance industry you need a masters degree which will ensure you stand out from the crowd. Choosing one of our degrees means you will benefit from our great links with industry, our specialist Career Development Unit and support with professional qualifications such as CFA® Level 1. And with our industry standard state-of-the-art dealing rooms, you’ll get the practical experience to give you the edge over the competition. MSc International Securities, Investment and Banking MSc Investment Management MSc Financial Risk Management MSc Capital Markets, Regulation and Compliance MSc Finance and Real Estate MSc Corporate Finance* MSc Financial Engineering* All are are available on a full-time, flexible and distance learning basis
For more information visit www.icmacentre.ac.uk email
[email protected] or register for one of our open days - please quote ref: CF071. *Subject to validation by the University of Reading
Get ahead: start your job hunt early
www.efinancialcareers.co.uk/students
Profile Nathalie Casali Analyst, Natural Resources Advisory Group JPMorgan
The second interview is a series of interviews with senior bankers, which normally take place at the bank’s head office between September and January. Second-round interviews place a greater emphasis on technical aptitude. The interviewers will want to ensure you can function under pressure and have at least a basic understanding of how the business works. To this end, applicants for fixed-income sales roles might be asked how bond prices respond to interest rate adjustments and why. Applicants for foreign exchange (FX) trading roles might be asked to explain how interest rates adjust to the price of FX options.
Hurdle 5: the assessment centre At some banks, second interviews are replaced or preceded by an assessment centre. Assessment centres involve tests to show how people would perform at work. They typically include another interview, a numeracy test, a group discussion and a presentation. All this lasts a single day, with around 12 candidates. The most challenging part is the group discussion. Six or so candidates are given a problem to solve together. The aim is to assess team-building skills. This is followed by a presentation, which can also sometimes be a sticking point. Candidates are normally asked to analyse some data and use it to present a convincing argument around a particular point. The main failings include not identifying the salient points, presenting a weak argument and changing your views when challenged.
Hurdle 6: the exploding offer Finally, you may have to deal with a final obstacle: the exploding offer – a deadline by which you have to accept an offer before it ‘explodes’, meaning when it is withdrawn. “All students will be given an exploding date by which to make a decision,” says Brian Hood, head of graduate recruitment at Citi. This can be a problem if you have several offers – particularly if you have offers from your second and third choices and are waiting to see if you get an offer from your first choice. The best advice? Tell the top banks on your list and leave the rest in the dark. If a bank knows you have several offers and are in a dilemma about which to choose, it may make allowances for you. In reality, however, very few banking candidates will be this spoilt for choice. A foot in the door is your first objective and a good spellchecker is the first step.
Nathalie graduated from the London School of Economics with a degree in international relations in 2005, joining JPMorgan in August of that year. She now works as an analyst in the bank’s Natural Resources Advisory Group. How did you go about applying to JPMorgan? The first thing I did was go to LSE’s careers office where I did some practice tests and got lots of advice on how to apply. I also went to a campus presentation, which was very helpful. I filled in the online application form and took a numerical test and a couple of weeks later I was invited to a first round of three ‘competency-based’ interviews, during which I was asked about my motivation and skills. I found the numerical tests difficult at first, so it was useful to have practised beforehand. A couple of weeks later I was invited to a ‘Super Saturday’ assessment centre, which started at 7:30am and lasted the whole day. You do a series of different exercises, including a two-hour case study, role play, a group exercise and then two to three individual interviews. What were the interviews like? Both interviews were quite similar. They had numerical tests, each one lasting for about 45 minutes. I found them very difficult and so I was definitely glad I had done some before. They also wanted to know about why I wanted to work in investment banking and for JPMorgan in particular, and about my personality, my character and my ambitions. How did you convince the interviewers to invite you back? You need to demonstrate that you are motivated and have a hunger to learn. Everyone at this level has a good academic record so you need to show them something about you that is different. Also, what can really differentiate you is how much research you have done on the company. Now I interview people myself, and you can really tell when someone has not done enough background reading. They don’t expect you to know everything, but if you can show you are reading the financial press and are able to talk about some of the deals going on it all helps.
Nathalie’s tips Prepare, prepare, prepare. Do some numerical tests beforehand. The hours are long and you will need stamina and endurance. So you need to come across as extremely motivated and ready to sacrifice everything for the job. At the assessment centre, concentrate on being yourself and doing your best. Do not try to overwhelm or dominate. Try to come across as a well-rounded person.
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
Continued from pg. 8
11
Banking & Financial Markets
Accounting in the City
IT in Finance
Employers
At a glance
Graduate training schemes Programmes vary considerably
If you want to be a graduate trainee in an investment bank, the chances are you have not thought too much beyond the daunting application process. It is also worth your while thinking about the training itself: some banks do it very differently to others. Superficially, a lot of the banks’ training programmes are very similar. Whether you join the programme for CIBC World Markets (which starts in August) or Goldman Sachs (which kicks off in July) you will have to work hard and learn very fast. First, you will be put through a course that teaches fresh graduates investment banking know-how, including such subjects as financial modelling, bond pricing and stock option theory. Then you will be unleashed on to a particular division – the start of a training programme that will typically last for two years.
“You will build up a network of contacts and relationships that will remain with you through your career and stand you in good stead”
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
Richard Moore, UBS
12
So, all similar enough so far. But scratch the surface and banks’ training programmes are not as similar as they may at first seem. The differences tend to be focused on four main areas: • Location: where does the training take place? • Duration: how long does it last? • Delivery: who delivers the training? • Breadth: how much opportunity is there to learn about different areas of banking? It’s worth noting, too, that for most banks the cut-off for applications to their graduate programmes is the end of January. But don’t despair if you miss the deadline, as some (though not many) do stretch their closing dates to the following spring.
Location Where do you want to train? New York? London? Amsterdam? Trinidad and Tobago? Unfortunately, Trinidad and Tobago is not on the list of training destinations, but everywhere else is. For example, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Credit Suisse and JPMorgan send some or all of their trainees
Investment banks’ training programmes are not identical Check a programme’s location, duration and breadth of content Choose a programme from a bank that will allow rotations
over to New York to learn banking theory. This is not just the chance to have fun in the Big Apple (although you probably will) while finding out the difference between a ‘put’ and a ‘call’ option, it’s also about meeting your graduate counterparts. “It is an amazing experience, it is a real networking opportunity. You make friends and contacts that you will keep with you for a long time to come,” says Esther Oxenbury, head of investment banking graduate recruitment at JPMorgan, which offers eight weeks of entry-level training in New York. If Amsterdam grabs your imagination, ABN AMRO is the place to go – the bank puts its recruits through six weeks of intensive training at its Amsterdambased Academy of Finance when they join. Most banks also have an element of initial classroom training in London, either pre- or post-overseas training. London is, in any case, where most European graduate trainees come back to after their initial theoretical training is over. “When trainees return, they are then put through the regulatory training that they need from the Financial Services Authority (FSA), but also go into our 12-18 month graduate development programme,” explains Jane Clark, EMEA head of campus recruiting at Merrill Lynch, which runs a six- to eight-week global graduate training programme in New York.
Duration Including classroom and on-the-job training, most graduate programmes last two years. However, time in the classroom varies from just six weeks to as much as four months – the latter mostly in the more complex areas such as IT and private banking. Banks whose trainees spend a long time in the classroom say it’s an advantage, with trainees benefiting from the intensity of the training they receive. Most programmes will be highly tailored to the role you have applied to do, and most big banks will also expect you to be learning continuously through your career, explains Jonathan Jones, Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) head of recruiting at Goldman Sachs. “We have a Goldman Sachs university that delivers training year-round. People are expected to pursue multiple qualifications a year. It is an ongoing commitment,” he says. >
Our Focus Your Future
Standard Chartered Bank – International Graduate Programme Standard Chartered is focused on being the world’s best international bank, by being the right partner to our customers and attracting and developing the best people to work together across our global network. Our International Graduate Programme offers world class development. It celebrates open mindedness, original thought, diversity and ambition – qualities that we look for in future leaders of our organisation. If you are keen to find out more about our exciting graduate opportunities and want to join one of the world’s best international banks please visit our website: www.standardchartered.com/graduates
High Performance Banking www.standardchartered.com
Graduate careers
Profile Ryan Hearity Analyst Dresdner Kleinwort
Delivery The big banks tend to be proud of the fact that they use their own senior bankers to deliver at least some of their training programme to graduates. “You get access to some of the world’s leading experts,” enthuses Goldman Sachs’ Jones. So, if you’re learning, say, how to value equity derivatives, don’t be surprised to find the head of equity derivatives standing in front of you and presenting the models. And if it’s not senior managers then, for something that is clearly an investment in their future, most banks are more than happy to pay top dollar and bring in professional training companies instead.
Breadth You want to work in fixed-income sales? Is that selling high-yield bonds or government debt? You probably don’t know at this stage, which is why it might be a good idea to join a bank that will let you work in different areas. Trying out different parts of a bank is known as rotating. Merrill Lynch, for example, allows interns entering its global markets division two rotations in its debt and equity group during the summer. Morgan Stanley, too, permits trainees in its fixed-income division to do four six-month rotations over a two-year period. Lehman allows trainees in its fixed income and equities division to undertake a few three-week rotations before settling.
Buddies and mentors Finally, ask if the bank you’re thinking of joining has a system of buddies and mentors – most now do. Buddies are recent trainees who answer simple questions. Mentors are more senior people who may become your long-term guru. After all, the banks are investing significant sums of money in you and it is in their interest to offer as much support as they can to get a return on that investment. And don’t forget the future networking and guidance potential of the trainees on your programme, either. “Through the graduate programme you will build up a network of contacts and relationships that will remain with you all the way through your career,” says Richard Moore, EMEA head of campus recruitment at UBS. “As your career progresses, the people around you will hopefully progress with you and you will be able to call on an incisive network of contacts that will stand you in good stead,” he concludes.
Ryan works as a rates sales analyst in capital markets. He joined Dresdner Kleinwort in August last year as a graduate trainee after completing a degree in economics at the London School of Economics in 2005. What does your job entail? I sell European government bonds to institutional investors (asset managers, pension funds, insurers). I sit on a trading floor and spend most of my day on the phone talking to clients and following the markets. As well as speaking to clients daily, I usually go out about twice a week socialising with different clients – dinner, lunch, after work drinks and so on. What was the Dresdner Kleinwort graduate trainee programme like? I applied specifically to this desk; the training programme was essentially a 10-week classroom-based crash course in finance, covering things such as bond maths, options, equities and accounting. After that I had three weeks’ regulatory training to get my FSA exams. There were about 80 of us on the graduate programme altogether, but we were divided into classes of 20. There was also a day’s training in communication and presentation skills where they brought in experts from the RADA drama school. We had to do lots of role play, which was a lot of fun. What did you feel you got out of it? You can only be taught so much in a classroom setting, as a lot of what you learn in this type of role you learn on the job because it happens on the trading floor. My team is very supportive, and I am encouraged to ask questions, but going through the graduate training programme was invaluable because it gave me a chance to learn away from the hectic day-to-day and to ask as many questions as I liked. It was very intensive, and I got to speak to and question a lot of senior people, which was a real opportunity.”.
Ryan’s tips: Have a good idea of why you want to do the job. You don’t have to know everything, but you do need to understand that sales is different to trading and so on. ly Ask as many questions as you can, especial from experts and senior people. Enjoy it! Speak to previous graduates and look at what’s being offered. A programme of one or two weeks, for instance, may not have much depth to it.
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
Continued from pg. 12
15
Banking & Financial Markets
Accounting in the City
IT in Finance
Employers
At a glance
Internships A vital part of banks’ graduate selection
Investment banking internships comes in various guises. Some banks – such as Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, Morgan Stanley, Lehman Brothers, Royal Bank of Scotland, Merrill Lynch and Credit Suisse – offer one- to two-week long internships to first-year undergraduate students. Many also offer six- to twelve-month internships for IT students. However, the most important internship occurs in the summer holiday before the final year of your university course. An intensive, 10- to 12-week period of work experience, the typical investment banking summer internship might sound like hard graft. But what exactly is in it for you?
“An internship is definitely a pipeline into full-time hiring. A high percentage of our interns would be expected to get full-time offers”
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
Jane Clark, Merrill Lynch
16
First of all, there’s the pay. It’s much better paid than pulling pints in your local pub or stacking shelves in a supermarket: summer banking internships pay pretty good rates, normally anything from £350 to £450 a week and sometimes as much as £650 a week. Second, there’s the training: interns do many of the same tasks graduate trainees do on a daily basis. Most importantly, for those who are successful, there’s the potential of being offered a full-time job. “Internships are the best way not only to further your investigation of the industry but also to realise your ambitions,” says Richard Moore, Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) head of campus recruitment at UBS. The real beauty of an investment banking internship is the ‘try before you buy’ element, agrees Jonathan Jones, EMEA head of recruiting at Goldman Sachs: “By going on an internship we understand you are not saying you are definitely going to commit your life to this industry, but we do look for a certain level of commitment and evidence of a general interest and an intellectual curiosity about it.” And the conversion rate from internships to full-time positions is pretty impressive, too. At most investment
Banks hire 50% or more of their graduate intake via internships Internships typically take place in your second year of university Banking internships pay very well: up to £650 a week
banks, at least 50% of full-time graduate vacancies are given to applicants who took on an internship during the previous summer. At some banks, the figure is even higher. Bank of America, for instance, estimates that it plans to fill around three-quarters of its 2008 full-time positions with interns from 2007. Similarly, around half of Goldman Sachs’ full-time hires will have done a summer internship the year before, says Jones. About three-quarters of trainees normally get offered a full-time position.
Few are called… Competition for investment banking internships is extremely fierce. There are normally hundreds or even thousands of applicants for each place available. Sally Whitman, head of specialist resourcing at Deutsche Bank, estimates that the bank receives over 6,000 applications for the 190 places on its internship programme. Hardly surprising, as for Deutsche, like in most other banks, the internship programme acts as a feeder into full-time positions. In order to make their selection, banks will generally use a combination of online application tests, multiple interviews and numeracy tests. The selection bar, again, will be set high, with normally the same criteria – an expected 2.1 degree or above – as for permanent entry-level positions and a requirement that you demonstrate the same level of interest in a banking career as full-time graduate hires. If you’re one of the fortunate few to be selected as an intern, rest assured you won’t spend your summer making cups of tea. At most banks, internships begin with a classroom-based introduction to the industry, after which interns are unleashed on their chosen division, where they do real (hard) work. “When we are planning internships we go to great lengths to structure them so that they as closely as possible mirror what real life is like as a full-time analyst rather than someone who’s just on a 10week internship,” says Goldman Sachs’ Jones. Most good internships will be formally structured, with interns sitting down with their managers to create a list of skills and experiences they would like to gain. The nature of work an intern does can range from producing research reports through to helping to improve the efficiency of back-office processes.
Find out more about careers in finance
www.efinancialcareers.co.uk/students
Profile Rodney Appiah Analyst Merrill Lynch
Rodney joined Merrill Lynch last year after completing a 10-week internship at the bank in 2005. He read economics at Royal Holloway, University of London, and is currently working as an analyst within Merrill’s European Leveraged Finance division.
For those who miss the boat… The first thing to be said here is, “try, try, try not to.” Investment banking is a fiercely cut-throat industry and simply not being able to get out of bed and get your act together to get your application in on time will generally not go down very well. As Richard Moore, EMEA head of campus recruitment at UBS, puts it: “Do not miss the deadline. It is just too competitive an environment now.” But if – for whatever reason – you haven’t managed to secure an internship, don’t despair, as it need not be the end for your planned career. Most banks are open to receiving applications from students that have not had an intern placement during the summer. “A lot of candidates get hung up on the idea that they have to have done an internship, but it is not always the case. Even if you’ve only done a Saturday job you can demonstrate the skills you have picked up, such as numeric skills, dealing with customers and so on,” advises Esther Oxenbury, head of investment banking graduate recruitment at JPMorgan. However, you will be at a disadvantage without an internship – and not just statistically. Interns, by the fact that they have spent time in the banking environment and will have concrete examples of their achievements, will stand a much better chance of doing well at an interview. As Jane Clark, EMEA head of campus recruiting at Merrill Lynch, puts it: “It is definitely a pipeline into full-time hiring. A high percentage of our interns would be expected to get full-time offers.”
What prompted you to do a banking internship? I was intrigued by the idea of going into banking. It had always been something I wanted to go into, so an internship was a really useful way to find out what it was really like. It gives you hands-on experience. I saw it as a win/win situation because you are getting fantastic experience and also getting a taste of something you might like to do when you finish your degree. Did you intern in the department you are working in now? Yes. It was a rotational programme so I spent two to three weeks in different areas, such as chemicals, corporate finance and so on. You get to try everything out and then you home in on the one or two areas that you like best. How was the internship spent? They try to mimic the reality of what it’s like being an analyst. So I was working very closely with all the different teams. What did you gain from the internship? I learnt that it was a very exciting job, that it was glamorous but there was also a gritty side to it, particularly around the long hours. But it’s a very supportive culture, and it was a lot of fun too. There were a lot of social activities – we even had a cocktail evening on the Merrill Lynch roof, which was fantastic. It was clear that those who enjoyed themselves and demonstrated the most keenness, even when you are working until 1am, were the ones who were more likely to convert the internship into a permanent offer. Some interns used to leave at 6pm and did not take the opportunity to spend time talking to their mentors or senior directors, which I think was a real waste.
Rodney’s tips: Demonstrate a passion for the job, hopefully one that is natural! Try to fit in from the start, try to become part of the furniture of the team. If it gets to the point where you are missed when you are not there, you’re doing well. Enjoy it. Take full advantage of the opportunities on offer and ask as many questions as you can.
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
Even fewer are called back Recruiters agree that converting an internship into a full-time job offer is all about being proactive. “Perform well, show initiative and get involved,” advises Brian Hood, head of graduate recruitment at Citi. “Securing an internship will not automatically result in a full-time offer. We’re looking for people who make the most of the opportunities with which they are presented,” he says. Most banks assess interns’ performance twice during the 12-week period: once in the middle and once at the end. This means that if you happen to do badly during the midway assessment, you still have an opportunity to redeem yourself.
17
Don't leave your
conscience at the door The word is different.
If you thought a career in banking and finance meant putting good intentions aside, look again. At Dresdner Kleinwort, we’re focused on finding those individuals who can take a wider look at business. We’re interested in talented people from a range of backgrounds and degree disciplines. People who are hungry to come up with the solutions that make things work better – for our clients, for their customers, for the world. If you think you can bring more to banking, call us.
Spread the word. www.dresdnerkleinwort.com/graduates
Unexpected viewpoints. Radical thinking. Inspiration.
Banking & Financial Markets
Accounting in the City
IT in Finance
Employers
At a glance
Mergers and acquisitions The international jet set of investment banking
ortu nitie s
“You get to see deals at all the different stages of their life cycle and deal with a huge variety of clients. It is very client and deadline driven” Jonathan Jones, Goldman Sachs
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
Trends
20
In 2006, European-announced M&A volumes rose 38.3% on 2005 to £35.8 trillion. In the first six months of 2007, European M&A activity rose 57% on the same period of 2006. The UK is the most important country in Europe for M&A activity. It accounted for 32% of all announced European deals in the first quarter of 2007 – more than France and Italy combined. However, announced doesn’t necessarily mean completed, and while the first three months of 2007 saw some impressive deals announced in the UK – such as the £10bn offer by CVC Capital Partners for Sainsbury’s supermarkets – not all those deals came to fruition. How will the rest of 2007 work out? Bankers are said to be upbeat and there are several large UK deals on the cards. Watch for the £7.5bn bid for Reuters, a potential £3.5bn bid for brokerage firm ICAP and a £3bn-plus takeover of EMI Music.
Key players The so-called US ‘bulge-bracket’ banks are generally found towards the top of the M&A league tables issued by Thomson Financial. Morgan Stanley, Citi,
US banks dominate the European M&A scene Be prepared for punishing hours
Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan occupied the top four rankings for total European M&A in 2006. The situation was slightly different in the UK, with Germanbased Deutsche Bank in pole position, followed by Morgan Stanley, Citi, and, in fourth place, Rothschild, a UK-based bank. European announced M&A 2006 Advisor
Value ($bn)
No. of deals
Morgan Stanley
493.1
184
Citi
489.0
198
Goldman Sachs
440.1
164
JPMorgan
435.0
217
Merrill Lynch
404.9
140
Deutsche Bank
377.5
158
UBS
318.3
179
Rothschild
299.1
296
BNP Paribas
295.8
107
Credit Suisse
287.0
156
Lehman Brothers
249.0
97
Source: Thomson Financial
How Mon hot ey Ku Opp dos
Strictly speaking, it is more accurate to talk of MA&D rather than M&A, as M&A covers mergers, acquisitions and disposals. Mergers is where two companies join as equals; acquisitions is where one company buys all or part of another; and disposals is where a business is selling or all part of its operation. Most large investment banks only become involved in the biggest deals – those worth at least $150m (€111.5m). Lower-value transactions, those generally worth $20m to $150m, are typically dealt with by the M&A divisions of accountancy firms. Transactions worth less than $20m will normally be the domain of solicitors and high street banks.
2006 was a good year for M&A; 2007 looks like being even better
Roles and career paths As a rule, the more senior you become in M&A, the more contact you have with clients. As a junior banker, or analyst, you will spend a lot of time working on ‘pitchbooks’ – documents outlining a bank’s ideas for a particular transaction. Analysts in M&A usually conduct basic research for the pitchbook and build the financial models used to price the companies concerned. One notch up from analysts are associates, who oversee analysts’ work and check their models are correct. Further up the scale are vice-presidents, who survey the work of analysts and associates, and often ask for the pitchbook to be partially or completely re-written. Vice-presidents report to directors and managing directors, who ‘own’ the client relationship (i.e. the main point of client contact). It is usual for pitchbooks to come to nothing: clients decide not to go ahead with the suggestions or engage a rival bank. However, when a pitchbook elicits a positive response, the M&A team see the deal through to completion. Live M&A deals are hard work. People involved can work nights and weekends and are at their clients’ beck and call. Once a deal is underway, junior bankers can expect to be very busy assembling the reams of necessary financial information and legal documentation.
>
7deffehjkd_jo jei^_d[
The Macquarie Group is a diversified international provider of specialist investment, advisory and financial services, with over 10,000 employees in 24 countries across Europe, Asia, the Middle East, the Americas, Africa and Australasia. Macquarie has reported 15 successive years of record profits and growth, including the significant expansion of our European activities.
independent thinkers, whose talent and initiative will drive our future growth. In joining Macquarie, you will have the opportunity to be part of a successful team working in a dynamic environment where your contribution is valued from day one. A breadth of graduate opportunities exist in Macquarie’s growing businesses in both Europe and the UAE.
Our success comes from supporting the ideas of our people. We seek motivated,
<ehceh[_d\ehcWj_ed"WdZjeWffbo"fb[Wi[l_i_jekhm[Xi_j[0 mmm$cWYgkWh_[$Yec%[k
#ONNECT WITH OPPORTUNITIES WORLDWIDE .PSHBO4UBOMFZDPVMECFZPV*UTQFPQMFXIPNBLF.PSHBO4UBOMFZTUBOEPVU $PNFEJTDPWFSBEJWFSTFHSPVQXIPTIBSFPOFNJTTJPOUPDSFBUFUIFXPSMETmOFTUmOBODJBMUIJOLJOH QSPEVDUTBOETFSWJDFT-FBSOBCPVUUIFSJDIWBSJFUZPGPQQPSUVOJUJFTXFPGGFS "U.PSHBO4UBOMFZZPVDBOXPSLXJUIQFPQMFXIPBSFUIFCFTUJOUIFCVTJOFTT BOEFOKPZXIBUUIFZEP
7*4*5"/%"11-:0/-*/&"5888.03("/45"/-&:$0.$"3&&343&$36*5*/( .PSHBO4UBOMFZJTBOFRVBMPQQPSUVOJUZBGmSNBUJWFBDUJPOFNQMPZFSDPNNJUUFEUPXPSLGPSDFEJWFSTJUZ .'%7 Ï.PSHBO4UBOMFZ
Click online to begin your finance future
www.efinancialcareers.co.uk/students
Profile Marian McWilliams Mergers & acquisitions analyst Bank of America
Continued from pg. 20
Marian McWilliams has been an M&A analyst at Bank of America for just over a year. She joined in 2006 after completing a summer internship the previous year. Marian studied economics and politics at Trinity College, Dublin. What does your role involve? My job is to analyse companies’ financials, identify M&A opportunities for them and support them through the entire M&A process. We spend a significant amount of time valuing companies and attempting to identify value-enhancing opportunities, perhaps an acquisition, disposal of a particular business or the formation of a strategic partnership. We then present these ideas to the company and, if they decide to pursue them, act as their advisor throughout the process, providing services ranging from a more detailed valuation to due diligence and launching the formal offer.
2006 was a good year for pay. Graduate trainees working in London M&A teams earned nearly £70k on average. Those two years above them were on six-figure sums. However, it’s worth bearing in mind that what goes up can go down. Bonuses for mid-ranking and junior M&A staff were up around 20% in London in 2006 compared to 2005. In a bad year for M&A they could just as easily fall 20% – or more. M&A salaries (£k) Salary (av) Bonus (av)
Total
Analyst one
36
31
Analyst two
44
48
67 92
Analyst three
49
60
109
Associate one
57
87
144
Associate two
61
107
168
Associate three
67
141
208
1st year vice-president
75
167
242
2nd year vice-president
83
221
304
Source: Fennemore Banks
Level
Skills The M&A sector is very popular with graduate applicants, so banks want clear evidence graduates have thoroughly researched the industry in advance, cautions Richard Moore, EMEA head of campus recruitment at UBS. Within corporate finance and M&A, UBS expects to take around 75 graduates into full-time positions this year: “Candidates need to be resilient, robust and able to adapt to rapidly changing circumstances,” he explains. Jonathan Jones, EMEA head of recruiting at Goldman Sachs, adds: “You’ll need a lot of analytical skills, as a significant element of the role is modelling and valuing companies. A lot of it can be spreadsheet-based modelling, but we do not expect people to be experts the day they walk in the door.” M&A candidates also need to be good negotiators and a second European language is an advantage. If you want to execute an M&A deal and prepare a pitchbook, you’ll need to be analytical and not averse to number crunching, says Jonathan Baines, a headhunter specialising in M&A at Whitehead Mann. To make it to the top you’ll need a different skillset: “You need the communication skills and self-confidence to strike up a genuine relationship with the chairman and chief executive of a FTSE 100 company,” says Baines.
Can you describe a typical day? I am usually at my desk by 9am which is relatively late by City standards. I spend the first 20 minutes checking my voicemail and replying to any overnight emails. By 10am I usually have a pretty clear idea of how my day will pan out – typically internal meetings about projects, valuation work and finalising presentations to clients. After lunch the US wakes up, so the work level intensifies. Normally in the late afternoon there will be a client meeting, after which there will be various follow-up tasks. The challenge – and excitement – of working in M&A is that the work is rarely cleared off your desk just because it’s the end of the day. The M&A process is sometimes full of dramatic twists to which we have to react within tight time constraints. What kind of person do you need to be to excel in this role? To work in M&A you need to extremely hard working and organised, as you are often working on multiple projects at once. As the teams for each deal are different, analysts must manage their time carefully. Quantitative skills are vital but, in my opinion, you don’t need to come from a quantitative background. What is important is that you can learn quickly and are driven to learn independently.
Marian’s tips: An internship gives you the best insight into what life will be like, and allows you access to other areas of the bank. Understand what you will be doing – many City jobs seem glamorous, and you can lose sight of what the job entails. Gather as much information as you can – speak to people in the profession and set clear goals of where you want to be after, say, three years.
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
Pay
23
Opportunity Starts Here ®
Gain responsibility early and often.
“Best Global Bank” —Euromoney 2007
Work with prestigious clients. Seize an unparalleled career opportunity. The fastest growing global corporate and investment bank in the industry awaits you.
bankofamerica.com/careers Certain activities and services provided by the business referred to above are provided by Banc of America Securities LLC, a subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation. Banc of America Securities, member NYSE/NASD/SIPC. Bank of America is an equal opportunity employer. Approved by Banc of America Securities Limited, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Bank of America, N.A. and is authorised and regulated in the United Kingdom by the Financial Services Authority. ©2007 Bank of America Corporation.
Our momentum is your advantage Imagine what you could achieve as an analyst at Bank of America, an entrepreneurial organisation that is among the top five most profitable companies in the world. From London to New York to cities across 175 countries, we are leading some of the largest, most complex deals in global corporate and investment banking today. To learn about our competitive edge and what it means for your career, visit bofa.com/careers.
I joined Bank of America in 2005 as a summer analyst in the bank’s London office, where I spent 10 weeks in the Energy and Power team covering clients ranging from Oil and Gas companies right through to Integrated Utilities and Waste Management companies. Having done a degree in Experimental Psychology at the University of Bristol and with little finance experience, the learning curve was near vertical. However, with the excellent training both in the classroom and on the job, the skills and knowledge became second nature. It definitely helped to be in a small team of top class bankers and the support of a large bank. Following my internship, I was fortunate enough to have been offered a full time position for the following summer, which made my final year at University a lot more enjoyable without the stress of having to look for a job in the middle of my final exams. The decision to return to the Energy and Power team was an easy one – I wanted to build on my experience from the internship and continue in an industry where my scientific background would be put to good use.
My typical responsibilities have included:
Valuation analysis: comparable company analysis, comparable transactions, discounted cash flow analysis, leveraged buyout analysis Industry research: market analysis, including competitive and demographic trends Company analysis: analysis of key operating metric, financials and review for growth and synergy opportunities Company information: summarising and presenting due diligence information Buyer analysis: Identifying buyers and creating strategic/financial sponsor profiles News: tracking and reviewing key industry news items to bring to the attention of my team I’d describe my experience as ‘incredibly challenging but fantastically rewarding’. I have been involved in a huge variety of projects, based in the UK, US, Continental Europe, Yemen, Kuwait, India and even Equatorial Guinea across the whole spectrum of Energy and Power. The experience has been bewildering both in terms of the volume of new knowledge and the skill sets you learn in such a short period of time.
The five week training programme in New York was simply brilliant. I was Christian Huot taught the principles of corporate What differentiates Bank of America finance very quickly by expert lecturers from other banks on the street is the in the field, as well as getting to know exposure and responsibility you get as a the rest of the worldwide analyst junior analyst. As our teams in Europe tend to be smaller, class in an awesome city. The skills learnt there the depth of interaction and involvement in projects would prove to be invaluable once I joined my team. and level of client interaction become a function of your aptitude, commitment, initiative and responsibility. Since the end of training, the learning curve is as steep as ever and is always evolving, with each It’s a challenging and exciting environment day bringing new challenges demanding new to work in and a unique opportunity to join a skills to overcome them. I have found that the fast moving platform with incredible potential. slogan “there is no typical day in the life of an analyst” to be true, despite my initial scepticism.
Certain activities and services performed by the business referred to above are provided by Banc of America Securities LLC, a subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation. Banc of America Securities LLC, member NYSE/NASD/SIPC. Bank of America is an equal opportunity employer. Approved by Bank of America, N.A., London branch, authorised and regulated by the Financial Services authority (FSA). © 2007
Banking & Financial Markets
Accounting in the City
IT in Finance
Employers
At a glance Capital markets bankers issue shares (ECM) or bonds (DCM)
Capital markets
Capital markets boomed in 2006
Get in on the ground floor
“Clients’ appetites are more complex now, so you need technical and mathematical skill. But you also need good relationship management skills”
eFinancialCareers.com Careers in Financial Markets 2007-08
Richard Moore, UBS
26
Key players If US banks dominate the European M&A league tables, European banks do a little better in the capital markets arena. In 2006, Barclays Capital was the leading advisor on European debt issues by value, followed by Deutsche Bank, with UBS the leading equities issuer. However, US banks followed closed behind, particularly in the equities market, with JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley in second, third and fourth places. Top DCM banks (Europe, Middle East and Africa) 2006 Bank
Bond issues $bn
Barclays Capital
187.7
Deutsche Bank
164.5
Citigroup
149.3
Royal Bank of Scotland
132.6
ABN AMRO
119.6
HSBC
113.0
Source: Dealogic
ortu nitie s
out. In January 2007, a report commissioned by the mayor of New York suggested the city risked losing its status as the world’s leading financial centre – largely due to stringent regulations such as the Sarbanes Oxley Act, which deterred companies from listing on American stock exchanges. By comparison, London’s AIM, in particular, has been accused of being too lenient.
Top ECM banks (Europe, Middle East and Africa) 2006 Bank
Equities issues $bn
UBS
22.8
JPMorgan
21.6
Trends
Goldman Sachs
20.8
Like most areas of investment banking, capital markets experienced a boom in 2006. The amount of equity issued on stock exchanges in Europe, the Middle East and Africa rose 19% compared to 2005, while the amount of debt issued rose 13%. One of the biggest stories of recent years has been the number of companies floating on the Alternative Investment Market, or AIM. AIM is part of the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and its regulatory standards can be easier to satisfy than those of the LSE’s main market. The number of companies listing on AIM doubled from 2003 to 2006. Many came from overseas, particularly from emerging markets such as Russia and China. However, as AIM and other European listings have gone through the roof, US markets such as Nasdaq have lost
Morgan Stanley
20.4
Deutsche
20.4
Roles and career paths If you work in the capital markets division, you could find yourself doing anything from originating (bringing in business), to structuring (assembling complex derivatives products) or syndicating (preparing for the sale of finished products to investors). Origination specialists are usually senior capital markets bankers. It’s a job that involves a lot of travel: originators spend their time meeting clients in an effort to gain insight into their financing needs and persuade them to deliver up their business. By comparison, structurers are distinctly desk-bound. They spend their
>
Source: Dealogic
How Mon hot ey Ku Opp dos
Capital markets are where traded financial products are born. Working on the ‘factory floor’ of the financial markets, these… er… blue collar bankers produce financial products for companies and institutions that want to raise money. The two main products are shares, traded on the equity capital markets (ECM) and bonds, traded on the debt capital markets (DCM). Until the redemption date, the issuers of most bonds pay regular interest to the bondholder. Because these are a fixed-cash sum, bonds are known as fixed-income products. Similarly, the bond markets can be known as the fixed-income (FI) markets. As well as simple equities and bonds, capital markets divisions also issue more complex products (bonds that can be converted into equities at a pre-arranged price) and derivatives. Fixed-income capital markets are much larger than equity capital markets. In 2006, for instance, Dealogic calculated that the value of bonds issued in Europe, the Middle East and Africa was $2.25 trillion, while the value of equities issued in the region in the same period was just $267.5bn.
Top originators can earn around £1m
)SSUED BY (3"# "ANK PLC AUTHORISED AND REGULATED BY THE &INANCIAL