Cae-result-student-book.pdf

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STUDENT'S BOOK KATHY GUDE AND MARY STEPHENS

OXFORD v:srVF.RSITY i'KESS

Reading

1 What are you

li ke?

page 9

2 Customs and traditions

Part Multiple rhoire Finding the real you

II

Vocabulary

Grammar

Chararter adiectives

Review of tenses

F

Pa ri 2 Gapped text Festival in the desert

Easily confused words (1)

Parh 1 and 4 Multi ple matching Holiday of the future?

Phrasal verbs with up and down

Future forms

page 33

4 Into the wild page 45

Part 2 Ga pped text saviours 01the seas

Expressions with animals

Past tenses

Pari 3 Multiple choice An unhealthy obsession

Health and fit ness

ParIS 1 and 4 Multi ple matching Su perheroes

Verbs of rnovmg and seeing

Modals

Part 2 Gapped lexl The real hobbit

Phrasal verbs with 01/ and in

Partrciple clauses

P. s,

Pa rt 3 Multi ple choice Mean machines

Big

Cond itiona ls

P.

Parts 1 and 4 Multiple matching Writing crime fiction

Crime and punish ment

Part 2 Gapped lext The appeal of eBay

Ix pressrons with businrn, and words connected with shopping

MIXed conditionals and WIshes

Part 3 Multiple choice Is it art!

Art and entertainment

Comparativesand

Parts 1 and 4 Multi ple matching Changing places

Expressions wuh eon h, world and ground

page 21

3 Looking ahead

5 Health matters page 57

6 Would you

beli eve it ?

page 69

7 Traces o f the past page 81

8 The

big issues

page 93

9 It's a crime page 105

10

Buying and selling page I I?



Entertainment or art> page 129

12 Achanging world page 141

Gerundsand infinitives

F

P

P

50 Direci and indirect speech

p.

M

Passives

P;

se

superlatives

Pi M

Pa Se

Emphasis

Pa M.

Lead in

Review

Exam Overview

Ap

at the start ot every Unil

at the end of every Unit

page 4

pal

listening

Speaking

Part 4 Multiple matching

II

English in Use

Vocabulary

Writing

Pari 1

Part 3 Error Correction

Ex pressions with lueA

Part 2 A formal letter (character referenre)

Part 1 Nole laking

Part 2

Part 6 Ga pped text

Relative clauses

Pari 2 Aproposal

Part Multiple choice

ParI 2

Part 1 Multiple-rhoice ctoze

Expressions connected with age

Part 1 Alormal letter

Part 2 Sentence completion

Part 3

Pari 2 Open d oze

Pa,t 1 Sentence rompletion

Parts 3 and 4

PMt4 Word lormation

Word for mation (1)

Part 1 Aletter

ParI 4 Multiple choice

Pari 2

Part 5 Register transfer

Adverbs and their meanings (1) Expres,ior" with riglJr and left

Part 2 Amagazine contribution

Part 2

Part 2

Part 4 Word formation

Word formalion (2)

Part 2 Acompetition entry

Part 1 Multiple choice

Parts 3 and 4

Part 1 Multiple-choice doze

Expressions with end

Part 2 Amagazme article

Part 1 lenience completion

Part 2

ParI 2 Open doze

Phrasal verbs with out and

Part 1 Areport

Part 3 Multiple choice

Parts 3 and 4

Part 3 Error Correction

EaSily confused words (2)

Pari 2 Areport

Part 2 Sentence completion

Part 2

Part 6 Gapped text

Three-part phrasal verbs

Pari 2 Areview

Part 4 Multiple matching

Part 3

Part 5

Adverbs and their meanings (2)

Part 1 Atwo-part task

1

Sentence completion

Appendix page 153

Part 2 A leafl et

Over

Regrster transfer

Writ ing Guide page 155

Grammar Reference page 165

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Exam Overview Introduction The Certificate of Advan ced English correspo nds to Leve l Fou r in the Ca m bridge ESOL five-level system . It also corresponds to the Associa tion o f Language Teachers in Europe (ALTE) Level Four (Competent User), an d Council o f Europe level C 1 (Effective Proficie ncy). Th e re a re five papers in th e exami na tion. each wo rth 20% of the tot al ma rks. To achieve a passi ng gra de (A. B or C) cand idates m ust achieve ap proximately 60 % of the tota l ma rks ava ilable, or above. Candida tes' grades are based on th e total sco re from all five pap e rs and th ere is no pass or fail grade for individual papers.

Paper 1 Reading

(1 hour 15 minutes)

This paper has four parts, each with a text a nd co m pre hension q uestions. The re a re approximately 45 qu est ion s in tot al. The texts may co nsist of several short pieces, a nd th e le ngth of each text may be between 450- 1,200 wo rds . The tex ts are ta ken from newspapers, magazines. journals. non -literary book s. leaflet s, broch ures. etc.

Part

Number of items

What you do

What it tests

How todoit

12- 18

Mfltch prompts from one list to another or to sect ions in a text

Abili ty to find speci fic inforrnation

page 34

Decide where paragraphs belong

Understanding of text structure find development

page 22

in a text

6-7

2

3

5-7

Choose the best answer from fouroption multip le-choice questions

Understanding of a lext find opinions expressed in it

page 10

4

12- 22

As Part 1

As Part 1

page 34

Marks •

One mark for eac h correct answer to the multiple-matc hing tas ks.

•

Two marks fo r each co rrect a ns wer to the mu ltiple-choice and gapped text tas ks.

II Exam Overview

Paper 2 Writing

(2 hours)

This paper has IwO parts. The Part 1 question is compulsory and is based on input information. In Part 2 you choose one question from four. Answers fo r both parts shou ld b e about 250 words in length . The task types for Parts 1 and 2 w ill be from the follo wing: articles, contributions 10 leafle ts and brochures, notices, announcemen ts, notes and messages, lett e rs , reports. proposals, reviews , instructions, directions, competition entries, informa tio n sheets, memos. Exa m ples o f Pap er 2 questions types ca n be found in the Writing Guide on pages 155-1 63 .

Part

2

Task type

Number of items

What you do

What it tests

How to doit

Compu lsory contextua lised task based on one or more texts and/or visual prompts

One compulsory task

Apply in for mation given in input , com pare infor mation . select and summarise info rmat ion

Ability to process i nput

page 150

Contextualised task

One from a choice of fou r tasks

Write according to the task inst ruct ions

Ability to wr ite according to th e instrucuo ns, in the correct style, lavout and register in order to have a positive effect on th e reader

material (about 400 words) and select and apply it according to the instructions

page 18 page 43

Marks •

Part s 1 and 2 have equal ma rks.

Exam Overview

II

Paper 3 Engl ish in Use

(1 hour 30 minutes)

This paper has six parts, and a total of 80 questions. The testing focus is on understanding and controlling formal elements of language, e.g. grammar, word formation, punctuation. spelling.

Part

Task type

Number What you do of items

What it tests

How todo it

1

Multiple-choice doze

15

Fill gaps in a text of about 200 words from four-option multiplechoice options

Phrases. collocations, idioms. phrasal verbs. linkers, used to complete a text with the correct meaning and grammatical context

page 100

2

Open doze

15

Fill gaps in a text of about 200 words with one word per gap

Awareness and control of structural items

page 112

3

Error correction

16

Identify extra and unnecessary words OR spelling and punctuation errors in a 16-line text of about 200 words

Structure, texis, spelling. punctuation

page 124

4

Word formation

15

Form appropriate words from prompts to fill gaps in two texts of up to 130 words each

Word formation

page 64

5

Register transfer

13

Transfer information from one text to another (each about 150 words long), and into a different register. purpose and/or style

Awareness and control of features of style and appropriateness

page 76

6

Gapped text

6

Select the correct phrases or sentences from a list of 10 to complete a text of about 300 words

Awareness of discourse features, particularly cohesion and coherence

page 28

Marks •

One mark for each correct answer.

• All spellings must be correct. •

In Pan 5. no marks are given for any answers more than two words long.

Exam Overview

Paper 4 Listening

(approx. 45 minutes)

This paper has four parts, and 30-40 questions. The recorded texts may include the following: Munulugues: anno uncements, radio broadcasts, telephone messages, speeches. talks, lectures. Conversa tions between two or three speakers: interviews. d iscussions . The tes ting focus is on understanding specific in formation, gist, atti tude, opinion, mai n point s and detail. The texts in Parts 1, 3 and 4 are heard twice. The text in Part 2 is hea rd o nce on ly. The speakers will have a var iety of acce nts. The re may be some background sou nds befo re the speaki ng begins , 10 give contextu al informat io n. Th ere may be some subdued reac tion from au die nces to ta lks, speeches, etc.

Part Task type

Number of items

What you do

What it tests

How todo it

1

Sentence completion! Note taking

8-10

Complete gaps in sentences with information from the text OR write a word or short phrase in response to a prompt

Understandingof specific information

(Note taking) page 26

2

Sentence completion! Note taking

8-10

As Part 1

As Part 1

(Sentence completion) page 50

3

Sentence completion! Multiple choice

6-10

Compl ete gaps in sentences with information from the text OR choose the best answer from four-option multip lechoice questions

As Part 1 plus gist and attitud e

(Multiple choice) page 122

4

Multiple matching! Multiple choice

10

Select the correct option from a list of eight OR choose the bestanswer from three-option multiple-choice questions

Ability to identify speakers and topics, interpret context, and recognise function and att itude

(Multiple rhoire) page 74 (Multiple matching) page 14

Marks • One mark for each correct answer. Spelling must be correct for common wor ds a nd th ose considered easy to spell.

Exam Overview

0

Pa per 5 Spea king

(approx. 15 minutes)

This paper has four parts. The standard format is two cand idates and two examiners. one acting as interlocutor and assessor, the othe r acting as assessor only. If there is an odd number of candidates, three candidates sit the test together at the end of the examining sess ion. Part

Task type

Length

What you do

What it tests

How todo it

1

Three-way conversation between candidatesand interlocutor

3 minutes

Ask and answer 'personal' questions

Ability to use general interactional and social language

page 15

2

Individual longturns and brief responses

4 minutes

Talk about visual prompts

Ability to describe, speculate, compare. contrast , comment, identify, eliminate and hypothesise

page 27 page 39 page 110

3

Two-way interaction between candidates

4

minutes

Discuss a problemsolving task based on visual and/or written prompts

Ability to discuss, evaluate, speculate and/or select

page 50 page 62

4

As Part 1

4 minutes

Discuss issues related to the Part 3 topic

Ability to talk about issues of general interest and express opinionson them

page 62

Marks • Candidat es are assessed on their performance throughout the test in the following areas: Gram mar and vocabulary (accuracy and appro priacy) Discourse management (ability to express ideas in coherent, connected speech) Pronunciation (individual sounds. linking of words, stress and intonation) Interactive communication (turn-taking. initiating and responding) The assesso r marks according to detailed Analytical Scales, and the interlocutor gives a mar k on a Global Scale, which is less detailed

II Exom Overview

What r you Ii e? Lead in 1

What is your ideal job? Make a list of useful qualities for that job. e.g. imagination , sensitivity, Wh ich do you po sse ss?

4

. d tarted dating II your fnen usdisliked and asked someone yo would you ." ? what you thought. be bluta"y honest a truthful b be tactful but c ten a lie if necessary

When out with a group of your friends. how much of the talking do you do? a hardly any b quite a lot c almost all

5 What do you tend to do when you meet new people socially? a stick with the people you know b worry about how to keep the conversation going

are with friends and an ? ks out do YOU . ., argument brea . 'th it ve them to get on W\ a lea: . f the person b take the slde a au agree with . Y '" d a compromlse c try to Lin OU

2 If Y

c 6

Which pair of words best ?

describes you .

e logical and m atur. a decisive and caring and sens\tlVe

Do th e personality quiz below, th en look at page J 53 to discover the be st career for you . Do you think the quiz is a ccurate? Why/Why not?

Extrovert or Introvert?

Head or Heart?

3

2

mingle with as many flew people as possible

Which pair of words best describes you? a cautious and thoug htful b inquisitive and independent c lively and energetic



Facts or Ideas? 7

You buy a piece of furniture which you have to assemble yourself Do you ' " 7 a follow instru ctions exactly b scan the Instructions then se t them a id c I . I Sl e eap In , on y referring to the instructions if you get stuck

8 Whe n



directions to your home. do you ... ?

a provide a step-by -step list of instructions b draw a rough map c just give general directions 9

Which pair of words best describes you? a practical an d efficient b realistic and enthusiastic c inventive and imagina tive

Unit 1

Rea din g

Part 3 Mu ltiple choice

how to do It Read the text quickly lor general meaning. Read the question or "stern but not the options. Find the part of the text that relates to the question; remember, the questions are in order. Read the optionsand eli m inate any that are clearly wrong. Choose the option that answers the question fully and accurately.

1

Read the text opposite and note down the main idea of each paragraph.

2

Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to questions 1- 5, lind say why the other options a re wron g. Question 1 has been done as an exampl e. Example Wha t reason is given in the first paragraph for the increased use of personality testing? A It is used by 50% of managers. x 50% of ma nagen; are selected on the basis o{ these tests. B It has been accepted by educational bodies . x Personality tests ll.l.CD! be used by universities in the future. C Research has jllstified its use. ../

See line s 4-7 D The tests are now available on the In ternet. x Thi s is true but not the reason given for the increased use uf persunalit y tests.

2 What docs the writer imply abou t the test she tried ou t herself! A It didn 't come up with the right resu lt. B It was challenging .. C It WJS a tediou s W
III Unitl

4 What is the problem with personality tests, accordi ng to Dr Gill? A They can have a negative effect on takers. B People can easily lie about their true abilities. C The results could be for employers. ,........ t • • o Emp loyers often find their results to be unrel iable. 5 What fina l conclusion does the writer reach

abou t the value of personality tests? A They are not really worth doing . B The y may encourage greater realism. C They arc of doubtful value to emp loyers. D They can our self-image. ..n WCc....

ir\ ir\

Psvchorn etric testrng for recruitment -

assessing personality traits as an indicator of performance in a certain role - has mushroomed as studies 5 show their results to be three times more accurate in predicting your job performance than all your previous 10 work experience combined. These tests are now included In virtuall y all graduate recru itment and in the 15 selection of more than 50 per cent of managers. Si milar tests may be used in future as part of university applications, dating agenciesSwear by them, and they have been used to match pets to owners. Meanwhile online personali ty tests make the 20 Top 3 of Internet hits. We're li ving in the age of the personality test. Sodoes your personality meet the grade? Would you rather have a strong will or strong emotions? And if you had to choose between being shipwrecked or lost in the jungle, which would you prefer? 25

30

For the purposesof research, I decided to try out one of these tests. At one particular site I was informed of my career personality and the number one job that matches It statistically. This is a key part of the appeal of online tests. the premise that there ISa perfect job, a perfect mate, and a perfect you, and all you have to do is unlock your subconscious inner self and they will materialise. These tests are also the perfect self-discovery vehicle for our alienated hi-tech age: intimate but anonymo us. It is incrediblycompulsive; when you get hooked on a test,

3

Mat ch a -f with meani ngs 1-6, usi ng th e text to help you. a indicator (1.2) b emotion (I.22) c row (1.49) d insight (J .53) e downside (1.73) f tendency ( 1.99)

4

• 1 2 I" 3 4 5 6

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argument disadvantage sign feeling typical behaviour u ndersta nd ing

Have yo u eve r taken a test like this? How useful or int eresting wa s it?

e rea

you're there for hours . And th ere is no aspect 35 of life too mundane or frivolous to test for. After 40 minutes of di ligen tly recording my reaction to a series of ink blots (Is the mood of this picture sad, nostalgic, happy, vio lent or 40 neutral? Can you find the chicken in this picture? Can you find your wi fe's/ husban d's mo ther?) I 45 discovered I am mainly motivated by peace. I mig ht have been more convinced about this if I hadn't just had a blazing row with my partner (illY fault enti rely).

If the tests were only amusing it wou ldn't account 50 for their massive popu larity. In fact, a large number are decidedly unfunny, and seduce with promise of genuine insight. This is true of the most popu lar personality lest in the wor ld: the Myers-Briggs Type Ind icator, which spans the gulf between the ru lt nf personality testing and ss irsscience. Widely used in major corporations around the world, it is based on the theory that we are born with a predisposi tion to one personality type which stays more or less fixed throughout life . You answer 88 questions and are then given your 'type': Introvert or Extrovert, Thinking or 60 Feeling, sensing or Intu itive, and Judging or Perceiving. If you're Introverted, Int uit ive, Feeling and Perceptive, you'll probably find it harder to do work where you're requ ired to entertain, or persuade lots of people, such as a job in sales or public relat ions. 65 Cntlcs of testing mutter dark ly about the 'social engineering' aspect of personality tests, which often seem to be looking

or t he same kind of person. Dr Colin Gill, a psychologist specialising in personality tesnng, agrees that 'too many 70 organ isations always wan t people with the same traits' extrovert, agreeable, conscientious and open to new experience.' But, he warns, these 'popular' personality trai ts have thei r dow nside. 'An extreme extrovert tends to be a selfish 'get on' type, who may walk over others. Overly75 conscientious people are prone to burn out and people who are extreme ly open to new experience can be butterflies, going from one big idea to the next wit hou t mastering any of them.' All t he same, the psychom etri c test is here to stay - wh ich may be why a who le sub-industry on cheating 80 personali ty tests sprung up. 'It's possible to cheat', ad mi ts expert David Bartram , 'but what's th e poi nt? Why try to pretend you're an ambi tious extrove rt if you're a more though tful in trovert? Having to fake t he person you are at work 85 wi ll be exhausting and miserab le and probably short -lived.'

90

95

1110

Our obsession with personality now invades ever aspect of our lives. If you ask an expert for advice on your wardrobe orthe sort of diet you shoul d go on, you'll probably be quizzed about your personality. But it isn't all sell-centred navel gazing. If personality tests have any value to us (rather t han emp loyers) perhaps it is this' to disabuse us of the illu sion that all of us are full of poten tia l. and remind us of what we are. If th at happens to be an averagely am bitious introvert wi th contro lling tendencies (as my test results showed), then so be it. As they say in one test when they ask for your age' pick the one you are, not the one you wish you were.

Voca buIary 1

Match character adj ecti ve s a - j with meanings 1-10. ,1

mature

-

curious

b decisive c motivated d sensi tive e inq u isi tive f ambitious g indepe ndent h co nscientious int rove rt ex trovert

2

3

Character adjectives

3

"4 5 6 .,7 8

... 9 10

outgoing <- ... adu lt aiming high keen withdraw n , \ £l wanting to do thi ngs well self-re liant firm d.oJ ..\, '" cJ., ,..J .. aware of people's feeli ngs

Review of tenses 1

.

.

-'0

LLf-

honest unreliablc «

L __

b c d

?>

0 <

Co

Discu ss questions a-c. a

e

rea listic truthfu l r

W Iien someone as krs you for yo ur . opinion, thi n k ve ry ca refu lly before respond ing. b I' m not sure how ... 1••• ••••• Tom is. Sometimes I th in k he 's no t all he pretends to be. c We must aim high but at the same time be .. .. .. a bou t wha t we can ac hieve. d It 's no good depe nd in g on J an et. She 's th e mos t .... ..... .. pe rso n I know. e I' m often as ked in interviews to describe the .. . .. ..... me b ut I' m not s ur e I actually want everyone to k now what I' m like deep d ow n .

a

W hich five charac ter adjectives do you thi nk a frie nd wou ld use to describe you? b Do yo u think tha t irs poss ible to see ou rse lves as others see us , or do we have a uni qu e view of ourselves? c Do you th ink we are born w it h certain character tra ils, or is our character formed as we grow up?

g

Since I moved here, I've learnt to drive. Ca rla 's playing the guitar very well. Ca rla plays the gui tar very we ll. It started rain ing when I le ft the ho use. It had staned ra ining w hen I left the ho use. I'll be gelling th e dinner ready w hen you arrive. ( ' IL get the din ner ready when you arrive. When we go t to her ho use , she cried. W hen we go t to her house, she 'd been crying . My bro ther always tells me w ha t to do . My brot he r 's always telling me wha t to do. We were having a party when my sister announced h er engagement. We fwd a party when my sis te r a n nou nced her engagement.

2

Explain the difference in m eaning between the pairs of sentences in 1.

3

Complete sentences a-i using the correct form of the verbs ill brackets.

a His back was aching because he b

c d e

g h

mUnitt

Presen t Per fect Contin uous Pas t Sim ple Pas t Con tinuous Pas t Pe rfect Simple Pa s t Perfect Continuous

a Since I moved here, I 've been learning to drive.

Use these adjectives to complete sentences a -e below. More than one answer may be possible. genuine , 6 real i:

GR p165-1 68

Match the ve rb forms in th e se nte nces below with these tenses. Present Simple Prese nt Continuous Future Simple Future Continuous Prese nt Pe rfect Simp le

Which of the adjectives in 1 are generally positive and which negative? Give examples.

LI.

4

Grammar

(d ig) in th e garde n all day. (yo ur fat her / wo rk) abroad a t present? Maria left college ea rly today because she . ..... ..... (have) a denta l a ppo intme nt an hour ago . As soon as it stops raining, we (ta ke) th e dog for a wal k. My neighbour cou ld n't sto p because his bus ... ... .. ... (leave ) a nd he d idn 't want to miss it. For the pa st s ix week s, I (h ave) singing lesson s. I can' t pho ne you a t tha t time because I .. (travel) on th e undergrou nd. T he photocopy mac hi ne (h reak dow n) tw ice already and it' s no t even lunch time! As a rule, we (spend) pa rt of each summer at my pa rents' h ou se.

4

Correct any verbs in a-h whi ch arc not normally used in a continuous form .

7

Complete sentences CI - e with the correct form of the verb.

a These gloves aren't min e - a re they belonging to b

c d C'

g

h

you? My girlfriend doesn't like perfumes tha t are sme lling of flowe rs - she prefers something more exo tic. Ou r teac her said we were all deserv ing a grea t deal of praise for our exam res ults. Are you thi nkin g w ha t l' rn thinking - tha t this new ou tfit just does n' t s uit me? I've a lways bee n hatin g gett ing up ea rly in th e morn ing, even in the s um me r. Thi s manual is co nta ining all the informa tio n you nee d to run your new co mputer software. At the moment I fee l that you rea lly aren 't putting in as mu ch effort as you cou ld with your stud ies. The hockey club we' re belon ging to is always on the looko ut for new players.

a If you

(feel) Ihat I'm being unreason able, please say so. (smell) the blosso m on her b Sand ra che rry tree whe n she was stu ng by a bee. c Even th ou gh you've explained it thr ee times now, I still (not see) what you mean. d Since I was a young boy, I (have) .1 fear of heigh ts. €' (you/ think) you co uld give me ,1 hand lifting this eq uipme nt?

8

Read this extract from an e ma il which wa s sent 10 an online pen friend ag ency, and correct any errors in ten ses.

-

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j

Lel"r

£U s... ., Dr. " l'

from (

5

!!

Say which of these verbs ar e a) never used in a continuous form , or b) can be used in ;] cont inuo us form but with a ch ange in mean ing . like de tes t con tai n

believe hear taste

know un derstand prefer

Sa..IIlJat.1

f g h J

I 2 3

4 S G 7 S 9 10

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r u

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...h



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Hi, my name's Michele. I was born in Geneva, but I lived in Ro me for the past ten years or so. I moved here because I was wanting to be nearer my grandpare nts. I've trained as a nurse alter I'd been leaving school but I haven't actua lly found a job in nursing yet. At the moment I do temporary work in an office but I think of taking a year out next year to travel and see the world. I'm enjoying outdoor sports and dan cing, and I love all sorts of music but especially jazz an d reggae. I've played in a ba nd when I was a student and I still perform in public when I get the chance. As regards my personality, I think I'm quite easy to gel on with. I'm laid-back, and I'm having a great sense of humour.

rem ind bel ong mean

My favour ite ac tor is appearing .. . I'm afraid the video ap pea rs ... The man ager is hav ing .. . Celine has ... Everyone thinks .. . She's th inking ... Working as a wildlife gu ide rea lly appe als . .. Our local schoo l is appea ling .. . I am see ing .. . I see ... ... a career ad viser tom or row to get adv ice on wor king in IT. a lot of experience in working wit h child ren. mee ting to discuss th e new prop osal. for funds for a new bu ildin g. in a new musical in Lond on 's West End. Jose will get the job. of buying a car in the nea r future. 10 be bro ken. tu me. not hing but fields when I loo k out of my bedro om w indo w.



:0': I '.,i.,"',,'

Match a-j with a suita ble ending from 1-10 and explain how th e verb ten se changes the meaning, a b c d e

T.



;

9

Write your own email introducing yo urself to a penfriend , using the corrected version in 8
Unitl

m

Listen ing

Part 4 Multiple matching

1

Wh y might someone decide to tak e up th e hobbies and pa stimes show n?

2 0

In 3 you will hea r five people talkin g ab out th eir hobbies, First . listen and ma tch th e phrases th ey use 0 - 7) w ith th e meanings (a-g) . 1 2 3 4 S 6 7

how to do it

3

a b c d e f g

We all had different interests. I became reall y inspired by it. I wa s completely taken aback. I'd lost my job . I wa s chattering away about how busy I wa s. l'd had some difficulties with my job . [didn't ha ve mu ch to occupy myself with.

Read th e howto do it box , then list en twi ce a nd do th e exa m task. For 1-5 , choose th e people's reasons for taking up their new int erest (A- H) .

Use the tune allowed to read both tasks quickly

A to recover from an accident B to please a relativ e C to be mor e independen t

Remem ber there are two questions for each speaker,

•

t?....

On the first listening, answer as many quesuons as you can from both tasks

D to broaden their horizons E to fill in time F to take some exercise G to express their feelings II 10 relieve the pressure of work

Usc the second listening to answer any questions you missed.

Speaker 2

DIJ D2J

Speaker 3

LJ...:..J

Speaker 1





Speaker 4

rn

Speaker S

[]I]

for 6- 10, choose th e outcom e o f th e spea kers' new in terests (A- H). A It's ena bled me to win an award . B It's inspired me to be more competitive. C It's turned alit to be quite profitable. D It's become a kind of obsess io n. Ell'S restored my faith in human nature. F It's made me more critical of myself. G It' s revea led a new aspect of my personality. H It's made me feel less dejected.

4

m

Unitl

Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Speaker 4 Speaker S

Tell a pa rtn er a bout yo u r hobbies and interests a nd wh y you e njoy them .

Spea ki ng 1

Part

I

In pa irs, take it in tu rn s to answe r qu est ions a -f. Try to use som e of th e ph ra ses below.

a Where we re yo u born ? b How lon g ha ve yo u been stu dyi ng English ? c Have yo u a lways been int erested in langu ages ? d What's your favo ur ite tim e of tile yea r? e How would you describe yo ur cha racter? What are yo u r plans for th e future?

5

In pairs, answer questions a -d giving reason s. Use the phrases belo w to he lp you .

a Would yo u like to spe nd so me time working in a nother coun try? Do yo u thi nk that having a lot of free time is a good o r a bad th ing ? c How nece ssary is it to ha ve good friends? d Which is mor e important : money or hea lth ? b

Expressing perso nal views In my opinion, . .. I think it' s essential to

Answering personal questions

I strongly believe that

Well, actually .. . That's a difficult question but .. . I've never given it much thought but ... As a matt er of fact _' .

2 0

Listen to five stu den ts answerin g an examiner's questions. What different mi stakes with tenses do they make?

3

As far as I'm concern ed

. . .

6 0

List en to a candidate ex press ing a perso na l view and decide if her attempt is s uccessful. Explain why.

In pai rs. ask ea ch other about the s u bjects in a -e. Use th e phrases below to help yo u . a b c d e

your favourite TV program m e your ideal job a day ou t you have en joyed a n interesting book yo u' ve read a person yo u admire

Asking for personal information So. tell me what ... is.

Could you tell me abo ut .. . ? I'd like to know what is /would be. What would you say Cou ld you describe

is /would be? ?

40

Listen to the next exam task and how two candidates answe red it. Su ggest three ways in which they co u ld improve th eir performance .

how to do it

•

In Speaking Part 1 you may be asked to tal k about your past experiences, present circumstances or future plan s. Make sure you use the appro priate tenses.

Unitl

m

English in Use 1

Part3 Error Correction

Read the s pelling a nd pu nctuation r u les o n pa ge 17, then correct any m istakes wit h spelling and apos trophes in sen te nces a-h . a There is a not icable d iffere nce in pe rsonality between my brothers. b My neic e is one of the mo st cou ragous people I know. c Do you think concieted people are ca pable o f forming las ting freindships? d Which do yo u think is more de sirable: a life full of excitrnent or a peaceful life ? e Are yo u th e kind of person who goes to pel ces under the sh eer wieght o f yo ur responsibilities? I read an interesting book last week but ' ca n 't remember it's name. g The layo u t of this new building is so confuseing that nobody can find th e mens and wornen s' washrooms . h Pamelas excuse for arriving lat e was unconv in cing.

Examples v' 00 affect 000 do, then

2

Read the tex t about luck a nd co rrect a ny spe lli ng or punctu ation mi stakes, The tip box will help you .

3

Do you agree with these saying s? Why/ W hy not? i

Fortune favours the brave.'

c We make our own luck in life.'

•

a

o

Research shows some marked differences in th e psychology and behaviour

00

of lucky and unlucky people. II genes ellect personality and behaviour, as

000 they no doubt do then you can be born lucky. Lucky people ten d to create 01

opportunities for good fortun e by being extrovert sociable and using open

02

body language that gets peopl e to respond to them . They are relaxed and

03

amenable and, therefore, more likely to notice chance opportunities. They

04

also like variety and change. They might, for instance, alter their routine

05

by thinking of a colour on their way to a part y and then speaking to people,

06

wearing that colour . This brings the prospect of new friends and opportunities

07

Lucky people also have positive expectations' of life and things tend to go

08

their way. A famous experiment Illustrates this. Psychologists told american

09

high school teachers certain chi ldren in their class were especially-gifted .

10

In fact, there was nothing exceptional I about them. The teachers, however,

11

showered them with praise and encouragment. The children responded by

12

producing better schoolwork and generally acheiving more than the other

13

children. The study shows the power of positive thinking. The converse is

14

also true. Finish researchers divided 2,000 men into 'negative ', 'neutral' and

15

'positive' groups depending on their outlook on life. Over a six year period.

16

those ill the 'negative' group proved more suseptibl e to illness and accidents.

Uni

four correct lines one missing and one unnecessary comma one missing and one unnecessary hyphen one missing full stop one missing capital letter one unnecessary apostrophe five spelling mistakes

SPELLING AND PUNCTUATION •

•

Averb's final 'c' is usuall y dropped when adding a su ffix starting with a vowel (hope- hoping), but kept when adding a su ffix starting with a consonant tretire-« retirement). 'ei' is more common than 'ie' after 's: (receive) 'ie' is usually pronounced li:1 (relieve)

Vocabulary Expressions with luck 1

An apostrophe is used a before an 's' for singular possession (Tom's book, the boy's hat) b after an 's' for plural possession (the boys' hats) c before 's' in words with irregular plural forms (womell5 righ ts) d in contracted verb forms (doesn't) e in 'it's' meaning 'it is', not 'its' showing possession (it's hot today, its purpose is)

Discuss the meaning uf these expressions and match them with 1-8 . then use them to comp lete a-h. with any luck the luck of the draw take pot luck be out of luck

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

rely on continuing good luck fortunately and unexpectedly success at your first att empt risk th e ou tcome decided by cha nce unfortunately not if things turn out well no t be lucky thi s time

a

It's a ' Did you manage to fix your car?' ' complete write-off: You hav en 't been caught You shouldn ' t speeding yet but you might be! YOLI may win th e lott ery - you may no t. It's quite simply . The only problem with thi s cheap package holiday I've arranged is you can't choose your . accommoda tion ; you just have to You , I' m afraid. I've just sold the last copy of that particular book. I've just realised I've forgotten my hou se key, but my wife might be a t home. Jane missed th e last bus b ut a friend wa s pa ssing and gave her a lift. Robert won his first professional tennis ma tch ! bu t modestly said it was just

b c d

e

g h

2

beginner's luck push your luck no such luck by a stroke o f luck

Wh en was th e last time you were very lu ck y or unluck y? Wh at happened?

Unitl

m

Writin g

Part 2 A formal letter (character reference)

1

WG p1 55

Read th e w ritin g task below and answer quest ions a-c. a Wh o are you going to write to? For wha t purpose? b Should the reference be formal or informal? c Highlight the thr ee things you must include. A friend of yours is applying for a job as a holiday representative with an in ternational holiday organisation . The compa ny has asked you to provide a character reference for your frien d. The referen ce should indicate how long you ha ve known the person. It mu st a lso include a detailed description of the person's character and the reasons why he or she wou ld be suitable for the job . Write the reference in approximately 250 words.

Describe two or three things the person has done which show the qualities/abilities thai make them right lor the job

2

Make notes on questions a-c. a What sort of th ings mig ht a ho liday representa tive have to do? b What skills migh t be needed? c Which pe rsonal quali ties might be needed for the job?

3

The two references opposite. A and B, were written hy tw o different people. Read them and decide which person did not make a plan before sta rting to write. Give examples of the effect this ha s had on th e organisation of the reference.

4

Read the referen ces again and do tasks a-c.

IP

Start a new paragraph for each complete changeof topic but avoid one-sentence paragraphs.

a

List the lin king wo rds in A an d B (so. because. etc .) . Which writer makes better use of them? b Identify the pu rpose of each paragrap h in B. c Ide nt ify any useful phrases for references in general.

Try to Include a topic sentence summarising the main idea of the paragraph. Expand on that Idea and/or give examples in the rest of the paragraph

5

how to do it Read the task carefully and underline the key words. Brainstorm ideas and select the best ones. Organise your ideas and make a paragraph plan. Link sentences and paragraphs where appropriate.

II]

Unitl

Read the question below, then write your reference. The how todo It box and tips will hel p you . One of your friends has ap plied for a job teaching English abroad. They will a lso supervise pupils aged 10-1 6 outside sc hoo l an d organi se games and activities. You have been asked to pro vid e a charac ter reference for your friend. You sho u ld say how long you ha ve kn own yuur friend and include a detailed desc riptio n of their character. You shou ld also give reaso ns why he or she would be suitable for the job . Write you r refe rence in approxima tely 250 words.

A D"'r 'ilir or Madam. I am """t,,'9 to I have



on bthalf of :ruan FtrnandtL

:ruan for thru We're m tht same Iulonal 9rouP at c.olltge.

He ;. popular at c.ollt9t and urt.inll .no.... h"" to tnJ"'t I,fe :roan ,.



f,l ana htalthy He's 9000 at sports

:ruan and tht,r tomplainls

.,tIl dlfflwlt

Juan'. a zcmptete t.lrOVt-rt . lit lovt. bel09 fue centre of attennon Hea enjoj tnltrtaiOl09 people m resorts. In h" [ree nme, :ruan 10 fn lit 9Ot. ao.n to tht 9110 most and he s. ,ms and pl"1' football. He'. 90t lot. of fntnds lie .0n'l a problem 9tl1'09 on .,fu h" jlvla bania

B

To ...k M d





MO.' )

corcer»

-.1'aLd.'LGc"!m...

I 1'4l1e b"Wt' f' C¥' well ""tl, pebple of all "0/". >L> >he .......Ie/. be """Y refll-Iotr w.tl. f.d.cl4..J o/"'f' · f'MiI.e loa> leotrrt .r I 5 ....-k , w.v.lc.I. . eNe her well olil-wrj' rever ,he CiU' Id e u rtr" of cLffoWlt ••t"" t""", ""tlwt "I,,,,,tt.rq ""'F". Fu- tl.5 reI.e .......Ie/. c/.efo.. be o.bIe to .f thrq ' werl ......u"3 .r
*

IilA-er .t CU<e> to erte-t«....."3 reeple. f'Mier t


Jr WhW" ....... ""'"

so.re

1"

MIj

"Pi"''''', ?atJtt e-tMAfd. N4.ke /J.J1 eyulleflt J l1/tVlO' /11 r l?UNWIIlrO." "q he,. to yc«r UMfO¥Vj

IV-!

heS ,fa.t,c.I1

YWr> hteM











Unit!

OJ

Review 1

a b c d e f g h

l

introve rt dec isive sensitive inq u isitive mature

ind epend ent conscientious a mb itious

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

---

in -- - --- -

Circl e th e mOSI appropria te adjective in se n tences a -e. a Sama ntha 's so dishollest/ unreliable/unrealistic. She never tu rns up for any thing on time. b II's very hard to find a ba d word to say abou t my brother; he's very likeable and ex tremely

rcttl/dishon est/ gcuuine. c

If you ask Colin for adv ice, he always gives you hi s reliable/lionest/ realistic opinion. d It a lways pays to be truthful/ real/ genuine. Once you te ll one lie, yo u have to tell mor e 10 hac k up you r story. e Wit h so much competition , we have to be reui/ genui ne/ realistic about our co mpa ny 's lo ngterm cha nce s of survival.

4

I broke my grandmothe r's favo u rite vase bu t , by a of luck, I fou nd an ide nt ical o ne in a sho p dow n th e road . b Som e things in life you ha ve no cho ice abo ut - it' s just th e luck of th e . c Sorry, you' re of luck! We sold the last new sp a per five minutes ago . d We aim to set o ut ea rly a nd , a ny luck, we should a rrive be fore dark. e I though t I might ge t the job but . such luc k. The y gav e it to so meone else. Let's jus t po t luck and see w he re we ca n book a last minute holiday to . g Hele n ma naged to ge t a film pa rt aft e r her first au d ition but s he said it was jus t .. .. .... .... .. . luck ! h I know everyt hi ng Seems to be go ing swim mingly a t th e mo ment but jus t rememb er - you should n' t you r luc k!

Complet e th e adjectives defin ed in a- h. ta - - --10 - - - - ca th - - - - - - -ca -- - - - en- - - - - - p r _____ _ _

Cor rect any mi stakes in spellin g or punctuati on in sen te nces a -f. Th ere is a t lea st one m istake in each sen tence. a Can yo u tell me, if you like Da nni sh pastries? b Wou ld you please let me have a reciep t [or the goods'? c What Charles d id was ex tre me ly cou rago us ? d Sus a ns been d ying he r hair again - it' s red th is week! e This roo m is in the most a pa lling sta te - there a re childrens' toys everywh ere. f Clim bi ng th a t mo u ntain was one of T ims most

exceptional! ac hievme nts.

II llnit l

Co mple te th e exp ress ions with luck in a-h. a

u nin terested careless ou tgo ing thi ck-skinned un motivat ed child ish helpless vague

a diploma tic a bo ut what you say b rati onal a nd reasonable c co nce rne d o r int erest ed in others d helpfu l a nd co nsi de rate c hesita nt a bo u t yo ur act ions f exci ted or passionat e g sensible and reali sti c h creative and im aginative

3

5

Match characte r ad jec tives a - h wilh their opp osite meanings 1- 8 .

6

Fill in missing wo rds 1-14 in this job referen ce. I am writing to you on 1 of Belinda Morris, who has 2 to be a trainee manager in your resta urant. Belinda is a VNy lively, .................. 3 to ea rth cha racter who 4 on well with peo ple a t all ages. She has worked as a waitress d uring the summer holidays in ou r hotel, so she 's 5 to dealing 6 all kinds of custo mers. The orgarusational skills she has learnt should 7 her well B a restaurant ma nager, In 9 of crisis. she is an excellent person to 10 a round beca use she doesn't pan ic. When it 11 to making people feel at case, Belinda an expert. What's 12, she has a great sense of hu mour. In my 13, she would make an excellent manager. I have no H III reco mmending her.

II

,--ustomsand traditions Lead in 1

Discuss Ihe follow ing questions. a What an nua l festivals or celebrati ons take place in your country?

h When do they happen and what do they involve? c What do you know abou t their origins?

2

What do you imagine happens at the festiva ls shown in the photos?

30

Usten to two peo ple tal king abou t the Iwo festivals show n and choose th e best answer 10 questions 1- 4. The Katt enwocnsdog fest ival dat es ba ck to a time when a local people began to breed ca ts in th e tow n's Cloth Hall. b 10C.ll cats had bee n unsuccessful in ridd ing the town of rode nts. e local peo ple decided th at the town ca ts had outlived th eir usefulness. 2 What happen ed when the speaker visited the Kauenwoensd og festival ? a Everyo ne taking part in the parad e was dressed as .1 cal. b The ba d wealher failed to spoil the ca rnival atmos phere, c Spec tators rush ed to b uy a loy cat from the jes ter. 3 Whal is one of th e rule s of La Tom.uina? a You mu st be a member of a team 10 join in. b The tomatoes must be crus hed before you th row them, c Tou rists arc not allowed to hit locals . 4 w hat hap pen s .11 the end of La Tomatlna! a Trucks arrive to clear aw ay all the mes s. b Free tomato juice is give n away. e You can wash in specia lly provided showers. Tell a partn er a bo ut an y fest ivals Ihat you have been to or would like to go 10.

Unit2

m

• There's little beyond the remote Malian town of Tim bouctou but a vast expanse of desert. Most people consider it the end of the Earth, and even its residents rarely venture north into the Sahara. But 5 for one day in January, a host of musicians, politicians, tourists and technicians gather in the town's market place, preparing to head north into the dunes. As people fill their jeeps with diesel and supplies and travellers send quick postcards home , 10 it's hard not to get swept up in the excitement and anticipation of the remotest music festival on Earth.

1 The Tuareg, a nomadic group who inhabit the Sahara, have a more appropriate form of transport, arriving on white camels from every direction. In all, 1S there are 1,800 of them at the festival. It isn't surprising, because the event grew out of an annual

Tuaregget-together.

2 As the Tuareg cook over campfires, the tourists settle into their tents and explore the festival site. But 20 soon everyone is beating a path towards the concreted stage, a strange sight in the middle of scrub and sand. The sun goes down and charcoal braziers light up the dunes. Then bands from Mali and neighbouring countries like Senegal, Niger and 25 Mauritania take the stage , playing calabashes. lutes and talking drums. There's a group of dancers from Niger decorated with beads and covered in body paint. There are Western performers too. although some are not to everyone's taste. As one group hit 30 their electric guitars and yell into the microphones, an old Malian lady claps her hands over her ears and scuttles off.

J As a tourist attraction, the festival is still in its inf ancy. There are no more than 500 foreigners

Read ing

Part 2 Gapped text

3S

present. most of whom feel lucky to be witnessing something 'authentic'. Beyond the odd soft drinks stall there is little sign of the sponsorship or the pro motive that underpin most World Music festivals .

A music festival may seem an odd mechanism for kick-starting tourism all year round, but this is the intention. In the eyes of Ndiaye Bah, Mali's minister of tourism and handicrafts, Malian music is already one of the country's main draws, making the festival an obvious place to start. She is convinced that the 45 north contains enough potentia l to support yearround tourism. In fact most people agree that tourism growth is the only way forward for the 70 Tuareg.The north of Mali is the poorest part of the country. As Bah explains . there are few opportunities 50 for the Tuareg.They need people to come and buy handicrafts and stay in local hotels, to bring employment and development to the region .

40

S But this sort of envy only exists between the Tuareg because the festival is seen to be a good thing. In ss fact, for now, the event enjoys almost universal

support. And similar events are springing up in 80 neighbouring countries like Mauritania too, with the Tuareg organisers of the Festival in the Desert fast becoming consultants.

6 The Tuareg dance and sing. Dicko explains, and afterwards they ta lk about their problems. He is B5 studying to be a doctor in Timbouctou and his village is far away. At the festival he can meet his family and other people from his village for the first 65 time in two years. Perhaps it's to people such as Dicke, who've given up the nomadic lifestyle to live in towns such as TImbouctou, that the festival bring 90 the greatest pleasure.

60

how todon Read the main text for general meaning.

1

What music festivals are there in your country? Who goes? What happens?

2

Read the article about a music festival in the Sahara , and match paragraphs A-G with gaps 1-6. There is UIiC extra paragraph. Find links in the text and use the words in italics to help you.

m

Unit2

•

75

Look for grammar and vocabulary links before and alter each gap and in the paragraphs. Fill the easiest gaps first to reduce the number of options. Then try the extra paragraph In each gap again Read the complete text again lor grammar and overall sense.

gets too big. it will lose its authentic feel . And anyway it appears to have reached capacity already - tempers got so frayed tha t a Dutch woma n who wa s que uing for one of t he 9'i

tw o small ferries st ruck a driver for jumping the queue.

E

Toget as far asTimbouctou, l spent three daysdri....ing from M ali'scapital, Bamako, and four hours queuing for a small ferry over t he River Niger. But as the convoy of four-

wheel drives headed into the dunes, chucking up dust behind it, it became clear that the final stretch was the t rickiest part of the journey. The tra ck was soo n lined with jeeps which had overheated Or were st uck in deep sand. One group of tourists told me t hat th eir jeep had broken down within earshot of the music , but th ey hadn't da red ven ture on foot into the 105 dese rt, preferring to sleep in the vehicle. The ne xt day t hey 100

A WIth suchobvious popularity, who knows what t he future mayhold for the Timbouctou fest ival. But for now. at Ieast,it stili retains its original purpose as a get-together for the Tuareg people themselves. 8 But despite this lack ofcommercialism , there's no doubt that the benefit. of tourism are th ere fo r local people. The Tuareg stroll bet wee n the t ents selli ng out pu rses,

found that the fest ival site was just ten minutes away from

whe re t hey had been sleeping .

f 110

compasses and swords for tourists to buy or offering came l

"des. Dicko, myyou ng Tuareg friend, ex plains th at cash 'prnt bytourists filte rs back into t he Sahara, The Tua reg, it lEfms,bring wit h them jewellery an d ha nd icrafts ma de by people in their villages.They sell t hese at th e festival and

11')

the money to buy maize, sugar and millet in

There are few concerns about t he envi ron mental impact

of th e festiva l. Everysingle plast ic bottle is ta ke n awa y by th e Tuareg for use in the desert. But conflict between Tuare g could be more of a problem . An elde rly ma n compl a ins t hat th e fest ival sta rted out as a movea ble even t with a diffe rent site each yea r, bringing ben efits to diffe rent pa rts of th e Sa ha ra. But for the past two years it has been held in th e same place because it is easier to build a permanent stage in the dunes here. 'Why can't we have a fes tival where I come

fombouctou which they take back t o t he villages.

fro ml' he asks.

( In fact, asthe event'sorganiser Manny Ansar explains. rvortg hovebeen meeting at this oa sisfor centuries. In this

But while rock groups mig ht no t produce th e desired effect on everybody at th e fest ival,Tuareg ban ds do, and t hey

spot they have tradit ionally arranged marriages, swapped

G

120

news. raced camels and

made mu sic. They decided to open p music festival to enable their musicians to mix with cU'erl) and because they felt it was time for their rommunityto get in touch with the outside world.

o

1l"i

Meanwhile. the susta inability of the festival itsel f has been called into question. Westerners say that if the festiv al

3

featu re more prominently t han any others. Their Tuareg fans watch from the seats of their camels.From the ground, it's hard to see over the hundreds of indigo turbans that are standard attire for the t ribesmen. This is clearly a Tuareg event, but there is little sense of being an outsider. As I shovel sand to try to gain some height, my Tuareg neighboursusher me forward for a better view. The senseof inti macy and respect among the small crowd is remarkable.

Comp lete th e p hra ses in a - h with 1-8 , then re ph ra se the se n te n ces in your ow n word s. The cla im that th e festival w ill remai n a uthent ic h as been called into b We sa t a t th e back o f th e crowd bUI just with in .. .. .. .... (If th e m us ic. C The re was " lo ng dela y b efo re the co nce rt began and tempers go t very d As th e ba nds bega n to play, w e a ll go t .... ...... up ill th e ex cite m e nt . e One old lad y 's re acti on s howed clea rly tha t roc k music was not to Iter I The fes tiva l o n ly sta rted a few years a go so lt's s till il l us . g Trad itiona l music is aliI' of the COUlltry"S main . h Th ere a re few co ncerns a bout 1/11' envirollm elltnl o f th o fes tiva l. ,1

4

.

I 2 . .

3 4 5 6 7 8

draw s ears hot imp a ct fra yl'o q u est io n in fanc y swep t ta st e

Wh., t positive ,ln d nega tive effec ts mi ght tourism have nn traditional festivals like Ihi s ?

Unit2

II

Vocabulary

Grammar

Easi Iy confused words (1)

Gerunds and infinitives

1

1

Choose th e correct verbs in a-i to comp lete th e co llocations. a b

c d e

g h

Z

Put these verbs into th ree columns as shown below. want

enjoy offer pr ac tise refuse

avoid

expect

like

2

Which of the verbs in 1 can a lso be immed ia tely followed by a that cla use?

3

Com plete th ese sentences wit h an appropriate verb in the correct form. a b c

e

d c

f

g h

4

Do you generally queue in your cou ntry? Wha t happens if you the qu e ue? b How would you most like to a living? c Has any on e ever ... .. .. ' " their wor d to you? Wh at ha ppened ?

II Unit2

Our footba ll tea m deserves because they have train ed so ha rd. part in One of the s uspects has den ied the robbery. My s ister is hopin g a job as a stewardess wi th our na tional airlin e. We lost the ca r keys but we managed .... .... .. the ca r by turn ing a piece of wire in th e ign ition! I' m disa ppoi n ted th at my favourite group have at th e festi val. refused Since my gra nd mother moved to anothe r tow n. I really miss ........ .. her every da y. Wha t time is the Presid ent expected at the ai rpo rt? Armed police threa ten ed the gu nme n If they did not release the hostages.

Look at th is list of verhs w h ich change their mean ing dependi ng on w hether they a re followed by a ge rund or in finiti ve. Matc h them to definitions a-j, sa yi ng whether th ey ta ke a geru nd or infinitive in each case.

Complete q uestions a-c, usi ng your a nswers from 1 a nd 2 above, th en discuss each question . a

p refer threa ten

pro mise risk continue love

followed by gerund or infi niti ve

a

c



de ny hope begin miss

followed by infinitive + to

d

Amanda's (strongly / fi ercely) jea lous of he r more success ful older sis ter. Kevin was (bitterly/tragically) dis appointed tha t he didn't ge t the job of his dr eam s. My reacher is (wa rmly/ passiona tely) interested in natural history - u nfor tuna tely I'm no t! Our neighbours were (keen ly/deep ly) grateful for our help wh en they were burgled. Ann adore s her new boyfriend. She 's (tot ally / rn ainly) de voted to him . I'm (absol utel y/ immensely) amazed to hear th e company is closing a fte r annou ncing record profits this year.

ltke fan cy deserve manage

follow ed by gerund

Complete se nte nces a-f with th e most suitab le adverb.

b

3

an excuse I wasn 't en joying myself so I and left. (did / pu t / made) The director promised my sister a part in the his word. film and he'd be tter not (undo / break f retu m ) the scats for th e th ea tre or sha ll Will you I? (order/ keep / book) We 're plan ning to a party to ce lebrate Tina 's good new s. (make/throw/ do) He a li e when th e po lice in terviewed him and now he's in big trouble. (told/said/ spoke) Th e first chapter of a book usually the scen£' for what hap pens later. (lays /puts/sets) . Everyo ne else was furio us w hen o ne man . the queue for tickets. (over took/ ju mped/missed) That film was so complicated - I did n't a clue wha t wa s go ing on! (follow /get / have) It's very ha rd to a living as an ac tor. (earn/ ger/gain)

GR p170-1 71

stop a b c d e

try

remember

regret

mean

do something to sec w ha t happens as a resu lt be so rry for so methi ng you' ve don e intend to do some thing not forget that so mething must be do ne sto p something you 've been do ing inv olve or require something

g be so rry about something you 're go ing to do h stop one thing to do something else no t forget someth ing whi ch has a lready happened se e if it's possible to d o so mething

5

Complete sentences a-h with one of the prepositions below and an appropriate gerund. on

at

fo r

to

of

in

a I'm not very keen b

c d

e

g h

7

when the sea is th is rough but I 'll come if you insist. Are yo u looking forward school and gett ing a job? In trying to take a s hortcu t across the fields, we only su cceeded completely lost. I apologise profusely you waiting in the cold for so lo ng. My classmates insisted me a birthday present even though I sa id I didn' t want one. If you carry about people behind thei r backs, YOU'll soon e nd u p with no frie nd s. I've never been ve ry good letters bu t I regularly telephone Illy grallllparcIlts ill Australi a. My brother is thinking abroad, m aybe as a tour guide.

Complete these se nte nce s with an object and an infinitive with or w it ho u t to a s appropriat e.

a When I was a child , my parents wouldn't let ,' . b Th e water in the resort wa s n ' t clean e no ugh to drink so our holid ay rep a dvise d .. . c I woke up suddenl y and th ought I h eard .. . d I know it may sound unreasonabl e but I'd rather . .. e I love sitt ing by th e lake wa tching . ..

For a-e use first a gerund a nd th en an in fin itive for m of the ve rb in brackets . an d complet e the sentences in two appropriat e wa ys. a I didn't rem e mber (invite) m y neighbour to my barbecue so .. . b 1 wish for once you 'd stop (think) about . . . c I like our ne ighbours, b ut I regret (say) tha t ... d My six -month-old nephew has just tried (eat) ... e ... meant (get) my ha ir cut.

6

8

9

Complete 1-13 with a n appropriate fo rm of th e verb in hold . I've always wante d

1 do some th ing reall y

adventurous so when, in my fi nal year at un iversity, I was invited

2 join a wildl ife expedi tion to the 3 think. I ju st said 'yes'! I looked forward to 4 explore t he forests and 5 discover a species new to dream t of science. I also ho ped 6 film a jaguar as th ese anima ls are of special interest to me. The tr ip woul d 7 struggle throu gh thick jungle and I mean knew we risked ...... .... 8 be bit ten by insects and snakes. My girl frrend was so worr ied about me that she t hreatened 9 burn my plane ti cket! In th e event, I managed 10 avoid any kind of 11 catch a di saster. I watched a giant snake mo nkey, but that was the nearest I came to any

Amazon, I didn 't sto p

danger. I really enjoyed

12 see such a huge variety of wildli fe and I wo ul d like 13 go back to the Amazon again one day, that' s for sure.

Cross out to where it is not needed with the infinitives in these sentences. a I don't think politicians should be a llowed to get awa y with the lies t hey tell. b If you let that boy to do whatever he wants, you' ll really live to reg ret it. c Adult s ca n rarely be made to do what they don't want to, bu t you can often make som eone to do something through persuasion . d That looks like a nasty cut - I' d advise you to get medical a tte ntion at o nce. e My parents hel pe d me to buy a small fla t in th e subur bs. You had be tter not to te ll anyone what we 've just been discuss ing . g It's just typical that when sorneone's wa tching you to do so meth ing, you make a right me ss of it.

Unit2

II

Listening 1

how to do it

Part 1 Note taking

Read the mforrnatron to get a general idea of the topic. Thmk about the kind of information needed for each gap. Complete the gapswith the exact words you hear. Write no more than two words Check your spelling.

Read this quote and discuss the questions b elow.

, We want to preserve our identity,history, land, language and values for our children. Our children our future - must understand our history so no one can say our culture is gone. If we do not preserve this, our lives won't belong to us any more. a

3

How does the quot e rela te to th e task in 2?

b Do yo u agree in genera l terms with these ideas?

d

a

recognise b con tr ib ute c represen t

2 0

Listen twice to a g u ide taking touri sts rou nd a museum in Washington DC dedicated to Na tive Am ericans. and complete the notes. The how to do it box will help you.

Write the no un fo r ms for verbs a - h from the recordi ng.

4

e f

require fo rm reveal

g

carve h provide

Do you know of an y unusual museums like the one in the record ing?

MUSEUM HISTORY Time spent planning: . . .. .. ........ .... .. .... . (1)

Name of 1993 official document: 'The (2) of the People '

OPENING CEREMONY Number of tribes present: •. .• •••. .• ••. ••••• ••••••• (31 .

including Pacific islanders

Instruments played during the procession : ..... ........ ....... ..... and (4)

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN Building materials: rep resent structu re sha ped by the location of building: points towards the

(5)

(6)

FACILITIES & ATTRACTIONS Mitsitam Cafe : name means

(7)

Chesapeake Museum Store: sells native art ists' work. e.g jewellery Forest walk: look ou t for the

II Unit2

in English (8) and

and

(9) trees

•

Spea ki ng 1

Part 2

2 Underline the key words in this ta sk . These pictures show different kinds of ceremoni es. I'd like you to com pare and cont rast two or three of these pictures, saying how the people taking part in the ceremonies might be feeling, a nd how memorab le these occasions might be for the m.'

Answer these qu esti o ns about pho tos 1-4. a Wha t are th e ceremonies show n? b Do ceremonies like these have anyth ing in com mon? c Which adj ectives migh t describe ho w th e people taking part feel?

3 0

Read the how to do It box below, then list en to someone doing the ta sk in 2 and a ns wer th ese questions. a

Which ad jecti ves does she use to describe the people's feelings? b What two mai n things does she do w rong?

how to do it Make sure you answer all parts of the task. Use a variety of words to show your range 01vocabulary. Remember to talk for a full minute.

4

Fill th e gaps in a -h with 1-8 below to form sentences about the photos. a b c d e f g h

It looks as if th ese peop le ar e in a degree ceremon y. The in this ceremony appear to be feeling very proud. This ceremon y is in .:l huge stad ium. I think the degree cerem on y wou ld be . than th e launching of the ship . You wou ld probably have las tin g of all these occasion s bu t for different rea sons. People occasions like these for the rest of their lives. Photos like these us of important eve nts in our lives. Some occasio ns in our lives are sim ply .

1 more memora ble 2 ta king pla ce 3 remember 4 me mories

5

5 6 7 8

remind unforge ttable taki ng part participants

In pairs, do the task in 2. The how to do it box and phrases below will help you.

•

Specu lati ng It looks like / Iooks as if it is ... It seems to be / app ears to be ... They might be / could be ... They probably/ perhaps/ may be ...

Unit2

fD

Engl ish in Use 1

2

Part 6 Gapped text

how to do it Read the text once for general meaning. rgnoring the gaps

When do young people 'come of age' in your country? How do you cele bra te th is event?

Fill the easiest gaps first number of optrons.

Read the text qui ckl y and answer these questio ns.

Try the three extra option s aga in gap.

a Who are the Xicrin ? b Who takes part in the ceremony?

3

Read the text again a nd fill ga ps 1- 6 with six of cla uses A-J . The how to doIt an d ti p boxes will he lp you. A B C D E F G H

which tell of the tribe's history which is distinctive and pulsating which the youn g men of the Xicrin tribe have to endure wh ich pursue them as they make the ir descent which they must climb up to reach their objective which help them recover from their ordeal which gives them protecti on which always results in stings I which mark the coming of age of the young men J which have managed to retain their traditional customs and rites

to reduce the In

each

Read the complete text agai n for grammar and overall sense.

4

Do you thi nk the Xlcrins ' traditions will survive? Why / Why not?

•

The underlined words III this text and In ( and E will help you find grammar and lexical links.

AN UNUS----COMING-OF-AGE CEREMONY

Grammar Relative clauses 1

GR p171 -172

Complete sentences a-j with clauses 1-10. may decide to enrol for our courses online, .. ..

by which time I had missed my favourite TV programme

a YOll

kept chickens in the garden.

b My gra ndfather, e Paris is a city d

.

2 all of which were worth a sma ll fortune 3 none of whom has ever studied another

The house was full of famous pai ntings, ....

e We ventured furth er afield to explore the remo te, uninhabi ted island s, ... . I eventually finished writing my essay at midnight, ... .

lang uage before 4

whe re we we nt climbing in the summer

5 abou t whic h very little is known

6 when everything seems to go wrong

g The popular foothi lls ... were often cut off in

7 whose love of the ou tdoo rs was his passion

winter. h Have you ever had o ne of those days .. . ?

8 whose art galleries are one of its biggest

i Give me one reason .. . .

9

Initially, you will be placed in a class of ten students, ... .

attractions in which case, the following instructions must be followed

10 why you don' t want to go out tonight

2 Complete sentences a-h with approp ria te relat ive pronouns and add prepositions where necessary. a Our new ma nag ing director, the staff had never met before. turn ed out to be a ve ry interesting ma n. b The famous yacht, is in a sorry- looking state.

Tim saw the wor ld,

c This celebrated wr iter, we have all heard so much recentl y, will be sign ing cop ies of his new hoo k in person . d We met the members of the committee, most ............ were rather elde rly.

e According to Thompson book 0 11 ancien t languages was published last week, the origins of our nati ve language are complicat ed . There are various reasons man y of today 's teenagers choose no t to go to university. g Scotland, a place I have spent many happy holidays, holds fond memories for me.

h It was one of those embarrassing occasions ..... ....... you wish the ground would swa llow you up.

Unit2

II

Writi ng 1

Part 2 A proposal

WG p162

Look a t the photos and answer questions a-c. a Which coun try is this? b Wha t di fferen t as pects of cu lture are shown? c Wh at else do you kn ow abou t this coun try's culture?

2

Read this exam task and a nswer q uestions a-c. You are on the planning committee representing your country for an int ernational cultural festival in London. Write a proposal for the festival organiser suggesting what should be included in the festival to represent the culture of your country and explaining why you think the aspects you have chosen would be of special interest.

Write your proposal in approximately 250 words. a Wh o is your target reader? b Wha t type of text sho uld you wri te? c Wha t two main point s sho uld you include in your a nswer?

3

Read the model answer and decide if statements a-g abou t proposals are true or false. a b c d

They begin in the same way as a letter. They focus on a future event. They are informal in register. They are divided into sections with clear headings. e They aim to inform and persuade the target reader. f They do not need an introdu ction or conclusion. g They give suggestions and/or recommendations.

4

List the different ways the wr iter sugges ts for showing his ideas, e.g. a live performance.

5

Which verb forms cannot be used in a-d? Read the proposal to check your answers and find other ways of making sugges tions. a I suggest we show/ to show /s/lOw/ showing a film about our nation al history. b It would be a good idea teach /teaching/to teach/that we teach people one of our local dances. c I recommend invite/to invite/ itunting riue invite one or two of our national celebrities to appear. d I propose putting on / pu t on /we pu t on /us to put on a special display for children.

6

Find phrases in the proposal which mean the same as a-e below. Why is each equivalent phrase in the model more sui tab le? a b c d e

7

Nobody else has a culture like theirs. a group of people from our past make our past seem more real Visitors would think the animals were great. Why don't we go for Kyli e Minogue?

Write your proposal. Plan your answer first by doing a-c. a Think of all the aspects of you r country that are culturally significant. b Choose the ones you could show at a festival, and decide how you would show them. r Decide on three main headings, and select the best items from your ideas in b). Remember to include a separate introduc tion and conclusion.

Introduction This proposal contains my suggestions for our country's contribution to the international festival in London. Our national history Aboriginals were the only inhabitants of Australia for thousands of years ann their culture is completely unique. Tourist are bound to be interested in this so I recommend beginning with a live performance of traditional dances and music. Visitors mi ght also enjoy a photographic display of their ancient cave and rock paintings and of Uluru, their sacred red rock. We could follow that with a procession of historic characters in costume, which should bringour history alive. Outdoor life Isuggest we show a video so people can appreciate how thrilling it is to surf and swim off our fabulou s beaches. Scuba diving and snorkelling are very popular too so I suggest having a display showing people doing these in the coral of the Great Barrier Reel. We could also have photos showing people trekking in the rainforest. Visitors would be amazed and captivated by the huge variety of wildlife to be found. As well as sports, we could include other aspects of outdoor life, such as eating outdoors. We could even have a foodtasting stall with samples from a typical Australian 'barbie',

Contemporary arts The Sydney Opera House is world famous and Iam sure visitors would enjoy a live performance by one of our celebrated opera singers. I propose we also ask singers from our thriving rock scene to contrib ute. Kylie Minogue, whose music isso well known , would be an obvious choice. Another aspect of the arts scene that wou ld definitely interest visitors is our film industry so we could show clips and stills from films featuring our most famou s actors, such as Russell Crowe and Nicole Kidman. Conclusion My proposal wou ld give visitors a real taste of Australian culture, past and present, and I hope it meets with your approval.

Review 1

range the wo rds in bold correct definitions a-e.

4 50

tha i they fll the

a Pa rad es are days or periods of ce lebration. b Trad itio ns are formal public occasions celebra ting a particular eve nt. c Ritu als a re puh lic processions. d Cere mo n ies are customs or be liefs ha nded down

2

Festiva ls are a prescribed order of performing riles.

Ch oose th e correc t words to co mp lete th e phras es in a-g. It was impossible no t to get swept up /down / in the excitement of the ca rniva l. b It's a new ly crea ted compa ny so still very muc h tol in /with /for its infa ncy. c The furnishings in the h otel were old-fashioned a nd not for/ of/ to/ by my taste. d He careful not 10 say anything critica l for/ wutiinrtowanisrooer earshot o f the event 's

a

OllC/OII

5

a One of the main mot iva tions in many people's lives is to e a livi ng (make money). h If you read the progra mme, you will find a paragraph .11 the beg inning whi ch s the scene (gives th e background) brilliant ly. c A first child can often be f (extremely) jealous w hen a younger sibling is born. d Ted's 1' (strongly) inte rested in a rchaeology. He 's been on h und red s o f digs . e I wo uld like to say how d (very) gratef ul I a m for all tha t you hav e don e. f On e thing politi cian s rarely ad mil to is b .. (goin g ba ck o n) their word. g We we re a (completel y) am azed to hear that Paula had won a for tune on th e lotte ry. h Would yo u be b (terribly) disappointed not 10 be offered th e job?

II UnitZ

b

At the entran ce to the museum , there is .111

Complete th e sente nces with a word co n nec ted with re me m be ring. Th e first letter of the word is given. Wh ich do you think is more m is you grow o lder - your childhood or you r tee nage years?

b Souvenirs cau bring back hap py m of special events. C The cha irman has asked to be r in good time abo ut the ann ual meeting. d My first day a t work was u [or a number of very int eresting reaso ns. e Please do n' t 1.. to ph on e your aun t. It' s her b irthd ay tomor row.

e Sam 's profr-sslona lism was ca lled into /at/ for/ un th question by his actions. After queuing for tickets for several ho urs in the rain, tempers wer e begi nn ing to get/behave/go / have ve ry frayed , g The vibra n t cultural life is one of the capital city's main [J ulls/draws/impacts/effecls. Co mp lete th e followiug se nte nces with a su ita ble verb or adverb to mat ch th e mean ing of th e words in brackets. Th e first letter of th e word is give n.

We would like to thank you [or you r inva luabl e ..... .. .. .. . (contribute) to the eve nt.

a

organisers .

3

a

imp ress ive wooden (carve) of a buffal o. c The (reveal) that someone had rubbed he r of her most treasured possession wa s devast ati ng . d You should let the airline know of any special d ieta ry (requi re) in advan ce. e After th e initial (fo rm) of the company, the business rapidly went from strength to strength. f Clearly confused, she looked at me with no sign of (recognise) on her face.

10 future generat ions.

e

Use the ve rbs in brackets in their correct fo rm to co m plete se nten ces a-I,

6

Nu m be r se n tences a - e in th e best orde r (1- 5) to form a proposal suggesting wh at 10 include in a n int ernat ion al exhibition a bo u t France. a To acco mpa ny th is, we could also have a small ga llery of pho togra phs show ing the ma ny isla nd s 0 [[ the Fre nch COolS!. .. b Another as pec t wou ld . o f co u rse, be a n exh ibition outlining th e co untry's histo ry. I am sure this would be pop ular with visito rs . c As well as show ing people the geog rap hy of Fran ce, it would be a n exce llen t idea to have a sec tion devo ted to traditional French cu isine, as well as a sec tion with exa mples o f trad ition al crafts .. tI My sugges tions wo uld give vis ito rs a tas te [or Fren ch cult ure a nd I ho pe they meet with your approval. , e I wou ld reco mme nd in itially showini a video a Fran ce 's impressive mounta ins ..

looking ahead

D II

II

-

Lead in Answer the se quest ions. a Look at the ph o tos a nd tal k a bo ut different situa tio ns in which peopl e ma ke pred ictio ns, b Wha t kin d o f jobs involve peo ple makin g predictions? c Who relies o n th e info rm ati o n provide d by th eir predic tions? d Wh,lt ca n happen if the pred ictions turn out to be inaccurate?

2 What cha nges are you likel y to see in

th e foll ow ing areas in your life time? The expressio ns in th e la nguage box below will help you .

• work

• tran sport

• holidays

• entertainment

Making predictions There's no likelihood of " , It's unlikely that . There's absolut ely no way that .. . As likely as not .. , There's a good cha nce that . .. The chances are that .. , ... seems inevitable. .. , is bound to .. , There's no doubt that .. ,

3

If you could find out a ny three things about the future. what would th ey be ?

Unit3

m

// / Parts 1 and 4 Mult iple matef1i ng

Reading

/

1

what do you thi nk the pictures show? How close to reality are these ideas?

Z

Read the text opposite once an d match -" hea dings 1-5 with sections A- E. / I 2 3 4 5

3

/

tip If there are no paragraph

En route / Holidays at hume? , The ultimate destinati on Making the most of your stay Pre-flight proced ures /

headings. writing your own brief summa ry or heading may help a, a

quick reminder of each paragraph', content,

/

Read the hO;vlo do II box, a nd the text agai n a nd say in whi ch section A- E eac h of 1-1 2 below is men tioned. The und erlin ed words in the text a nd 1- 5 will help you with those qu estions. / Exam ple

interests and baclq;ruun ds ( 1.43)

/

/

devices that can bring toget her like-minded peop le

I

an un affQLdab!E: sche me which ma y drop in price

2

replacing tradi tion al travel docum ent s with technology current ly in lise

3

a journey to a completely new destin a tion that may soo n becbme rout ine 4 technology which could simu late a pleasu rable experience / an impro vem ent in enter tai nmen t stan da rds

5

the ability to help travellers success fu lly reach thei r destination

7

exaggerated statements thaI will beco me reality

8

..

9

..

6

I

a secur ity system designed to reduce jou rney times

/

widespread use of devices that recogn ise speec h

10

a service that ca n be paid for by current ly non -conventl onal means

II

a large r version of a widespread travel experience

12

/

how to clo it

• • II •

/

Read the text for general meani ng. Highli ght key word, In the question,. Rea d the first section again, looki ng for th e key mformation in the questions expressed in a different way.

I

Underline the relevant text, write the question number next to it , and tick ol f the question; this reduce, what you need to read each time , Do the same wit h each section leaving the most dif ficult question, unti l tast.

4

/

Whi ch of the expe riences menti oned in Ihe text would you like to try? Wh y?

D: : : think " virtual holiday





much fun as

real onet

Voca bu la ry

GR p181-182

Ph rasa I verbs with u and down Complete a -e with phra sal verbs formed from th ese ve rb s plus up or down. break

set

put

bring

Grammar Future form s 1

. your rela tives for the night. b His in te ntion is to use the inherita nce to . his own business. c Protesters a re th rea te ning to the governmen t if their demands aren 't met. d Police the demonstra tion by firing tea r gas in to the crowd. e It was the tho ugh t of comm uting every day that made me the job offe r.

1 an appointment/defi nite arrangement a spo ntaneous decision 3 a timet a ble or travel plan 4 an ac tion co mpleted before anot her fu ture time 5 an ac tion happening for a con tinuous pe riod before a fu ture po in t 6 a personal pla n 7 an action tha i w ill be in progress at a certai n fu tu re time 2

Answe r th ese q uesti o n s about th e sen te nces in I. In which of a-e could you put the ob jec t of the phrasa l verb be tween the ve rb and th e pa rticle?

b 'tur n the objects of the p hrasa l verbs in a -e into pronouns. Then rephrase the sentences.

Example

2

a If you haven 't got enough. room, we can put them up (or the night, Replace th e underlin ed ve rbs in a - d w ith ne w ph ra sal ve rbs for med fro m th e ve rb s in 1 p lus up o r down. Example

It's best if yOIl don't raise the subject of Mark's resignation, as it's a rather sensitive ma tter.



.

Na m e the ve rb form s us ed to ex press the future in a-g, th en match the m with func tions 1-7. a Our trai n leaves at 4 o'clock to mo rrow mo rn ing. b I'm h aving my hair cu t tomorrow, c By this time nex t year, [' II already have left school and found a job. d I'm tired. I th in k I' ll go to bed. e I'll be lyin g on a beach this time nex t week. f We're goi ng to m ov e house nex t year. g By the end of this week, they'll have been travelli ng fo r a year,

turn

a If yo u haven' t got enough room, we can

a

GR p166-168

Cho ose th e co rre ct ve r b form s to comp lete th e d ia log ue. A: Have you h ea rd ? Anna a nd Mark (I) are going to get/will get married. S: Surely not ! Anna (2) will start/is u niversi ty next week.

starting

A: Well she must have changed her m ind. He r parents (3) are going/will go crazy when th ey

find a u t. H: You're no t joking! Are yo u abso lu te ly certain?

a

T he key witness co llapsed in tears under ques tio n in court.

A: Quite ce rta in. " II tell you w hat, (4) I'm going to/Fit ring her rig ht now a nd she ca n tell you herself. She (5) will /laue/is having some friends over for dinner tonight so she should be a t ho m e.

b

You shou ld n't have h u mili a ted your bro ther in front of his friends - no wonder he was upset.

B: Good ideal I ho pe it's no t just a rurno ur, I think (6) they'll make/they're making a per fect couple.

c

Could you inc rease the volume on the radio a bit I can hardly hear what the n ewsreaders saying,

d Students are expected to respect the college rules as wr itten in the o fficial ha ndbook.

Unit 3 /

3

Pili the ver bs in bracket s iruo ,111 a p pro pria te future form . •1

b

c

d e

Do yo u thin k most office wo rkers (work) from ho me by 2020 ? space touris m (beco me) wides pread withi n the next five years, in you r opinion? 1I0w likely is it that ord inary peopl e . (use) robot s 10 do domestic task s III their ho uses in the very near future ? Do you thin k sc ien tists (clo ne) a human bei ng by next year? Where do yo u think most peopl e in your country .......... (live) in SO years ' lime ; in rural or u rban area s?

7

a

My b rot her is planni ng to travel rou nd Europ e with his girlfriend next year, but now she 's change d her mi nd . b Th e cel ebrity w ho is 10 open th e new hos pital has pulled o ut .11 th e last minute, c She is about to la ke a mou thf ul of wine wh en s he noticed th e was p in her glass , d J hadn 't rea lised my mother-in -law will slay until the end of the month ,

B

in 3. Underline th e tim e co nj unc tions in a -c a nd ma tc h the ve rb forms wh icb follo w th em with 1- 3. We'll be go ing to (he beach as so o n as the rain has slopped . b When space flig hls become chea pe r, we 'll all

.1

want

(0

try them.

c News rep ort er s will be laking photos w hile th e President is s pea king. 1 emphasises the continuous natur e of the ac tion

2 emphas ises Ih.ll one action will be finis hed before a no ther begins 3 simp ly s tates a fact

6

Complete se nte nces a - e with yo ur o w n ideas a nd say whi ch te nses could follow th e time

conjunctions, a Make sure you phone me from the airport as

soon as .., b I' m sure yo u will be in a bett er mood o nce ... c I usua lly feel reall y tired after I ... d Do yo u thin k you' ll still enjoy clubbing hy the time ... e One of our ass ista nts will help you th e minu te .. .

Complete th e se nte nces in an appropriate W.l Y. a h c d

A Discuss your opi nio ns of the completed qu estions

5

Correct th e ten se er ro rs in a- d. Th ere may be more Ihan one possib le answer.

9

They were going to order dessert .. We were a bout to leave th e hou se .. If I had kn ow n my boss was going to ... J kn ew that my decis ion woul d .. .

Ask a pa rtn er o r partners about a- e. a Wh at th ey ' re do ing for a holid ay th is year. b Wh eth er the y ho pe to be living in the sa me place in five years ' time. c Wh eth er they think that so me thing significant will have happen ed to them by this time next year. d Wh ich film th ey th ink they'll see next. e Wha t th e next big purchase th ey're abo ut 10 make is.

Listening

Part3 Multiplechoice

4

What ca n b e done to preserve places lik e the ones in the photos for future generations?

A It will be designed to blend in wit h th e

landscape. B The new bu ild ing work will destroy the atmosphe re of the pla ce. C The idea has been welcomed by many local people. D It will restrict th e entrance of lar ge groups of tourists .

Read quickly through the questions, th en listen

l

tw ice to two co nserva tio nists, Bob and Carrie, talking about plans for the future of ancient monuments , and choose the best answer for 1-6. What does Bob say about buildlng a tourist

centre near ancient monumen ts like Stonehenge? A Facilities like thes e are essen tial for encouraging tourism . B It's difficu lt to find archi tec ts willing to take o n projects like these. C Finding the right design for centres like th ese is problematic. D The cost of building project s like these is incredibly high.

5

3

Bo b feels that Carrie's plan for Sto nehe nge would not be environmentally friendly. B would result in a huge loss of income. C might be popular with the authorities. o migh t lead to an increase in tourism .

In Bo b 's opinion. the Petra build ing proj ect will A prove to be too ambi tious. B go over budget.

C be ed uca tiona l. o make Pe tra even more beaut iful.

6

Acco rdi ng to Ca rrie. many people beli eve plac es like Stonehenge and Petra should A be visited by JS many people as possible .

B provi de a relaxing experience for tourists. C receive more publicity in the future. o be a llowed to keep their a ir of mys tery .

Z What sugges tion does Carrie make regardi ng Stonehenge? A Existing visitor facil ities should be updated. B The standing stones should be removed from the si te. C There s hould be a maximum number of visitors allowed. o The site should go back to how it looked in the past.

What comment does Carrie make a bout the planned redevelopment of Petra?

Match a-e with 1-5 to make phrases a bo u t th e future from the recording.

a b c d

on the inthe what lies yo u never know e in the long

1 in store

2



3 run 4 pipe line 5 what's Mound the corner

A

m

Unit3

Use some of the phrases in 3 to talk about thin gs yo u expect to happen in th e future where yo u live.

Speaki ng

Part 2

Talk about your a mbitions for th e future using some of the phra ses below.

Talking abou t the future I'm not really sure what , wouldn 't be surprised if

, doubt if ,'II .. .

. .

It's unl ikely that I'll . ..

, think I'll proba bly decide to ._

Put the se expressions into three groups : 'success ', 'failure' or ' ma king an effort'. a come up w ith so me thing original b lack th e talent to do something c have the de te rmina tion to do so mething d make it to th e top e beat the competition f make your mark g put your heart and so ul in to it h make (a lot of) sacrifices lack the ne cessar y am bition give it ever ything you've got Listen to the exam task and answer questions a-c.

a How many pictur es mu st Marisa talk abo ut? b Does it matter wh ich ones she cho oses? c Wha t two things mu st Ma risa say abo ut her pictures? React the how to do it box, then listen to how one candidate began the task in 3, and say how suitable their answer is and why.

how to do It Don't talk about more than two pictures.

If you don't talk about two pictures your partner won't be able to answer their follow-up question . Don't describe the pictures in detail; it should become clear which pictures you are referring tu. Usea range of structures and vocabulary.

Answer this follow -up task: 'Peter, I'd li ke you to listen carefully an d tel l us which two pictu res have not been described.'

tip Give a brief answer to the lollow-up task. You won 't lose marks if you aren 't sure

Listen aga in if necessary, then do the exam task in 3 in pairs.

which pictures haven't been described.

Unit 3

English in Use

Part1 Multiple-choicecloze

1I0w accurately Celli you tell sorneone 's age by looking at them? What else gives you clues to how old peopl e a re?

What do you think the difference is between you r 'ca lendar age ' and your ' biologica l age '? Read the text in 3 quickly to check. Read the

tip box

then complete gaps 1-15 with the best option (A. R. C. or D)..

lt might after all be true tha t you are o nly as old as you feel. A BritIsh chruc is 0 tests to calculate the 'real' biological age of patients tntorrnanon on every 2

new high-tech

....,..... on [he ir rate of phYSical deterioration

of a patients health, fitness, lifestyle and farruly medical history is

.. .... into a computer to work out w he ther they are older or younger than their calendar age suggests . The availability and inc reasing accu racy of the tests has 4

one leadIng British ge ron tologist to

call for biological age to be used to determine w hen workers should renre. He 5

that If an em ployees biological or 'rear age is shown, for example. to be 55 when he reaches his 6Sth birthday, he should be into 7

to work for another decade. Apparently most employers only take

a perso ns calendar yea rs, an d the two may differ cons roerab ly

Some of those prepared to pay substa ntia l 8 .. . .. of money for the exam inations WIll be able to smug ly walk away w ith medical o

Showing that th ey really are as young as they feel,

them the confidence to act and dr ess as if they were younger. Dr Lynette Yang. resident

doctor at [h e clinic where the tests are offe red claims that the t 1 .

.. of these tests will be to

motivate people to 2 ....... . th eir hea lth. The co ncept of 'real age' is set to become bIg 13 . . .. in the USA w ith books and websites helping people work out 4

their bo dy is older or

younger than th eir years. O thers firmly believe th at looks w ill always be the best IS .

0 A working up 1 A base d 2

A

3 A 4 A

5 A 6 A 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 .I

A

position supp lied projected debates encouraged interest

A add itio ns A

grounds

A giving

A desire A progress A trade A

w he ther

A

notice

Unit 3

B working off B decided B

I·)IU S (Jt'CI

B fed

B prodded B argues B supported B detail 13 sums 13 siglls B contribu ting B reason B improve B pursu it B unless B indicator

© carry ing out C arra nged C attitude C provided C provoked C discusses C incited C accou nt C scores C demons I ration C supplying C purpose C gain C business C in case C figure

0 0 0 0 0

0 D

0 0 0

0 0 0 D

0 0

.. .. of age

carrying through es tab lished

aspect planned prompted enquires promoted impa rla nce totals evide nce producing project increase concern so Ih.11 token

• slight differences in meaning between A-D. words that look similar bUI have different meanings. fixed phrases and expressions. dependent prepositions.

Try these tests to find your biological age. How accurate do you think they are?

Stand on your left leg, with your right leg bent behind at 45 degrees and hands on your hips. Close your eyes. Time how long it is before you lose your balance, Take the best score from three. biological age: seconds:

20

30 70+

40 60

SO 50

60 40

Hold a ruler out below your eye. Hold a business card at the end of the ruler, and slowly move it towardsyou until it blur". Measure the distance at which you can still read it. biological age. 10 30 centimetres:

40

10 20

SO 30

40

60 50

60

Get someone to hold a 45cl11 ruler above you r open dominant hand. Catch the ruler as quickly as possible when dropped . Measure where you catch it and take the average of three scores. biological age: 20-30

30-40

eentimetres:

15

5

10

20

40-SO 50-60

25

30

35

Vocabulary Expressions con nected with age 1

Match the expressions in italics in a-h with the meanings 1-8. a b c d e f g h 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2

My 90-yea r-old grandfather has only recently begun to feel his age. Th e children shouldn' t have acted so irresponsibly. They are old enough to knoiu better. Some people say that th e sec ret of staying young is to remain young at heart. The you th of today seem so differen t from when I was a youngster. My aunt may be 60 but she certain ly doesn't luuk her age. When I was a lad, a nyone over 40 seemed as old as the hills. Tim's on ly 14 but very mature. He has an old head on young shoulders. We should take every opportunity because we're not getting any younger. be matu re en ough to ac t in a more sensible way young people be more mature than is expected for someone so young grow ing older look as old as you rea lly are st ill feeling and behaving as you did when you were younger extremely old be p hysically aware of your real age

Discuss the followin g qu estions. a Do you have si milar expressions abou t age in your language? b Do you agree wi th the saying 'You' re never too old to learn'? Why/Why not?

Unit 3

Writi ng

Part 1 A formal letter we, p155

Read the writing task and input texts and say a what the Prin cipal is planning to do and w hy. b who you have to wr ite to.

You r student committee at an internat ional college has received a memo from the Principal. announcing future cuts to the transport facilities. Your committee is opposed to these and has carried out a survey. You have been asked to write a letter to the Principal, telling him the results of the survey, and that you will be opposing the cuts. Use the survey results, and the Principal's memo with your commen ts, to write you r letter.

To Fro m

SURVEY RESULTS

We asked students how often h the free buses or the sf d t ey use u ent cor pork . Th e results ore: • more than th ree lrmes . a week - 5801 of students 10 • two or fh ree tImes . a week - 31 01 f students

70

0

• once a week or less - 11 %of students

The Stu den t Commi tte e P Simpso n, Principal

Review of transport facilities

Wr, didn't



_

As you know. th e co llege has run into debt and has had ways to save mon ey in future .

to

co nsider various

Wrong - see our survei·

My co lleagues and I have been discussing the university transport facilities. In ou r view, these are under-used. It seems that only a sma ll num ber of stu dents use ; he stu dent ca r par k and th e free buses run half full In winter!

Not el10ugn 5paGe5?1

We have th erefore decided on so me immediate cha nges. Firstly, we intend the car pa rk availa ble to the general public; dur ing th e day, and to charge a fee. Students will also be reQuired to pay th ese pa rking charges. --- Not fair! We will also be terminating the free bus service. More bicycle stands will be provided to enco urage students to cycle to college. - - Dal1gerouf> Gi d il1 9 in e-iti!

No, we'll fi9nt it" -

I trust th e com mittee will support our decision.

Principal

2 Which of a- I wou ld be ap propria te for your leit er?

4

Wh.ll is wrong with th e others! Example Thke it from me, your idea of CUllillg our tra nsport

Exa mple

facillries is right oW of order. (Too informal - rather aggressive) " May I draw your attention to the results of our recent sur vey.

b Yours since rely c If you let ou tside rs use the car par k, how on earth a rt' we going to find spaces? d I have to inform you that afte r careful conside ration we ha ve decided 10 oppose these drastic measures. e Hi Mr Simpson f For a start. wh at yo u say abo ut stude nts not using the bu ses is jus t plain wrong. g I am writing on beha lf of the stude nt rornmutee in response to your recent mem o regardin g

financial cutbac ks at the college. h It's crazy expec ting us to cycle to college when the traffic's so awful. How a re we supposed to pay lor pa rking!

3

Rewrite a-g in a mor e for mal style. Example in debl - ill [inancial difficulries

a the buses a re half empty b we've just done a survey c

what yo u say is wro ng

d e I g

lite cha nges you wa nt we ca n 't agree 10 this

10

bring in

List th e p oints from the Prin cipal's mem o 10 include in your an swer 10 the exa m task . Add co mme nts in your own word s, and include information from th e survey wh ere relevan t.

college is ill debt - we were ullaware ...

5

Use some of these lin king word s to joi n your notes from 4 into sentences.

•

6

however neverth eless although in spite of/ desp ite beca use (00 • Make a plan of four paragraphs for the exa m task. Decid e wh ere th e

tip You will generally need to wnte fouror hveparagraphslor a letter. Marethan hve pa ragraphs will make some too short.

sentences in 2 shou ld go.

Use th e how io do It box to help you write your leiter.

how to do II •

• • •

Read the task ca refullv Read all the input information . then read the task again.

Make notes for all the pomts yo u must include. Decide on the correct format andorg..anise you r notes accordingly. Check that yuu hd ve cuvere d e ver 'I thing in the task and input i nforrnatrcn

Write your answer In your own words in the appropriate register.

it's so un fair iI' S too dear for stu den ts

.,, I,ll ', ,." .t"

,lI'

..

.

,"ll

,

,

,.ll

.,.,

".,

IItl

II tl

A'"

" ."

..

,"" ,,...-."., "" . .... P'

.' \

OJ

'•'A;<__ I

=

Review 1

4

a

Correct th e mista kes with th e phrasal verbs in a-g. a

b c d

e I g

On hea ring the sad news, Sally broke up ann we pt. II's an imer natloual organisation helping those in cr isis, and was set off last century. Ii you get more guests than you bargained for, we have plenty of space, so can easily put up some. Who finally put up the subject of money during the negotia tions? U's extremely unprofessional 10 turn so meone d own in fr ont of their colleagues. The rules and regu la tio ns for the procedure are set up in this document. Onl y a fter several shops had been robbed did the auth criti cs brea k dow n the riot.

b

c d e

f

5

Following a spell of poor weather, forecasters say tha t high tem peratures are just corner, b Although I've a pp lied for a nu mber of johs, I have noth ing definit e pipe line ye t. c Initiall y, this may seem an expensive investment, hut run, it will prove good value for money. d If we'd known wha t ........ .. store for us that day, we would never have gone on the excu rsion . e Eve ryo ne hopes it won 't h ap pen , b ut u's ...... .... cards that the fac tory wi ll close.

Despite putt ing it every th ing we 'd.gol, we still

lost yes terday's match, b Only by analysing their s tre ng ths and weaknesses can we hope to knock the competition. c II seems tha t nowadays you need very lill ie talent 10 do you r ma rk in life. d After years w ithout s uccess, Jo hn fina lly accepted that he wan ted the tale n! 10 become a st.". e Few celebrities rea lise the pressures involved in gelling it 10 the top. You cou ld see from the children's faces tha t the}' WNe pu tt ing th e ir he., d a nd SQu l into th e pe rformance. g At the end of the day, I was n' t prepa red 10 =te the sacrifices needed in my personal life for the sake of my job. h To be a successful inventor, yo u 've gal to l:Q.I.!ll: l.!jl,1Q so me thi ng or igina l a t the right time.

m

Unit 3

Circle the correct word in sentences a - g. We sho uld make th e most of life because non e of us are coming/going/gelling a ny younger. b Some people stay young at head/sou l/heart all their lives. c For many people, it isn' t until Ihey hit retiremen t tha t they begin 10 th e ir age. d Sa m h." a lways had an old hea d o n yo ung

a

•1

Ou r marketing strategy is decided/base! un a tried and tested system. Many senior citizens ha ve cuu tucted us to enquire/discuss ..ibout the new lax. We a lways take all interest/accollllC in a prospective employee's ambitions. In sum/addition 10 government grams, private finance has funded this project Campa igners agatnst rhe international arms trade / concern have presented a petiti on. We ca n 't help YQU unless/so /llat you are prepared 10 confess 10 the robbery.

a

Write the missing words in the phrases in a -e.

Co rrec t an y mistakes in th e underlined expressions ill a-Ir.

Choose th e correct word to complete se ntences a -I.



e What ou trageous be haviour! You're old enough 10 know well/ueller/uesr. f 1I's amazing how some elderly Iamou s people don' t seem/tookrslun» thei r aget g Tee nagers consider anyo ne over 30 10 be as o ld as the ualleys/nuers/llills.

6

Use a-g 10 complete part of a letter about the results of a survey. a I th erefore recommend b in your view

c I (ru st d in a ddi tion

e in your survey f firstly g th e res ult s show

........ ....... 1, you asked students how often they use the vending machines in the college. Apparently .. 2 that they are used by most students only about once a week 3, these machines were grossly under-used, While I agree with the results 01 the survey, I would be reluctant to see all the vending mac hines disappear. .. .... ...... 4 making the lollowing changes. .... . 5, it Id be advisable to relocate the ....·o·s..p· 'opula r g machines nearer to the cal III f coht ere they would be seen hy everylin 6, those mach ines which a.re hard ed should be removed !rom the IJ1R etelv 7 you will take I o consideration

II

II

Into the wild

Lead in 1

2

For ea ch part of the bod y below, name two creatures which have th em .

mane

scale

heak

hide

flipper

antenna

hoof

tus k

fin

claw

horn

paw

win g

she ll

Name a c rea tu re which :

a b r d

is general ly feared. might be found rep ulsive. has human characteristics. is though t of as man 's frien d.

3 Say which creatures are described

c has s inister associa tions. f is exotic . g is en dangered .

in a -d and expl ain

the words in italics. a Most members of th is species are very agile climbers and swing through tne trees .11 great sp eed . They are highly sociable and spend hou rs gnxnning each other. II They're intelligent, playful creatures with fins bul no sca les. and are a favouri te w ith sailors. c They' re 1,,11 . extremely gmcelu! animals wi th long necks an d very small horns.

d They're [ierce hunt ers with large p,1\VS. They stalk their prey a nd can run faster than ,1 11 the othe r big cats,

4

Write brief desc riptions uf three more wild animals and see if a part ner ca n guess what they are.

II

Read ing

Pa rt 2 Ga pped text

1

Do you know any st or ies. real or fictional. in which an imals help h umans ?

2

Quickly read th e main text and summarise what it says about the relationship between humans and dolphins.

3

Look at lines 1-8 and lines 9-12 . Which of il -C below is most likely to summarise the first missing paragraph? Match a-c with paragraphs from A-G. a other similar incident s a bo ut do lphins b a th eory of a nima l behavio ur c wha t led up to this situa tio n

4

5

Complete the text with the remaining paragraphs. using the highlighted words and the tip box to help you find links. There is one extra paragraph. Say how the clues helped you match the paragraphs. Example

The word d ram a in paragraph G su m marises the events of the first paragraph.

6

Do you agree that humans are purely motivated by self-interest? Can you think of any examples of people acting unselfishly?



.

-

I



;1





-

\ As t he dolphin hurtled throug h th e wat er straight at him, Rob Howes. a bur ly 38 year -old lifeguard . wondered if he was about to be kill ed. A stone's th row fr om him across th e choppy ocean wat er s, his 15·year -old daughter Niccy and her fri end Karin a were 5 t er r ifi ed. The gir ls had been sur ro unded by six highly agit ated dolphins and wer e being held hostage in a maelstrom of flashing fins and swer ving bodies. The seventh dolphin was charg ing Howes, seemingly int ent on dri ving him back t o the ot her capt ives

1 10

Believing the advancing dolphin was going t o ra m him fr om beneath, Howes turned to rus r ight In antrcrpauon of wher e It was gOing to sur face. But as he tur ned, what he saw In the water was not a dolphin , but something much wor se - a great whit e shar k

2 So were th e dolphms r eally t rying t o prot ect their human 'host ages' ? It Isn't t he first ti me these creat ures have appar entl y 15 saved humans fr om disaste r . Greek mythology te lls how Arran, a rnusic tan, was camcd t o land on th e backs of dol phins afte r sailors had t hr own him from th eir ship The fact tha t th e myth centres on dolptun s indicates tha t. even the n, humans believed this species to be br ighter and possibl y kinder tha n other beasts

3 20

25

The near -fatal atta ck was witn essed by diver Matt Fleet. He and his cr ew wer e anchor ed nearby when he saw th e dolphin s Cir cling He grabbed his camer a and ju mped int o the wat er. hoping to get some pictu r es But the fir st thmg he saw as he sur faced was not a dolph in but the verti cal fin of il grp.ilt whit e Had It not been for tus boat's underwater r escue team . he t oo might have come under attack

4

30

Such questions are extr emely diffi cult for scientists to answer In fact. biologists have argued for years over whether even humans are capable of altruism - many believing that every apparen tly kind act has some self-intere st behind It.

• II

lexical links, e.g. nouns and pronouns. time references, e.g. earlier, later. the order of events in the story.

m

Unit4

5 According to these SCientists, all the apparently benevolent acts seen In nature - wolves sharing their kill with the rest of the pack, adult birds risking their lives to protect their young against predatory hawks, and primates teedmg the offspring of others In 35 their group - are explained by the idea of kinship . The theory IS that kindness IS offered only to relatives of the same species who carry many of the same genes as the giver. By helping them, it IS suggested, the seemingly unselfish giver IS Improving the chances of rus or her own genes survivmg.

Whatever the answer , t hese cre at ure s have little r eason to be "",kful to humans; th ousands ar e kill ed each year by tuna fishermen uSing dnft net s And Howes IS slllluncertain whethe r t wo Iph,ns found slaught ered by poachers near Whangarel harbour re members of t he gr oup t hat saved him The t hought leaves him iltraughl 'This is how we r epay th em for th eir help,' he says 'I'd to give the men re sponsible a taste of their own medi cin e '

may explain altru ism Within species but why should dolphms humans, as in the Whangare, mcrdsnt? Were they tollowrng an et hical code' Or had they Simply rrustaken the human sw immers for other dolphins'

65

modern version of this debate has ItS ongrns in the 1975 calion of Edward 0 Wils on's book SociobIOlogy and, a year ler. of Richard Dawkms's The Selfish Gene Wilson bel ieved

al and human behaviour IS rooted entirely in OUf genes. wk.ns described human and arurnal s as 'lumbering robots ', hose minds and bodies ar e entirely controlled by selfish genes.

I dents t hat wi tn essed by f leet prove t hat dolphms Iyare the good guys of the deep, always ready to extend a pper to humans In distress' And If they are genuinely altruistic , at makes them that way?

h hef would appear to be Justified by other. real ·life events 996 Martin Richardson, a 29-year·old t r aveller , was mauled by a ri< while swimmmg In the Red Sea He credited bottlenose InsWith chasing away th e predat or as It closed In for the kil l

Howes had often spotted these fearsome predators In the course of ms work, but th is was one of the biggest he had ever seen Had the dolphin not Intentionally diverted th e shar k With ItS charg e, he contends, he would almost inevitably have been attacked and killed

70

It could be that t hey mistook the shape of a human In t he water for a Sick dolphin The dolphin sonar system can creat e a threedimensional picture of any ltvlng object and the arr spaces.

internal organs, and other human features may have looked very Similar to those of a dolphin

drama had started some mmutes earlier Howes and the girls 75 were SWimming In Whangarel harbour, off New Zealand 's North Island They had been diVing from rocks , and were swimrmng across open water when the group of dulphms appeared and started herdmg them up, crrclmg t ightly I hrs IS very unusual behaviour for dotphms, which normally show lillie aggression to 80 humans

Vocabulary

Grammar

Expressions with animals

Past tenses

1

Name the tenses in italics in a- i.

Complete se nte nc es a-f with one of these animals to for m a n appropriate ex pression . dog's

cat

snake

donkey

fish

a

wha le

b

a

Although we didn't think we'd enjoy ourselves, we ended lip having a of a time. b I can't believe I did my homework so badly - I made a real dinn r of it! c Next week 's party was meant to be a surprise but Sonya's just let the ou t of th e bag. d Tom had always lived in the country an d felt like a ou t of water in the city. e My last boss was a rea l in the g rass you cou ldn' t trust a word he said. f When we decora ted our house, my husband helped me choose the pa int but le ft me to do the ... ... .... work.

2

e f g h

2

b c d e

3

c d

Complete se nte nces a-e appropriatel y to illu strate the meaning of the expression. a

Answer these questions. When was the last time you were in the doghouse? What had yo u do ne wro ng? b em you remember the last time you felt like a fish out of wa ter? How did you cope? c Do brides -to-be in your co un try usually have a hen part y? What do they do? d Have you ever let the cat out of the bag abou t something im porta nt? Wha t were the consequences?

Look again at the ve rbs in 1 a nd complete th e grammar description below.

3

Put the verbs in bra ck ets in a-g into the pa st simple or pr esent perfect simple. Identify any tim e expressio ns or other clues that help. a b c d e f g

m

Unit4

After the footba ll match. we went to a bar. had a few drinks and celebrated our win . By the time the fitness trainer finally turned up. we luul been wa iting for ha lf an hour. So you've been on the Atkins diet? lI ow was it? Inspector Lomas looked out the w indow. It was snowing and th e streets were becoming icy. Kare n's put 011 a lot of weigh t recen tly. Th at' s th e best film I've seen in a long time. As the skier was racing downh ill. his ski hi! a stone an d threw him off balance. Heavy fog de layed us and by the time we reached the airport, ou r plane had taken of]. Farmers have been campaigning for more support from the govern ment for years.

a for a series of separate past events b : for events in the recent past, which a re 1I0t co mpleted. or connect to the present. c '" : for lin event that finished b efore anot he r pas! eve nt or time. d : for a continuous past action tha t finished be fore anothe r past even! or time. e : for a n int errupt ed past event or a backgrou nd event. f : for the firs t. second, etc. time we do so me thing, an d w ith superlat ives .

I wish you'd Slap rabbi ting on about football you know I ... . I've got bu tterflies in my stomach because this time tomorrow, I .. . . Brian usually eats like a ho rse bu t ... . Poo r David's going 10 be in the doghouse. He's just . . . . If Ja ne 's hav ing a hen party, it must mean ....

a

GR p165-1 66

I (st udy) in Pa ris for six years unti l my parents moved to Rome. This isn 't the firs t time I (taste) shark meat. As a ch ild. I (excel) at sports. Ou ch ! I (tw ist) my ankle. It was a long time before I (dare) te ll my parent s I had a to ngu e stud . I (resist) ea ting a single piece of chocolate for th e past six weeks. Man y of the p lays that Shakespeare (produce) have been made into films.

4

Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or continuous.

8

Mos t of us 1 see gorillas o n TV but few people 2 ever/observe o ne in th e wild . ( .. ........ 3 be fasci nated by th ese creatures si nce r .... ...... 4 be a child . So imagi ne my del ight when, a few weeks ago, ( 5 get the

a He .... ... ... (play) for the national football team three times so far this season. b ( ...... .... (work) on the compu ter si nce 8 a.m. but I'm going to have a break in a minute. c So far ( .......... (phone) Jim five times this morning but I haven't managed to catch him yet. d If you ..... .... . (read) the book I lent you. can ( can have it back now? e Opera singer Pa va roui .... ...... (travel) round the country all summer giving performances.

cha nce to go to Rwa nda to track w ild mountain gori llas. Th e tri p was no t w ithou t danger. An armed so ld ie r 6 accompany us to scare off the buffalo which 7 attack a previous group. Our gu ide 8 cut J pat h through th e u nd ergrow th and we 9 follow. W hen we 10 find w hat looked like claw marks

5 Write two sentences about

yourself for eac h of a -c. using the present perfect simple. present perfect continuou s, or the past simple, as appropriate.

in some trees. we realised that gorillas .. ... ..... 11 feed th ere recent ly. Suddenly, we ... .. .. ... 12 catch sight of th e m - a w ho le famil y 13 sit in the SUIl of go rillas ! T he ad u lts watching the youngsters. who 14 play in

a challenging things at work or school Example

I've been working on a fascinating project. ] I gave an important presentation last week.

IS stare at the trees. One of the adu lts me 16 scratcii his head, a nd 17 yawn. For m e, it was love a t firs t sigh t!

b disappoin ting/exciting experiences

c free tim e ac tivit ies

6 Explain how

the sentences in each pair below differ in meaning. 1a A policeman arrested the mo torist because he was breaking the law. b A policeman stopped the moto rist because he had been breaking the law. 2a Most students were taking their exa m when th e fire be ll rang. b Most students had taken their exa m when the fire bell rang.

1 Correct

Put th e verbs in italics (1- 17) into the correct form .

9

Using your imagination, make up a story about the even ts that led u p to th is scene, using a variety of te nses.

any errors with tenses in these sentences.

a 1 knew she had cried because her eyes were red and puffy. b Last week they were killing a great white s hark which had been menacing swimmers for weeks. c I was washi ng my car and my Ilatrn ate repaired his motorbike when our landlord turned up. d As our p lane had been landing, one of th e engines ca ught fire a nd we h ad to ma ke an emergency la nd ing. e When ( last saw Bill he sat on the river bank, throwing stones into the water. f The reason the DVD player wou ld n't work was because yo u weren't p luggi ng it in!

Unit4

m

Listen ing

Spea ki ng

Part 2 Sentence completion

1 0

1

Look at th e pictures, then listen an d complete th is Pa rt 3 task.

Discuss w ha t wildlife pho tograp hers do a nd what skills or training they might need .

'Imagine you are writing a 1 about the 2 in 3. Here are importance of some pictures you are consi dering using to illustrate 4 the the article. Talk to each other about 5 in these 6, animals are to the then choose 7 pictures which you think 8 the article.' would

2 0

Yo u w ill hear Clare Martin talk abo ut wildlife ph otography. Read th e how to do it box, listen onc e and correct the wrong answers given for 1-8.

Wild about ani

als!

Clare has just returned from an assignment in Afril.o Most of her correspondence comes from

... 2

Earning a living as a wildlife photographer isn't easy because of the many .. ...3 operating in the field. The bird photographer Arthur Morris was originally J 4 by profession. One university in Britain offers a degree in ......... 5 Imaging. Clare suggests working as a travel guide or ... 6 to establish yourself. You need to bring in to cover your expenses.

7

. creative 5ubiu Sh e recammends st udving w t5 .8 if you want to become a full-time photographer.

how todo it

• •

Use the sentence context and structure as clues to the answers. uon't be too quick to put an answer; it may be a distractor. You usually only need to write one or two words. You only listen once, so if you miss an answer, guess it and concentrate on the next one. Check your answers for spelling, gram mar and sense.

II Unit4

Part 3

2

Talk a bout the pictures by completing the gaps in a-e with 1- 5 and finishin g the sentences appropriately. I compa nionsh ip 2 independence 3 responsibility

4 5

en tertainment resource

for the police. They a Horses are a valuable can be use d ... b Th e old couple probably like having a cat for . .... ... .. . I exprcl (hey ... c Having a pet like a ha mster when YOII 're young gives you a sense of The an imal relies on you ... d If you're blind or pa rtially sighted, a guide dog can be vital for your Withou t one . e These fish are a form of They attract visitors becau se .. .

3 0

Read the howto do it box, then listen to two stude nts do the task in 1 and an swer these questions. a What initial mistake does the female student make? b What does the male st ude nt do right? c Wh at does he do wrong?

how to doit

Answer all parts of the question. Give reasonsfor your ideas to show your range of language. Encourage your partner to speak. Make negative comments and disagree politely with your partner, if you wish.

4

0 0 the task in 1 in pai rs, us ing the phrases

below to help you.

Inviting your partner to speak Do/ Don't you th ink th is one ... ? Personall y, I (don't) think this one .. .. What about you? I thi nk .. . , don't you? Would(n't) you agree th at . .. ? What do you think about this one? How about you, what would you say? How do you feel about th is one?

Unit4

iii

Eng(\sh in Use Part 2 Open cloze

1

Look at these pictures of imaginary creatures and discuss which real creatures th ey resemble.

2

Read texts A-D, ignoring the gaps, and match them with the pictures and these names. The Toraton

Th e Ocea n Flish Th e Megasquid

Snows talke r

a

This fearsome creature will be one 1

the

most ferocious predators of the next Ice Age. In order to adapt to the blizzards that WIll bury northern Europe 2

several metres of ice. it

will have a thick coat, and sturdy legs with large flat paws. It will travel 3

miles in pursuit of

its prey - sheep-size rodents called 'shagrats'.

b

This amazing creature will be like no other . Heavier than an elephant and almost as large, it will push its way 4

the dense forest on eight tree

trunk-size legs. It will walk 5

elongating each

of its legs in turn, and then compressing them again. This will be the largest animal ever to walk the planet but will evolve 6

something as small

as the humble tortoise. Grazing on more than half a ton of vegetation every day, it will be 7

.

home in the huge swamps formed when the east coast of Africa collides 8

the south coast of

Asia. These massive creatures won't have many predators to fear .

d

These creatures. so called because they can fly and swim , Will replace the birdlife which will previously have been wiped 9

They Will develop from

cod-like creatures and grow elongated fins that serve as wings . enabling them to make their escape from predators in the sea 10 safety of the birdless sky.

II Unit4

the

3

Read texts A-D again and complete gaps 1-10 with these prepositions a nd particles. with for through by

ou t of

into from

under at

4

6 Wh ich prep osit ion is m issing here? 7 Wh a t ca n co llocate wi th as to mea n like or

Read th e text below to find out more abou t th ese creatures, and co m plete ga ps 1-15 with on e word each . These qu estions will help you w ith 1-10. What does the verb he around mean here? Wha t tense sho uld it be in? 2 Whic h word ca n collocate wi th to mea ning in their opinion? 3 Whic h word is m issing fro m this co nd itional

sen tence] 4 Whic h ph rasa l ver b w ith finish mea ns £0 destroy or to end? 5 What co lloca tes here to mean helped by?

sim ilar to?

8 What can collocate with of to mea n fro m? 9 Wha t can collo cate here to mea n plenty of? 10 What collocates with look to mean resem ble?

5

Use you r imagination to think of other cr eatures which might evolve in th e future, taking characteristics from two or more of th ese creatures. ka nga roo gira ffe

leop a rd s hark

eag le chameleon

s na il swan

OUt Of thiS WOrld? We humans pride ourselves on 0 .. the masters of the. earth, but modern man 1 only been around for 200.000 years of the planet's four-and -a-half billion year history. And 2 to many scientists, the longour tendency to term outlook for us isn't rosy. 3 , then get rid of each other doesn't finish us 4 our propensi ty for destroying the environment could . So what might replace the human race? Here, 5 .. the aid of the latest computer graphi cs, are some 6 the fantastic creatures that experts believe could emerge as our inheritors. Crea tures 7 as these might look like something 8 of a sciencefiction film, but experts cla im that there are 9 .. than enough clues to predict what future inhabitants of the earth might look 10 We know the continents are movingand that the Atlantic is widening 11 abou t the rate our fingernails grow. So with the right computer modelling, we can calculate 12 the continents will end up. Ecologists ca n then pred ict what habitats might exist, and 13 types of animals that might live in them. The good news is that this species upheaval 14 about three million years away, so there is 15 need for us to lose sleep over it just yet!

Unit4

m

Writi ng 1

Part 2 A leaflet

WG p1 56

Name the animals in the pictures. Say whi ch of them live in the wild in your country and what else you know about them . Talk about : • their hab itat • what they eat • their characteristics and behaviour.

2

Underline the key points in this exam lask . 1\vo have been done for you. An international environmental group has asked you tn wri te an informatio n leafl et of about 250 words on one wild animal found in your country that visitors might be interested to see. You should include details about the animal a nd advice on how to observe it in the wild.

3

Read the model leaflet and a nswe r a- c. a Why is the leaflet in two sections? b What different kinds of information are given abo ut the otter in the fi rst section, e.g. size? c What does the second section say abo ut whe n. where and how to see an oller?

GENERAL INFORMATION

Otters are mammals found in ma n y coun tries a ro u nd th e wo rld lncludlng Britain . These at tractive creatures live nca r rivers o r by the sea a nd a re perfectl y adapted for life in th e wa ter, ha ving wa ter proof fur and a strea mlined body. They live o n a d iet of fIsh a nd a re particu larly fond o f salmon, eels a nd she llfish . As well as being skilful swimmers, th ey arc pl ayful creatures a nd love ro lling and tum bling in the water. Their homes a rc mad e from piles o f bran ches, often by the root s of a tree. Otters are so litary creatures and it is rar e to sec a ma le a nd fema le toget her, Ho weve r, cu bs slay with their mothers for abou t a yea r before they lea ve to fend for themselves. OBSERVING OTIERS

Ca tch ing sigh t o f a n o tter in the wild is q uite a cha lle nge as they a re rather secretive a nima ls. Those that live by rivers a re mostl y noct urnal, whi ch makes it ver y diffi cu lt to see them. Those that live by the sea, on the o ther hand, ofte n ven ture ou t du rin g daylight hours, and can be see n h unting in poo ls alo ng th e rocky shore. Th e best place to see a n o tte r in Brit ain is on the west coast of Scot la nd. Set o u t ea rly one morn ing and dr ive slo wly alo ng the coastline un til yo u find a likely spo t. The n sit quietly o n the beach som ewhe re where they can not de tect your sce n t. If yo u are for tunat e, yo u will be rewarded with a sigh t of th ese fascinating crea tures.

mUnit4

4

How does th e w riter rephrase th e following informat ion to avoid start ing each sentence in th e same way?

6

a It is extr emely difficult 10 find an eagle's nest. ..... ..... is extre me ly d ifficult. b Giraffes a re eas ily spa LIed because of their height. .. spo t giraffes because of their heigh t. c It is an a maz ing expe rience to see a lion a t close qu arters. ..... .... . is an am az ing expe rience . d It will alert an imals to your presence if you wear bright colou rs. . will alert animals to you r presence.

a Otters are attractive crea tures that live nea r rivers. b Olters are skilful swimme rs. c Otters live in piles of b ranc hes. o Otters are quite di fficu lt to see. e Otte rs that live by rive rs are nocturnal. f Otters in Britain a re best see n on th e west coast of Scotland. Sentences a- g are too informal for an information leaflet. Rewrite them in a more formal style as show n. then compa re yo ur answ ers with the leafl et . a Otters a re rea lly at hom e in water. Otters are perfectly for life in th e wa ter. b They eat fish. They live diet of fish. c They really like eels. They are particularly of ee ls. d They like playing. They are crea tures. e They like being by th emselves. They are crea tures. Th ey don't like being watch ed . ani ma ls. They are g They mai nly come out a t night. They are mostl y .

Rewrite sentences a-d to keep the same meanin g.

7

Choose a n animal you could base the exa m task on. Mak e notes and use th e information in thi s section to help you write your leafl et . Rem ember to: • • • •

include one para gra ph about the ani mal write a separa te paragraph on how to observe it keep your language fairly forma l vary your sentence structure.

tip You do not need to

write an Introduction or conclusion for a

Unit4

II

Review 1

Ma tc h the parts of the body in 1- 12 wi th creatures

a-I, a b c d

2

fish bu ll eagle lion

I 2 3 4

e tortoise

5

f

6

do lp hin

flipper hide beak shell w ing claw

4

scale 8 hoof 9 fin 10 horn \I mane 12 paw

I Co mp le te gaps 1- 8 in th ese ne wspa per ex trac ts usi ng s u ita b le prepositio ns o r particles.

7

it is a widely held theo ry that the din osaur s were wip ed __ . I by a giant me teo r whic h collided .___ __ _ 2 the ear th. It is possible, however, that there is anot her explan ation fo r wh at finis hed 3 the di nos aurs.

Complete th e dia log ues in 1-5 wit h s ui tab le

•

ph rases based rabbit

U II

these animals.

butterfly

dog

hen

Some 4 the m ost adapta b le creatu res on earth can survive in extremely inh o spit able p laces. f O T exa m ple, the came l is so .... .. .. .. 5 ho m e in th e desert that it can journey 6 mil es wit hout water,

horse

A Are yo u going go o u t 10 celebrate w ith your girlfriends before the weddi ng? B Yes, my bridesmaid's orga n isi ng a for me.

2

3

A I can't believe I forgot 10 go to that meeting this morning. B You 'll be for th e rest of the week the n !

4

A Do you fancy wat ching th e new cha t show on tel evisi o n to night? B No way. I can't sta nd programmes with socalled ' ce leb rities ' . ... about themselves.

5

3

A l low did yo n feel about pe rforming in fro nt of s uc h a la rge a ud ience? B I ha ve 10 co nfess I in my s tomac h jus t thinking about iI !

A Do yo u think I' ve bought enough food to go round a t the barbecue? II Ho weve r much you buy it wil l gel ea ten everyone we know eats .

Circ le the co rrect a n im a ls to comple te th e phrases in a-e. T he ageing president felt like d [isli/whule OUI o f wate r when he atte nded the m us ic awards . b I d o n 't mi nd d oi ng all the goat/donkey work as lo ng as I gel paid for il. c We had a IJIlcc er{l y/ wllole of a lim e on the last ni ght o f the sa les conference la st yea r. d I once tried my ha nd at pa inting bu r the res u lt wa s a real eat's/ dog's d inner. e T he co ntroversia l new tra ffic sche me was su ppo se d 10 be kept un der wraps, bu l so meone let the rat/ra t ou t o f th e bag. a

II Unit4

Accordin g 7 expe rts . the pace at wh ich globa l warmin g is developing might be more se rious th an we thought. It see ms that the wor ld is warming up 8 an alarm ing rat e.

5

Row, ite this paragrap h in a mo re forma l style for part of an info rm a tio n leatlet a bout to ucan s, You can find toucans in South and Central America. There a ren' t an y Wild ones III the UK, but you can see lots 01 them in YOII ran recognise these crea tures easilv, They've got a rea lly big beak. The" bea ks have very bright colours. Their hody about twice as long as their bea k. They really like fruit. seeds and insects. They don't like being on their own. In fact, they live in gro ups.

Health rna

....

Lead In 1

React the ten simple ways to get fit. Which th ree do you think would be mos t effective? Which three cou ld you build into your daily routine?

Z

Can you add any similar simple suggestions for getting fit? Th ink a bout: shopping

1

hou sewo rk

gelling ready for schoo l/work

gelling aro u nd

What advice would you give to a teenager and an e lderly person for leading a healthy lifestyle? Think about: d iet

sleep

physical exercise

Unit5

iii

Reading 1

Part3 Multiplechoice

What do you think is the best form of physical exercise? What is th e minimum and maxim um a mo unt of exe rcise you th ink you should do each week? How m uc h do you do?

2

Read the text opposite qu ickly to find out what unexpected thing happen ed to ex plorer Ranulp h Fien nes a nd w hy it may ha ve happened .

3

Read th e text again a nd use

th e clues to help you with q uestio n 1. Ask yourse lf sim ilar q uestions for options A- D to help you choose th e best an sw er to qu est ions 2- 6.

4

A Our bodies can cope with in tense physical st ress . B We should allow a long pe riod of recovery after ,111y physical exercise. e There is mo re to learn about the effects of physica l stress. D Taking part in endurance sports is harmful in the long term . S

Information is correct in the option you choose.

What does the writer say in the first paragraph abou t Fiennes ' obsession with diet and hea lth?

2 On the questio n of who w ill live longest, it seems th at A genetic mak e-up is th e main factor. B the re is no clea r expla na tion w hy some peo ple outlive o thers. C lifestyle choices play littl e part. o family history is no t as significant as once thought. 3 According to the text , o ne of the positi ve effects of taking regu lar exe rcise is that it A B C D

m

speeds up th e heart rate. strengthens blood vessels. quickens th e pulse. reduces he art exer tion.

Unit5

Exp erts in sp orts me d icine have

A stu died the effec ts of altitude on various types of ath letes. B questioned the w isdom of taking part in extreme sports. e fou nd a co mmon facto r among com petitors in extre me sports. o discovered an enzy me whi ch causes heart attacks in cyclis ts.

Make sure all the

A It was un reasonable even for an explore r. Wha t does flip. phrase 'com es with the territory ' in line 10 tell IlS? B It had become more int en se w ith li me. How long has Hennes been 'fine-tuning' his body' ? C It co ntribute d to his collapse. Does the writer state this in rhe first paragraph? D It makes subseque nt events ha rd to be lieve . What 'came as something of a surprise ' to the writer ?

What does health expert Len Almond imp ly?

6 Wha t fina l conclusion about exe rcise does the w rite r reac h? A It makes life more enjoyable. R It may no t b e wo rth the effort. e It should be do ne in mo deration . o It ough t to be a priority.

4

' It' s not ho w lon g life is, but how good it is. th at matters.' How far do you ag ree?

Gumness Book of World Records cnoes Ranulph Ftennes as the wor ld's eatest llvmg explorer HIS expeditions elude the first polar circumnavigation of Earth andthe first unsupported

"

ssmg ofthe Antarctic continent on He has been up the White Nile In a rcraft, and parachuted onto Europe's ghest glacier An obsession Wllh diet . fitness comes with the terr itory, and years Frennes has fine tuned tus body

acope with the most inhospitable of vironments and the most stressful uat ens of physical hell So when I read t ttns model of physrca l fitness had eand suffered a heart attack - not lie planting a flag In a noman's-land, t while boarding a plane It came as ethlOg of a surprise en what happened, lesser mortals like self be forgiven for wondermg ther the benefits of fotlowmg a allhy hfestyle are all they're cracked up be Why bother exerting all that effort If the end survival turns out to be a ery' or course fitness ann dret are ypart of the story. 'Some people hve a Ilhy lifestyle and stili succumb to rt problems.' health expert Ahson aw exptams Genetics and family star)' also playa crucia l role In

rucotme mcreases the heart rate and makes the blood clot more easuy 50 Exercise IS highly beneficial as It reduces

both the pulse rate and blood pressure so rnimrmsmg stram on the heart as It pumps blood round the body It also helps

to keep the artery walls more etastic. 55 'Whether you've got a family history of heart disease or not. everybody should be I,vlng a healthy I,festyle.' Shaw says 'We wouldn't want people to slop look109 after themse lves' W

6'

70

errmrung who Wi ll achieve longeVity 'It udall be a question of genes', she a)'s 'but then some people never have a till" of the disease eventhough their am ly history would seem to make them me targets ' ether or not some people are enetrcally programmed to have a higher ance of heart disease, there are steps hey can take to reduce their rrsks. A athydiet With plenty of frurt and

vegetables and reduced levels of saturated fat helps prevent obesity ann stops fally deposns forming In the artenes and hlocking them Smoking, incidentally, has the opposite effect. as

7S

But can you look alter yourself too much' On t he subject of exercise.the standard recommendation IS to take five sessions of 'moderate' exercise a week, where moderate is a little more than bnsk walking 'We need to be very careful when we're dOing extreme sports or endurance events.' says health expert l en Almond 'Extreme physical stress can Impose almost rmooss.bte demands on the body's ability to recover The strain of endurance events such as exploration force biochemical changes 10 the human body The physrologrcal response to that ktnd of activity Will be extreme and how the body overcomes that IS bound to leave some kind of legacy' So could Fiennes' love for exploration and endurance events have contributed to hrs condmon? 'It

could have had an ettect. or there may be 00 genetIc pred ispos rtion and an event could have made It worse: says Almond. 'We haven't done enough research In thiS area rms IS changmgthough, There rs growing mterest 10 sports rnedicme, a field that es arguably began as long ago as 490BC when the first person to run the marathon ran the 26 miles from the town of Marathon to Athens With news of a

victory overthe Pers ians The man, a so soldier called Pherdippides. collapsed as soon as he arrived, and the cause of rus sudden demise IS not known However sciennsts are usmg athletes like him to answer questions about the effects of 95 extreme exercise on the heart One group, at t he University of Innsbruck In Austria, studied cyclists taking part 10 a race called the Tyrolean Otztaler Radmarathon, a one day event that cove rs 230km With ioo an altitude change of 5,500m They were mterested In one parti cular enzyme, high concentrations of which are found 10 those who have suffered a heart attack. The scrennsts found that levels of ttus 105 chemical Increased 10 13of the 38 cyclists who completed the race The largest Increases were seen rn the youngest, fastest cycnsts who had tramed the hardest Similar Increases In the 110 chemical have been found In competitors 10 the Hawaii Ironman tri athlon and In cross-country skiers Most of us W ill never put our bodies to such severe tests But If when you hear 115 about someone like Hennes you ask whether exercise IS worth It, I advrse you to consider your own priorities Personally, I subscribe to this adage sent In by a reader to a local newspaper 'Run 1211 not to add years to your life but to add life to your years'

_



Vocabulary

Grammar

Health and fitness

Direct and indirect speech

1

1

Put th e parts of the bo d y in a- p unde r the appropriate headi ngs. a b c d

thig h elbow shou lder heel

e f g h

hip J wris t k pa lm I wa ist

rib chin skull th umb

Rewrite s ta tements a-e as di rect sp eech . Exa mp le Sailor Ellen MacArthur said she'd been preparing {or her trip for months so she lUas feeling optimistic.

ankle n calf a cheek p shi n

III

'I' ve been preparing feeling optimistic.'

a arm and hand b leg and foot

c

face and head

d torso e

2

Which of a- p in 1 can you harm in this way? a break/frac ture b twist

3

4

2

c sprai n d dislocate

swu nrm ng

3 Use the words below to complete a- I, th en explain w hat th e co mp leted expressions mean. we athe r temperature a b c d

pain diseases

mend fractured

1 was ill last week but I' m on the now . 1 feel dreadful and I' m run ning a high . I' m not unwell, just feeling under the . It is adv isa ble to be inocul at ed against .. like yellow fever if you trave l to certain p laces. e I th in k I mig ht have a rib . It's more like a searing in my chest th a n a n ache.

Critics sa id it was likely that the new Harry Pott er film wo uld break box-office reco rds . My doc tor told me I'd feel much better if I did some exe rcise. Th e ma nager told the m they could all play in th e fina l bu t that they had to at tend all th e prac tice sessions the nex t day. The boss told me tha t I didn ' t need to work ove r th e weekend . My physiotherapist says my shoul der is responding we ll to trea tment.

Use th e sentences in 1 to help a ns wer th ese questions about direct speech .

Choose the mos t appropriate reporting verb to com plete the sentences in a- h as show n . admi t men tion a b c

d

e f

II UnitS

for mont/IS so I'm

Wha t do you norma lly need to cha nge when rewr iting reported sta temen ts as direct speech? b When do you no t need to change the verb te nse? c W hich moda l ve rbs cha nge form, and w hich stay the sam e?

d sno oker e

lor chis trip

a

Which of a-p in I do these sports exercise? a rowing b darts c skiing

GR pl 72-1 74

boast pro tes t

com plain rea lise

explain wa rn

'This beach isn't sa fe for swi mmi ng off tod a y,' One of the lifegu ards us th at . 'Oh no ! I' ve left th e car keys in that cafe.' John suddenly tha t . 'By the way, Alice and J a rc thinking of trading in ou r mo torb ike and buying a car.' My b rother th at . 'The reason 1 wa nt this job so mu ch is beca use it will allow me to travel.' At his interview he that . 'Yes , it 's tru e. I've been lying: Th e prime sus pec t ...... .... that .. . '1' ill a m illion times be tte r th an anyone else in the tea m.' Ou r clu b 's top scorer that .

g ' I t's ridiculous - there 's never a nyone at the reception desk when you need them .' that . Some o f the hotel guests h 'But honestly, I really didn 't ca use th e accident! ' The driver tha t ..

4

8

on

from

of

for

a Staff die blaming on e o f th e pupil s .. . b Maria accused her boyfriend . .. c Bystanders prais ed the heroic firefighter . . , d The accide nt wouldn't have ha ppened if you hadn 't insisted ... e An effective wa y of discouraging children .. f The millionaire foot bailer has apo logised .

Correct an y mistak es in the repo rted question s in a-g.

a Reporters asked the climber how long had he been training to climb Everest. b ra ns want ed to know whether Kylie is playing at last night's concert. c In the interview Fiona was asked had she ever worked abroad . d Our ne ighbours we re keen to find out when were we going on holiday. e Union leaders enqui red w hether the deal would go ahead or not . The taxi driver asked would J like a hand with my luggag e. g Mum wanted to know did the pos tman deliver the package she'd been expecting.

5

Complete senten ces a-I, using nne of th e prepositions below and an appropriate gerund .

For a-g circle th e word in itali cs which correctly completes th e se n tence. a My boss suggested/ begged me to reconsider. b Health experts advise/recommend us to eat five portions of fresh fruit or vege tables dail y. c Th e celebrity mod el ha s denied/refused selling her story to the press. d Haven't your paren ts ever [arbidden/womed you not to do something? e Arc you proposing/threatening going to the police about this? f Your bo ss shouldn 't ask/promise you to do something that 's im possible ! g Sergeant Smith ordered/reminded his soldiers that they had to polish their boo ts eve ry day.

6

Rewri te the se nte nces in 5 usi ng th e word in itali cs not circled .

7 Complete J-E' w ith a

b c d

c

9

Underline the correct structure in a -f from the pairs in italics. a

your ow n ideas,

Parents should always warn teenagers. -. Recentl y, my friend foolis hly sugges ted _ Politicians always promi se . _. My dad once threatened . .. I usually need In Iw remi nded .. .

b c d e

My mother suggested my friends and l going/ that my friend s and 1 should get away for the da y. Enrico rang and asked if we were goin g/we are going to last night's bir thday celebratio ns. I was shocked when the po liceman accused me to shoplift/ of shoplifting. Mark wanted to know what was J planning /l was planning after work. His wife proposed they go our/them to go out for din ner, Terrorists threatened blowing up/to blow LIp major governmen t buildings.

Unit5

OJ

Listen ing

Spea ki ng

Part 1 Sentence com pletron

1

1

Discuss these questions. a How man y hours ' sleep do you need a night? b Are yo u a heavy or a ligh t sleeper? c What do you d o (or no t do) to en sure a goo d night's sleep ? d Which posi tion do you normally sleep in?

Z

Imagine the pictures opposite appear on a government leaflet. Discuss with a partner: a b

Listen to the exam task and compare it with your ideas in 1.

3

Read some of the things two students said when doing the task in 2, and correct any mi stakes. a

3 0

Listen twice to a radio programme about sleep and complete the information in 1-8 .

b

c

It seems that 1 of the population will have problems sleeping at some point.

d

It is very important to select the right ensure a good night's sleep.

e

2 to 3.

g

People with 4 may suffer the most disruption to the ir sleep pattern s. Physiothera pists often treat people with caused by sleepin g awkward ly.

5

People who sleep on thei r back should put a support und er their 6. Children with a get enough sleep.

7 in their room may not

One way of ensur ing a good night's sleep is to follow a regular . 8.

4

Huw close were yuur predictions to the correct answers? Were yo u s urp rised by any of the information?

w ha t the leaflet mig ht be about. w hat th e exam task migh t be.

2 0

Before you do the exam task in 3, think about what the missing information might be.

A bad night 's sleep will result in a drop in

Parts 3 and 4

I'm thi nking she's just abou t ge tting on her bike, It's a healthy ac tivity. How abo ut th is one in a cafe - in th e No Smoking a rea? I'm s ure the message is seeming clear in th is one, don 't you? Thi s picture mig h t be enco urage studen ts to eat he althy food. The food is looking qu ite temptin g, isn 't it? And h ere, th ey 're being in a gym . Thi s should enco urage peo ple taking more exerc ise. Thi s picture of visit a dentist gives an importan t m essage to you ng peop le. She seems to be dr ink min eral water. It 's vita l dri nk ing wa ter when yo u exercise. So a re we agree th at this picture wo uld be th e best for the cover of th e lea flet?

4

With a partner, do th e task in 2, then tell a nothe r pair of students which picture you chose and why.

5

Answer these Part 4 questions, using th e prompts and how to do it box to help you . How else ca n yo u keep fit and healt hy? (What do your frien ds or fam ily do?) LJ Should smoking be ba n ned in a ll pu blic places ? (How unni ul yU lL (eel as a a snicker an d a nonsmoketi) c Some peop le say tha t fas t foud resta urant s p romot e an unh ealthy die t. Do you agree? (Don' t be afraid to say if you don't agree, but explain why.)

a

how to do it Corred any mistakes quickly, but don't interrupt your flo w of talking. •

II Unit5

Don't give one-wor d answers; try Lo develop the discussion as much as possible.

Unit 5

Eng lish I n Use 1

how to clo It

Part 4 Word formation

Concentrate on one text at a time - in the exam the two tOPiCSare unrelated.

Read both texts and ch oose th e best heading for each (a, b, or c) .

Decide what parts 01 speech you need.

a Life-threa tenin g illnesses. b Looking a fter your health. c A disease we ca n avoid .

2

3

You may need 10 form word.. with negative meamngs, or plurals. You may need to make more than one change to the word given.

Read the howto do it box a nd decid e which type of word belongs in eac h space in text 1. Check yo ur ideas with th e tip box below, th en co mplete the ga ps w ith words form ed from 1-7 be low.

Checkyour spelling ca refully. Read your completed text for overall sense.

Read the second text, then co mp lete th e ga ps with words form ed from 1- 8.

2 . .. - ........... . . • .•••....... ... •• ...... ...

the mechanic will say the car is fine, but

. • ..

...

..

-

I

- • •• I I

•

I

.

-

•

-

I

a rat her 0 car mechanic who ident ities t he problem with you r vehicle by listening to the engine. If it is purring smoothly,

••

.

Having a medical check-up can be like going to

•

. •. .

colla pse. Similarly , a phys ical check-up usually consists of a few basic tests , such as taking

I

your blood

.

..

.

I

................. 1 It could be on the point of a major

.-

2. What 's actually

happening inside your body could remain 3. Even with today's

4

developments, doctors cannot predict with .

5 your chances of long-term

6.

In fut ure, however, this will become much more ................. 7. Your doctor will be able to recommend prevent ive measures years befor e

.. • I

The answers to this text include

o

HAZARD

1 CARRY

2 SCI ENCE

2 plural nouns 1 adverb

3 ENVIRONMENT

1 negative adjective

mUnitS

................. 8 to detect disease before it becomes life-t hreatening w ill be a fact of life.

•

2 singular no uns

1 adjec tive

the symptoms arise. For better or worse , this

4 INTERVENE

5 EXPERT 6 CURE 7 TREAT

0 1 2 3

EXPERIENCE INTERNAL

4

TECHNOLOGY

PRESS KNOW

5 6 7

CERTAIN SURVIVE

8

ABLE

PRED ICT

Voca bu la ry 1

Word formation (1)

Fill in the missin g pa rts of speech in th e ta ble belo w. There ma y be more tha n on e possible answer. • I

.

• ••

I

authority mechanism / mechanics

technology

threat

expert

2

Which of a-k change the word stress in the different parts of speech?

3

Write adj ectives ending in -able to match definitions a-h . a for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (something (something b elVO _ _ _ _ _ _ c tol _ _ _ _ _ _ (somethi ng dace _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (something e des _ _ _ _ _ _ (something

you're unlikely to remember) you can preven t) you can bear) sa tisfactory) wanted)

f pre _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (something you are sure will happen) g agr _ _ _ _ _ _ (something pleasant) h ex _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (something you can explain)

4

Add prefi xes to the words in 3 to give an opposite meaning. then use the word s to talk about th ings that have recentl y happened to yo u.

UnitS

II

Writi ng 1

Part 1 A letter WG p155

Read the writing task opposite and correct these statements.

While studying in New Zealand you recently went to a health spa with your local fitness club. The visit was not as good as you expected. Read the extract from the health spa manager's letter and the brochure for the spa, on which you have made some comments. Then write a letter of about 250 words to the manager saying what was successful about the visit, and what wasn't. and including some suggestions for improvement .

a You m ust write a memo to the ma nager of yo ur fitness club. b You s ho uld only comment o n the nega tive as pects o f th e vis it. c You s ho uld say how Ihe brochure cou ld be im proved.

vere not entirely satisfied. sorry to hcar yo u \ Id send me details I , . Pcrh apS you co u d . d and those yo U foun with your blcak . of those aspccts you cdn Jo\ye b'e int erested to hear . . • I waul a sO di sappOlntll1g. \d kc improvem ents. how you t hi111k \\.e cou rn a WJS

Yours sin cerely

'Bet' NewtOtl

oFt-

-

ruce - vef"j big

C com moo -A- T I o n

. - / in your room and a are ensuite. Breakfast is served

Most three-cours e evening meal is provided in our restaurant.

not enough enoree - offer more

CL O T++ I n G-

oFt-no

-e:Qul-Prtl-e: n T

Please bring swimwear, and appropriate clothing and equipment for any of the activities you wish to do. Our shop has a cloth ing for sale. W++oFt-T ' S

o n

n

G-

-A- C

T

I V

I T

I

-e: s . _________

"---



notl (.Dull

91ve trainin9?

great - he-Ipful!

These include a renee o f ways to improv e your lifestyle as well as health and beauty demonstrations. Guest s can relax in the beautiful grounds, or watch films in the lounge.

old -

get newer ones?

II UnitS

sue

---"' a 1. vef"j

aerobics and yoga classes . Ju st sign up for one of the groups on arnval. No beginners accepted in yoga group. Guests also make use of our tenni s courts. The steam room and sauna are available to everyone. We offer a range of treatments and therapies for men and women. I



O-F'-F'-e:A

' Iude orqamse ised exercise ' sessions , ' itiles Inc In the gym and Ac tIVI

-e: v -e: n

not in

2

Discu ss which of a-c in 1- 4 gives the best advice for writing th e ex a m task.

3

a Use th e ha nd writte n not es as exa m ples bu t incl ud e only your own ideas. b Include all the input in form ation . c Cho ose on ly th e hand w ritte n notes yo u like, th en co m me nt o n othe r paris of the brochure. 2

a Avoid using any o f the words from the inp ut information. b Cop y long ph rases frum the input in forma tion. c Re phrase the information in your own words where po ssible.

3 a Writ e an informal letter. b Wri te a formal letter. c Wri te eithe r a formal or info rmal leiter as you prefer.

Read the extract from the spa manager's letter and th e brochure with your added com me nt s on page 66 , then make notes on the pos itive and negative aspects of your visit. Example positive: room s 7llce. very big negative: no choice of evening m eal

4

Next to the negative aspects, write notes suggesting improvements. Example

no t enough choice of evelllllg meal - of{er more variety

5

Expand your notes from 3 and 4 into full sentences using your own words. Examples

4 a Put all th e point s in a bulleted list. b Start a new paragraph for each sepa ra te point. c Group the points in to su ita b le paragraphs.

The rooms were very pleasant and extremely spacious. Perhaps you shou ld consider providing a wider choice of evening meals. as unfonuuatety the TTlenu was rather limited.

6

Decide which four of a -f would not be suitable to include in your introduction or conclusion and why. Dea r Spa Manage r Wh ile studying in New Zeala nd , I recently went to yo ur he a lth spa w ith my local fitness club. c I am w riting in resp on se to your lett e r asking for feed b ack o n my rece nt vis it. d I hope this in forma tion will be of assista nce. e So th e re a re all the th ings tha t are wrong wi th your spa . Sp eak to yo u SOUI1.

a b

7

Organise your notes into four paragraphs as bel ow, then write your letter. • • • •

int roduction expla ining w hy you a re writ ing wha t was good about your visi t wha t wasn't good and how th ings could be improved conclus ion say ing w ha t you hop e yo u r lett er wi ll ac h ieve

Unit5

m

Review 1

Match par ts of th e body a-h with explanatio ns

a It's true to say of most illnesses that is better than cure. b in the affairs of others is usu ally inadvisab le. c I' m afraid I' m not -minded enough to be ab le to fix the OVO player! d Several su ppor ters of the visiting football team were arrested for behavio ur. e Do you th ink this am ount of work is .. in suc h a shor t space of time? f Although the ship sa nk without trace, a rescue boat man aged to pick up all the . g What are your for the next general election? Who wou ld you say is going to win? h My motorbike's at the garage as it's recen tly deve loped a serious fault.

1- 8.

a rib b chin c w rist

d sku ll e cheek thumb

g waist h shin

the bony casing that protects the brain the joint that gives flexibility to the ha nd the na rrower middle pa rt of the hu man figure young ch ildren often su ck this used as a verb with ' up' it means 'climb quickly' the fl esh y part at the front of th e jaw parts of the face that blu sh if you are emba rrassed 8 one of the curved bones that protect the lungs

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

2

Complete sen tence s a -h with suitable word s in the corr ect for m. a As soon as intensive care patients are . the mend, we tran sfer them to the main hospital wards. b Any child found to be a high temperature will be sen t home from nursery. c These pai nkillers are recom mend ed for mild tooth , but if the pain is seve re, you need to see a dent ist. d The team 's top striker will be out of action for weeks becau se of his leg. I' This tonic is a n excellent pick-me-up if you are feeling the wea ther. f One of the Olympic gymnas ts her shou lder in a fall and had to have it put back into place. g If you don 't lift hea vy objects in the correc t way, you might a mus cle in your back. h Although the top tennis seed's wrist was n't broke n, it was 50 bad ly that she had to withdraw from the cham pion sh ip.

3

Use words 1- 8 below in the correct form to complete sente nces a -h. I surv ive 2 mechanic 3 man age

II UnitS

4 predict 5 technology 6 interven e

7 threat 8 preve nt

4

Read this newspaper extract about a dem onstration , th en replac e the word s in bra cket s with adjectives ending in able. Yesterday's ma ss dem onstration was 1 (likely to be rem embered ) for man y reason s. Th e large turnout was 2 (not a su rprise) and th e atmosph ere could be described as 3 (pleasan t) at the start of th e day, with the level o f poli cing 4 (satisfactory) Unfortunately, for so me 5 (impossible to explain) .. reason, event s look a turn for the worse. Violence previou sly th ou ght to have been 6 (possible to prevent ) broke out and severa l incidents o f vandalism too k place whi ch local reside nts found 7 (im possible to put up with) ........_..... , It was therefore co nsidered 8 (wanted) to bring th e demonstr ation to a halt be fore it reached its intended destin ation.

Would you believe it? Lead in 1

Discuss whe th e r these s ta te men ts a re true or fa lse. The answe rs are o n page 154 . ,1

b c

d e

2

To see a fu ll-le ngth re flect io n of yo urself in J m irro r, it must be a t leas t half as tall as yo u. Th e word ' ne ws ' is formed from th e first lett e rs o f no rt h, so u th, east and west. or a ny group o f 23 pe o ple , th er e is a 50 % possib ility th at tw o o f th em w ill s hare a birthd ay. Chew ing gu m takes se ve n ye a rs to pass through th e digestive syste m . T he numbe r of peopl e alive toda y is grea ter th an th e n umbe r of peopl e who have previou sly liv ed and died. Eating ce lery makes yo u lo se wei ght.

3

Discuss th e fo llow ing. a

What th in gs did yo u b eli eve as a ch ild that yo u now know aren't tru e? b Do yo u wi sh any o f th em w ere true ? c Are th ere a ny yo u ' re gla d a ren ' t tru e? d Is it righ t to let ch ild re n believe things that a ren' t true ?

Com ple te th ese sentences with true or [alse. a

I hope a ll yo ur wi shes co me

b T he touri st brochure had given a impression o f th e resort ; o ur hotel wa s only ha lf built. c Obta ining m on ey und er .. .. ...... . pret ences is a crim ina l offe nce. d I' m sure so methi ng fish y 's go ing o n - Tim 's ex pla na tio n . ju st d oesn 't rin g e T he newsp aper w a s sued fo r making ac cusatio ns th at weren't str ictly . Buying a cheap car is usu al ly a ..... .. .... eco no my , as yo u o fte n end up s pending more on it than you pa id in th e firs t place. g Winn ing the lott er y is a d ream co me ..... . .... . for so me a nd a n igh tmare for o the rs . h Ins ta lling s moke ala rm s ca n give a sense o f security, as pe ople forge t to check th em regu la rly.

Unit6

m

Readin g

Parts 1 and 4 Mul t iple matching

1

Mat ch the 's upe rheroes' shown wi th th e text headin gs A-E and nam e their specia l a bilities. Qui ckl y read th e text to che ck your ideas.

2

Read the text again and the tip box. In which section (A-E) are 1-12 mentioned? The underlined words wiII help you find links to A- E.

a su bsta nce tha t speeds

li p' a nat ural process 1 . a subs ta nce th at looks wea ker than it is 2 . a szsiem that makes up for limited vision 3 . so meo ne who takes refuge away from his ho me 4 .. .. 5 .. a subs ta nce that enables creatures to secure themselves in place 6 .. a se lfless ac t wi th unforeseen co nse que nces 7 .. .. 8 . so meo ne given a new identity from a you ng age 9 . a th at hides itself by cha nging the way it look s lD . so meone w hose powers are the princi ple behind a Iorm of transp ort ll . $JJ.bsJa nces that ma ke physical discomfort If'S::; noticeable to the sufferer 11 .

3

If you had the capability to do one of th ese things , which wou ld you ch oose a nd why? • become invisib le at will • • • •

Rem emb er

that

concentrating on on e section

•

at a time will be quicker than reading A- E for every Question .

fly se e in the dark breathe underwater chan ge your appearance at will

9PIDL:R-fllnn

5

10

15

20

m

Unit6

Spider-Man acquired his superhuman abil ities when, during a demonstrat ion of radia tion technology, a spider crept Into the beam of r adiat ion and bit rus hand. As Peter Parker he works as a photogra pher for the Daily Bugle, but as Spider-Man he fights evil in the dangerous, crime -ridden streets of New Yor k. sorcer-Man shoot s and spins webs from small jets attached to his wr ists and can st ick to almost any surface , scaling skyscrapers with his bare hands. So how far can real science go in explaining his powers') Like our superhero , spiders can adhere to almost any surface Many do this by secreting sucky silk onto their feet, which anchors t hem in position Others have millions of specially shaped rm croscoprc hairs on their legs. th at slip into nooks and crannies . As for Spider -Man's t ra ps. anyone who has ever walked int o a spider's web knows that the sil k IS deceptively strong. despite its gossamer appearance. Dragline silk. which spiders use to crawl down from ceili ng to floor. is the stronges t of all ; weight for weight it is actually stro nger th an steel.

!JUPERUlnn

C

achild, Superman was forced to flee his doomed ptanet (ryplon. eventually landing on Earth where he was adopted Merthe name Clark Kent He now works as a rmldmarmered paper reporter but whenever danger calls he's only a QIJlck·change away from saving the world .. as Super man He IS laster than a spccdmg bunet. can fly, has superhuman strength, canleap tall bUlldmgs 10 a smgle bound and has K·ray vrsion. cells convert the sun's energy mto Incredible IUllerpowers - but can scrennnc tact exptain thiS' While ammals ave to eat plants (or each other) to survive, plants can harvest " r energy directly from the sun's light by photosyntnesis, the em cal reacnon that converts carbon moxrde and waler mto e andoxygen Plants are lull of a chermcat called ophyll that accelerates trus reaction It IS perhaps the most rortant molecule 10 the world . because II traps all of the mergy we need to live, storrng It rnsrde plants until the energy IS

released msrde OUf' bodies after eanng So perhaps Superman

IS

us some form of pbotosynth esrs to burld up the tremendous reserves of energy that he needs for hiS superhuman feats of Wenglh One thmg's for sure - he's not using chlorophyll, because rt wou ld turn him bright green!

DnREDEUIL When Matt Murdoch saved a man from bemg h,t by a truck. some of the ramoacnve waste lOSIde ,t spilled IOta Matt's eyes, blinding him permanently. But Matt 's other senses became more acute. He developed a radar sense, allowmg him to 'see' the world " around him, He could smell the f8lntest odour or even r ead' a newspaper Just by toucrungthe pr mt, After trainmg as a lawyer , Matthew set up In practice and discovered that hrs new powers enabled him to tell when suspects are lying by listening to t heir heart beat When unable to bri ng Criminals to Justice by legal :;0 means, Matt becomes Daredevil, employmg hiS superpowers to help him So is there any baSIS In real SCience for his fictional powers' Radar resembles sonar, which IS used by dolptuns and bats to construct an Image of their surroundlOgs Byemitting a high pitched sound and listening for the echo as ,t bounces off an se object. they can tell how far away the object IS, what It IS made of, and how fast rt is rnovmg But what about Daredevil's olher senses' SCientists Know that 'f the part of the brain responsible for seemg IS unceruseo. ,t may l ake over the pr ocessing of Information from other senses. partic ularly hearing I ms could so exptam why blind people are good at Judgmg where people arc In a room Just by lrsterung to their breath109 or the echoes produce d by a voice

o mnan.e ro IilJnted bythe XMen. Magneto was born a tant In it world that feared and despised

kind In response he isotated himsel f

humaOlly on Asteroid M, preparing for

et.me when mutants would rule the Ei:H1h. goelo can create electromagnetic fields and IOOlrol them so that he can tevitete all objects of metal project Ior cefields, and generate ectrlClty So can science explain his abilities? nand steel arc magnetic. and arc att racted toeIther the north or south poles of a

magnet Electromagnets are used to make Ira nsthat float over the rails; these are eas erto move forward than a vennonal train. which loses a lot III energy through frict ion between ralls and wheels Most materials, water. arc 'drarnagnenc' meaning they are always repelled by both magnetic IlOles. Since ammals are mostly water, lt entrsts have found Ihal If they use a st rong ," ough magnetic field, they could levuate a " frog Without hurt mg It at all.

C TIfE InCREDIBLE IfULR As a nuclear phySICISt. Bruce Banner developed a new gamma bomb for the military When a reckless teenager strayed onto the bomb l est SIte, Banner saved him - but was caught 10 the middle himself and transformed into a 90 huge green monster, enormously strong and driven by fury When angry, Bannernow changes Into tne Hulk. acqutrtng superhuman strength - and turrnng green - but With decreased Intelligence and an inability 10 cont rol nrs temper. At t imes of st ress, humans do '" sornenmes perform great teats of st rength Thr s may be caused by the release of certain hormones into the body which boost the levels of oxygen and fuel available to muscles Over time, they can even increase muscle bulk Other natural chemicals can mask

tOO

the pam that over-stretcrnng muscles may cause, allowmg indiViduals to push their body beyond ItS natural limits The Hulk's colour changes may be related to the way animals use colour cells to alter their appearance, the cuttlefis h uses thrs

for camouflage, and may even be able to cornrnumcat e usmg waves of colour

Unit6

m

105

Vocabulary

Grammar

Verbs of movi ng and seei ng

Modals

1

1

Decide which wo rd in ea ch gro up a -f is not a ve rb of movement. What is th e co n n ec tio n between th e odd o nes o ut? a b c d e f

2

creep ho b ble peer march glare peep

glance lea p stro ll wa nde r stagger ho p

I could ride a bike by the tim e I was five years old . b Passp ort s must be shown at the border. c We m igh t arrive in tim e for the co nference, but I doub t it. d The s tewardess said we can u nfasten our seat belt s now. e You shou ld put on overa lls if yo u pla n to pa int th e bedroo m . f We don 't need to ge t a visa to visit Fra nce. g Clare m ust be a llergic to ba na nas - they a lways bring her o ut in a ras h.

Co m p lete a -e with verbs o f movement from I in an a pp ropr ia te form . a

3

Wh ich of the words fro m 1 which are not verbs of movement mean: a LJ c d e f

loo k angrily at so meone? loo k lo ngily a t so mething? take a q uick look at something yo u sho u ld n' t? b rie fly see so me thing by cha nce? loo k closely a t something? ta ke a qu ick loo k at so me thi ng?

II Unit6

Underline th e modal ve rb s in a-g a nt! match them w ith th e ir fu nc tio n s 1-7 below. a

craw l gaze skip glimpse lim p stum b le

It was s uc h a lo w tun nel that we had to . on our h ands a nd k nees . b I was so furious that I s traigh t in to my boss's office and de m and ed an exp lan a tion. c After lu nch my paren ts o ften round th e pa rk to wal k th eir food off. d Unab le to wal k o n h is fractured a nkle. th e foot ball er pa in fu lly off the fie ld . c Expec ta nt fat hers ar e of ten depict ed up and down hos pi tal corr ido rs. wa iting anxious ly.

GR p174-175

2 3 4

2

ob liga tio n absence of ob liga tio n pe rmi ssion assu mpt ion/ ded uc tion

poss ibility 6 abili ty 7 stro ng advice

5

Look at th e picture and decide whether the assumptions and deductions in a -g on pa ge 73 are justified, giving reasons. Then make other deductions from the clues in the picture.

Example

The owners of the house can't be iuell-oi]. x The owners of the house must be well-off because they 've got a safe.

5

a

Look, there's no one else on the te nnis courts. We .......... (bother) to book one in advance. b Apparently there are still plenty of ticket s left for this year's festival so we ... ....... (worry) about getting ho ld of some. c My work colleagues kindly took me out to dinner to celebrate my promo tion and ] .......... (pay) a pe nny, d My husba nd and I bought a dishwasher yesterday. so we .......... (do) the washing-up ever aga in ! e You ... ... .... (ap ply) for a visa to travel round th is country, as far as I know. f It was much too cold to go swim ming when I was on ho liday so I ... ..... .. (pack) my bikini after all.

a The safe can' t be burglar-proof. b The burglars must have had a key for the flat. c A neighbour might have called the police. d There could have have been more tha n one burglar. e The burglars can 't have taken any valuables. f The police mig ht have found a clue. g The owners cou ld n' t ha ve go ne out for the evening .

3

Use modal verbs of assumption or deduction , and the verbs in brackets. to complete the dialogue. A: Oh no! I pu t my bag dow n by the door a nd it's gone! Someone ...... .... (l s teal) it! B: Don't be ridiculous . T here's nobody here bu t us! A: Yes, bu t we 've been busy talking. Someone .... .... .. (2 come) in quiet ly, picked it up, and slipped ali t wi th it. It 's possible, you know. B: Are you sure you did n' t leave it on the bus? I saw you put it do w n on the se at next to you . You ...... .... (3 leave) it behind when you go t off. A: No. I ... ...... . (4 do], because I remember looki ng in it on the way here. I wanted 10 check I'd got my mobile. B: Well, it's no t here now. A: Oh dear. I .... ..... . (S be) m ore careful wi th it, I know. Th a nk goodness th ere wasn 't m uch in it. B: That's J relie i! Let' s just check a t the police sta tio n anyway. You never know, so meone .. ...... .. (6 hand) it in th ere.

4

Complete a-g with an appropriate form of can/able to. a Sorry I gel out to meet you las t nig ht bu t I had to babysit for some frien ds. b One da y, we cure many co mmon illnesses. c It took a lot of work bu t in the end the mec hanic .. ........ get the car going. d I go ice-skating for the past few we eks because I've injured my leg. e Tom come to the p hone a t the moment bu t I' ll take a message if you like. solve difficult frac tions A child genius, he by the time he was th ree years old. g I love stay in be d on Sunday mo rn ings.

Complete a-f with an appropriate form of don 't need co or needn 't and th e verb in brackets.

6

Correct the modal verbs in these sentences. a b c d e

1

Surely you mustn't be retiring th is year? You look so young! Yo u mustn't make lip your m ind abou t the job offer ye t if you don' t wan t to. How lovely to see you Bill! And th is should be your wife Bett y? After many failed attemp ts. they could rescue the trap ped miners. I' ve just seen the weather forecast and it could not be warm enough for a barbecue a fter all.

Match medals a-e with their meanings \-5 . Then explain to a partner the rul es of the game or sport you know well , using a-c. a b c d e

You do n' t have to/ need to . .. You shouldn 't ... Everyone has to You ough t to . You mustn't .

1 2 3 4 5

It's fo rbidde n to do it. The rules say so. II isn 't necessary to do it. It's advisable to do it. It isn' t advisable to do it.

Unit6

m

Listen ing 1

Part 4 Multiple choice

Who would yo u include in a top five of today's best live perform ers? Discuss yo ur choices.

2 0

Liste n to part of a ra dio prog ra m me a bou t a pop grou p to fi nd out :

a why Frank Farlan was impressed by Rob and Fab. b c d e

what happened 10 Rob and Fab with Farlan's help . wha t Rob and Fab's secret was. how their secret was exposed. how th e music wo rld reacted.

3 0

Listen twice to five different people talking a bo ut pop st ars miming . or ' Iip-sy nch ing', a nd ch oose th e best answer (A, B o r C) for I -tO. Each s pea ke r ha s two questions. Th e how to do it box w ill help yo u. 6

how to do it Read both questions for each speaker before listening. Remember the answers may be heard

•

In

A full of ad m iratio n for its arti sts B sad that some a rtists a re not up to standard e surprised by the number of ta lented artists

either order.

Try to answer both questions lor each speaker on the first listening.

7

Use the second listening to check your answers.

A can easi ly forge t the words . B are second -ra te performe rs. e never look na tu ral. 8

2 How does he feel about artists mi m ing?

9

3 T he second speaker sym pa thises with singers who A perform in fro nt o f a large a udience. S mi me on stage to a bac king tra ck . C sing and da nce at th e same time.

A It's an insult to the audience. B II appea ls 10 a certain type of audience. e It makes no difference to the real fans .

10 How does he feel about artists mim ing? A Th ey sho uld make every effort not to do it. B It w ould be unwise for some of the m no t to . e They sho uld use compu te r technology to help the m do it we ll.

5 The th ird speaker im plies th at the mus ic in dustry tod ay is too

Unit6

What commen t does th e fifth spea ker make about the music indust ry ? A It's changed a lo t ove r th e last few yea rs. B Il produces much bette r music. tha nks 10 modern technology. e It creates music that closely follows what's fash io nable.

What does she feel abou t singers mimi ng?

m

W hat does she say abou t artists miming? A They need 10 practise ve ry ca refully. B This should never be ne cessary. e Watching videos will help the m do this.

A It should not be allowed . B It's what the audience expects. C It's acce ptable in certain circums tances.

A relian t on record sa les. B obsessed wi th live performan ces. e concerned abou t wha t artis ts look like.

What does the fourth speaker say about an amateur production she saw? A It was as good as a professio nal one. B Th e re were some problems wit h the m icroph o nes. e Eve ryo ne had obvious ly had plenty of tim e to practise.

The first speaker implies that singers w ho mime

4

How does he feel a bo u t th e curren t sta te of the music ind us try?

4

00 yo u think a rtists should eve r lip -synch?

Spea ki ng 1

Part 2

In pairs. each choose two different pictures to compare a nd contrast. Talk for a minute each a bout why the people have changed their appearance in these ways, and how they might be feelin g.

5

Decide which change of appearance in the five photos is the most necessary, then tell your partner in no more than 20 seconds.

Match phrases a-e with pictures 1- 5.

a (in) fancy dress

d

b mak e-believe c putti ng on

e dressed up as

(in) cos tume

Z Talk to a

partner about your own experiences using some of the expressions in 1.

3

4

Which of the people in pictures 1- 5 mi ght be experiencing these fee lings? Exp lain why. • • • • •

excited at the though t of someth ing lost in a world of the ir own comm itted to w ha t th ey a re d oin g apprehensive abou t what migh t ha ppen se lf-co nscious abo ut thei r appeara nce

tip For a follow-up question li ke 5, refer to the picture you have chosen and give a briel explanation for your choice.

Making decisions and giving reasons I'd go lor this one because ... II has to be tlus one because ... Defi nitely this one because there ... II 's difficult to deod e between these two. but .. , I'm torn between them. but ...

Unit6

II

English in Use

PartS Register transfer

1

Discuss any tricks you have played on someone, or any good ones you have heard about.

2

Read the newspaper article below to find out what trick a fast food chain played and who was fooled by it. Ignore the underlining.

3

Dear :raine, Ibout tell i OU about a st0l""{ I'vej U!it read in the paper a ou a April Fool's triLK. As a left- hander I'm '{ou'11. appreLiate it. Not ... 0 a fa!it Lham pUbl,s.hed an adveM saiing that it was 1 out a new Kmd of hamburger that had b .. up e5peLiall'{ for their I ft -h d een ··..···2 the buI .gel' was the samee an ed cu.Mamers. Apparent\" thelf . original ones I' .I 't 3 anc I was ···· -·.•..•..•• 4 the same things · o, The d"fti that ever')'thn19 inSide it had been I was that left-handed eo ie . .. - :> so th d P P 6 It more ea5il'{- Well e a'{, the food chain admitted that it had . •.•.. ......••.. 7 the 5tOr"f lind there WaS no left-handed b L.a B as the urger. n 'fou believe that thou5.3nds of wstomerf> had ··· . ' I 9 up In restaurants the left-handed ha b A 10 . om urger'" t the same rh,ght- handed customers were. eager to t e'{ we-ren't h sure lItl h 12 t e wrong tipe of burgeri Af, t\newspape.r ariicie said. it'5 amaz.ing how eas'{ it can e- 0 13 people in, isn't it?

THE LEFT-HANDED BURGER A well-known fast fo od chai n rcccnrl)' publish ed a fu ll page adve rt iseme nt a n nouncing rh ar they were introducing a new irr-m to their menu - a ' LeftH anded Bu rger ', created s pecifica lly for th eir lefthanded cus to me rs- According ro th e advertise men t, the dimen sions of [he n ew burger were ide n tical ro th ose o f the ori ginal burger, as wer e the in gredi ents. The d iffer en ce was that th e in gr edients had been rotat ed by 180 de grees ro enable left-handed people to h andle th e burger with out difficulty. The foll owin g d ay, Ap ril 2 m l , the fast food ch ai n co n fessed rhar [ill' story had been invented as an April Fool's trick and the lefr-handed burger didn 't exist . Nevertheless, restaurants reponed th ar they had been visited by severa l th ousand cu sto m ers requesting the new burger. Simultaneously, there were many ot he r concerned cu stomers who insisted th at staff se rve d them with their own right-handed vers io n. It J US l goes to sh ow how readily pi-ople can be dec eived , even o n April Fool 's day.

--

Read the letter below that someone wrote after reading the article. For each gap 1-13, find the corresponding words in the newspaper article. The exa mple and first five have been underlined for you.

4

Read the how ludo it box, then complete gaps 1-13 in 3. Compare your answers wi th a partner.

how to do it Read the taskand texts carefully.

•

Identify the register transfer: formal-informal or informal- formal. Find the corresponding information for each gap 1-13 . Write no more than two words per gap. Don't repeat the words from the first text.

•

Check your completed text for spelling, grammar, and overall sense.

III Unit6

Vocabulary Adverbs and thei r meanings (1)

Expressions with right and left

1

2

Add one word to complete the adverbial phrases in italics ill .I-g, then match them with meanings 1- 7. il

b c

d

e

g

If you save all your spare coins, before . you'll have enough to buy that CD. My cousins are more or the same age as me and my brother. After being a heavy smoker for years, all of a .......... he decided to qui t. Good driving in volv es being in control of your vehicle while at tile same watching what everyone else is doing on the road. There was a massive queue of people wan ting to we made our buy tickets. bu t litt le by way to the front. be This new government will more than just as ineffectua l as the old one . If you keep calling his numbe r. sooner or .. you' re bou nd to catch him.

1 unexpectedly 2 gradually 3 simultaneo usly 4 approxima tely

s

Choose the best explan ation for the expressions with right in a-g below. a I thought the film we saw last nighl was really violent. Too riglu - not my kind of film at all. (I completely agree/I think you're being unfair) b John's just popped out to get iI paper but he'll be right back.

c d

e

probably

6 soon 7 eventually

g

3

(return even tually/ret urn soon) By rights the children should be in bed by now. (according to what is proper/only if necessary) The company started distributing advertisements for their product s left, right and centre. (in three locations/ everywhere) My colleagues in my new job were so friendly tha t I felt at home right away. (completely/ immedia tely) Apparen tly our new manager is very friendly - if you manage to get Oll the right side of him! (get him to realise you exist/get him to like you) Paul didn't need to apologise because he knew he was in the rig/H. (neve r gets an ans wer wrong/ had justice on his side)

Match the expressions with left with the most suitable sentence in 1-4 and discuss their meaning. a The left ·luggage office is on platform 3. b David's got two left feet! c There were a lot of leftovers from last night's meal. d Sam does n't know his left from his right. 1 So I don' t need to cook anyth ing new tonight. 2 He's the worst dancer I've ever seen. 3 We can leave our suitcases there. 4 That' s why he's no good at giving directions.

Unit 6

iii

Writi ng

Part 2 A magazine contribution

WG p157

5

1

Wh ich reality TV p rogra m mes a re s h ow n in yo ur country? Which do you like or dislike most? Why?

2

Read the exam task below. Which of these formats would be most appropriate for the contribution?

a sim ila r or extra information b contras ting in formatio n c expressing a resu lt

a formal letter b informal lette r c report

2

d e

article proposa l

a lthough whereas 3 so that 4 the refo re 5 w h ile 6 as well as

An international magazine has asked you to write a 2SD·word contrib ution about rea lity TV shows in your country. In your contribution vou should : describe the format of one popular reality TV show

Put the link words and expres sions] - 12 into groups a-c.

6

explain why reality TV has become so pop ular say whethe r you think reality TV is here to stay.

Match a -f with six of th e areas tested in the Writing Paper, and discuss hov you would get good marks in each. a spelling and grammar b use of lin k words c voc ab ula ry and structures d layout a nd paragraphs e full a nd accurate answer f forma l/ informal lan gu age

4

b

1 co n ten t 2 forma t 3 cohesion 4 reg ister 5 a cc u ra cy 6 range

c

d

e

Read the model answer opposite about Big Brother, then answer questions a-I, giving examples where appropriate. a

Is th e model answer re levant? Does it answer a ll pa rts of th e q ues tio n? Is it the righ t len gt h ? b Is the forma t appropriate? Is it suitably paragraphed? c Does the tex t flow naturally? Has th e writer made good use of lin k words an d joined sentences appropria tely? d How form a l or informa l is th e model answer? Is the level o f formali ty suitable for the ta sk? e Are the re any mistakes with spelling or gra m ma tica l s tructures ? f Has the wri ter used a good range of vocabulary a nd s tructures?

II]

Unit 6

however nevertheles s on the other hand moreover in spi te of/despi te furthermore

For each of a-e form one sentence using link words to connect the information. Th ere may be more than one possible answer and you may need to change the order of the information . a

3

7 8 9 10 11 12

They a re given tas ks th ey must pe rform to ea rn a weekly allowance. They buy food and luxuries wi th it. The con testan ts get no pr iva cy. They a re filmed 24 /7 for the show's websi te. The highli ghts are b roa dcas t o n TV. Each week the viewers and houserna tes vote one in ha bita nt out. The one who survives longest w ins . There are freq ue nt clash es of pe rso nali ty be twee n the pa rt icipa nts. Some of th e m ma y be a tt ra cted rom anti call y. Deciding w ho goes and who stays gives the man in the street J sense o f power. T he con testan ts themselves stand the chance of winning a small fort une, of te n beco ming overnight ce lebri ties.

1

Are there any other parts of the model answer where the use of link words could be improved?

8

Discuss your thoughts on the part of the question not answered in the model. Make notes, giving reasons for your opinions.

9

Choose a reality TV show that is popular in your country, and write your magazine contribution.





5how5 allrad In Ihi5 Gountl'j, one of mos! popular e>ig e>rolher, p... group of 5lrangelO several in a house. are givm thei rnust perform to earn a allowan<e, Thei bUi food and lu. urie5 wilh it The ccntestants gel no privaG'j. Thei are filmed 24/1 for the 5how'5 web511e 'I'ne \lIghlighto are broadGaot on 1\1 £.aGh the vrewers and houumale5 vote one inhabilant out 'he one who longe51 win5, The publiG tend5 to evet afi'jone boring or predlGtable, and wnle51an15 lend 10 5how off 10 mare tnerneelves Intere51ing '00 how can the ,uue" of 5UGh mow, be e>plalned? It seems we enjOi real ili 1'1 because II give, a window into other people', live5. i\udtenGe5 relt,h in GriliGi'ing the contestants, wakhing them wffer and fool5 of mernselves There are fre,\uent cla5he5 of perwrolili between the partiGipanl5. ':lome of mem mai be attraGled romanllGalli Thei 'pr,valeli' reveal lheir [eellfig' to 'e>ig e>rolher', and al the same time, of course, the m,llion5 wakhing, 'The ,how, prOVide a poinl and stonee for popular pre55 DeGiding who goe5 and who Mai' give5 Ihe man in the street a sense of 'The contestants mernselves stznd me chance of Winning a 5mall fortune, often buoming overnight Gelebnlle,.

.lIr.DA OLE ANNA

e

Review 1

b

c d

e

I 2

ring sense

3 4

economy come

5 6

2

A I can' t believe Tim hasn't passed his driving test yet. B It 's n o surprise to me, he doesn' t know h is ......... .... fro m his .. ... .... .... !

3

A I'm so rry to hear that you were held res ponsible for th e accide n t. [l It was extre m ely uofair. J was definitely in .. .... ....... and 1 intend to make an official complaint.

4 A W ha t makes yo u thi nk tha t Rich a rd w ill never m ake a foo tbailer? B Well, for a sta rt, he's go t two .... .. .. .. ... .

pretences im pression

5 A I' m sta rving. I do n ' t sup pose th ere 's anything in th e fridge to ea t? B Onl y so me .. .. .... .. ... from last night's supper, I' m af raid.

Circle the verb which matches the definitions in a marc h b wander

c stroll d skip e

gla nce

limp stagger

-

hop jum p on one foo t creep - wa lk slow ly without pu rpose or d irection hobble crawl = wa lk in a relaxed manner stumble leap almost fall over ga ze peep 1001< steadily a t

Match one of the words you did not circle in 2 to

definitions a-e. a look quickly then loo k away b ta ke a long ju mp over so methi ng c move o n your h and s a nd knees d walk in fo n nat io n in a parade e walk silently and slowly

4

A I don't suppose yo u know what's sh ow ing at the cinema this weekend? B I've no idea bu t I can find out ... .. ........ .

II turned out tha t he had married her under false ... ..... .. ... , as he alread y had a wife. So me people argue that the use of national ident ity cards gives a false of security. The exaggerated claims in th e advert gave a false .. ... ..... ... of th e q uality of the prod uct. The accused 's explanat ion about th e illegal merchandise did no t tru e. Buyi ng ,1 property which costs a fort une to renova te is a good example of a fal se . Ma ny peo ple believe that if tbey sudden ly became rich , they co u ld make a ll their d reams .. .. .. ... .... tru e.

a-c.

3

Complete the comments in sentences 1-6 using a word or phrase with right or left ,

Complete sentences a- I wit h 1-(, . a

2

5

Circle the correct preposition in each sentence. a

I remember bei ng very self-conscious

wit h/about/of my appea ra nce w hen I was you ng. b

If you wan t to succeed in life, yo u need to be committed for/ with/to eve ry th ing you do . c Wha t' s th e ma tter wi th Terry? He seems to be los t ill/for/to a world of his own nowadays. d Desp ite being u nderstandably a pp re he ns ive for/o f/about he r interview, it went off very well. e Th e tea m we re exci ted with/for/ at the th ought of meeting their opponents in the Cu p Final.

mUnit6

6

6

A How co me you' re wo rking thi s Saturday? B I should n ' t h ave to work weekends at all, b ut I' m coveri ng for a co lleague.

Use th e following link words to complete this text about the popularity of soap operas, although despite

a fter w h ile

on the other h a nd so that as we ll as

1 the fact that soaps come in for a lot of criticism, they remain on e of the most popular forms of entertainm ent, 2 being mon evspinners lor their producers. 3 , this does not necessarily mean that they are of a consistently high qu ality. Perhaps it is not quality but suspense that attracts so man y a rde nt viewers. 4 bem g left on tent erhooks at the e nd of each episode, fans have no option but to tun e in again next time 5 they can learn the characte rs' fate. In addition. 6 .. many peopl e snee r at soa ps. it is surprising how they enthusiasticallv participat e in conversations baseti on their cha racte rs anti storylines The secret a t their success may lie in Ihe fact that fan s identify With the cha racters 7 , at the same time, rema ining deta ched from their trials and tribulati ons.

II

Traces of the post Lead in 1

Look at the pictures and discuss these questions. a Which periods of history are represen ted here? b Wha t do you kno w abou t each one? Think abo ut the followi ng aspec ts. •

art

• bui ldings • medicine

• • •

knowledge of the wor ld tech nology writing and learni ng

c Where do we get our information about these differen t periods of history? d What effect did these or other period s of history have on future ge nerations? Use the phra ses below 10 help you . .. . ... .. . ... . ..

led to ... result ed in . .. was (directly) responsib le for .. . had an effect on .. was the source of .

""" " R \ \'

,

.•\



5

Rea din g 1 2

10

Part 2 Gapped text

Read the main text about a n important archaeo logical discovery. Su mmarise tho topic from lines 1-16,lines 17-40, a nd lines 41-60 . Rea d pa ragraphs A - G a nd mat ch them wilh th ese h eadings. Could the stor ies be true? A widely know n fictional crea tur e.

How the discove ry wa s made. Oth er mysterio us tales.

15

2 Th ese are not the only areas of spec ulation taxing the imagi nation of scientists. Th e discovery that we shared the Earth with these miniature relatives not long before 20 the dawn of record ed histor y suggests a tant alizing explanation for the stories of elves, dwarves and 'wild me n of the woods' that are popu lar all over the world.

3

Questions raised by the disco very.

3

4

Read the main text ag ain and match paragraphs A-G with ga ps 1-6. Th ere is one exi ra pa ragraph.

Mat ch ,, - f from Ihe text with meanings 1-6. using th e con tex t 10 help you. a ma roon (I .48) b evo lve (1.49) c notion (1.55) d d im inu tive (1.62) e exterminate [ 1.87) f as tou nd (1. 107) I wipe UU I (I .88) 2 develop (1.46) 3 cut off (I .49) 4 idea (1. 58) 5 as ton ish (1.109) 6 minia ture (1.19)

5

Discu ss tales of mythi cal crea tures from your country, What others do you know about from d ifferent co u ntries?

iii Unit7

was discovered. Nicknamed 'Flo' or 'hobbit' (after the dill hole-dwelling crea tures in The Lordof the Rings), this tiny being stoo d just one me tre tall. Its brain was a quarter of the size of mod ern Man's, yet it was still capable of crafting 'toy-sized tools', It is clearly a separate species 01 hum an, not just a sma ller version like mod ern pygmies, who have brains of similar size to other hum an beings. II lived in holes in the ground and hunted pygmy elephants the size of ponies, and giant rat s, while trying to avoid huge Kom odo dragons and othe r pred at ory lizards that are now extinct.

• Why they dis a ppea red . Is there more to find ?

Homofloresiensis takes its name from the islan d where it

25

Dwarves, too, are common ly celebra ted in Western folklore. Th ese myth ical creatures are reputed to live und erground or in mou ntainous areas where they stor e countless treasures of gold , silver and precious sto nes. Bearded and ugly, they are ren owned met alsmiths, passing their time fabricatin g armour and item s of power.



4 30 On Flores, anothe r of the Indonesian islands, villagers

relate parallel stories ab out little people ca lled the Ebu Gogo who, trad ition has it, are about a metre tall. Unlike their Sumatran coun terparts. these little crea tures are reputed to have interacted peacefully with the other 35 islanders. Stories abo ut their existe nce are widespread and the last such tale dat es from only about 100 years ago. Until now these stories have been dismissed as folklore rath er than history, but the discov ery of a tiny hu man species has led some expe rts to re-examine their 40 opinions.

5 However tha t may be, scien tists are face d with mor e immed iate an d practical problems, such as where homo floriensis stands in the histor y of evolution. Expe rts believe th at while modern Man evolved from homo 45 ereclUs on the African savannah and grew taller, its 'hobbit' co usin probably developed from a small band

the rea' of homo erectus that somehow crosse d the sea to Flores and becam e marooned. Large mammals that become cut ofT on island s often evolve into dwarf \() versions of their predecessors; evolution tend s to favour those with smaller bodi es as resources are scarce here.

. r·· . .

90

100

105

A Rumours and legend s about these magical and cunning diminutive figures occur in oral and written

traditions in most cultures. Among the most famous are elves. crea tures of Germ anic mythology that have \ survived in Northern European folklore. Originally a race of minor gods of nature and fert ility, they arc often pictured as small, youthful-seeming me n and women of grea t beauty living in forests, underground , or in wells and springs.

B At least one member of the Australian research team believes that the diminutive hum an-like species that are the source of these stor ies may actually have existed. What is more, he claims, it is just conceivable that they have not entirely died out . Although the cha nces are 11 slim, these crea tures could be waiting to be discovered In Earth's most isolated and unexplored outp osts. ..v

C Searches of these caves and the remaining rainforests could result in fi nds of hair or other material if not of living 'ho bbits'. Many Indonesian islands ' 10 contain peculiar nora and fauna and have deep limestone caves that are yet to be fully explored. D This kind of natural selection has frequen tly been recorded in animals, but never before in humans. The discovery that it occ urred on Flores raises the prospect 1\ that more species of miniatur e hum an beings may have followed a similar evolutio nary course on islands around the world. Sadly, many were probably exterminated by homo sapiens, who are suspec ted of wiping out related species, such as hom o erectus and neand erth al Man.

.. .

. .:. .



The story began when researchers started to excavate a limestone cave on the rem ote Ind onesian

95

6 Whatever their fate, Dr Gee believes that the emerging picture of densely packed twigs at the end of our 1\ fami ly tree could profoundly change our notions of what it means to be human. 'What we have is a new member of our genus, tha t lived almost into historical times. Vet it has been fundamental to our ideas of humanity that we arc a unique species. This new J,O discovery has startling implications:

E

, ..

110

island of Flores. By chance, they came across the skull and incomplete skeleton of an adult femal e da ting bac k some 18,000 years. Close exam ination showed that these were the remains of a completely new species of miniature human . Fragments of bone from six more of the creatures were later found in the same cave.

F As news of Flo's existence spread, independent exp erts said they were astounded and intrigued. 'The fact that this miniature human lived less than 20,000 years ago is frankly astonishing,' says Professor Chris Stringer, of the Natural History Museum in London . ' Modern human beings were present in the region at least 45,000 years ago so they must have encountered this creature. What did they make of it? Did they see it as ano ther human or a strange kind of alien?' G But it is not just European folklore that abounds with tales about 'the little people'. In other par ts of the world. there are persistent

115

rum our s of undiscovered

human-like species . such as the orang pendek (Little 120 Man) which is said to inhabit the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Standing between 90 and 125 150cms tall, these diminutive beings are said to walk with backwardpointing feet. to confuse anyone daring enough to 130 trac k them. Local Kabu tribes claim that unless toba cco is left for these creatures at night, they go on the rampage, screaming and yelling as they destroy 135 the natives' camp.

Unit 7

Vocabulary

Grammar

GRp181182

Phrasal verbs with

of! and

. In

For ea ch pair of sen tences in 1-5 , use the same verb. in the correc t form , to make a phrasal verb with two diff erent meanings. a

Even though we off relativel y earl y, we s till a rrived extremely late. b Wh en off fireworks, stand at a rm 's leng th and make sure chi ldren are supervised.

2

a

After ten minu tes trying to solve the puzzle, I ............ in and looked at the so lution. b The government made it clea r it was no t abou t to in w here terrorism was co ncerned.

3

a

4

a

Havi ng ,. off the motorway because of an accident. we ended lip miles from our home. b Before attempting any elec trica l repairs, yo u shoulel always off the power source.

Never off until to morrow w ha t you can do today. b Although he's really good -Iooking, 1 was completely off by hi s bad rep uta tion .

S a It's a lmost impossible for us to in statistics to do with our sola r system. b His lies were so convincing tha t even his closes! friends were in.

2

Match meanings a -j with the phrasal verbs a s th ey a re used in th e ten sentences in 1. a

ligh t b disconnect c deceive d postpone e make sense of depart

make you dis like 11 agree to something under pressure adm it defea t leave a rou te g

Discuss the meaning of th e phrasal verbs in a-e. then complete the sentences to illu strate th eir meaning. a It had been a( n) day so I turned in early. b Our week in the mo u ntain s was ruined when ............ set in. C You wear a protective mask for this experiment as the chemicals used give off . d Although I s pecifica lly asked the ha ird resser to take off jus t a few centimetres . e Whenever a mem ber of staff leaves th e fir m, we all put in some money _._.._ .

:' Unit 7

Participle clauses

GR p176

Match th e participle clauses in italics in a- I with functio ns 1-6.

a Grown in the right conditions, th e plants will flower all sum mer. b Parking his car in a sid e road. he strolled towards th e town cen tre. c A massive earthquake has hit parts of India, leaving thousands of people homeless. d A group of archaeologists exploring the island ha ve d iscovered the skeleton of a new s pecies of hu ma n bei ng. e Not having a mobile phone, we were unable to ring our hosts and warn them we would be lat e. f Having fini shed his medical training, my brother decided to work in Africa for a charity. 1 emp hasising that one thing hap pened after

anot her ha d finished

2 rep lac ing a relative clause 3 showing th at two actions ha ppened within a short tim e pe riod of each other 4 ex pressing a condition 5 expressi ng a reason 6 ex pressi ng a res ult Rewrite the information in a-f using participle clauses .

The Scream , w hich was stolen from the Mu nch Museum, is worth millio ns of pounds. b If they are washed with care, woollen s wea ters w ill ret ain th eir shape. c They ho ped to co nfirm the suspect's part in the rob bery so the detectives arranged an identity pa rade. d Th e wi n ne r crosses the fin ishing line and he raises his ha nds in tri ump h as he does so! e The explo rer wi ll undergo final medical checks ami then he wi ll set out on his polar expedition. f Because he did n 't realise how dangerous the snake was, the toddler reach ed out towards it. a

Give th e present participles of verbs a -i.

a make b build c slop

d offer e prefer f lie

travel h argue occur

g

Give the past particip le of these irregular ver bs.

a bite b bri ng

c ca tch d drive

e fight fl y hide g f

h leave meet prove ) k sell I set rn speak n wake

7

Rewrite the tex t bel ow. replacin g the u nderlined information wit h participle clauses, and making any other necessa ry changes. After he had spent three days trapped on an ice floe, explorer Ben Miller was finally rescued last night. Because he wanted to become the first man to walk solo from Canada to the North Pole, he had set out last April, alone and unaided. He had no way of

Join the two sentences in a-e using the words in brackets and participles.

him apart from camping equipment, a mobile phone,

Example

and a shovel. He made good progress at first but he

I lost my purse. 1 was travelling to work. (w hile) I lost my purse while travellin g to iuork .

then experienced a number of setbacks The longest

A group of cavers have spen t IO hours trapped und e rgroun d. T hey ha ve finally been rescu ed. (After) b I adm it that d rivi ng at excessive speeds is da ngerous. I do n't acc ept we sho uld ha ve spe ed cameras eve ryw here. (Wh ile) IIe wasn' t a loca l. l Ie did n' t kn ow th e a rea. (Not) d Civilia ns heard tha t a peace treat y had been signed . They bega n ce lebra ting in th e s tree ts. .1

(On)

e The judge d id n' t J gree with th e defendant 's actions. He sai d he did sympat hise with her situat ion. (Although)

6

transporting possessions so he took very little with

day of the year was approaching, which meant that the temperature was starting to rise, The ice gradually started to melt around him with the result that he was prevented from gOing forward or back Ben, who was now feeling desperate. searched around him. Because he didn't have any advanced technical equipment, he had to rely on common sense. He took out his shovel and he dug a runway in the ice. He then took a photo of the runway and sent it to a rescue team via his mobile phone. The pilot succeeded in landing on the narrow strip of ice, with the result that he saved Ben from almost certain death .

Say what is wro ng with se n tences a-f and s uggest how they could be rewritten . a Roa rin g ferocio usly, th e girl fled from th e lion . b Two of the terrorist s shooting th e President have been ca ugh t. c Th e man inven ting the d igita l came ra ha s wo n a n awa rd. d Not wan ting to spo il the fun, the weddi ng ce lebrations went on well into the nigh t. e Planted w ith ca re. novice gar de ne rs w ill be a ma ze d how easy it is to grow th ings, Passing his dr ivin g test, Gary beca me rath er highea ded.

Unit 1

Listening

Spea ki ng

Part 2 Sentence completion

1

Look at the p ictu res opposite and discu ss what you might be asked to talk about in the exa m.

2

Match th ese words and phrases with the pictures.

1

Read the exa m task below about a sh ip called the Douro . W hat do yo u think happened to it, and what do you th ink was found on board?

Z

Think of words o r ph rase s with similar meanings to the underlined words in the exa m task.

3

Listen alice to a ta lk abo ut the Douro and complete se n tences 1-9.

4

Were your ideas in 2 the same as the wo rds used in the recording? If necessa ry, listen aga in to check.

5

a traditional crafts or skills b personal reminders of the past c an archaeological dig/excavation d period cos tume e documentary evidence f early civi lisations g film footage h medieva l manuscripts battle re-enactment

3

In pa irs Or threes, each choose o ne set of pictures and do this exam task in one minute.

What do yo u know about other great discove ries?

Co mp are an d co nt ras t the pictures, saying w hat these things can tea ch us a bo ut the past, and how s uccessfully they might bri ng the past to life.

4

Discuss w h ich way of lea rn ing about the past gives the most accurate information.

, Th e Do uro was built in th e 19th cen tury in Her

final voyage took

place in the year

1

2

The majo r ity of her passengers tr avelled in acco m moda tio n. At the time of the traged y the Douro was Priorit y was given to the Th e ship too k o nly

The discovery of a

I I

Unit 7

4 away fro m po rt.

6 to sink. 7 helped

8 co nfir med the ship as th e Douro.

As well as pr iceless artefacts, large qu antities of found.

I

3

5

Mo de rn technol ogy an d th e knowledge of a local to locate th e wreck.

Part 2

9 were

Unit7

m

English in Use

Part 4 Word Iormanon

00 yo u th ink it 's worth studying hi story at schoo l? Why/Why not? Read th e two text s, ignoring the gaps, to fin d out what tw o significant aspects of history th e y are abou t. Choose th e correct answer from each pai r below for 1- 7 in the first task. Example

o

hislOrict!..lisroricaz)

1 exte llliJ b le/exte ns ively 2 sk ilful/un skilled 3 unforgettab le/forgetfu l

4 5 6 7

perception/perspective dramatirilll y/d ramatis ts archileo log ical/arch aeologists disabled/ e nabled

Use the words given for the second ta sk to form one word for each of 1-8.

Tl.,

ori gins of history

The ear liest surviving

.. 0 records mention

t he ac hievements o f

Egyptian and Babylonian kings, but reco rd ed h isto ry as we know it today really begins with Herodotus (c. nC). He was the first person to ta ke an interest in events in co untries outside his ow n. To discover what had ca used the war between the Persians and the Greeks, he travelled .............. 1 and questioned many people. He was a

2 writer a nd his

account is clear and lively, giving a vivid, 3 p icture oflifc in th e ancien t world . During the last two centuries our 4 of his tory has once again changed 5. Resea rch conducted by 6 in many parts o f the world has 7 LIS to t race the development of prehistoric ma n, and has revealed civilisations long lost to us.

Indefi nite artides (olan), c.g. before gap 2, tell you if the next

word begms with a

vowel or a consonant.

,, ,, Unit 7

0 HISTORY EXTEND

2 SKILL 3

FORG ET

'I

PERCE IVE

5

DRAMA

6 ARCHAEOLOGY 7

ABLE

WRITTE N IN STON E You might be forgiven fo r finding the Rosetta stone ......_..... 1 at fi rst sight. It is, after all, only a piece 2 one at of stone, and not a particula rly that. Its 3 in the town in Egypt from which it takes its name was not until 1799. On close 4 however, it emerged that the ............ 5 on the stone date from 196 Be. What makes the stone so 6 is that it bears the same text in the three differen t scripts that 7 in Egypt at that time. For the were in fi rst time scholars were able to make direct ............ 8 between the three systems of writing. The deciphering of the scripts opened up a whole new world fo r linguists and historians.

Voca bu la ry

Word form ation

Mak e nouns from adjecti ves a-h using these suffixes.

a evident b adaptable c signifi ca nt

ence ity

acy ness

d a mbltlous e aware f accurate

democratic 0 h independent

Choose the correct prefi x to make adjec tives a- k negati ve in meaning. Use the information to help yo u.

dis il

im ir

in LIB

We generall y lise: •

' irn' before the letters 'p' a nd 'rn, 'Il' before the letter 'l'. ' ir' before th e letter ' r .

J

practical

•

b decisive c capable d relevant

e f g h

suitable logical moral regular

legal j agreeab le k hon est

3 DISCOVER 4

EXAM INE

5 INSCRIB E 6

SIGNIFY

7

EXIST

8 COMPARE

Match the prefixes with their meanings a-g. co trans

ance 0

2 ATIRAG

(2)

You may need to change the ending of the adjective. ion y

IMPRESS

a b c d

inter lin

across an oppo site act ion with wrongl y

over und er

mis

e between f 100 much g too lilli e

Complete the words in a- f with prefixes from 3. a The Atlanti c flight takes seven hours. b This fish is cooked. I'll jus t pop it back under the grill for a couple of minut es. und erstood what c I 'm afraid tha t you have I was trying to say. d Unfortuna tely. we lost the final of the ......... depa rtmen tal footba ll tourn ament. e Could you give me a hand? I ca n' t .. .. ... . .Iock the door 10 the safe. f It's now known that humans never .. ..... ..existed with dinosau rs.

Unit 7

m

Writing Part 2 A competition entry

1

WG p 158

Using the prompts below. make a list of some of the key events of the twentieth century. Which do you think were the most significant? Why? • technology • spurt • entertainment

2

•

politics

• •

scien ce exploration

Read the exam task below, then read paragraphs A-C and say which major 20th century events they describe. You have seen this competition announcement on your college noticeboard and have decided to enter. Writeyour competition entry usingabout 250 words. COMPETITION

B On November qth. to ever-one's amazemem,

What do you consider to be the mos t import an t event of t he zoth century? Briefly describe the event a nd ex plain its sign ificance for our lives today. Competit ion w inners will receive a set of e ncyclopedias .

the new government announced that all borders were to be opened. &j m,dnu3ht huge c.rowdl'> hild assembled N, the doc.\:: 12, the,! gave a huge c.heer and crossec over In thelf thou&and::., and were greeted tnumpnantl,! b'j those on the other l'>ide. Mall'f dimbed to tne top of the barrier where the,! danc.ed. blew trumpets and c.elebrated in front of tne teievtsron cameras. 'Soon people were. up tbe barrier with hammers and l.hisels, and c.arl'{ing plec.es offas souvenirs, while onlookers spra,!ed c.hampagne and sounded their car horns. 10e ceiebratlons lasted for da'!&.



A

Wnen Neil f\nnstrong wal\::ed offtne· !\polio \I c.ap5ule, ne made hl::.tor'j Never before nad man la\::w suc.h a huge step. Watc.hed b'j mil\ionfl of 1\1 viewers around the world, thiS momentous event a generation. It was a huge al.hlevement for It was also one of the most signifit.ant events of the twentieth c.entul'{.

I

I

Unit 7

( 1\1e birth of Doll,! living proof 1I1at we can now create genetir.all'l identir,al anirnals The si9nific.anc.e of thiS for our soc.iet'! toda,! il'> tremendous. While the tel.hnil1ue ma'! benefit farmers and those worl::ing in '\Ilimi:ll conservatton, the danger i&that sc.ientlsts Will be tempted to do the sarne with humans. That would c.hallenge all our previous belief& about I'lnat it means to be human.

3

6

Answer these questions about paragraphs A-C. a

Which paragraph

a sign ifica nt b beneficia) c crucial d devastati ng c inspirational

says w hy an event is still significant today? • briefly describes an event? • gi ves c.1 detail ed account of a n everu!

b Whic h would probably be the first, middle and las t paragraph of a competi tion entry? c

What do yo u notice about the tenses used in each paragraph ?

7

Example

C 1996, Edinburgh. UK

tip Make sure you know enough details before writi ng about a

tactual tOP iC like this.

Who was involved? Who was affected by it? How ? d How ha d things been before? e How did th ings ch a nge afterwards? f Wha t e ffec t does th e event still have tod ay? b c

8 Choose an eve n t you could write about for the exa m ta sk. Make notes on it answering th e questions in 01-£ above.

Complete sentences a - e using the adj ectives from G. There ma y be more than one possible answer. The Asian tsunam i in 2004 had a(n) . effec t on the live s of thousands. b One of the most spo rting achievements of th e last century wa s the first 'four-minute mile', c No one can deny how a development th e Intern et has been in our lives. d Of the many incidents of the 20th century. Chernobyl's legacy has been one of the lo ngest. e A(n) conseq uence of the splitting of the a tom wa s the development of weapons of mass destrurt ion.

a-f about the events in A-C. ha ppen?

f momentous g ca tastro ph ic h unforeseen grave severe

a

From your own knowledge, discuss the answers to

a When and where did it

Decide whether adjectives a-j are positive. negative, or ne utral in meaning.

Write your competition entry. using yo ur notes from 5 and some of the language in G and 7 whe re possible.

Unit 7

Review 1

Comp lete sentences a-e with the correct prep ositions.

For a-h, add a su itable negative prefix to make a djectives with the opposite meaning.

a The industria l revolution resulted . dra matic changes to the stru cture of so ciety. b It is esse ntial for journalists to chec k th e source .. ........ all th e information th ey receive. health problems in c Overeat ing can lead later life. d Within days of taking th e ant ibiot ics, th ere was a dram atic effect .. .. ...... her cond ition. e The au tho rities a re keen to disco ver wh o was respo nsible .. " .... .. th e dest ru ction of th e a ncient monument.

a releva nt b legal c ho nest

Find adjective forms of a -f w hich mat ch defin itions 1-6. Examp le tt4



n- itHfd€t

b signify c compare

d extend e perceive f drama

mUnit7

I corresponding 2 sen sation al 3 widesp read 4

l>ked.'dlll



5 imp or ta nt 6 observan t

g suitable h logica l

,) For a -e, use the correct word in brackets in its no un form to complete the sen tence, a The re wa s insu fficient (acc urate/evide nt) to con vict th e accused of th e crime. b Our te nnis coach says we mu st improve the (ad apt able/ accurat e) of our strokes . c (Ambitious / Significant) is a quality polit icia ns must have to achie ve success,

Comp lete se nte nces a-h wit h phrasa l verbs with ill or off in the correct for m. a Th ere ha ve been a number of cases of bogu s doctors in staff and pati ents an d perform ing medi ca l exam inations . b Non e o f th e lights a re wor king. Has so meo ne ..... ..... off the electricity? r AI limes we felt like .... .. .. .. in bUI we ca rried on an d managed to ach ieve our goal. d Thi s year's festiva l will end with a displa y of fireworks to be .... .... .. off at midn ight. .. e The training centre isn't difficult to find off th e roa d at th e light s and follow the signs. f Please don 't be off by Bella 's rat her dista nt manner. She 's very frien dly once you get to know her. g What time will we have to off to arrive in tim e for the cerem on y? h It looks as if we shall ha ve to .. .. .. .. .. off our decision to reloc a te un til we have found more s uitab le premi ses.

d moral c capab le f decisive

d Good driv ers have a n ac ute (awa re/significa rn) of impending haza rds. e The newl y formed country gained its (independent/ a mbitious) only last yea r.



Repl ace the words in bra cket s with a su itable prefix. a Could you (an op pos ite action ) .. ...... . .Iasten this knot in my sho elace? b (w ith) ... ... .operation between several coun tries meant that eme rgency aid ar rived qu ickly. continenta l express is a c The (across) luxuriou s way to travel. d If (here' s one thin g [ can' t sta nd it'S (too mu ch) _...... .. .cooked vege tables. e Police ha ve been (wrongly) inform ed abou t th e wher eab ou ts of the s us pect. London 's Heat hrow is one of the world 's bu siest (be tween) nat ion..1 airport s. g I think we have (too lillie) ..........es timated the strength of th e opposi tio n. ,

Complete th is review usin g the word s in b ra ckets in th e co rrec t form. A Iree open-air concert on an intcrnationat levcl. 'Live 8' WilS an 1 (inspire) _ event. Its aim WilS 10 help counteract the 2 (devastate) and effects of world poverty. a nd 3 (catastrophe) to make a 4 (signify) Impact on its eradication. Some critics raised doubt s about whether fi nancial aid is actually 5 (benehl) in the drive to stam p out poverty, claiming thai it can often have 6 (lorcsce) ........ .. consequenc es. This made little difference to the millions who tuned into watch the concert and to pledge their money.

The big issues Lead in 1

Discuss why the issues below should concern us in the 21st century. Which are the three most burning issues? Why? priva cy • the Intern et warfare a n ageing society

2

•

cr ime and terrorism globa lisa tion the enviro nment

For each of A, S, and C find one word which fits all three gaps. 'Gover nment s should give as much foreign .......... as possible to poorer countries.' 2 'In certain circumstances, emergency .......... in the form of money should be sent immediately.' 3 'The most successful long-term programmes encourage self-help.'

.

'A lot of people only appreciate school after they leave full -time .' 2 'St at e should be more academically based.' 3 'A practical makes it easier to change jobs later in life:

'Few people could have predicted the huge impact of information : becomes, 2 'No matter how advanced machines will never be able to think like humans: 3 'It' s a waste of time for humans to do tasks that modern can do.'

30

Listen to three people talking about 2. Check your answers for A-C and tick the statement for the issues in each one that best reflects the speaker's point of view.

4

Do you share any of the views in 2? Why /Why not?

Unit8

m

Rea din g 1

2

Part 3 Multiple choice

What film s or books do yo u know that feature robots? What relati onsh ip do these ro bo ts ha ve with humans?

2 3 4

5 6

d

c f

programming hum an oid robot ics

4

Belote



tip

Why can' t shoppers buy th e the options, see if you do mestic assistants me ntioned can answer the questions or complete in the first pa ragra ph? b Ho w are Isa a c Asimov's short the statements In stories different fWIlI th ose of your own words h is contempo raries? c Why do experts th in k tha t protecting us from robots would be tHfficul t? d Why does the writer use the exa mple of a robot ta king food to Africa? e What do many experts th ink about the dangers posed by th e science o f robot ics?

a

4

Read the text again and choose the best option (A, B, Cor 0) to complete 1-5. Shoppers can't buy th e do m estic assistants mentioned in the first paragraph because th ey A B C D 2

are not ye t in the shops. can on ly be acquired o nline. do n 't actually ex ist. are only available to filmgoers.

Isaa c Asimov's shan sto ries differ from those of h is contemporaries because they A were infl uenced by Ka rel Capek. B are less imagina tive . C describe a world ruled by robo ts. o are mo re grounded in sc ience.

III UnitS

can't he controlled just by programming. can 't be programmed to recogn ise adults. don' t respond to casual req ues ts. will never be able to obey orders.

T he example of a robot taking foo d to Africa is used to show that A robo ts are capable of unselfis h actio ns. B Asimov 's laws require robots to th in k. C travel is a di fficu lt concept for robots. D robots can make mora l judgem ents.

a machine or creature with th e appearance and characteristics of a person a use ful, usu all y s ma ll, piece of equ ipmen t the scie nce of des ig n ing and operat ing robo ts a group of moving parts in a machine the process o f giving il co mpu ter instructions the use of comp uters for human fu nctio ns such as learning and making decisions

Read the text and di scuss questions a - e.

Experts believe that protect ing us from int el ligent robots would be difficult because they A B C D

Ma tch wo rds ,,-f from th e tex t oppos ite with m eanings 1-6 . •, gadget b mechanism c art ificial intell igence

3

3

5 Many exper ts th in k th at the dangers posed by th e science o f robotics are A bei ng covered up by experts. B over-drarnatised by pressure groups. C overestimated by th e pub lic. D worthy of more discussion .

5

Discuss these questions. a

Wha t so rt of jo bs do you th ink we sho uld lise robots for? Th in k abo ut: • safety • health • huma n lim ita tio ns

b

Are the re any jobs you thin k we should no t use ro bots for? Why?

mean machines ooking for a good dom est ic robot? Accordi ng t o one w ebsite, t he w or ld's firs t fu lly automat ed,life-sized domesti c assista nt

is abou t to go on sa le. There 's just one catc h: the websi te promoting thi s ama zing gadget is just a tease, a clever bit of

If)

advert ising f rom zoth Cent ury Fox t o promot e its movie, I, Robot. In th is scion acti on t h riller, detect ive Spooner, played by Will Smith, invest igates t he mu rder of a scient ist employed by a fict iona l robo t ics company. Despite the f ailsafe mec hanism bui lt in to th e robo ts. which preve nts th em from harming hu mans. the det ect ive suspects one of them

was responsible for the scientis t's dea t h. Further investiga t ion leads him t o believe th at robot s may even be planning to take over t he wo rld .

I;'

1U

I, is loosely based on a coll ecti on of short stories by science-fic tion w rite r, Isaac Asimov. M ost of these revolve around th e famou s 'th ree law s of robo tics'which he firs t drew up in 1940. In those days, bare ly two decades after t he word 'robot' had been coine d by play w righ t Karel Capek, othe r w riters we re stil l slavishly reworking Capek's narrat ive about robo t s t aking Over t he world. But Asimov's grasp of science fa ct - he ga ined a PhD in chemistry - lent rigour t o his science-fiction and he was already aski ng what pract ical steps hu man it y m ight take t o avoid t hi s nasty fate . His solution was t o program all robots to foll ow th ree law s:

,\1

A robot may not Inju re a human being, or. th ro ugh Inact ion, allow a human being to come t o har m.

2

A robot m ust obey the orders given it by hu ma n beings, except where such orders would confl ict wi t h th e First law.

10

3

A robot must protect it s own exi stence as long as such protection does not conflict wi th t he First or Second Law.

Theset hree laws might seem like a good w ay t o keep robot s in t heir place, but to a roboticist t hey t hrow up more problems t han t hey solve. Expert s in t he fie ld of A.I. (artifi cial mtelhge nce) have come t o the sobenng conclus ion t hat 15 preventing intelligent robots f rom harm ing humans w ill requ ire something muc h m ore complex than simply

programming the m In fact. programmi ng a real robo t to foll ow th e th ree law s would be a for mi dable u ndert akin g. fo r a start, t he robo t would need to be able to recogn ise hu mans 40 and no t con fuse them wit h chimpa nzees,statues and hu rnanord robo ts.Thi s may be easy for us humans, but it poses conside rab te difficulty fo r robots. To follow rule tw o, th e robot wou ld have to be ma de capable of recogni sing an orde r and d i<;t ing u ishing it from a casual request - which is 4) beyond t he capa bility of conte mporary artifi cial int elligence. To fo llow any of th e t hree laws, th e robot would have to determi ne whethe r and t o what exten t any of them applied t o t he current sit uat ion. This w ou ld invo lve complex reason ing abou t t he fut ure consequ ences of it s own actions 50 and of th e actions of oth er robots, humans and an ima ls in its vicinity. But why shou ld the robot restr ict It s actions to it s own im medi ate vic inity? The first law, as state d above, incl udes no clau se restr icting its scope t o the immediate surround ings of th e robot. A robot standing in th e Arctic ss might reason th at it could take food to Afr ica and thereby save a child from starvation . If it rem ains in th e Arctic , th e robot would, through inaction, allow a hum an to come t o harm, t hu s cont ravening t he fi rst law.To enable robots to avord gett ing caugh t on t he horn s of such dilemmas, t hey ro wou ld need some capacity for mor al reasoni ng. Ensuri ng robot s had such a capacity wou ld be h ideous ly comp lex compared to Asirnov's th ree laws. If t hese speculations seem far-fetched, t he day whe n t hey becom e pressing Issues m ay be closer t han yo u suspect . 65 Comp ute r scient ist Bill Joy is not t he on ly expe rt w ho has urged t he pub hc t o sta rt t hin king abou t th e dangers of robo tics, and Greenpeace hac; bro ugh t out a special repor t urging people to debate th e matter vigo rously We shou ld not be too alarm ist. how ever. Whi le t he fi eld of roboti cs is 10 prog ressing rapidly, t here is st ill some way to go before robot s become as intelligent as Will Smit h's ficti onal adversary. As Chris Me lhui'h, a leadin g Brit ish roboticist admits,'The bigges t th reat OU f robo ts curren tly pose t o h umans is th at yo u can trip over them.'

UnitS

II

Vocabulary

Grammar

Big issues

(and itiona Is

1

1

Discuss the a nswers to questions a-g.

o If 0 city is overpopulated, is it too big or are

If a virus attacks a computer, it prevents it from working properly. (zero conditional) b If the ir best side plays, Manchester United will probably come out on top. (first conditional) c If 1 had enough money, I would buy a new digita l camera. (second conditional) d If you had told me tha t you needed some advice. I would have helped out. (third conditional)

drought? What is the difference be tween 0 natural resource and a financial resource? d Which one can erupt : a tornado or a volcano? e Can soil erosion cause a {lood or a landslide? f Which is more serious: an earth tremor or an earthquake? g Are epidemics caused by contagious or coturoversial diseases?

c

I 2 3

Match o ne word fro m eac h pair in 1- 5 wit h defi nit ions a and b. vital/triv ial a extremely important b not at all important 2

controversial/crit ical .l very serious b I he subject of argument

3

momentous/momentary a brief b very important

4

principal/principle a main b rule or belief

4

2

b

a hypothetical statement about the past a condition which is improbable/impossible in the present a statement of general tact a condition that is possible/probable in the future

Underline th e correct verb fo rms in a-f.

a I'll give up/I'd give up my job and go backpacking round the world if I'd houe/l had a bit more courage. b Nobody iuauki {inrfjwolllrl have [ouud the climbers if th ey hadn't mnnaged/didn't manage to attract the moun tain rescue team. c If you stayed out/stay out all night without telling your mum. she probably kills/will probably kill you. d If] realised/l'ti realised the first prize in the ra ffle was a sports car, I would have bought/would blly a lo t more tickets! e If yOll leave/you'll leave metal objects in the rain, they generally rust/will rust. f She iuouldn't crash/wouldn 't have crashed the car if a dog hadn't run out/wouldn't have run OW in fron t of her car.

5 antisocial/unsocial it

Match sentences a-d with descrip tions 1-4. a

there too many people living there? h What is the difference between a {amine and a

2

GR p177-179

annoying to others outside normal working hours

3

Exp la in the differences in m eaning o r function between th es e pairs of sen te nces . 1a If you're finding it difficu lt to do your homework, I'll give you a hand. b If you find it difficult to do your homework, I'll give you a hand. 2a Those swimmers could have drowned if passersby hadn't raised the alarm. b Those swimmers would have drowned if passers-by hadn' t raised the alarm.

ED Unit8

3a Please let me know if you need any advice. b Please let me know if you should need any advice . 4a If you stayed in this country a bit longer, we could spend more time together. b If you were staying in this country J bit longer, we could spe nd more time togethe r. Sa If we offered you the posit ion, would you acce pt? b If we were to offer you the position, would you accept?

4

Complete a- f by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form. a If the bride groom' s friends (not/ tie) him to a lamp post on his stag night, he . (not/end up) in a police station. b If you (look) for something to do , . (go) an d dig the garden! c As a rule, coloured cloth es (fade) if you ..... ..... (leave) the m in the su n for too long. d If you (wan t) to get rid of your old football kit, (try) selling it on the Internet. e We (arrive) sooner if the workmen ........ .. (nat/dig) up the road on our way here. f (be) the manager to discover what has bee n going on in the office, he (be) horrified.

5

Complete sentences a-f with your own ideas. a If I cou ld spe nd a roma ntic evening with anyone I chose, ... b I will be really disapp ointed if ... . c If I could change one thing about my life, .. . d It wou ld have bee n un believable if .. e 1 would feel abso lute ly ecstatic if . f If I could change places for one day with anyone in the world, ...

6

Underlin e the words used instead of if in these conditional sentences, then correct any mistakes you find.

I'll be raring to go tomorrow as long as 1 get a good night's sleep tonight. g There' s no hope of our team winning the League unless we start to play better.

7

Complete gaps 1-1 2 in the pa ragraph below, usin g the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. I was kicked out of school at the age of 16 because I was bone idle. If anyone (1 tell) me then that I would end up making a living as a scriptwriter, I .......... (2 never/believe) them. I admit that writing is one of the few things I've ever been good at. At school, if one of my mates (3 have) trouble writing up a project, I (4 do) it for them provided they (5 pay) me enough, of course! But write for a living? That was never on the cards. After I left school, I drifted in and out of various jobs. I wanted to travel the world but I knew I .. (6 not/get) very far unless I (7 have) a few dollars under my belt. So how to earn it? Afriend of mine came up with a brainwave. Why not try (8 be) writing a TV screenplay? Supposing it good enough, it (9 may/earn) me enough money to travel the world . lowe that friend a lot. If he (10 not/urge) me on, I (11 never/get) started as a writer. And instead of having homes in Paris, Brisbane, and Los Angeles, I (12 still/work) in a dead end job in my home town.

a They would have ended up divorced unless the intervent ion of their friends, b "II marry you provided you don 't expect me to get on with your mothe r! c As long as you won the lottery, how would you spen d the money? d Jim will be allowed out of prison supposing he reports to the police stat ion twice a week. e Tonight's open-air concert will be can celled provided the wea the r improves.

Unit 0

III

Listen ing 1

2

Part 3 Mu ltiple choice

How did he rega rd his expe rie nce abroa d ?

A He was worried about being away from home. B He was apprehens ive abou t w ha t lay in store. C He th o ught the time wou ld pass a ll too quickly. D He knew he wo u ld have very littl e time to apprecia te his surroundi ngs .

Look at the advertisement below and discuss these questions. a Which co untr ies might volunteers be needed in? b What reso urces m ight be lacking in places like th ese? c Wha t kind of professio nal s kills woul d be useful in developing cou ntries? d Why wou ld jobs like th ese be rew arding?

3

What does Tom say was th e mos t importa nt th ing offered by the organisatio n? A enou gh money to make en ds meet B paid tra vel and accom modation C th e op po rtu nity to m eet fellow vo lunteers

Volunteer jobs

D hel p to rea djus t on his return ho me 4

Each year, hund reds of people start rewardi ng jobs as volunteers in developing countries. These countries need you to: •

use your professional skills to train and advise colleagues.

•

live and work wit hin the local community.

•

work creatively and adapt to new surroundings - often wit h few resources.

How did Tom feel initi ally abo ut the job he was given? A He knew he wo uld be well suited to it.

B He was surp rised by the role he had been give n. C He resented ha vin g to wo rk w ith so meo ne else. D He was ner vou s ab out the responsi bility. 5 What doe s Tom say abo ut the s now leo pa rds? A Som e hu nting of th e animals is a llowed . B Larger numb ers breed away from inhabited

a rea s. C They are regarded as the most important a nima ls in th e Himalayas. o They have become mor e do mesticated. 6

1

A Farm ers can be co mpensated for lost a nimals. B Th e govern m ent runs a n insu ra nce scheme for farmers . C Farmers have th e fund s need ed to bu y more land. D Local gro ups have formed to protect the snow leopard .

tip

2 0

Listen tw ice to a radio interview w ith Tom Davies. w ho spent a year as a volunteer in Nepa l, a nd choose the best answers for q uestio ns 1-7.

How ha s the pro gramme Tom a nd his colleag ue de vised he lped?

Make sure all th e

7

Information 10 the option you choose is correct. not j ust some of it.

A Give an exa mple of a profita b le loc al scheme. S Pro ve that fewer snow leop ar ds have bee n killed by hunt ers. C Show th at the number of snow leop ards has increas ed. D Promise th at profit s from his sc he me will go ba ck int o th e co m m un ity.

Why did Tom go to live a nd work ab road? A He was bo red with his rou tine .

B He wa nted to do so me th ing useful. C He saw a n ad verti sem ent in a new spaper he had boug ht. D He wa nted to take ad vantage of every op po rt uni ty in life.

What does 'Ibm say he ca nno t do at the mom ent ?

3

Wou ld you be interested in doi ng vo lu ntary wo rk a broa d? If so, w here a nd doi ng w ha t? If not, w hy not?

m

Unit8

1

Spea ki ng 1

Parts 3 and 4

3 0

Read Part 4 questions a-c. Listen to six students' answers a nd decide which of the questions th ey are answering. How appropriate are their answers ?

Look at the pictures below. List en to the Part 3 task which accompan ies th em a nd note down th e answers to a-c.

a

What de cisio ns in life do you consider the most difficult to mak e? b Som e people believe th at a 101 of importa nt decisions are out of our hands. Wh at do you th ink ? c What sort of decisions in life are influenced by money?

a Wh at do th e pictures show? b Wha t do you ha ve 10 talk abou t? c What do you have 10 deci de?

2

In pairs or gro ups of three, do the Part 3 task you heard in 1. After four minutes, stop and compare your decisions with those of another group .

4

Discuss your own thoughts on the questions in 3. Th ese words and ph rases might help you . at st ak e in th e lo ng ru n on the sp ur of th e mom e nt

sho rt term ou t of th e blu e ou t of our con trol

UnitB

ED

English in Use 1

How imp ortant in life are the four thi ngs below ? Is th ere a ny thing e lse th at is more important? • •

2

he lping others enjoying yourself

• •

how to dou

doing something to be remembered by passing on your genes by having ch ildren

Read the text quickly for general sense, Ignoring the gaps. Read the text again and think of il possible answer for the gap before you look at the options.

Read the text below quickly. Is th e write r's ton e mainly a

3

Part1 Multipl e-choicecloze

b philosophica l

humorous

c

pessimistic?

Try each option your choice,

Read th e text ag ain and th e how to do it box a nd decide which word (A, B, C or D) best fits ea ch sp ace 1- 15. It is often 0

.. t hat a look at our origins will

of life It cer tainly did not 2

1 . . . .. . . •. . .. us to the meaning

that way for Dr Frankenstein 's creation.

Desperate to know where he had come from, unlike us he 3

the awful

truth. Yet what he found out did not 4 .. . .. •.. .. •. life's rnearung. it j ust upset him. Perhaps instead of answering the question of why we are here by looking backwards, we should look forwards. What future goal would 5 . . ... ... . ..• t his life worth living? The problem with working towards goals was identified by the philosopher of 6 •.•.•. .• . ... sense, Aristotl e. His 7

was that we do many

things for the sake of something else. We eat to live, work to pay the bills , st udy to pass exams, and so on. But unless at least one act ton IS done for its own sake, there

IS

no

B

In

doing any of them . Not everythi ng can be a means to an In their own r ight. There IS much

end: there must be ends which are 9 that makes life precious enough to 10

to and savour . So what gives

people's lives value? It might be 11 children 12

t he suffering of others, helping one's

their lives, or 13

a pro blem. But life is 14

and we are often thrown off course . The baSIC answer t o the questron of life's meaning

IS

proba bly this : there are more

15

they are to be found in the living of life itself.

to live rather than die, and

.

In

the gap to check

Vocabulary Expressions with end 1

Use 1- 8 to complete the expressions with end in a-h. I

loose

2 sight 3 in

up 5 means 6 on

4

2

7 meet 8 at

a I got on the wrong train last night and ended ... .... ... in the middle of nowhere! b My mum wasn't keen on lending me her car, but ...... .... the end she gave in. end this week . Do you fancy c I' m at LI doing somet hing? d l'rn struggling to make ends .......... what with three children to feed and all the bills to pay, £' I've been overwhelmed with work for weeks and there 's no end in . The best thrillers have an unexpected twist right ..... ..... the end. g Helping my bro ther move house was just a .......... to an end; I want him to do an even bigger favour for me! h We can make more space in the classroom by putting the tables end and leani ng them against the wall.

Match the expressions with end in I with meani ngs a- h. a finally

b c d e f g h

3

have nothing particu lar to do things are unlikely to change eventually arrived as something finishes uprigh t manage financially something done to achieve something else

Discuss these questions. a Wha t advice would you give to a friend who is struggling to make ends meet? b Which films or books have surprised you right at the end? c Is an educa tion valuable in itself, or just a means to an end? d Have you ever ended up miles away from where you wan ted to be? What happened?

,

Unit 8

II!D

Writi ng 1

Part 2 A magazine article

Discuss which categories a-e wo rds 1-15 cou ld rela te to and talk about some of the de cisions you ng people ha ve to make nowa days.

a lifestyle b relationships c accommodation location satisfaction responsibility promotion health 6 single 7 property 8 budget I

2 3 4 S

2

WG p157

3

a clearly developed paragraphs b a lively sty le C formal regis ter d bullet points e addressing the reader directly

d money e work cha llenge commitment bills dat ing 13 free time 14 finance IS economical 9 10 11 12

Dec ide which o ne of a-e wo u ld not be a ppro p ria te for the a rti cle .

4

Wh ich of a-h are written in an appropriate sty le for th e it rticl e? a

b

Read the exa m tas k bel ow and introducto ry pa ragraphs A and B. an d answer these qu estions.

c

a

What particular decision do bo th pa ragraphs focus on? b Which paragraph is more appropriate for the exam task? Why?

d

e

An international maga zine fur students has a sked read ers for a rticles about important choices young people today have to make. Write an article describing one such choice and making sume recommendations.

f g

h

A One of the biggest challenges faced by people in this country in the present century lies in the area of employment. Given the current demand for a highly skilled workforce, the desirability of undertaking further education and gaining the highest possible qualifications is unquestionable. It is also the case that many young people lack the financial resources needed to pursue such a course of action, whatever their aspirations.

B Given the choice, is it worth doing without a salary for a few years and going to university? And when it comes to choosing a career or a course, how can you be sure which is right for you? Ifyou are currently wrestling with questions like these, don't worry . You are not alone.

1m Unit8

5

Student s should be advised against deciding on a career or study path wi thout giving the matter due thought and consideration. Remember that it's up to you and no -one else what you decide to do . Talk to other people like older friends or relatives - they may have been in your shoes once! One way of approaching the prob lem might be to compile a list of the posi tive and negative aspects of the options available to you. Wha tever you decide, the future's in your hands. so get ou t there and start enjoying ill Exp loit facilities at your d isposal in the vicinity, such as your local library. Be advised against postponing making a decision for so lo ng that eventually a choice is no longer available to you. Before you make your mind up, make sure you've rea lly though t things through.

Rew rite the inappropriat e se nte nces from 4 in a less formal s ty le. Example

a If you're a student. think long and liard before you decide whether you 're better off working or going 0/1 with YOllr studies.

6

Read th e mo del answ er to the exam task and comp lete gaps 1-8 wit h phrases a- h , adding capita l letters where necessary, .1 the ti me has to be r ight b unti l you're good and ready c there are lo ts of factors to consider d th ere's the question of e is a major step f weigh up th e pro s and COil S g w ill also need to consider th ings h bear in mi nd

Spreading your wings and leaving the nest I , towards freedom fo r most young people. But w hen is the right time to make the move? Clearly 2 befor e you decide to branch out on you r own - and money is one of the biggest. Wh ile living at home might cramp your style, it's certainly economical. Renting a flat can be an expensive business, so .......... that you'll prob ably have less cash to spend on yo urse lf. Sharing a flat can reduce the costs and can be great fun, but it isn't always plain sailing. If you fallout with your flatrnate or he or she suddenly moves out, yo u could be left to foot the bills.

7

Discus s these qu estions about th e model answer. a

Which maj or decision does th e w riter focus on?

b Which is the main topic of each of the tw o middl e paragraphs?

c How does th e writer develop each of the two middle paragraphs? d What is the purpose of the fina l paragraph ?

8

Choose on e of the topic areas you di scussed in I , and make no tes fo llow ing a sim ilar plan to the model answer. Then write your article i n abou t 250 w ord s.

Then 4 where exactly to live. M oving a long way away from family and friends might seem like an adventure, but it can be very lonely. You 5 like transport, and how easy it would be to get to work or college. Getting a place of your own can be exciting and few of us want to live at home forever. But Before you pack up and go, talk to older friend s and family. After all, they wer e onc e in your shoes themselves. So 7 , and don't leave home 8 __ . That way you 'll be able to savour you r newfound indepe ndence to th e full.

tip If your article two main middle paragraphs, your int roduction and conclusion should be nu more than 50 words each.

Unit 8 1m]

Review 1

2

Write th e missi ng words in se nte nces a-I, Th e first leit ers a re given. ., Heavy rain caused a I. a fter many trees on th e hills ide had been felled . r whic h is often b Coal is a n uneconomica l to mine nowad ays. c A severe f.. ......... in the so uth of th e count ry left thousa nds sta rving . d Dur ing the violen t storm, a L was report ed tn ha ve caused exte nsive damage to property in th e city cent re. I' A f. d like tube rculosls ran he life threatening. be ca use of all th e f Th e city has become 0 'new hou sin g es tates wh ich ha ve sp rung u p over the last few yea rs.

His new job is interes ting bu t it will entail working hours a nd some night s hifts . f One of the causes of the dec linin g bird pop ula tion is the dest ruct ion of their na tural habi tat, but there are many other factors. g Th e penalt y for beha viour s uch as va nda lism can be a short spe ll in p rison .

4

Replace th e words in itali cs with a su itable expression with end. Th e word s in brackets will help you. a lf you find yourself with nothing particular to do (loose) thi s weekend . wh y not visit our new depa rtme nt store? b Proper ty pr ices have been risin g for months and things arc unlikely 10 change. (sigh t) c It's difficult 10 manage financially (meet ) when you' re ou t of work. d We were enjoying the film, but as it finished (at) , there was a power cu t and we never found out wh at h app ened ! I' Paul didn' t enjoy h is job - it was something he did co achieve something else. (mean s) f After dr iving for two hou rs. we evelltually arrived (u p) right back whe re we'd sta rted from . g Ja r k took his ma ths exam Iou r times bu t finally (in) he passed it. h If you put the de sk upright (on), it will go through the doo r.

5

Complete gaps 1- 6 in the paragraph below. which gives advice about finding a job.

Circle th e correct word in itali cs to complet e se nte nces a-f. a b c d e

f

3

e

Your suggestio n will provide only a sho rthauljt prm/stay solut ion to our traffic proble ms. An all-round ed uca tio n alwa ys pays off in th e long run/way/ time. We mus t act on globa l warming now - th e future of our planet is at stake/ hand/ large. led didn't pla n his decision - he resig ned on th e point/head/ spur of th e mo me nt. Th e a nno unce me nt th at th e co mpany was to be sold shocked everyone as it carne co rupl erel y uut of the question/blue/ordinary. I regret th at we can't he lp with your query. The mail er is now out of ou r reach/ touch/con trol.

Decide which of the se adjectives be st collo cate with the nouns in italics in a-g. principa l momen tary u nsocia l

trivial mo me ntous

co ntroversial a ntisocia l

a The acc iden t is thought to have been ca used by a lack of co nce ntra tion o n th e pa rt of the dri ver. b Th ere is no doubt that ' not guilty' was a verdict - there wa s wide spread disbelie f th at that the accused was fou nd innocent. c A board of di rectors mee ting is not the occasion to discuss such a mailer. Details such as this can be dealt with a t a much low er level. d Ted mad e a decision whe n h e resigned from his city law firm and reloca ted to a rem ote isla nd .

[IiIJ

Unit 8

There a re lots of factors to 1 if you're young and looki ng for your first job. Before you . 2 up your mind abo ut what career path to take. get as milch advice as possible, and be advised ............... .l rushing into a decision without careful research and consideration. Bear in 4 that you could be making a choice that will affect you for several years to come 5 up the pros and cons of different jobs, how much they pay, where they arc located, promotion prospects and so all . At the end of the day, remember that it's up ....__ ......... 6 you to choose your own path.

I s clme •

Lead in 1

Read the information below about crime in the UK and explain the mea ning of these words. criminal damage counterfeit robb ery

2

domestic violence mugging fraud

Discuss the se questions. J. Are you surprised by any of the statistics? Say which and explain why. b Why might the numbe r of crimina l incidents appear to have fallen in recent years? c How do you think crim e sta tistics in your country might compare with these?

Crime in Enuland and Wales England and Wales have a combined population ofaround 53million. In 2003 the total number ofcrimes in England and Wales was around 12.3 million. Total crime numbers peaked in 1995, and have since fallen by 36%.

Plastic card fraud rose by 30%and payment fraud by 66%between 2001 and 2002. The rise in plastic card fraud comes from an increase in the use ofcounterfeit cards and the fraudulent useofcard details - not through the misuse ofstolen cards.

In 2003, 27%ofthepopulation were the victims ofcrime.

In 2003, the number ofincidents ofcriminal damage in England and Wales was 2.5 million. More than half ofthese were against vehicles. In 2003, seven out of10 households experienced some type ofcriminal damage. After a peak in 1993 of3.5 million incidents, criminal damage continues to fall every yeat

In 2003, the number ofrobbery offences in England and Wales for people aged 16orover was 300,000.

Astudy of2,000 police files found that: 22%ofrecorded robbery victims were between 11 and 15 years old. 23%were between 16 and 20.

•

Unit 9

1m

Reading Parts 1 and 4 Multiple matching

1 2 3

Do yo u enjoy crime stories in books or films? W hal wo uld you say are the e le ments of a good crime s tory?

Read the text opposite and suggest a headi ng o r h rie f s ummary fo r each sectio n 10 s how yo u u nderstand the develu p men t of the text , Compare your ideas wi lh .. part ner's. Read th e text agai n a nd say in which section of th e text (A-F) 1-13 are men tioned.

Answering the cesrest quesuons first and

•

marking the releva nt part of the text Will

reduce Ihe amount you

have 10 read each lime.

the importan ce o f und e rsta ndi ng ho w a ch aracte r thin ks

1

inve nting an inte res ting p ro file fo r yo u r c ha ra c te r

2

th e ch a ra cte r' s belief th ai he w ill go u np un is hed

4

th e nec ess ity o f w rit ing a co nv inci ng plot

S

well w ritte n s to rie s s po ile d by an im p robab le s to ryli ne

7

using hu m an e mo tio n s as a basi s for a story th e ris k o f bas in g c ha ra cte rs o n re ali ty

8 .. 9 ..

w hy ki lli ng m a kes a good s tory

10 .

not u nderes tim a ting th e di fficult y o f writin g a cri me novel

II

a cruci a l que sti on to a sk about yo ur m ain cha ra cter

12 ..

th e di ffere nt wa ys (h at readers w ill

4

S

see a

no vel

Co m p lete th ese ph ra se s w ith the text ,

of or for a nd

a b c d

to be sco pe . .. co m pensation .. .

to be ca pa ble . . . a so u rce .. . Ih e best wa y .. . th e resu lt .. .

I"

f g h

check yo ur a nswers in

a view ... 10

bla me . ..

Do yo u ha ve a favourite fictional crimi na l .. rut /or detec tive? What makes them so a ppeali ng?

[I

Unit9

13

.

3 . .. . 6 ...

.

Why do so many of us enjoy reading (fIlTV and suspe nse fiction! The predic tab le

answers arc th at the books tell intriguing sto ries and an: eXl: iting and easy to read.

s BUI if yo u don't read th e g<':ll l l' Or don 't ad m ire it, then you will find it wr y hanl t wri te. Don't be misled into imagining thlll

a detective story is <1 simple matter bccaus there are rul es to follow. In reality. the HI crime writer achieves everything t h.it an ordinary novelist does - but also has to ensure that the resu lt is intriguing, excitin, .1Od easy to read, As fa r as content gOl'S, II thai distinguishes cri m e tictio n is that the 1'1 novels fea ture criminality. And criminals m ake good charac ters for fiction because they arc active, no t passive. The y arc not the: st u pidest peop le, either. 10 commit if crime they have shown in it ia tive and '0 int elligen ce in th e plannin g and au dacitv carrying it thro ugh, T heir m or al failing " in wanting to do it; their folly is in believing they G 1I1 get away with it; and their arrogance lies in doing it again. 25 Wh et her sto ries centre on crimi nals or their victims, crime is rich ground for no velists.

. .

b The best way of learning about ilny kindI writing is to read good examples of it. fu }() you cut from one author to another, notr whether a writer who scores on s to ry and

35

atmosp he re might be sloppy about pro'" perha ps scattering adverbs and adjecti." where one carefully chosen word would provide mo re effect, Or whetherone wh

elegant confuses yO ll by an unli twist of the plo t. A writer who serves up th e rest in splend id fashion . ma y leave Ih, pr incipal characte rs loa shady for your '0 lik ing. Obviously, your verd icts will he subjective. While you arc muttering abou situatio ns no t being fully explained. another reader may be enthusing ab out subt lety nf the no vel. But you will be , ; learning what can he achi eved within the genre and what perceived failin gs you wi to avoid in your 0 \ \'11 work. is

e

Do you enjoy a good thriller or detective novel? Have you ever thought a b o u t w riti n g one? Le sley Grant Adamson has so m e advice for aspiri n g writers.

II is acceptable 10 take actual people and dS

the bavis fur fiction but the)' mus t be distinctly altered. You wouldn't want to libd anyone by having him .1p pCJT onl y transparently d isguised 35 11 murderer ; and certainly mustn't use genuine names.

Besides, the fewer fetters on

95

a family, between neighbours or colleagues. Trou ble in relationships, and the excesses th at can result when so meo ne becomes stu bbo rn, jealous, obsessive or vengeful, is a bountiful so urce of !!otnry ideas .

y OUT creative

powers the bet ter, Even when you set out thinking you arc going to use ,I real person , vou will rapidly drift from him as you dream

For some wri ter s, the idea for a who le begins with th e appea ra nce in thei r upways to enhance the character. There mind of an insistent character, Whether might be mu re advantage for you .b;;( plotter he came to you as a gift oUI o f nowhere jflhe \ "1 changes career and becomes o r as the result o f J real effo rt to create doctor; the sem i-detached when' he lives is him, you should po se :>Ol11l' searching so humdrum you might prefer him 10 move ill S questions about him. T hey boil down to into the haunted mans ion on the moo r. By th is: is he strong eno ugh? Tha t does n't the time you have finb.lled pl.\ying with him . m ean he h.b to be physically o r mentally )OU will hardlv recognise the vet. nnd mo re robust, me rely tha t he mu ..t he capabl e of In the point. neither will he. interesting the reader for the length of lin the book. A good character always ha.. an internal conflict. He might be burdened Although the y are as vari ed a, the people with guilt. say, o r struggling 10 overcome vbo write them. all novels arc based on ..1 per sonal failing. \ \,h ale\'er it is, the ronflh t, Characters will he in difficulties; problem co loors hi. view of life. If your Ihrongh the course of the novel they will li S cha racter does no l in terest you very struggle to cope; and. h>' the end, their muc h, you can he certain he will no t position will have cha nged. In crime fiction interest anyo ne else. Get im ide yo ur the difficulty o r challcuge will he caused by. character's head. Find ou t whe the r he or result in, a cr ime. Tha t crime is almost enjo ys his own co m pa ny o r is lonely. nvariably murder because it's the extreme. 12U C heck wha t he thi nks abo ut hili parenl, the one for which there is nu possible hi, siblings. hi, co lleagues. Maybe he compensatio n for the victim and no blames them for his problems! t\ piJlion for the wrongdoer. To achieve a bd'f\ .hle story. th e me th od sho uld be suited 10 the characte r who murders. Common methods of dispatching victi ms include If character or sto ry comes to you very shooting, stabbing, hill ing wit h a hlun l easily, be W"If)'. First ideas sho uld always instrument, poisoning, d rown in g or 125 he challenged . If they arc good. scr utin y contriving accidents. A habitual crim ina l won't damage them . When they don't might reasonably produce a gun, but an come up to scra tch. you will save you r..elf ddcrly housewife is more likely to br and ish much disappointm ent by dropping heavy pan . As the gen re examines human them. Although a read er knows it's 'o nly ingvin extreme situ ations. th e sto ry you DO fiction'; h("11 cringe when your hero is e e devel oping must .1110 w sco pe for thi s. At th um ped and !!oigh when your her oine is \1 one of your characters must be unde r sad . But he i!t no fool. He knows when pressure, anti it will increase d urin g the you are telling the Iruth about human ij'mning of the yarn. Th e spr ingboard for bei ngs. Wh en you are no t, he may 1{lUC story is mos t likely to be frictio n withi n u s become im patient an d close the hook. 100 book

Vocabulary

Grammar

Crime and punishment

Passives

1

1

Discu ss the di fference betwee n : a murd er and mansl aughter b mugging and smuggling c bribery and blackmail d burglary and robbery e arson and a ssa ult f fraud and forgery

2

person

Viewers were appalled to he ar tha t the reality TV show is to be axed . 'TWo soap operas are also said LO be under threat. b The idea that Mars could one da y be co lo nised by human beings is no longer fiction . e Loca l residen ts, annoyed a bou t the siting of wind tu rb ines near their village, complained that plan ning procedures are being broken. d Environmental issues are the focus for discuss ion a t the conference to be hosted by the United Nations. e Although experts are convinced that robots can be made to think for themselves , their efforts have met wi th litt le success so far. f If governments want to clean up th e planet, they must act now. and more funding for res ea rch will have to be made availab le. g All adults eligible to vote are required to comp lete and return th e enclosed form.

act

a mug

b rob

c

burglar

d

murder

e steal

3

thi ef

Complete this paragraph about the Briti sh legal system with th e missing prepositions. with

of

on

for

Underline th e pas sive ve rbs in a-g. a

Complete the table w it h th e missing words. verb

GR p169- 170

against

int o

to

2

Complete rules a -c for forming the passive. in an We form the passive with the verb appropriate tense + the participle of the ma in verb. b The object of an active verb becomes th e . of the passive verb. c If the name of the agent needs to be mentioned, we pu t the word' ' in front of it.

a

If you are arrested 1

committing a crime. the police must cau tion you immediately. You will be taken to a police station and interviewed, and may a criminal offence and then be charged 2 taken 3 custody. For a serious crime, you will appear in court as a defendan t ancl be tried by a jury. If you are found guilty 4 the crime. you ca n appeal 5 the verdict. Yo u may be sentenced 6 a number of years in prison, but cou ld be released 1 parole for good behaviour. Is th e leg al sy ste m in yo u r country s im ila r to th e description in 3?

II!m Unit 9

3

Match these uses of the passive (a - c) with sentences from 1. when the agent is unknown , unimportant, or obvious, or is de libera te ly not men tioned b to make repor ts and official do cuments more impersonal, and to show tha t the ac tions are more importa nt than the agent c to avoid the overuse of personal pronouns or vague words, e.g. people. th ey

a

4

Make thi s newspaper report more formal b y puttin g th e italicis ed sec tions intu the passive.

7

Illey hove recently discovered a 2,OOO-year-old shoe in Bntain in a disused well, on an area due to be quarried. The 30 cm piece of leather is still flexible because something has kept it damp and away from air for thousands of yea rs. Experts are exci ted about the find but warn that they need to do a lot more work before they know everything about it. They have never found anything like this before. They have found similar shoes in bog sites in Ireland and on the continent but these are undateable. Someonemay have placed It into the well as part of a ritual, or someonecould hove simply lost it. In the distant past, people often buriedshoes in the foundations of new buildings as good luck charms.

5

Write th e pa ssive eq uiva lents of these sentences. a

In a crackdow n on ant isocial behaviour, police are making teenagers re move neighbourhood gra fittL b They heard th e politician say under his breath that' all journalists were trou blemakers '. c They wou ldn't let anyo ne int o th e build ing until firefighters said it was safe to do so . d On the CCTV footage, we clea rly saw mon ey change ha nds in return for a small pac kage.

6

Comp lete se nte nces a -d with yo ur own idea s. a 1 woul d feel ashamed of myself if I was ever heard ... b As part of the act, the magicia n was seen ... c In man y countries, unt il you arc 18 you are no t allowed ... d One thing ma ny kids hat e about school is bei ng made .. .

Give advice for th e situations in a-e, usin g lWlle/ ger somethi ng done. Try to vary the wa ys of giving advice. Example

I've been having splitting headaches recently and can't read things clearly. You should get your eyes tested ./Why don't you set your eyes tested? a b c d e

8

Water has been comi ng in th rough your paren ts ' bedroom ceiling. I bough t a pai r of trou sers bu t they're too long for me. Your pet dog has lost his ap petite rece ntly. I want to sell my hou se bu t it' s looking a bit shabby. Your sister's ca r has been making strange noises.

A reporter ha s ga thered rumours and facts from sour ces who don't wish to be named in print. Rewrite the informa tion more form all y for h is newspaper, us ing the reporting ver b in bra ckets and beginning w ith th e words in itali cs. Example ' l hear tile Prim e Minister is really angry with his Foreign Minister' (report)

The Prime Min ister is reported to be furious with his

Foreign Minister. a

' Don't quote me on th is, but I' ve hea rd that a UFO has cras hed in Texas: (rumour) b 'I' ve been told that Robb ie Williams is going to do a no the r world to ur: (say) c 'They reckon that scient ists have found a new plan et : (be lieve) d 'Appa rently factory bosses are plan ning to make two h und red em ployees redundan t: (th ink) e 'Everyon e imagines that the even t was cancelled beca use of the singer's poor heal th: (ass ume)

Unit 9

1m

Listening

Spea ki ng

Part 1 Sentence completion

1

Discuss the link between the three sets of photos.

1

What stories of daring robberies. rea l or fictional. do you know a bout!

2

Think of a topic heading for each group of words A-C. Which photo does each phrase in A and B refer to? Which photos might th e phrases in C match?

2

Discuss th e meaning of a- e. What do you notice a bout how the words in italics are formed? a getaway car b ringleader c speedboat

A a co ntro lled parking zone a smoke-free env ironme nt a hard hat ar ea an airport check-in qu eu e a dep art ment sto re a quiet env iron me nt

d handcuffs e caught redliandea

3

The words and phrases in 2 are from the recording about an attempted robber y. How do yo u think th ey might relate to th e story?

4

Before you listen to part of a radio programme about an att empted robbery at London 's Millennium Dom e, read sentences 1-9 and think of another wa y of sa ying the word s in italics.

B to to to to to to

The presenter says the story of the attempted robbery was similar to one in a 1 fi lm,

3

thieves had been plotting for ._...._........ 2 to break into the Dome.

The

The thieves were going to use a getaway.

4 to make their

The string of robbenes the thieves had planned up to then had been 5.

The thieves had 110 idea that what they were about to 7. steal were Police dressed as thieves.

6

9 in prison.

Listen twice a nd do the exam task in 4.

Compare your ideas in 3 to what actuall y happened.

mJ Unit9

4

Look at all the pictures again and discuss in which situation you think the rules and regulations are the most important.

8 were lying in walt for the

The thieves received a total of

5 0

Read the instructions below. In pairs or threes, choose different sets of photos and do the task. 'You will each have two different pictures to look at. They show situation s in which rules and regulations apply. I' d like you to compare and contrast these pictures, saying why the rules and regulations have been applied in these situations, and what the penalty might be if people ignore them :

3.

The 6 used in the robbery were provided by one of the ringleaders.

preve nt inte rru ptions prevent dam age to goods maintai n a heal thy atmosphere prevent accident or injury avo id congest ion pro tect passengers and crew

C ha ving to pay a fine being given a verbal wa rning having you r prop ert y remov ed be ing sa cked being asked to leave the premises receiving a warni ng lett er

The Millennium Dome robbery

Their target was c1 priceless collection of twelve

Part 2

how to cia it Remember that lor this part of a shared task you only have one minute for pairs and two min\ltes for groups 01 three. Give reasons for yo ur opinions. Talkabout all the pict ures before you make your decision Remember that it is not necessary to agree on a conclusion.

Mobiltelefone gehihrden die Sicherheit der Patienten.

NO SHARP OBJE CT S

.'

I

I

"I ..



1MmY. . . . . . ._















Unit 9

lID

Engl ish in

Use

Part 2 Open doze

You are at work. A message pops ...'!P..... 0 on your computer Screen. It is from the police. 'Your car has 1 having been recorded by a roadside camera exceeded the speed limit at 8.31 a.m. today. The camera images were checked wit h the national facial

1

What mea ns 01 lde utlftcanon a re co m mo nly used nowada ys ? In your op in ion do th e y restri ct o r p rot ect o ur personal freed om!

Z

Read the tex t opposite, igno ring th e ga ps, a nd find examp les 01 how our privacy ma y be at ri sk.

3

Rt'olll the how to do it box be fore choosing the best op tions be lo w lor gaps 1-5 in th e text , then co mp lete 6- 15. Exampl e

a

out/ lip

1 while/as 2 th ere/it

3 like/as 4 in to/ inside 5 a mong/ be tween

how to do it Read the text once lor overall meanmg, then again sentence by sentence.

l ook at the words belore and alter each gap Don't always choose your hrst idea - consider some other option'),

II 4

ChC'
Do yo u ag ree with thi s sta te me n t? Wh y/Why not? 'II you a re n 't doing a nyth ing wrong, there 's no rea son to object to bei ng chec ked up on:

1m Unit9

recog nition system and 2 has bee n con lirmed that you we re the driver: It sounds a bit far-fetched but technology 3 this is already in place or under deve lopmen t. This increasing interference 4 our private lives will lorce us to consider the delicate balance ............ 5 our personal freed om and the power of the state. Some believe that the rilles and regulations

............ 6 have pro tected peopl e's privacy up to now will go 7 Tining so. Others take a 8 pessimistic view. They believe that the freed om of the individual is already in danger of

9 seriously

weakened . But surely, you might argue, we do still have some privacy in ou r personal life? Apparently we have very little. You might not want your ba nk accou nt to be pub lic knowledge, but if you look at the num ber of people, 10 the police to credit card companies. who now have the right to look at your financial details ............ 11 your knowledge , you soon realise that privacy as we once knew it no longer exists. Unfortunately, there are 12 easy answers to the

ques tion of how much privacy we should be entitled . 13. Ilow ever, 14 peopl e are tu accept even m ore invasions of their pe rsonal privacy, th ey will

need to be lieve that they really are for their benefit and

............ '5 for some sinister purpose.

Vocabulary Phrasal verbs with out and over 1

GR p181- 182

Identify the object of the phrasal verbs in (l-e if there is one. Then co mplete the se nte nces to illu strat e the me anin g of th e phrasal verbs .

3

Example

a The last album that my favourite band brought out . .. b J can' t gel over the fact that I came top in my exams. lt must ... c Hea ring a stra nge noise from the engine, the driver pulled over to ... d Take a look a t these figures . Can we go over them once more because ... e As soon as the lights were put ou t ...

2

Complete sentences a-f using phrasal verbs with out in th e correct form . a Our TV has been faulty for weeks, and finally .......... out at the weekend . b We should have ou t on our trip much earlier but we overslept. ou t of the hotel c Guests are req uest ed to by midday at the latest. d I'm desperate for a cup of coffee. I'm not sure that I can out for much longer! e Signs on the door show you where to out in an emergency. It see med like such a ridiculous plan that I'm abso lutely amazed it out.

The phrasal ve rbs in 2 cha nge their meaning when used with or without an objec t. Match them with their two possible me anings in a-e below.

start a journ ey - arrange/display .. a

ma nage to wait - extend (e.g. your hand) b succeed - calculate c stop working - distribute> d escape - take from somewhere e leave a hotel - investigate

4

Complete sentences a-c in an appropriate wa y. All of a sudden there was a ghostly noise from the cellar so I got out ... . b If you're staying at that hotel. you should check out . .. . c At th e> recent film premiere, some of the fans he ld out .. ..

a

Unit 9

1m

Writi ng

Part 1 A report

WG pl 60

1

Discu ss which of a-t arc tru e of a report . Areport: a should begin and end like a letter b usually focuses on past events c should be chatty in style d IS usually divided into sections with clear headings e may contain bullet-pointed lists doesn't need an in troduction or conclusion

2

Read the exa m task and inpu t. Then read the model an swer opposite and discuss what the writ er does correctly. and what he/she does wrong. Whi le studying in Britain, ynll jnin a drama group. Recently you helped 10 organise a trip on a Murder Mystery Weekend. The secretary of the group has asked you for a report saying what the group enjoyed, outlining any problems, and recommending improvements for future trips. Read the comments on the Timetable below and write you r report.

Timetable Friday 100 earl'l! _ - - - 5.30 a m Depart London Victoria Coach station on one of our luxury coaches. 8 nOUN> on w achll I I r.. h. nol 11'17\ _ _ · 1.30 pm Arrove Edinburgh Scotland Lunch at hotel. _ _ great C au \ "1

=---------

•1

3.30 pm Walklllg t8!!r of

greal fun



centre

crime scenes of Edlllburgh



-' inlere&1ing but tiring

Mystery Game WIth buffet dinner.

Saturday 9 a m VISit a forenSIC cnrne lab rat - out about the latest techruques used In detectmq crime. 1 pm

Lunch In hotel

2pm Talks hy lora1crime Writers.













4 pm Free time to explore mu

---

7.30 pm Return to hotel. Dinner.





-

didn'1 see enough! (more lime 1here7\ 'I

-------- G.reat cnoice of wri1eN>.

- - - Lovel'l cil'j - 1015 10 looy. .11.

9 pm (oach departs (or London Victona.- -- \7ollng travelling in Ine dary.. (arotner nignj in nOle\?)

lID Unit9

10

3

Complete a -f with one of th e preposit ion s below, then sa y whether a- I introduce or co ncl ude ,1 report. in a b c d e f

4

into

up

to

of

on

The aim th is report is 10 . co nclusion, I would say . our group felt that . Th e following repor t rela tes .. ........ laking everyt hing .. .. .. .. .. consideration, .. . ...... .. .. bala nce, we Me of the opi nion tha t ...

Which of the se phrases wo uld be suitable for making recommendation s in yo ur report? What is wrong With the othe rs?

If I were you I'd . b I' d like 10 suggest . c It m igh t be a good idea to ...

a

d e f g

5

How ab out ... ? You cou ld co nsi der .. . Why don' t yo u ... ! One possible so lution would be ...

Read th e task and inpu t again and make notes for a-c. a positive feat ures o f the tr ip b negat ive fea tures of the trip . c reco mm endati ons for futu re tnps

6

Writ e your report in a bo u t 250 wo rds.

Dear Sir or Madam I am wriring this reporr abour our recen t visir to Edinburgh fo r a 'M urder Myst ery Weekend '. I will ourline rhe good and bad poi ms of the visit and make recommenda tions for future trips.

There were many enjoyable aspec rs ro the rrip. Firstly. rhe hor el was excellent, being conveniently locared near rhe ciry centre. The mai n evenr, the Mu rder Mysrery Game irself, was excellent and exrremely enjoyable. and the loca l write rs chosen ro ra lk on the Sarurday were superb. Finally. Edinburgh is an arrracrive city. offeri ng visitors plenry of sightseeing, so our free time for explori ng was very welcome. Unforrunarely, rhere were a few problems with the visit, To starr with, Our de parture rime was extremely early, a nd ro make ma rters worse. t he journey by coach ro o k e rgh r hours. The fac t thar ir was a luxury coach did no r make up for rhis. a nd I wou ld recommend rha r in futu re we go by p lan e insread. Secon dly, while the tou r of crime Scenes was engaging. it was qui re exhausring, and could therefore be shorte r, O n rhe other han d . t he excursio n to rhe crime la bo ratory was so fascina ting th ar , in m y opi nion we ha d insufficienr rime th ere. so I wo uld sugges t extend ing rhis . Fina lly. We mad e Our reru rn jou rney ro Londo n overnighr, which was ra rher d u ll. It would have bee n preferable to spend th e nigh, in Edinburgh and tr a vel in the d aylighr (or bet ter still to ha ve flow n!) All in a ll. ir was a posi rive experience, and I hope t hat my rep ort will ena b le yo u to make even greater Improvement s for future trips.

UL

_

Unit 9

1m

Review 1

Join sentence halves a-h wi th 1-8 using

of or

for.

4

a b c d e f

Richard is a quiet man and certainly not capable Please accept this cheque as compensation I think there is scope You need to have a clear view When you see Ihe res ult The audience was intrigued by Ihe sudden appea rance g I'm afraid the children were to blame h Thl' writer's view

Replace the words in itali cs wit h p hras••1 verbs with Ollt or o ver. a b c d e

I 2 3 4 S 6 7 8

2

till' da mage to your property. how you r story is going to end . a ny kind of violent behav iour. ea ting all the icc-crea m in the freezer, improvemen t in this pro ject. all you r hard wo rk, you' ll realise it was worth it. one of the actors in their midst. life a t that time is rat her in teres ting.

h

Divid e a-m int o three gro ups of crimes co nnected with: 1 violence 2 ob ta ining mo ney, goods or othe r adva ntage 3 da mage 10 propert y a b c d

arson

robbery murder br ibery e man sla ughter

3

f g

f g h i

fraud burglary forgery smuggling

k I

5

j assault k blackma il I mu gging

m

Ma tch se nte nce ha lves a-g wi th 1- 7. a b c d e

A co nvic ted crim inal can appeal You mus t be read your rights if you are arrested If you are a suspect, th e police may take YOII With enough evidence, you may be charge d A pr isoner released on th e prom ise of good behaviour is f If you' re found gu ilty g for serious offences you may be sen tenced 1 2 3 4

Into cus tody. 10 se veral years in prison . against their se ntence. of some o ffences you may get a suspended

sentence. S for co mmitting a crime. 6 on pa role. 7 with an offence ,

1m Unit9

Fill in the mi ssin g prepositi on s in th ese extracts from .1 report. a b c d e f

theft

6

When he got a burst tyre. Bob drove o nto the hard shoulder of the rnotorway, After so many problems, we were de lighted when our plans were successful. We left the house so late that we got caugh t in the rus h hour. After working round the clock. the new spaper staff ma naged to ptuduce the specia l ed ition. If you can maTlage to wait another ten minutes, we' ll stop at the next service statio n. Don 't forge t to switch off the lights. The paintings in the exhibi tion we re arranged in a circle rou nd the room. Do you think Jaso n will ever recover [tom the sho ck of not being chosen 10 play in th e match ! Th e Prime Minister extended her ha nd 10 eac h member of the win ning tea m. II's advi sable to investigate all the facilities before decid ing 10 join a gym . Didn 't you gel the factsheet that I distributed? By dedu ctin g the bo tto m figure from the top one, we ca n caicula te how much mo ney we've gOI.

The aim ...... this report is to . the ma tter ... The following report relates To sum ... .. . , everyone felt that .. . conclusion , I wou ld have no hesitation in ... ba lance, we are of the opinion that ... Taking everyt hing .. .... considera tion ...

Use o ne word in each ga p ( J -10) to complete this ex tra ct from a report about a trip. the 1 were many positive aspects 2 trip. Firstly, the accommoda tion itself was excellent , 3 .. .. .... _conveniently situated between the town cen tre and the beach. Unfortunately, a few 4 ......... did occur. To start S .. .. . .... , the hotel was situated next to a night club which was 6 .. .... ... noisy that it was difficu lt to sleep and , to make matters 7 ... ...... , it didn 't close until the early hours of the morning. 8 ...... ... , the rather restricted mealtrrnes mean t that we could nOI enjoy a leisurely meal beyond 10 p.m. However, all in 9 ......... , my experience was a positive one. I hope that my report will 10 ..... .... you to improve facili ties for the future.

Buying and selling Lead in 1

Answer these quest ion s abo ut th e photos. a

Have yo u ever bought something from a place like these? b What kinds of things are so ld here? c How might the experience differ from how you usually buy things?

2

Discuss w ha t you alrea dy buy or would co nsider buyi ng in th ese ways, a nd why. • • • •

3

• • • •

through an agent recycled at an auction charity sho p

Put th ese in order of how much money you sp end on the m on a verage each month. • • •

4

from a catalogue online in a market second-hand

cinema clothes accommodatio n

• • •

bo oks/magazines music eating out

Disc uss th ese questions. a What else do you sp end your money on? b Do you spend too mu ch on an ything? c Have you ever bought an ything jus t because o f a n advert? What was it and how did the advert persuade you to buy it?

Read ing

Part 2 Gapp ed t ext

1

Qu ickl y read the text bel ow to find out how e ba y wa s sta rted. a nd what it em th e w riter bought.

3

Read th e text a gain . th en match para graph s A- G with gaps 1-6. Th er e is o ne ex ira pa ra graph.

2

Discuss Ihe mean in g of th ese phra ses from th e te xt.

4

Have yo u or a nyone you know hough t or so ld something on e ll,ly? What was it ? Is there a nythi ng YO U'd like to buy or se ll on e Ba y?

media coverag e (1. 7) b major corpora tio ns 0 .1 6) c unwanted s tock ( 1.16) d successful e ntre pre neurs (1. 39) e Ca reer ad vancemen t (1.58) .1

The history of the Internet is littered with tales of businesses that were set to take ove r the world and then failed to live up to the hype. With eBay it is the oth er way round. The online auction house is now the biqq est e-cornrne rce 5 business in the wo rld, a stag gering success slo ry that just keeps on growing. Yet it was the grapevine that ensu red its success rather than advertising or media coverage.

1

10

The sto ries that have go t eBay talked about reinforce the

A revelatory moment

message that when it comes to picking up a bargain, or

laser pointer, and rath er than take it back to the sho p, he

making a few qu id ou t of somethi ng you though t was worthy only of the dustbin, the rich and fam ous are no different from

JS

the rest of us. Tony Blair's wife . Che rie, bough t a Winnie the

Pooh alarm clock on eBay for her son Leo; Robbie Williams' bed sold for £15,400 and millionairess [ernirna Kh an used th e rs site to acquire a seco nd- han d designer dress.

JO

decided he wo uld try to sell it on the site he had set up. To his amazeme nt, a buyer came forwa rd, who said that he li ked playing around with things and fixing them . He paid $14 . If . broken laser pointer cou ld sell, wha t could n't? Seeking to answer that question turned Omidyar into one of to day's most

5

Major corporations use eBay to shed unwanted stoc k but it's the private individual who really gives th e site its characte r. Transactions put strangers in touch with each othe r. Emails are exchanged . There are on line discussion boards and, crucially. eBay operates a feedbac k syste m whe reby buyers and sellers rate each other's honesty and efficiency. It pays to do right by your fellow eBayers. If your rating falls mu ch below 100 per cent - 98 per cent is barely good enough - then you will lind that people simply wo n't deal with you.

3

11

followed. Omidy e r owned a broken

successful entrepreneurs .

2

20

500n

40 More typical, perhaps, are users such as Victoria Eg an, a 30 · year-old hou sewife who estimates tha t she makes £ 100 a

4\

month dea ling on eRay, which il handy when you have a young fam ily to support. 'I started e-Baying after we had ou r first child: she says. 'To be gin with, I laid a few things just to free up space at ho me. J also bou ght but the sellinq is mo re addictive. For me and my husband , it's also an environm ental thing . It's about recycling things.'

6

A friendly exchange of emails with the seller completed my Wi th such a range and speed of sales - and a com mission on entry into the eBay commu nity. Now I plan to start selli ng, but each - it is hardly surprising that the business is now a global so to do so I'm going to need a digital camera in orde r to post giant. It was laun ched in 1995 and was the brainchild of Pierre photog raphs of my item s on the website. When I explained Omidyar. Born in Paris to Iranian pare nts who emigrated to the this to Pau l Witte n, he said to me, 'Well, you know where the US when he was six, he go t a deg ree in compute r sciences and best place to buy a digital ca mera is, don't you ... ?' moved to California, where eBay was born . In those days it was called Auctionwe b.

lID Unit 10

AHe is not

alone in seeing the money-making possibilities 55 that eBay offers. There are those who claim to make a healthy living just by selling on the site. In particular, women at home with young children - in circumstances otherwise incompatible w ith career advancement - seem to have picked up on the opportunities on offer. For example, [ulie King, a 32-year-old form er IT consultant, earns £70,000 IiO a year buying shoes and bags wholesale and selling them on. Her ' Killer Heels' com pany has now taken off beyond her wilde st dreams.

B This personal evaluation

clearly works. Oth er online auction houses have tried to get in on th e act, but eBay's statistics dwarf them. At any given time some 25 million items are up for sale, in more than 50,000 different categories - from cars and computers to antiques and books. It is listed in the top 250 companies on New York's Nasdaq exchange. On an average day on eBay UK, someone buys one mobile phone 70 every minute; a football shirt every five minutes; a vehicle every four minutes; and a laptop every two minutes.

b,

( As one inveterate observer of social trends put it: '1 hadn't

seen it on the telly and wasn't aware of having seen it advertised. I only knew about it through friends when I first 75 started using it: Many of the millions of people who are registered users of eBay like to th ink of themselv es as part of a community brought together by a shared love of buying and selling and of th e items that really interest them, 80 whether that's 1920s clothing or teddy bears.

oThe inspiratio n behind

the project came not from the company's found er but from his wife. She was an avid collector of sweet dispensers, commenting to her husband that it would be great if she were able to collect them via

85 the Internet and interact with oth er collectors. As an early Internet enth usiast, he realised that people needed a central location to buy and sell unique items and to meet other users with similar interests.

E The beauty

of the idea lay - of course - in its simplicity. 'It is in a complete class of its own ,' says Witten. 'We have a very low cost base and unlike other online retailers we have no product of our own, so we have no storage. It's a virtuous circle. The more users come, the more follow.'

1I0

F The experiences related by these women were intriguing and so, in the interests of research, I registered on eBay. I 95 was qui ckly hooked . After a while I began scrolling through a category of interest to me - cycling memorabilia. I soon spott ed something I really wanted in the form of a vintag e Soviet Union cycling jersey, bidding for whi ch stood at £ 11. There was a day and a half to go unti l the conclusion of the 100 sale and I started bidding. When I got the news that I had won the auction, I was elated. The jersey cost me £36.01 , not an absolute bargain but a price I was very happy to pay for something I could never have found elsewhere.

G You probably wouldn't find any of those people standing

' OS

next to you at a car-boot sale on a Sunday morning, but in the virtual auction house, social barriers disappear. 'To me, it 's been like a gr eat social experiment,' says Paul Witten, who joined eBay.co.uk a few years ago and became head of events and education. 'The challenge was, how do yo u bring peopl e together in a venture like this and maintain a level playing field? I think we've succeeded, yet a lot of people find It hard to believe that we treat everybody equally.'

110

UnitlO

1m

Vocabulary

Gramm ar

Expressions with business, and words connected with sho pping

Mixed conditionals and wishes GR p178- 179

1

1

Complete expressions a-e with the correct preposition be low, th e n discu ss what eac h of th e expressions means. out

of

in

to

a Our firm (not /be) in debt today If we ......... . (listen) to our accoun tant's past warnings. b If our parents (not/lend) us the money, we (not/live) in our own flat now. c I (be) a lot be tter off th is year if my last tax bill (nut/be) so high. d If he (not have 10) leave early tomorrow he (come) out tonigh t. e li e (not misread) that las t road sign if his eyesight (not be) so poor these days. f If you (not/ listen) just now, you .... .. .... (have) trouble us ing the equi pmen t la ter.

on

a

I just nee d a few tools to fix the car, th en we 're .......... bus iness . b I do n 't th ink you should inter fere. It's none .... ...'" you r business rea lly. c I'm afra id th e the Managing Director is away ... ....... business until the end of the week. d Our local shop went of business when a new out -of-town superstore opened. e Right . Let's get down business and start ma king some decisions.

2

Read the definitions for the expressions in a-h and decide if they are correct. If not. give the co rrect definit ion. a The star was arrested for shoplifting des igner clo thes. (stealing goods Irou i a shop) b In some countries, you are expected to haggle over the price of goods. (pay the full price) c I' m going on a shopping spree at the weekend because Friday is payday! (buy one or two necessary thin gs) d My sis ter loves to go window-shopping when s he 's on holiday. (looking at goods in a shop but not bu ying anything) e Sometimes it' s J good idea to shop around before buying anything. (compare th e price or qua lity of goo ds in differe nt shops) lts advisable to keep the receipt when you buy something . (piece of paper that shows wha t was purchased and for how much money) g I absolutely love shopping. I admit I'm a real sl iopaliol ic s (someone who likes to go shopping now and again) h i-lave you seen Tom's new ca r? It was so expensive he had to buy it on credit. (an arrangement to pay for something a t a la ter date)

1m Unit 10

Form mixed conditional se ntences by putting the verbs in bracke ts in to the correct tense.

2

Add conditional clauses as show n in brackets to form mixed conditional sentences in a-e. a b c d e

3

We wouldn't know as muc h about the universe as we do now if ... (3 rd conditiona l) If email hadn't been inve nted ... (2 nd conditional) If we haven't discovered intelligent life on other planets by now ... (l5t co ndi tional) I'd be a lo t better off today if ... (3 rd conditional) Venice wouldn ' t have become such a popular tourist destination if . .. (2 nd conditional)

Correct the mistakes with verbs in four of these sentences. a b e d e f

I wish I had a bit more mo ney. I ha te having to bo rrow from my pa ren ts. My sister wis hes her boyfriend will propose. She 's cra zy about him. Do n't you wis h English grammar would be a bit easier to understand? Is there anything in your life you wish you had done differently? I wish I would affo rd to buy a car. I wish the rain stopped .

J

4

Com plete the rul es below a nd find an exa mple for each point from 3.

wish/ If only + is used for situatio ns in the present which we wo uld like to be d ifferen t but wh ich ca n' t change. , is use d for situa tio ns b wish/If only + that co uld cha nge in th e futu re, a nd for criticis ing curren t situa tions. c Whe n th e subject of both ve rbs is th e sa me we use inst ead of would . d wish/ If onl y + is use d for reg rets a bo ut th e past.

a

5

Talk a bout your wish es ab ou t th e past. p resen t a nd future, giving reaso ns. Examples

I wish I hadn 't stayed OUl so late last n ight. If I'd galle to bed a bit earlier, / wouldn 't feel so tired th is morning.

I wish I had a good voice. If I were a better singer, I could be in a band.

6

Comp lete th e ga ps in a- k in I n appropr iate way. a b c d

e f g h

k

If onl y I go out ton ight. Th e football Cup Final is on TV. I do wish you more carefully. I've said th e sa me th ing th ree tim es already. that girl his 1 bet your friend wishes he ph on e number. She just won 't leave him alone! If only so meo ne me not to buy that mobil e phon e. It 's been noth ing but trouble since th e day I bou ght it! ! Th en we co uld go to the I wish th e su n park and play tennis. If only plasma TV:; so exp en sive. There's no wa y I can afford one. Like most of th e other stu de nts , I wish we .... ... ... exa ms at the end of this course. If only yo u ne arer! Then I cuuld see yu u every single da y. Sue reall y wi shes sh e go on th e trip but sh e has too much work to do he re. all those prawns. They've given I wish I me stomach-ache . I wish so me thing exciting .......... to me in the next few da ys.

7

Com plete the text by p ut ting the verbs in brackets in to the correct tense. As a chi ld, Sue Matthews us ed to watch the birds (l be able to) in the sk y and wish that she fly like they did. ' If onl y I (2 have) wings', she would sigh. ' then my life (3 be) perfect: By the time Sue was 18, her childhood dream was long forgotten. She ha ted her job and wished she (4 stay) on at school. ' If only something (5 happen) to change Illy life: she moaned to her friend s. 'If things . (6 con tinue) like this, I th ink I (7 go) crazy! ' What happened nex t was a pure stroke of luck. Sue wasn 't a keen reader and if she . (8 not/be) forced to sit in the doc tor 's wailing (9 ma y/never/pick) room for an hour, she up the local paper and no ticed the ad that was to ch ange her life. A group of enthusiasts planned to set up a skydiving school at the tiny airpon outside town and were looking for new members. If en ough people (10 appl y), Ihe ad sa id , (11 start) ill d fortnight' s lillie. cla sses Fortunately, Sue was not the onl y person to rush to the phone tha t da y a nd the skyd iving school was soon in business. And as she stepped out of the plane for he r first free fall and saw the rolling green hills below her, Sue knew tha t he r childhood dream really had come true. I

_

UnitlO

1m

Li stening 1

5

Part 3 Multiple choice

A constantly searching for in novat ion B bui ld ing up a reliab le netwo rk of co ntacts C conce ntra ting not on the past or futur e but on the present D havi ng the courage to carryon wi th wha t you arc doi ng

What. for you, m akes a n adve rt good or bad? Do yo u have an y favourite adverts?

2 0

Listen twi ce to an in te rview wit h Paula Stuart , the managin g director of a n ad vert isin g ag ency, a nd cho ose th e correct a nswer for 1- 6. The how to do it box will help yo u.

6

how to do it

long-est ablis hed bran ds a re beginn ing to reassert th em selves. B newcom ers are find ing it di fficu lt to ma ke a living. C the number of e mp loyees is co ns tantly shrinking . D the average age of e mp loyees is younger than it used to be.

Remember that the questions lollow the order 01 the listening text Mark your answers but check them on the second listening. Check that the option you choose answers the question accurately.

Paula feels draw n to the world of ad verti sing because she is

A a hard -hi lli ng bus iness pe rson .

B a creative person . C a talkat ive person . D a persuasive perso n. 2

Wha t comment does Pa u la make about her career in advertis ing? A It's been a long and difficu lt struggle. B She has succeeded despite the se tbacks.

C There ha ve been more ba d tim es tha n goo d ones. D She q uickly gut tu the top o f her profession. 3

Wh at does she feel a re th e dif fere nc es be tween working in adve rtising a nd working in othe r ind us tries? A Yo u ca n make your reput at ion overn ight. B You ca n buil d on past suc cesses. C Success dep end s exclusively on futu re ac h ieve me nts . D One in venti ve idea will gua ra ntee your profi ta bility.

4

Pa u la says tha t if you look back U ll past adve rtising ca mp aign s, you find tha t A a ca mpaign whic h lasts too lon g ca n be a disast er, B b ra nd Hames ben efi t from high-profile campa igns . C people never forge t a successful campaign. D a rejected campa ign ca n be reinv e n ted la ter.

1m UnitlO

Paul a sums up the advertising in dustry as being one in wh ic h A

Read the task and questions lor general meaning.

•

What does she conside r to be th e se cre t of continuing succe ss?

3

Do yo u agree that all adverts shou ld be ' lega l. decent , honest and truthful '? In what ways mi ght they not be?

Spea ki ng 1

Parts 3 and 4

2 0

Listen to four pairs of students discussing cu lve rts for a new range of leisurewear, In which conversation 11 - 4) does someone

Discuss which of the di ffere nt way s of advertising show n here and on pa ge 122: • • • •

a b c d e f

sho u ld reach the widest a udience. would be the most / Ieas t expe nsive. might irritate people. wou ld have the most visu al impac t.

explain a n opinion not expand on the ir an sw er disagree impolitely interact well with the ir partner as k an inapprop riat e question paraphrase unknown vocabulary

3

Discuss (in four minutes) how effectively these ways of advertising might persuade people to buy the leisure wear. Decide on two for the promotion and explain your choices.

4

Discuss th ese Part 4 qu estions. a

What kind s of things do you think shou ld not be advert ised ? Why? b Some people say th ere is too much advertising nowadays. Wha t' s your view ?

UnitlO

1m

Engl ish in Use Part 3 Error correction

1

Look at th e p i ctures and di scuss what ' blin g' m ean s. Docs it appeal to yo u? Why/Wh y not?

2

Read th e text b elow to find out who is wearing

it.

' bl i n g' and who i s making money from

3

Read th e how to do it and

tip bo xes, then

fi n d the

lin es i n the text w h i ch have an unnecessary word. They may be gramm aticall y incorrect or n ot fit th e sense of the text. Example:

0

who

o ,/

THE aUSlnESS o

It was a New Orleans rapper who named 'BG' that firs t coined the

o

term 'bling bling' to describe his taste in flashy jewellery. Since

01

then, it has never become t he byword for a glamorous. extravagant

02 lifestyle . The term is 50 widesp read tha t

It' S even been entered English













Look carefully at these items in this task: articles auxiliary verbs

•

03 di ctionaries. Bling means big money, so it's a li ttle wonder

prepositions lind particles

04 t hat even the most tradit ional jewe llery compa nies are being keen

relative pronouns subjectsand objects

05 on experimenting with blin g When Iootballer David Beckham wanted a gilt 06 for his wife, he turn ed out to a New York designer. Beller known 07 to his clients as 'j acob th e jewell er', he sent a pink diamond ring 08 to Spain so much Beckham could surprise his wif e with the present. It 09

meant jacob could add up celebrities to his list of customers. But he

10 isn't the only one cater ing for celebrities. Other New York jewellers 11

have client lists overflowing wit h hip -hop and R&B stars. The value of

12

hip -hop as a music and lif estyle th e industry is pu t at $10bn

13 annuall y. As wi th the world of fashion , hip-hop stars have to now 14

how to do it Read the text once for general sense. Read it aga m sentence by sentence.

begun creating jewell ery lines of their own. They face with fierce

Look ca refully at the end of each hne,

competit ion from tho se in the rap world . It seems everyone is into

Check the sense of each sentence without the word you have removed.

16 fashionable jewellery. Perhaps th e era of bling it is only just beginning.

1m UnitlO

Remember that there are usual lv three to five correct lines.

Vocabulary Easily confused words (2) 1

Choose th e correct wo rd in ita lics to complete each se n te nce.

3

According to the forecast, the re is a of local ised showers tomorrow afternoon. b It is often more to buy goods in bulk. . c I' m not ha p py w ith the idea, bu t th e so lu tion is eve n worse! details will be stored on d Although your our ce nt ral co m puter. th ey will no t be revealed to anyone else. e My sister spends a fortune on hair and beauty .. .. .. ... . every week.

a

I n some co untries the economic/ecotunnical ra te of growth has been slowing in recent years. b It is company policy that the personal/personnel manager attends all interviews. c One of my co lleagues gets to work by wa lki ng o r cycling on altcruative/altemate days. d At the monthly farmers' ma rket they sell only locally grown ptoducts/ptoduce. e Mos t inte rn a tio na l businesses promote equal apport unities/possibilities for all employees.

1I

2

Decide which of the words not used in 1 are defined in a -c. a something tha t is private to you b goods that have been manufa ctured c the chances that something may ha ppen d something that saves you money e another way o f doing something

Use the correct form of the wonts yo u defined in 2 to co m plete sentences a -e.

4

Choose the most suitable adverbs for 1- 7 to complete the paragraph below. It is 1 barely/hardly/marginally surprising that Tricia Black, one of the country's leading businesswomen, is now a multi-millionaire. She puts her success down to honesty and claims that people will Z purely/plainly/simply stop dealing with you if there is no trust. And when it comes to her employees, she treats everyone 3 fairly/adequately/moderately. She has worked

tirelessly/thoroughly/totally for charity and has ra ised money for many good causes. Black tries to deal in products that are environmentally 5 friendly/suitable/sensitive. It seems that what

she 6 realtytpositivelvtunerl» wants in life is to become a 7 decidedl}//highly/exceptionally regarded member of the community.

UnitlO

1m

Writi ng

Part 2 A report

WG p160

1

If you could choose to do work experience in any job for six weeks, what would yo u like to do and why?

2

Read the exam task and model answer. Make brief notes on who the writer worked for and what he did. How did he feel about the experience?

You are studying abroad. Recently your college sent you to do six weeks' work experience. Now your college principal has asked you to write a report. You should say who you were working for and how you spent your time there whether your experience was positi ve whether you would recommend the experience to other students.

Introduc.tion 111e aim of thi5 report if> to desGribe and e.valuote. mi sir- weeKfl' worKexperience wiih \2.YC MUfliGtlnd to make rewmmendation", for the future, About the. c.ompan'i \Z.YC Musil. is one of ihe olde",t record cornpanes 111 the world, dtltJn9 btlGK to Iq40. It emplO'{f> around 7,000 emplO'{ees worldwide and is represented In over So countries 111e Gompani records tlnd publiflhes music of all i'{pes and represents mani of the besi -Known rec..ording artists in ihe world. M'i



esperlence

During m'{ 5ir- weeKs wiih \Z.YC Musil., I waf> af>Slgned to three different departments. YubliGitj M'{ firf>t piacernem waf> in the publiGit'{ department Here I learnt howCDf> are promoted and helped write promotional literature for music magaLines I aleo helped to f>et up a 1\1 intervie« with one of \Z.YC..'s beet-kncvn rOGK arliflis.

1m UnitlO

3

Think of a job you know enough about to base the exam task on. Make notes on: a who you wou ld be working for b what tasks you migh t do as work experience.

tip If you don', have anv work experience, vou cou ld use your imagination to answer an exam task like this, but plan your answer first to check you know enough information.

4

Compare your notes from 3 with a partner, and discuss the positive and negative experiences you might have. Think about a-e below. a working hours b location c fac ilities available

5

d dress code e variety of tasks

Plan your introduction and conclusion then write your report in abou t 250 words.

'Z>alef> I spent two wee\:.I'> in the \'>aIel'> department where I helped t:.hu..1e stot:.\:. and iearnt howto prow:,s orders.

During m'l fiml fortnight I wor\:.ed in the del'> ign department where I helped to ilrrange photo snoots. I helpu\ deSign a cover for a new CD. beneral comments

On the whole, I found m'l time with \2-'Pc. Musit:. benefit:.ial. Tne staff were vef'{ helpful and I obtained a good underl'>tandinl) of how eM.h department funcrions However, I believe \ would have benefited more if m'l wor\:. espertence had bun for a longer period. C-onGlu:iion To sum up. (Z.'PC are an ideill (.ompan'l with whic.h to do worle espertence. I have no hesitanon in ruommending that we send other studerns to the Ulmpat1'{ in future.

UnitlO

1m

Review 1

Co mplete the dial ogues w ith s uita ble res ponses usin g ex press ions wi th the word bu sin css,

4

Complete sentences a-] wit h 1- 10 be low. a

A: Do you know why the store closed? B: The nu mber of peo ple dow nloadin g music from the Intern et pU I It .

b c

2 A: I haven ' t seen much of you recently - have you been away? B: I' ve been abroad for a couple of weeks

d I'



A: Wh y wo n't you tell me what happ en ed? H: It' s rather pe rsona l a nd .

f

4 A: Have you go t everything for the gym? B: I'll jus t get my trainers a nd th e n we ' re

g

5 A: Do n 't you thin k it's time we began our endof-term pro ject? B: Abso lute ly. Let's meet to mo rrow a fternoon a nd get .

2

h

Write words which match th e definitions in a - h . Th e first letter of each word is gi ven.

plain ly hardly 3 utle rly 4 simp ly I 2

a look 011 but nOI bu y goods: w s . b buy a lot of things you do n' t rea lly need : go o n J s S . c so meo ne who is alway s shoppi ng: as . d pay for so me thi ng .11 a later date: buy 0 .

c e f

..

arg ue ove r the price of so mething: h .. a p iece of paper sho wing pro of of pu rchase: a r

.

g compare t he prices of goods in different shops: s a . h stea l goods from a shop: s .

3

Choose the cor rect words to co mplete sent ences a -e. a All the o rga nic pro d uce/prod uc ts at th e weekly ma rket is grow n by local farmers. b Buyi ng in bulk is mu ch more economical/economic tha n purchasing indi vid ual items. c Person nel/Perso nal will be issued with an iden tity pass for entry to the premises. d We wer e extre mely relucta nt 10 wa lk ho me, bUI we had no alterna te/alterna tive. e My cousin 's jus t emigra ted to Australia , so I've got a f.lntast ic opportun ity/possibility to visit her.

1m UnitlO

I ... __ can' t understa nd how you cou ld do suc h an unkind thi ng! It takes an brave person 10 risk their life to save o thers. The law states that it is illegal to d rive when drun k. No ne of us we re dressed for such a co ld night. They we re as tonished to lea rn that their ne ighbour had been arres ted for spying . It is surprising tha t Gemma became a scientist. She was always doing experime nts as a child . In a recent survey, ha lf those interviewed co uld co rrect ly na me th e cap ital of the USA. Many tha nks to all those who have wo rked .. .. .. .. .. . 10 orga nise this very special event today. Mr Westfield, who die d recently, was a . regarded member of o ur com munity. Ill' may be a strict teacher, bUI he treats all the st udents .

5

5 bare ly 6 fairly 7 exceptionally

8 highly 9 adeq uately 10 tirelessly

Choo se the correct words for 1-9 to co mp lete thi s extrac t from a report.

The 1 ambition/aim/goa l of this report is to evaluate the IT course I recently attended. Throughout the course, I was 2 selected/assignedk liosell to a personal tutor. As pan of my studies. I was asked to 3 tum/put/set up an d conduct an interview with ot her students. I 4 passed/spent/filled several hours doing this an d 5 all/in/over the whole. I found it. and mdeed the COurse itself. extremely useful. However, I would like to 6 do/advise/make one recommendation for the future. The course would have been of more 7 good/benefit/advantage If it had been for a longer 8 period/interval/span. Despite this. I have no 9 doubt/hcvtationtuncertainty in recommending the course to others.

m Entertainment or art? Lead in 1

Which of these do you consider to be 'a rt '! Why! What do you thi nk makes 'good' ,l rtl

2

Which of ,1- d do you think art should dol Does it have any other role! Give examples where possible.

l'

entertain

b stimulate

c provoke d inform

Read ing 1 2

Part 3 Multiple choice

Read th e text to find out what ty pes of art a re mentioned and what the artist th in ks of them . Read th e text again a n d choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to quest ions 1- 6.

What do we lea rn about Danny McCarthy in th e first paragraph? A He's B He's C He's D He's 2

rather ecce ntric. down on his luck. not what he seems. a recen t imm igra n t.

The writer implies tha t most ad ults w ho sec McCa rthy A B C D

don't comprehend what he's doing. are in trigued by his performance. take time to understand what's going on. react better if they 're culturally aware.

3 According to Rose Lee Goldb erg, ar tists took to performance art because A they were bored with tradi tional form s of arlo B it was a way to evade the tax sys tem. C traditio na l forms of art didn' t afford them a living. D they though t ar t should be a more active process.

4 What troub les the writer mos t abou t performan ce art? A It is less au thent ic than conven tiona l ar t. B It isn 't as memorab le as conventional art. C It appears to less enduring. o It is wo rth less if viewed alone. 5 The wri ter adm ires artis ts like Chris Burd e n a nd Orla n beca use they are A ready to suffer for their an. B unconcerned abou t the reaction of their audience. C Wi lling to experiment wi th art. o able to attract the public back to ar t. 6 What final co nclusion docs the writer reach abou t performance a rt? A B C D

3

Its effects a re hard to pred ict. It asks too much lror n all audience. It prom ises more than it gives. It is likely to be arou nd for a long time.

What's the most unusual piece of art you 've seen or heard of?

mil Unit 11

,. yuu may nut need to understand them to do the task. the context may help vou to work out the meaning . they may be used in a clearer context elsewhere. there may be an example showing the meaning.

Just before he swerves into the kerb and falls over, the little boyan the bike is screarnmg-He's a nutter! He's wearing tights on his headl' But Danny Mt.Cdrthy walks on, his round glasses poking through the

black stockings that cover his face , a battered suitcase in one hand, a brown paper parcel in the other. Around his neck hangs a blank wooden plaque. What the screaming child

doesn't realise is that he is w it nessing p rformance art. McCarthy, who lives in Southern Ireland, is w alking - and standing still arou nd the str eets of So ut hw ark, South o ndon, as

pa rt of an ongoing performance work entitled Whot 15

Do You Do When YouGet There and There is No There There. w hich centres on the Irish experience of em igrati on.

T e stall holder emits a nervous coug h 01 lau gh er as he co ntem pla tes McCarthy. ' Loopy ... must be: He walks away, twnnng hiS finger in his ear to indicate untreatable idiocy. McCarthy says later that ordinary people otten catch on to his meaning better than members of the fashionable art set. He says it doesn 't bother him when people call him a nutter,

because they'll take away the image and think about it later. I'm not sure that I believe him . It's all very well bringing art to the people, but what if the people don't want it? II Thankfully. McCarthy has removed the tights and is walking back up the road when the first police car shrieks up. It's one of six,including a local bomb patrol. He tells them it was a piece of street theatre . He is gently admonished for wasting police time. It is interesting, I conclude, that tlgnts-over-face had different resonances for McCarthy than they did for the police and the general public. According to author and critic Rose lee Goldberg performance art became accepted in the 1970s, when conceptual art was in its heyday. Conceptual art demanded an art where ideas were more important than the finished product. Performance became the demonstration and execution of those ideas. In her book, Performance, Goldberg charts how artists turned to performance as a weapon against convention, as they broke free of the dominant media of painting and sculpture and the constraints of the traditional gallery system. Performance artists see the movement as a means of taking their art directly to a public forum, eliminating the need for agents, tax accountants or

any other aspect of capitalism. They believe that looking at something on a wal! in a gallery has an adverse effect on people because it puts them in a passive position. Art, they claim, should be about being, living and doing. Performance art, therefore, is live, is not for sale, has no rules, and may entertain, shock or provoke . It can include painting, music, dance, video, blinking lights, and much, much more. It is art because its creator says it is.

what I find most confounding about performance art is the fact that there is no product - nothing that one can point to afterwards and say: 'I made that.' Can art have value if it SS doesn 't exist any longer? I'm very familiar with Bruegel's Icarus, but have never seen it in the flesh. Compare that with a performance piece which I watch alone . The Bruegel lasts whether I see it or not. while the performance piece lasts only in my memory. But maybe I have a false idea about 60 what is 'lasting'. Perhaps I shouldn 't consider something has an objective worth only if it is reproduceable and its existence can be confirmed by other peop le at another time. Other questions I ponder are what value provocation has in art, what difference th e presencg of the artist makes to a

65 piece of art and





the ar t ist becomes the artwork.

Performance art ists use their boi1ies as material. Over the

deca des, artists like Chris Burden (who lay under a sheet of glassi 6 [ two weeks) or Orlan (wh o has undergone a series of cosm et ic surgeries to turn her. tac int o a composite of

featu res from famous wor ks of a rt) have pushed their flesh al ost beyo nd endurance. I a mire the fact that this is. as

Goldbe rg puts it, 'a dissi de nts' form', attempting to find other ways t o evaluate art expenepce in everyday life, but who is it for ? The public aspect is key, insists Goldberg. 'It's a 75 way of appea ling direct ly to a large public, as wel l as

shock ing the audience into reassessing their own notions of art. It's also breaking down that notion that art should be separat ed from the publi It 's been the cry throughout the zoth century - how do we bring art and life together?' But 80 when I followed McCarthy around, parents pulled children out of his path. Someone even called the police. The unwitting audience found it alienating. Unlike a conventional painting or piece of sculpture, performance art doesn't present an audience wit" a finished 85 storyline. Rather, it requires them to construct their own narrative on the basis of the cues it gives. Perhaps that boy on the bike will make up a story about the time he saw a nutter with tights on his head. Maybe the story will make him a new pal at school. or impress a girl. Maybe he's already

go forgotten all about it. Maybe it'll stay with him for ever. Maybe that's the mystery.

Vocabulary

Grammar

Art and entertainment

Comparatives and supe rlatives

2

Find the odd one out in word groups a-g. What is the the me of t he new group?

Correct th e errors wi th co mparative a nd supe rlat ives in se n tences a-i .

a b c d e f g

a

soundtrack canvas lyrics clip stage palette performance

subtitles plot tune premiere landscape cast show

easel chapter ske tch gallery rehearsal extra watercolour

b c

d

e Choose the most suitabl e word to com p lete a -f. d

b

c

d c f

3

GRr179181

This stunning self-portrait was painted in oil on palette/canvas /easel, Do you know who wrote the ex tras/ lyrics/ chapter for this musical? Some people aren 't keen on films with soundtracks/subtittes/speciat effects because they find them distracting. A convincing thriller needs a strong land scape/ wile/plot. A new gallery/ landscape/ sketch is planned to showcase local artists' works. A bad dress shour/rcnearsat /perforniance could foretell a successful opening night.

f g

h

2

a b c d e

Which is more lrnportant. the lyrics or the tune of a song? How important to a film is the soundtrack? What kind of films often need extras? Would you consider a career in the entertainment industry? Why/Why not? What significant changes have already happened or are likely to happen in the entertainment industry?

Correct the spelling errors with the adj ectives in a-e. a b

Discuss th e following q uesti on s.

c d e

3

Michael Schumacher invariably drove more lastl y than the other Grand Prix drivers. The longer ' live in this city, more' like it. The Pyra mids are among the ancientest structures in the world. My job interview wa sn't nearly as rigorou s than I had expected. W ha t an awful film! It had by far th e less convincing ending I th ink I've ever seen. Summers in Australia tend to be much more hot than in Britain. He din a great deal more bad ly in the athletics competition than his teachers had expected. You may th ink you know the answer but I'm afraid you couldn't be wronger. Both of my brothers are considerably elder than me.

Repairing my motorbike was slightly trickyer than I'd anticipa ted . Many of us would like to be a bit slimer but die ting too strictly can be dangerous. Th is year has already been much weter than the whole of last summer. Meteorologis ts say that this summer has been dryer than any other summer on record. Joshua was already feeling seasick and his face turned several degrees paleer when the boat left the harbour.

Discuss th e a nswers to a-d , using comparat ive and supe rla tive fo rms of the words in bracket s. a

Put these planets in order of distance from the Earth : Mars, Venus, Jupiter (far/near)

b Put these inventions in order of age: transistor radio, electric guitar, portable calculator (old/recent) c

Put these oceans in order of size: Paci fi c, Indian, Atlantic (large/small)

d Put these in order of number of calories they co ntain: bread , chocolate, lettuce (lillie/much)

Unit 11

Ma tch a -d with a se nte nce of similar meaning from 1- 4. a b c d

l t's slightly safer. It's [at safer. It's just as safe. It isn' t nearly as safe.

1 It's no more da ngerous. 2 It's much more da ngerous. 3 It's nowhere near as da nge ro us. 4 II is n 't quite as da ngerous. Which itali cised wo rds a nd expressions in 4 above co uld be replaced w ith a-e? a
6

a lot e nothing like

d

Complete sentences a-e usin g as or like. a

I' ve bee n working a vo lu nteer in th e local hospital. b Wh a t o n earth's the matter? You've go ne as w h ite a s heet! a film star in tha t ou tfit. c You loo k disappointed a t d I' m no t so much a ng ry w ha t the council have decid ed . a bus but her son e Mrs Lyons was bu ilt wa s s ma ll a nd rather weedy.

Compare two places in you r country, using a va rie ty of compa rati ves and superlatives. Use the prompts to help you . pop ula rity wi th tourists weat her w hich yo u wou ld ra the r vis it

att ractions cos t

Complet e th ese se n te n ces using the expressions from 4 a nd S. a Th e sta nda rd of living in Northern Euro pe is ..'" ..... high er th an in most African countr ies. b As you can imagi ne, crossing th e con tine nt in a bu m py old tru ck is as comforta ble as travellin g by plane. c I th o ught things wo uld be ch eaper in th e ma rket bu t th e trainers I bo ug ht th er e were as expensive as the o nes in th e shop. lux ur iou s d A five-sta r ho tel sho u ld be than a four-star hot el. e Tempera tures in Ihe sou th of my co untry are ... ....... war mer th an in the nort h bu t the differe nce is n 't very great. Choose the correct word to complete each of a-g. a The film was CTIOUgh/so/coo scary that my litt le bro ther ha d nightma res a fter wa tc hing it. b I like th e idea of bu ngee jum ping bu t r don 't know if I'd be brave so/such/eno ugh. to do it. c Th e pa inting had to be rest ored becau se it was in enough/so/such a bad sta te of repa ir. d Elaine has very/so/too little tal ent for si ngi ng th a t it's no wo nder she was dr op ped from the cho ir. e Tim had coo/so/such grea t a s hock when light ning s truck his pla ne th at he swore ne ve r to fly ag a in . My ne ighbo ur a udi tioned fo r a big mu sical bu t they said he was enough/too/so old for th e pa rt. g Our loca l b us service is very/such/so unreliable that I prefer to wal k.

Unitll

1m

Listen ing Part 2 Sentence completion Why do you think animated films appeal to hoth children and adults?

2

Read the exam task below about Pixar, a film studio which makes animated films , and decide what types of words arc missing, c.g. nouns, adjectives, numbers, etc.

3 0

Listen once to the radio programme and complete sentences 1-8.

4

What do you think makes an Oscar-winning film? Is it always the ' best' films that win Oscars?

The pixar animated film studio 'Renderfarm' is the name of a in San Francisco.

1 at the Pixar film studios

Pixar's rivals have found the film studio's success Pixar studios have been awarded

2.

3 Oscars since 1995.

The qualities needed to produce good animated films are childishness and a lot of 4. Pixar has found that it is not worthwhile trying to make animated characters which are 5.

It seems that Pixar have found a

6 for their films .

The most surprising thing in The Incredibles is the Occasionally. the B in t he films are not understood by younger audiences.

1m Unit 11

7.

Spea ki ng 1

Part 2

Discuss what a-f have in commo n. Say which ones ca n be used 10 1.11k about eac h photo. and wh en you wou ld use each of the others. a

spectator

b aud ience c onlooker

d witness e observer f viewer

2 0

Listen 10 the exa m task based on the pictures and make hrief notes. Compa re you r notes with a partner's.

3 0

Listen to part of what one ca ndidate sa id while doi ng the task in 2 and note down all the link words she uses.

4

With a partn er. eac h choo se one of the pictures talked about in 3 a nd one othe r. so that you eac h have differen t pictures. Take it in tu rns to do the task in 2, talkin g for a minute each .

Engl ish in Use

Read sentences a-f about train travel. Using lexical clues, decide which of 1-6 below gives extra information about. or contrasts with , each of a-I.

() Gaoped te t

a Passenge rs have com plained about the lack of choice in the buf fet car. b We don 't have a problem with vandalism on this

Read the art icle below quickly. ign oring th e gap s, to find out what unu su al use mu sic is being put to at a rail way station and with wha t results.

statio n .

c We tried installing Internet cafes a t so me of our stations . d Passengers can purchase tickets from the station ticket machines. e A few pass engers have criticised the design of our new high-speed train. f The sta tion newsag en t's sells daily newspap ers.

Choose the best phrase (A- J) to complete the gaps in the articl e. There a re three extra phrases. A and there was no dam age app arent after the

B C D E F

G H I

.1

music had been played but these young people may be waiting for buses and the authorities responded but the mu sic cont inu es by popular demand and the necessary licence to play mu sic and provide them with som eth ing more stimulating but they also no longer feel uneasy when travelling but engaging in anti -social beh avio ur and move away from it and feelin g int im idated by a group uf noisy youths

Would the idea described in the text work where you live? Why /Why not ?

-,- CJ

1 They weren 't as pop ular as we 'd hoped. 2 We have had a few cases of property theft. 3 They can book in adva nce online. 4 Most peo ple have been very positive about the look of it. 5 They seem quite happy with the rest of the o nboard service. 6 It offers a wide variety of snacks and hot drinks . J

Link the pairs of sentences in 4 usin g a-f. a in addit ion b how ever c nevert he less

-r +-+ -e:

d furthermore e as well as f on the other hand

I F=I

experience of standing at a bus stop or on a railway station platform ...."!.... 0 is not uncommon. Avariety of expensive solutions to this problem have been tried but now the idea of playing classical music is gradually being adopted as a low-cost answer. All that 's needed are a few speakers 1 and the problem seems to disappear. One railway station had been experiencing problems with 2 li ke using youths hanging around, not getting up to criminal activities 3 by bad language and annoyi ng passengers. Passengers complained I he

introducing classical music, which completely eliminated the problem. Music is an important part of our identity. If we are forced to listen to music we don't li ke, we wi ll react to it 4. Predictably. the youngsters loathed it and went to hang out elsewhere. It was a win-win situation. The passengers not only say they don't see youths ha nging around any more 5. The trouble-makers may have disappeared 6 because passengers say it helps to brighten up the time spent waiting for trains.

Vocabulary Three-part phrasal verbs 1

2

Form three-part phrasal verbs in a-I using out, up. in or Oil and complete the sentences appropriately. a

GR p181-182

You'll have to wa lk

,

r can ' t keep

.

with you . with a What's got in to Clare? She came very remark a t b rea kfas t thi s morning. at him all the c If Jack 's w ife keeps going tim e he 's likely to . d If yo u don 't stick for your rights , people w ill you. e His w ife wa lke d on h im . leaving him to .... .. .... on his own. is th at her pa rents Th e rea son Tina' s so give co her a ll th e time. b

Complete the three-part phrasal verbs in a-g with the missing particle. then match them with similar meanings 1-7. I don't want to {all with you but I really can' , agree with wh at you' re do ing . b I th ink the reaso n th e car's sto pped is th at we've nm of pe tro l. c We had to put __...__... with the noise in o ur hotel because now he re e lse had any roo ms ava ila ble. d Sam bough t me a bunch of flowers to make .......... for h urting my fee lings. e My fathe r doesn't get with h is new boss so he's looking for anothe r jo b. with f On e of the ma rketi ng team has come a good idea for a ne w ad verti sement. g T he factory has decided to do with the old compu ters and ins ta ll a new system.

a

1 tole rat e 2 ge l rid of 3 have a good rela tio nsh ip with 4 argue 5 compe nsate for 6 lise a ll of somet hing 7 think o f

3

Correct any mistakes with the phrasal verbs in these sentences. Ben fell down wi th h is father some years ago and they ha ven 't spoken tu each other since. b Do you kn ow which writer fi rst ca rne away with th e term ' robo tics'? c Co u ld you ta lk more slow ly please? I can 't keep lip to wh at yo u' re sayi ng . d I'd like 10 fin d a solu tion bu t I'm afra id I' ve run aw ay of ideas. e Do n 't let a nyone bully you - stick up to yo urself! f My paren ts kee p go ing o n w ith me to study h a rder.

a

Unit 11

1m

Writi ng

Part 2 A review

WG p159

What is the most recent film you have seen? Wha t made you decide to see it? ')

Which of a-e might be included in a film review? a <1 summary of the plot b comments on special features c iI biography of the lead actors d a descr iption of the costumes e a recomme nda tion abou t whe ther or not to see the fi lm Read the exam task and the mode l answer and answer these questions. a Does the answer address all par ts of the task? b Does the information given help you decide whether you would wan t to see the films?

Find adjectives in the model answer which mean the same as a-f. The re may be more than one answer. a very exciting b brave c very good

d very interes ting e very attractive violent

You write for an international student magazi ne. The editor has asked you lor a 250word review recommending two action I adventure films, one for adults and the other for a younger audience. You should comment on the plot and the acting and explain why the film s are suitable for each age group.

Pirates of the Caribbean and Kill Bill Volume 1are both highly enjoyable action/adventure films. They are, however, aimed at rather different audiences. Pirates is a gripping action movie that contains adventure,

horror and comedy. Pirate captain Barbosa and his crew of skeletons are in search of the gold coin that will release them from a curse. When they kidnap the local governor's daughter (Keira Knightley], courageous Will, played by the gorgeous Orlando Bloom, sets out to rescue her, assisted by Jack Sparrow, whose ship has been stolen by Barbosa. The acting in Pirates is superb throughout, with all the actors turning in enthusiastic performances, but Johnny Depp is outstanding as the sly,rather crazy Sparrow. Kill Bill, on the other hand, is a much more bloodthirsty affair, whose plot is as straightforward as its title . Uma Thurman IS The Bride, who wakes from a five-year coma determined to wreak revenge on the former associates who turned her wedding day into a massacre. The movie's breathtaking climax sees a steely -eyed and sword -wielding Thurman confront a hundred masked assailants. Kill Bill could be the bloodiest movie ever made, and with all the action, there's little time for dialogue. However, the acting is tremendous from both Thurman and adversary Lucy Liu, whose character is perhaps more engaging than The Bride.

Either of these films would make for a great evening's entertainment. Pirates is a superb family film with something for everyone , but Kill Bill , with its adult rating, is definitely not for the fainthearted!

Ii Unitll ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _L

Tell a partner what you th ou ght of the last film you saw. using some of th ese ideas.

a It' s J gripping/slow-mo ing/ action-packed story. b The plot is fa r-fetched / int riguing / predictable. c The final scenes are thrilling/ spine-ch illing/ spec tacular. d The script is witty/na tural/awkward. e T he acting is wooden /uninspired/ unconvincing. The lead actor/ ac tress gives a tremen dous/ mediocre / fan tastic performance. g The special effects are a mazing/stu nni ng ! disappo inting.

Decide whether adverbs a-i are strong, 'med iu m ' , or weak adverbs. Th en sa y wh ich of the adjectives yo u chose in 5 they can modify. a ra ther b slightly C utterly

d extremely E' really f absolu tely

g co mpletely h tota lly fairly

Choose two suitable film s to re vie w for the exam task. For each one make notes on : • • •

th e plot and the ac ting any other no table aspects who they are suitable for and why .

Write your review including:

a an introduction naming the films and their genre b a conclusion summarising who they are suitable for.

Unit 11

1m

Review 1

Complete sent ences a-g using the verb in brackets in th e pa ssive form a nd an a ppropr iate e nd ing fro m 1- 7. Example A plot is thought up by an author.

a b c d e f g

1\ pit t (lhinh ur)

A soundtrack Call (hear) Extras (often /hire) Tunes an d lyrics (write) An easel can (find) A premiere (o rganise) Rehea rsals (a lways / ho ld)

1 on a film 2 for crowd scenes in films 3 l=Jy .1R t1l.-Jthl-Jf 4 to pu blicise a film 5 before a s how's first night 6 for m usica ls 7 in a ll a rt ist's studio Complete th e wo rds in a - f w hich refer to people looking or wa tc hing . Th e first lett e r of each one is given . a b c d

e

f

3

had gathered a rou nd A crowd of curiou s 0 the st reet perfo rmer. I d id n' t ac tua lly ta ke pa rt in the debate as I'd simp ly been sent al on g as an 0 . Police are appealing for w to th e accide nt to co me for ward and give sta tements. At th e end of th e match th e pla yers th an ked th e s for the fantas tic su pport they had given throughout the tournamen t. pa rtici pa tion in I ga ther there's some a th is play, so if you don' t wa nt to join in , don 't sit near the fronl o f the stage! TV contro llers despera te 10 w in back v . have vowed 10 cut th e number of repea ts as ratings reach an all-time low.

Choose th e correct phrasa l verbs to com plete a -i . a

'H ave you he ard that th e government is thinking of coming/doing/mak Ing aw a y with inco me ta x?' ' Now th at would be fantastic , wo uldn ' t it?' b Sam must have run /fa llen / left out with Sally. He says the y aren 't on spea king term s at the mo ment. c After yea rs of IlOlding/ doing/ putting up wilh the liaise of th e traffic in the cit y, th ey retired to a small village.

[tIl]

Unitll

d Please don 't gel / pill / go on at me for forgettiog to buy d inner. We ca n always go out for a pizza. e Everyone lorgot my birth day bu t th ey made/ did/ came up for it by taking me out for dinner. f I agree that chocolates aren 't a very exciting presen t but can yon do/com e/keep up with a be tter idea! g There 's no po int in trying to get/put /Slick up for Joh n. What he did was unforgivable. h My gra nd pa rents ar e amazin g in th e way they llla nage to make/keep /come up with all the lat est tech nology. The supermarket had completely run /fallen /made ou t uf but tled wa ter yes terday bu t they will be gellillg some in to morrow. Rearrange th e lett ers in brackets (i - 7) to torm adj ecti ves to co m plete th is newsp aper art icle abo ut

a musical. When Alexandra Dumas wrote his (thingrill) . .. .. . . .. . . . 1 classic, The Man in the tron Mask, he said it combined two driving forces of life: love a nd action. The musical based on the novel, however, captu red none of its charisma a nd turned a (pingprig) 2 story into a (spaceratculj .......... . 3 failure. The critics hated it. In addition to slamming its (wardkaw) 4 lyrics and (ringsumuni) 5 music, they criticised members of the cast for their (nedoow) 6 acting. Visually, the production may have looked att ractive and no doubt entertained some of the audience, even if for all the wrong reasons. The show's producers blam ed (pointingpasid) 7 atte nda nce hgures throughouttheatreland, but the real reason for its sudde n end, just two days after its premie re, were some of the most scathing reviews of recent times.

II

Achangingworld Lead In 1

Read the extract below and discuss these questions. "

What argu me nts do you th ink those in the energy indus try and env ironme ntalists wo uld use for and aga ins t ope ning lip th e Wildlife Refuge? b 0 0 you think decisions like th ese are inevi ta ble in the long run ? c Wha t th reats are th ere to other areas of outs ta nd ing beauty?

.... ., . :

2

I

•

,.

I

Read these ideas for saving energy then discuss questions a-c below. • Turn down your thermostat by one degree. • Replace an ordinary lightbulb with a low energy one. • Tu rn off TVs ins tead of leaving th em on stan dby. • Turn off ligh ts in unoccupied rooms. • Only bo il eno ug h water ill a kettle to mee t your need s. a Whi ch of th e above have you ever done, or d o you do regu larly? b 0 0 you th in k the suggestions co uld make a sig nificant difference? c Wh o s ho uld be respons ible for protecting our reso urces governments or the individual?

Unit12

1m

Read ing

Part s 1 and 4 Multipl e matchin g

1

Read the text opposite about five places under threat (A -EJ, and ma tch them with areas 1- 5 on the map below.

2

Under line the key wor ds in qu esti ons 1-12 in the exam task belo w. Where pos sible th in k of ot her ways of expressing the same informat iun. Example increase ill plan t life

=

flourish of vegetation (line 20).

In whi ch section, A - E. ar c the following mentioned ? a possible increase in plalll life in certa in places an area tha t was once entirely under water

I

.

2

.

system which relies on the direct effect of temperature on wa ter 3 . the potential disap peara nce of huge numbers of pla nts a nd animals 4 . S _ a geographical feat ure that may face almost total destr uction a substance whic h prov ides vita l nourish men t for sea crea tures 6 . an area where extreme temperat u res pro tect the eart h 7 .. .. 8 . a har mful effect equiva lent to decades of ma n- made pollu tion 9 . the damagi ng effect that ra infall cou ld have on temperat ures 10 . a possible increase in the num ber of destructive insects II .. an area wh ere evide nce of its past ca n be seen at certain altitudes 12 .. ,1

3

Read ea ch section A-E ca refu lly one a t a time. Ide ntify wh ich uf 1-12 a re mentioned in each, leaving any difficult ones until last.

4

Do you th ink we have a duty to preserve the earth as it is? Wh y/ wh y not?

1m Unit 12

HANGING PLAC

Five parts of the world whereglobal warming could have dramotic consequences for the environment. AThe Amazon Forest

The size o f western Europe. the Amazon forest

is one of the mos t biodive rse regions on Earth. Models suggest that with global warming will come a drop in Amazonian rainfall, leadi ng to 5 the gradual death of the forest and subsequent collapse of the myriad ecosystems it supports. The extinc tion of species is only one consequence of a warmer planet. Carbon dioxide is a gree nhouse gas and scientists have 10 long warned about the leve ls produced whe n we burn fossil fuels. As the trees o f the Amazon die

off, they will fall and rot, and they too will release ramon dio xide . In the worst-case IS

scenario. the Quantities of gas emitted could be of the same order of magni tude as from the

CGreenland The Gree nland ice shee t holds about 6% of the plane t's supply of fresh water and it is imperative that this water remai ns frozen. If global warming sees temperatures rise by more than abo ut 3°C, " Greenland ice is likely to begin to melt, steadi ly releasing all that water - currently resting on land - into the North Atlantic Ocean. Climate models suggest that a more drastic temperature increase

of some 8°C could see the Gree nland ice sheet all but disappear, caus ing a dramatic rise in sea level. And this is not the only so da nger posed by the melting of the world's frozen wastes. The Arctic tundra is a s toreho use for decayi ng vege tation that has

been buried for thousan ds of years. If the permafrost melts, carbon and methane stored in this vegetation will be released . As these are green house gases they will cause a further acceleration ss in the increase of temperatures .

twentieth century's total fossil fuel ou tput.

oThe North Atlantic

BThe Schare Besert

The No rth Atlantic current is one of the strongest ocean currents

Occupying some 3.5 million square miles of northern Africa, the Sahara desert is expected to shrink wi th global warming as more plen tiful 10

60

rain brings a nourish of vegetation to its southernmost reaches. For those on the edge of

the desert, the fertile land will undoubtedly be a boon, but the Sahara plays a broa de r role in the health of the planet. The dry dust that is " whipped up from the desert by strong prevailing winds contains crucial nutrients that seed the Atlantic and may even help fertilise the Amazon. As the Sahara turns from brown to green , the nux of these nutrients into the ocean lO is expected to drop, restricting food availab le lor plankton, the smalles t of links in the marine food chain. As the number of plankton falls, so does food for aquatic crea tures furth er up the food chain. Tha t's not the on ly knoc k-on effec t. " Plankton lock up the greenhouse gas C02 from the atmosphere and so help cou nter global warmi ng. With fewer plankton. the oceans will take less 01 the gas from the Earth's atmosphere. W hen and if rains return to the ., Sahara. disease and crop damage from pests could soa r too.

in the world. It works like a conveyer belt. Surface water in the North Atlantic is first coo led by westerly winds from Nort h America, making the water more dense and salty so it sinks to the ocean floor belore moving towards the equa tor. Driven by winds and replacing the cold water moving south, warm water from the Gulf of Mexico moves upward into the Atlantic. The effect of the current on climate is dramatic. It brings to Europe the equivalent of 100.000 large power stations' worth of free

" heating. Global warming could change all that . Computer models predict that as global warming increases, so will rainfall in the

North Atlanti c. Gradu ally, the heavier rains will dilute the sea wa ter and make it less likely to sink. a process that co uld bring 70

the whole conveyer belt to a gradual halt. Collapse of the North Atlantic current would hit Iceland. Scotland and Norway most.

ace or more.

whe re temperatures could drop 1

[ The Tibetan Plateau The Tibetan plateau spa ns one quart er 01 China 's entire landmass and re aches 6,000 me tres above sea level.

Four of the world 's 10 highest mountains st raddle its 7S

southern border. Many millions of years ago the entire region Jay benea th the sea - fossils o f marine animals can be found in mountain ridges now standing mo re than 4.000 me tres above sea level. The area is of global ecological

import an ce, be ing the highest ecosyst em on the planet as 80

85

well as one of its last remaining great wildernesses. Permanently buried under snow and ice. the region acts ;:IS a giant mirror. reflecting the sun's rays back into space.

The effect is to keep a lid on global warming. at leas t locally. In a warmer world the white of the Tibetan plateau will slowly turn to brown and grey as the snow retreats to reveal the gro und benea th. As well as contribu ting to a rise in global temp eratu res, these cha nges could effect global je t streams, disrupting weather patterns right across the world.

Vocabulary

Grammar

Expressions with earth, world and ground

Emphasis

1

Comp lete se nte nces a-i w ith earth, wor ld or ground. a b c

d

e

g h

2

Carmen's designer shoes must ha ve cos t th e ..... ... .. ! Where did she get the mo ney, I wonder? Now I' ve pa ssed my d riving tes t I feel on top of the . T he government hoped a lo t of people would vo te in the electio n but they we re very thin on the . My gran dfa ther is always tellin g me th a t if I graduate fro m u niversi ty I will have th e . at my fee l. I fell beh ind at college last term and now [ have a lot of to make up. wou ld pers uad e me to sw im Not hing on __ with a sha rk My sis te r's boyfriend's a bit borin g - I don 't o n fire. thin k he' s going to se t the Now tha t my dad 's new husi ness has go t off the .. .... .... , it's b ri ngi ng in good profits. Politicians are a lways trying to se t th e to rig hts.

Complet e se nte n ces
3

Discu ss these qu estions. Have you ever bo ught a nyth ing that cost the ea rth ? Was it wort h it? b If you were a politi cian fo r a da y. w ha t wou ld you do to se t the wo rld to righ ts?

a

1m Unit12

1

GR p181

Use a n a pp ropriate word to complete the inversions in a- h . a b

c d

e f g h

No sooner ..... ,.., the firemen extinguished one forest fire tha n a not he r st a rted, Neuer before I been so petrified as w hen I did a parach ute jump. [ s us pect that oniy much lat er from no w .. .... . .. we find out the ca use of the ex p losio n. Uttle we know at th e momen t w here th e abi lity to clone huma ns m igh t lea d . Under no circumstances passengers permitte d to smoke on the nig ht. At 110 time ..... .... yo u leave your luggage u nattend ed at a irpo rts . Rarely a nyo ne ha ve wi tnessed s uch a n a mazing sig ht as th e view from space. Not un til th ey were sure tha t everyo ne was safe . . .. .. .. . th e so ld iers leave the building.

Z Correct th e erro rs with word ord er in a- h. You may need to cha n ge mo re th an o ne as pect of th e se n te nce. a b c

d e

f g h

Sca rcely th e band had anno unced th eir world to ur when th ey we re fo rced to ca nc el it. Th e pla net no t o nly is beco ming polluted but it is getting wa rmer too. In no way th e lo rry driver was to blam e for the cra sh . No soon er th e prin ce a rr ived in th e ski resort than he was besieged by repor ters. Little Sh akespea re 's con temporari es ca n have guessed ho w en duri ng his plays would prove 10 be. Now here in th e world th ey serve such de liciou s food as in Ital y! No t un til a few years ago a nyone knew ab out the existe nce of the bur ied treas ure. Bot anists onl y by ch an ce d iscovered the rare plant gro wing und er a rock.

3

Rewrite th e in forma tion in a -h usi ng th e emp hasisi ng structures from I and 2. a b

c d e f g

We drove off to the co as t a nd go t a puncture almos t im medi a te ly. I co uld n' t find a p encil a nywhere in th e ho use. When s he we nt to wor k that day she di d n ' t kno w what lay in st o re. It was pu re luc k th at we we re pa ssing by as th e boy fell d ow n th e cliff. The m ista ke wa sn ' t yo u r fault at a ll. Th is noll is dam p and d raught y as well . It' s on ly rec entl y that we fou nd ou t hi s tru e

ide ntity.

h Th ey 'd o nly ju st go t to th e s ummit w hen a th ick fog descend ed . Talk about things curren tly in th e n ews , using a-g for e m p hasis. a b c d e f g

5

Ir s a real sha me .. . It ca me as so methi ng of a shock ,.. It wasn' t mu ch of a sur prise . It will be in ter esting to see . It isn't th e first time ... It anger ed a lot of peo ple . . . It was e m ba rrass ing ...

It wa sn't me wh o upset yo ur mother. lt wa s yo u, Th e person . .. g I ha d to leave work earl y tod ay. l'rn holding a dinn er pa rty for twenty p eopl e tonight . My rea son ... h You ne ed a go rilla suit fo r the fancy-dress to m o rrow ? You wo n' t ge t o ne a ny w he re but a jo ke s ho p. The only ."

Complet e di a logues a-e with your o w n id ea s ,

a I really like gett ing o ut a nd abo u t at we eke nds. Reall y? All I ,.. b My fav o urite film s tend to be ro ma ntic comed ies, Actually, what I . .. C I' m learning languages because I wan t to travel. Are you? Th e reason . .. d I'm going to vis it sa m e old frie nds thi s evening. That so unds good . What I' m ... e I quite e njoy doing homework, Really? Doing ho m e wo rk " ,

Jo in the pa irs of senten ces in a-h sta rting with th e information sh o w n . Exampl e

I love visiting foreign countries. I port icularly like trying OW exotic [ood . What I particula rly like about visiting foreign countries is trying out exotic food. a

I kn ow yo u w ent to th e disco last night. I' m cur io us to know who yo u went with . Wh at I'm curio us to know is .. . b I don 't like gardening in ge nera l. Th e job I hate most is mowing the lawn . Mowing th e la w n . " c I thi nk John an d Cla re are to o young to ge t married. I' ve s uggested that they wait for another year. Wh at ... d Of co u rse a crui se wo u ld be wonderfu l. I'm just worried about how much it would cost. All .. . e You told me Eng lis h wa s a useful la ngu age , You d id n 't tell m e th e gra m ma r would be so hard. Th e thing ...

Unit 12

(I

Listen ing 1

Part 4 Multiple matching

Discuss th e advantages and disadvantages of producin g ene rgy in th e four different wa ys show n. Th in k a bo ut: •

cost renewable energy

safety local residen ts

2 0

Listen to five people talking about n uclea r power. Which of the adva ntages or disadvantag es yo u discussed in 1 do they mention?

3 0

Listen a ga in twice a nd do the exam task s belo w.

For 1-5 , choose from A -H how th e people felt initiall y about the building of nuclear power stations. A I was determined to fight to stop them building one.

SPf'J ker 1

[TI]

B I felt that research had proved it was a cleaner form of energy. C I felt I knew too lillie about it to form an opin ion.

Speaker 2

OIl

D J regarded it as an unavoidable necessity. E I believe the alternatives wou ld not produce enough energy. F I wasn 't bothered w here my power supply came from.

Speaker 3 Speaker 4

G [ felt we already had more nuclea r power s tat ions tha n we need. H I strongly objected to it.

B They put people off moving into an area . c They crea te ver y few jobs in an area. 0 They are too costl y a method of provid ing energy. E They pose a threat to the very existence of the planet. F We still don't know what their long -term effec ts m ight be. G There are alternatives we should explore first. H They eventually become a health and safety hazard.

4

What action could you take to protest aga inst something you disagreed with?

1m Unit 12

rn

Speaker 5

em

Speaker 1

em

For 6-10 . choose from A-H what concerns th e people have now about nuclea r pow er sta tions . A Local people aren't kept up to date w ith developments.

rn

Speaker 2

rn

Speaker 4

[E] [TI]

Speaker 5

[TIQ]

Speaker 3

Spea ki ng 1

Imagine that the re is a large disused area of la nd in your town . Look at the pict ures . then sugges t three more ways to deve lop th e la nd to be nefit the local community. Th ink ab out : • you ng people

2

Part 3

• fam ilies

• th e elderly

Look at the pictures on page 1S4 to see how they compare with yo ur ideas.

4 0

Listen to the Part 3 task and two candidates doin g pa rt uf it, a nd com me nt on thei r performance.

5

In pairs or sm all groups, do th e exam task in 4 , then decid e wh ich two ide as would be the least effective. Use some of th e phrases below.

Suggesting alternatives Vou have a point but .. .

3

Use a -h and 1-8 to comment on the benefits and drawba cks of the ideas here a nd on page 154.

That' s true . but don 't you thi nk . .. ?

a b c d e f g h

I can see what you mean but . ..

provide more wor se n crea te encourage gene rate promote cat er for cause

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

differ ent tast es us e of public tra ns por t visitors to the area bu siness opportunities resid en tial accom mo datio n traffic conges tion a wildlife area noise pollution

I'm not sure I agree with you. What about .. . ?

Yes, bu t on the othe r hand . .. I agree with you

U!J

to

d

point ...

Unit 12

1m

Engl ish in Use Part 5 Register transfer

1

Wha t do you think the pieces of art shown Me mad e from ?

2

Read the memo below about a recycling project, then do a-d. a Write a hea ding or sho rt summa ry for each bu llet point. b Withou t looking at the me mo agai n. write as much infor mation und er eac h headin g as you ca n remember. c Compare wha t you wro te with the memo. d Com pare you r headings with those in the lea fl et oppos ite.

3

Read the leaflet oppos ite and use the information in the memo to co mplete gaps t - 12.

We want to prOOIJl.e a leaflet foe resi


people ace prodlJl.lng more n.bbisn at home - and iI's getting more and more diff,wlt to get rid of SO mutn

10e positive things about - wtting down on landf,\\ sites and dOing less narm to our surroundings We don't use so mu, h and With wt down on pollution too. that we're to use 'rubbish' to eu iting and different art. Mention the of things that can - magazines. newspapers. gift wrap. disnes, even old And people have a ,nanGe to maee something great from them themulves can get involve


{l.emind them about our website (put tne address at the bottom) wniw tells tnem ihe latest details about the uneme and how to get involve
mil UnitlZ

Recycling with 0 difference Aload of rubbish? The amounts of household waste produced .. a are on the increase. As a result, ] of su ch large amounts is in creasingly becoming a we have to address.

2

Why recycle? Recycling has many 3. such as saving landfill space and limiting 4 damage. This leads to a 5 both in energy use and in pollution leve ls, but it also encourages people to be creative. Paper, magazines and broken pottery and glass can all be recycled. Our main 6 recyclin g mat erials like these is that they can be 7 into exciting new creations.

Tum trash into treasure Our recycling for art programme 'Turning t rash int o treasures' is 8 taking place in your ne ighbourhood. This is a great way of producing orig inal works of art such as mosaics and collages, which are no t 9 to make. 10 area to area , but everyone is eligible to 11. Projects may Further information Our website (see be low) will keep you venture.

12

of the progress of our new

Vocabulary Adverbs and their meanings 1

(2)

Put th e adverbs below into pairs w ith simila r meanings, Choose one ad ve rb from each pair and us e it in J sentence to illustrate irs meaning. Exa mple a annually

j

yearly

Clastonbury is a famous m usic [estivol hetd annually in Bri tain . a b c d e

a nllually increasingly infreq uently curre ntly irregularly

r

rare ly g occ asio nally h presen tly progressi veIy

2

Which of b-i in 1 have th e sa me meaning as a- I below? There may be more than on e possible answer. a b c d e f

now an d then from time to lime hardl y ever more and more almost never at the mom en t

Unit 12

1m

Writi ng Part 1 A two-part task with proposal

1

2

how to do it For a two -part Writing task, make careful notes for each task befor e writing.

\VCJ p162

How 'g ree n' is your school or workp lace? Does it en co urage rec ycling o r energy-sa vin g measures?

• 3

Should the em ail be informal, se m i-for ma l or forma l? b Should the prop osal be informa l, semi-for mal or fo rma l? c In which text are you more likely to use sentences in note form and b ulle t po ints? d Do yo u need an in troduct ion or conclusion for both tasks, on e of th e tasks, or ne ith er task ?

4

switch off lights a nd photocopiers put up posters make wildlife areas plan t more trees walk or cycle to w ork introduce car-sh are scheme use recycling bins provide more recycling bins shu t windows and doors in cold w eather j solar panels in roof k don't use too much paper I buy rec ycled paper

People never switch off lights; photocopiers get le ft on at end of day - it's a waste of energy! Pu1 up posters?

Cans and bottles thrown uut with rubbish . Cardboard and paper too. F-emind &1aff about ru.id 09 bins t'rovide more Windows and doors get left open when the heating's on . It's a waste - and our bills are so high! $olar panels m roof? We get through so much paper - think of the tre e s! BUi rte.,/c.\ed paptr?

m!1 Unit12

Dec ide whether points a-I are more appropriate for th e e ma il ur the proposal.

a b c d e f g h

Ma naging Director

Traffic queue s awful in and out of work . And parking's a nightmare round here. wr-$nare fll.neme? Mort, room for

Disc uss these quest ions. a

'T Davif,$

No green spaces to relax in. It's a concrete jungle! MaICe \oJildl.fe area£o? Plali1 more 1rte£o?

Som e poin ts may be in bot h tasks, but with a different purpose.

Con centrate on wr iting one task at a ti me.

MEMO We are an xious to ensure that our company shows more concern for the environment. Could you write me a proposal? See where we are not being environm entall y aware , and suggest what improvements could be mad e. Also send a n email to all staff, rem inding them what the y can already do to be more environmentally aware at work .

Read t he input informati on: make separate li sts of the key point s for each task and deude how to orde r them .

Check you haven't missed any in format ion from the input.

Read th e memo and notes below then co mp lete these instructions for the writing task. You work for a large company wh ich the 1 wan ts to be more enviro nmentally awa re. Read his .......... .. 2 a nd your notes with suggestions below. Using the info rmatio n given, write an email to ..... ....... 3 in about 100 words, and a .4 for the managing d irector in about 150 words.

Note down the formal, register and length 01 each task.

5

Decide how best to group together the points from 4 th at you w ill include in the email. Then w rite the ern ailv using some of the prompts given below. •

I have bee n asked to . . .

• • • • • • •

whenever/wherever possible .. . remember/don't forget to . (not) turning off ... will . (no t) closing/ shutting . . . will . .. always/neve r use . try nut tu wast e . thank yo u for .. .

6

a

If we enco ura ged staff to use the recycling bins th at are provided, we cou ld cut dow n o n the amo unt of un necessa ry was te tha t is produ ced. b We could put up so me posters. These cou ld remind staff that they o ught to be more ene rgyconscious. c Solar pa ne ls, which we co uld install in the roof, wo uld prov ide an ideal solutio n to the problem of our bills, wh ich are extremely high.

Rea d the mo de) proposal . in which the writer has m en too man y wa rns, a nd do th e followi ng. Calcu late the total number of words an d how many need to be cut. b Find th ree places where irrelevant informa tion co u ld be cut. c Calcu late the to tal number of words agai n. J

1

Rewrite the information fro m a- c, included in an other st udent's proposal. Try to use as few words as possibl e without los ing any key information. Example

8

Writ e a first draft of the proposal in yo ur ow n words, then cut ou t any unn ecessary informati o n until it is th e right len gth .

Wild life areas and trees would be a great help when it comes to improving ri le iuorki ng environment for all the people who work here. (24 wo rds) Wildlife areas and trees would greatly improve iuorking environment. (10 wo rds)

the

This pro posal will where we are not sufficiently environmenta lly aware, and steps t o improve the situation Sta ff have already been sent an email remi nding them of the pract ical steps th at can be taken at wor k to create a 'gr eener ' environment. Firstly, recyclable materials are not being disposed of approp riately. I have remmde d staff to use the existing recycling bins available. I propose that we install additiona l facilities and encourage staff to make usc of t hem, as well as considering purchasing recycled paper Secondly, posters could be used to rem ind employees not to leave lights and photocopiers on unnecessarily. Wasted heat is another cont r ibuti ng factor to our excessively high bills; the insta llation of solar panels could r educe these. An unacceptable number of cars are currently being used to trave l to and fr om wor k; the creation of a car-share scheme and increased space for bikes would benefit t his situation . Many staf f members experience problems with parking, and are freque ntl y delayed because of t he long traffi c Queues on the way into and out of wor k. Finally, the work ing environment could be made more pleasant if we were Lo establish some wildlife areas, and provide more green space by planting t r ees. I believe that th e above r ecommendat ions offer achievable solutions for improving our wor king enviro nment.

Unit 121m

Review 1

Complete th e phrases in sentences a- I w ith ea rth. world or g roulld. a Tha t new restauran t was excellent but the place never rea lly got off the . b That out fit I bought for the wed ding was stunning but it cost the . c The stud io's 1.1 lest film is uninspiring. It's certai nly not goi ng to se t the on fire. d After my illness last mo nth I had a lot of .......... .. to ma ke up at work. I' The mounta in wa lks in this area a re out of this ...... .. .. .. . You'll love them. f Everyo ne ha d hop ed for a hug e turnout at the . film premiere bu t fan s were thin on the g I su ffer from vertigo , so nothing on . would make me go bungee ju mping! of good . h A few days' rest w ill do you a You haven 't been your usual cheerfu l se lf lately. when I got e ngaged I felt on 101' of the bUI the wedding day was a disaster : It's the te nn is final this weekend and I wou ldn' t miss it for the . k What on have you don e to your hair ? It looks abso lutely dread ful! Wha t' s on your mind ? You seem to be in a ......... ... of yo ur own at the mom ent.

3

Rewrite sen tences .1-1' usin g more formal lan gua ge, a There a re a 101 of good things abo ut win d power. . Wind power has many b We sho uld try 10 do less harm to our surro un di ngs.

We sho uld try to limit damage. We are trying to cut down on the amou nt of petrol we use. We hope to achie ve a in petrol co nsumption . d The reception on my mobile phone isn't the same in every pa rt of the country. The reception a ll my mob ile phon e . from one pa rt of the co u ntry to a no ther. e You ca n find a new edition of the dict ion a ry in boo kshops now. A new ed ition of the diction a ry is .. available in booksh ops. c

4

Write adverbs with the sa me mea nin g as phrases a- e. Some letters a re give n to he lp you, a b c d

mo re dud more: from time tu lime: hardly eve r: eve ry twelve months: at the mo me nt:

I'

2

Replace th e words in italics in a-h w ith verbs 1- 8 be low in the co rrect form. a b c d I'

f g h

Police are hoping the witness will make available more information abo ut the robbery. A radical cha nge of imag e is needed if we a re to help sell th e rock hand 's new tour. Does an yon e know wha t led to the accident last nighI? Tha nks to th eir new advertising ca mpaign, they have produ ced huge interest in the product. Susa n's parent s mad e eve ry effort to persuade her to go 10 uni versity. Will scie ntists ever really fi nd ou t how the uni verse was form ed ? Wha t was already a difficult situa tion was nega tively affected by media inte rfere nce. We nee d to provide materiai to be used by peo ple with d ifferent lea rning styles,

1 ca use 2 pro vide 3 cate r for

1m Unit 12

4 wo rse n 5 promu te 6 create

7 ge nerate 8 e nco urage

5

inc ...

irr ... fa ...

an .. . pre ...

pro ... occ .. . in... y ... cur ...

Rew rite the informa tio n in a and b usi ng as few words as possible, beginn ing w ith the words shown . a

It wo uld be a very good idea to try and persuade people to recycle thillgs like old mob ile pho nes they do 1I0t want allY more. People ...

b II would reall y mak e a lot or differen ce to create so me park s and it would mak e the whole area a mu ch more pleasant place for local inhabi tan ts to live in. Creating ...

Appendix Unit 1 What are you like? Lead in 2

Add up your points for each separate section: a = 1, b = 2, Then look below to see which category you are in.

C=

3.

Head or Heart: If you got 3-5 points you 're Head ; 6-9 points you 're Heart. Extrovert or Introvert: 3-5 points you're Introvert : 6-9 points you 're Extrovert. facts or Ideas: 3-5 points yuu 're Fads; 6-9 points you 're Ideas. Now find your combination of answers in the table (e.g. Head , Introvert, Ideas ) to see what it says about your personalit y and the careers that might suit you .

Combination

Personality type

Possible careers

Heart. Introvert. Facts

methodi cal, conscientious, friendly and sensitive

nurse. teacher. doctor, librarian

Heart. Extrovert. Farts

energetic. fun-loving, sociable and caring

teacher, designer. child -care worker, office manager

Heart, Int rovert, Ideas

commi tted, faithf ul, sceptical and inventive

psychiatr ist, write r. artist, entertainer

Heart, Extrovert, Ideas

fun-loving, optim isti c, passionate and facil itative

writer, musician, editor, designer

Head, Introvert , Facts

dependable. practical, realistic and analytical

accountant, IT, engineer, mecharuc

Head. Extrovert, Facts

adventurous , high-energy, tough, ambi tiou s

marketing manager. supervrsor, purrhasmg agent

Head. Introvert. Ideas

independent, clear-thi nking, logical and insightful

architect. lawyer, judge, manager

Head, Extrovert, Ideas

flexible , innovative. decisive, energetic

photographer, journalist. doctor, adminis trator

Appendix

ml

Unit 6

Unit 12

Would you believe it?

A changing world

Lead in

Speaking

1

2

a

T

b F Th e word simply comes from 'new'. c

T

d F It ta kes no longer to d igest tha n any th ing else, i.e. a few hours. e

F The n umber of people a live today is es tima ted at 6.5 billio n. 6 billion are es tima te d to have lived since the buildi ng of the Pyramids, a nd pro bably abou t 60 billion in tot al in the 40 -4 5,000 yea rs hu ma ns ha ve been aro u nd . T A 20 ern stalk conta ins abou t six calories. More are burn t off duri ng d iges tion - not chewing - bu t you wou ld have to ea t a lot of ce lery to make an y real difference to yo ur we igh t.

Ii Appendix

..."

......

Writin Guid Formal letters An. international TV company is planning to make a of programmes. in English, about issues of int ere st to yo un? people around the world. Cou ld yo u help to present It? If so , write and tell us

• •

phrase bank Starti ng your lette r Dear Sir/Madam

I am Writing to apply for .. . I am writing 10you about/with regard to

which three issues you think we should include and wh y ,

Giving personal informatio n I've been studying ... for Ihe past two years

wh y we should choose yo u to present the series.

I currently work as a . . so I am used to

Write your letter of application. 1 Begin ' Dea r ... ' and LIse 'Sir/ Madam' or 'To w ho m .It may concern' if you don' t know th e person s name. 2 Give your reason for writing. 3 Use link ing phra ses where appropria te. 4 Close your letter with a se t phrase. S Finish with ' Yours faithfully' if you don 't know th e person's name or ' Your s sincerely' if you do. 6 Star t a new pa!'ag,:aph when you change top ic. 7 Letters of applica tion requi re a formal style.

•

Concluding I hope my application will meet with your approval. I look forward to hearing from you. I hope you will find this information of use Yours faithfu lly/Yours sincerely

Dear Sir or Madam (1) I am writing to apply for the post of presenter for your forthcoming series . (2) I am twenty years old and for the past two years I have been working as a journalist for a local newspaper. As the w rite r of the 'Yout h Today' section . I spend a lot of time interViewing young people on Issues they find important In my fr ee time , I belong to a drama group and have played major roles in various show!'; so I would be very much at ease m front of an audience. Language would not be a problem since (3) my mother is English and I am bilingual. The three Issues I believe we must cover in this ser ies are r elat ionships. health , and caree rs . In the relatIOnships prog ramme , we coul d deal with possib le areas of conflict such as with family and friends, as well as (3) girl or boyfriends Most young people have difficulties with re tauonships at some time, therefore (3) I am sure they would enjoy a focus on this issue. As regards (3) health , most young people worry about how they look . guaranteeing that a programme giving advice and suggestions in this area would go down well. Finally (3). on the issue of careers. I know a lot of young people worry about what kmd of protessron they should enter, so a programme that gives them advice and information about tlus would , I th ink , have a strong appeal. I hope you will see me as a suitable presenter and that you hkfl my ideas for the programmes. I look forward to hearing from you. (4) Yours faithfully (5)

Mifal'lt1a :nmw t z.

Writing Guide

Em

Information leaflets You work for the local touri st information centre and have been asked to produce a leaflet , in English , that will attract more tourists to your town or city. You should describe some of the major cultural and leisure attractions, a nd highlight any special events tdkillg place over the summer months. Writ e the text for the leaflet.

i ntrod uction

(3)

Barcelona is one of the most exciting and cosmopolitan cities in Europe. Situated on the coast, there are beaches and large areas of forest nearby. Summers here are warm so life is conducted in the open air. Although it is a large city, it is easy to get around because of the excellent metro, bus and taxi services.

what to visit

leisure attractions

Maremagnum is a popular shopping and leisure centre close to Las Ramblas. Here you can find shops, the (max cinema, and a wide variety of restaurants, bars and discos. Night life begins at around 11 pm and goes on until the early hours.

special events (3)

Las Ramblas is one of the most famous boulevards in the city. Stroll under the trees, listen to the buskers and admire the amazing living statues and street theatre. (2) There are colourful ma rket stalls selling flowers and vegetables, galleries, terraced cafes and famous theatres. The boulevard leads to the harbour, dominated by the statue of Christopher Columbus, which can be climbed for a fantastic view over the city. (4) 1:1 Ensanche is the modern centre of Barcelona, where you can find the awe-inspiring cathedral of Sagrada Familia, designed by the modernist architect Antoni Gaudi. Elsewhere you can find works by other great names in modern art and architecture, such as Salvador DaH, and Picasso.

Writing Guide

(3)

The Festival of 'el Grec',which begins at the end of June, has something for everyone, including:

(1) • • • • •

music theatre and dance jazz flamenco contemporary music

There are also sports tournaments and competitions throughout the season.

Use bu llet poi n ts if it he lps to make th e information easier to find. 2 Use imperatives to give in structions or s trong ad vice. 3 Divide your leaflet into sec tions with clea r headings so that it is easy to follo w. 4 Divide sectio ns int o pa ragraphs where approp riat e. S Informat ion lea flets ar e usu ally wr itten in an im personal style. 6 Keep th e in formati on clear by avo id ing very lon g a nd co m plica ted se nte nces.

[I

(3)

Articles You read this notice in a stude nt magazine. Are cities th e best places to live or is Iil e in the countryside a better option? II you could choose. where would you prefer to settle clown? Write us an article outlining your preference and giving the reasons for your choice.

Write th e article.

Urban jungle or country retreat - which is best? Imagine the scene. (2) You wake up every day to the sound of birdsong. Throwing open your bed room window. you look out on a vista of green fields and rolling hills. There are no housing estates, no shops, no cinemas - in fact, apart from a few cottages , there is noth ing but open coun tryside. (4) Does this sound idyllic? (3) Well. not to me. Of course. living in the middle of nowhere might appeal if you're elderly, or if you're a writer looking for inspiration. And 'getting away from it all' can be quite relaxing in the short term. But if you think life is for living. the last thing you should do is go and live in the cou ntryside.

(1)

So what makes city life any better? Well, let's start with the people. Where else can you meet such an interesting mix of races and nationalities? Then think of the job opportunities. Where but in a city will you find such a range of choice? And when you want to relax, just think how much culture and entertainment is waiting for you , often just a short bus ride away. I've spen t most of my life in the city and I wouldn't live anywhere else. I've been able to mee t an inc redible mix of peop le, see the best shows and en tertainers. and keep up with the latest trends and fashions. Life is never dull in fact there's too much to do. Would I exchange all that for life in the country? Never in a million years! (6)

1 Give your a rticle
Writing Guide

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Competition entries You have seen th is compet ition in a n international lifest yle maga zine. Are you addicted to your mobile phone? Cou ld you survive without you r computer and your digital camera? Write and tell us which two items of modern technology you fin d most indispensable and why. and win yourself an iPod.

Write your competition entry.

Over the past century, technology has changed people's lives beyond recognrtron Who, now, can imagine life without a televislon? How on earth, we wonder , did our grandparents cope without microwaves or dishwashers? (1) Now, of course, we have a new generation of technology. Plasma TVs and top-of-the-range portable media centres have joined the 'must-have' list for those who can afford them. Although (2) I regard some of these new gadgets as luxuries, there are two that I just couldn't do without - my computer and my mobile phone. Let's start with the computer. As a student, I need to access a lot of mforrnatron What better way (2) IS there to do this than on the Inter net?(1) I need to write essays and projects too, which I also do on my computer . And when I want a break, I can use the same computer to play games, download mUSIC, go to a chat room, or email my friends. And all 111 the comfort of my bedroom. The second it em I absolutely rely On IS my mobile phone. I use it all the t ime - to hea r what my friends are up to, to t ext them Jokes and messages, and to let them know I'm running lat e. With my latest model (2) I can even take photos and make short Videos. There are many items of modern technology that I could manage without. but without a computer and a mobile phone, I'd be really lost. These, for me at least, have become an indispensable part of mode rn life.

1 Use questions to hold the redder 's intere st. 2 Vary your sentence patt erns by using a range of linking words/ph rases. 3 Divide your entry into paragraphs, wi th a clear introduction and conclusion. 4 Use a lively tone bu t don't be too informal - reme mber who will read your entry!

1m Writing Guide

Reviews The editor of a local newspaper has asked you to write a review of two qu ite differen t places when' yo u ng people can m eet up for a drin k or a meal in your town . Write your review.

h e re ar e m any places for young people to ea t together and socialise in ou r town but two have become very popular. Keen to discover wh e ther th ey live up to th eir repu tatio n, I wen t along th is week to sa m p le wh at wa s o n offer. l'h e first on my list wa Hollywood Rock, Step inside th is restaurant and you feel as if you've been transpo rted in to the past. Th e interior is a seri es o f small rooms, each dedi cated to legendary rock performers like Elv is or tilt' Beat IE'S. The walls are decorated wit h rock gu itars and record covers a nd o ther memorabilia. (3) As you eat, rock music booms out around you . 'Fh e m enu is predi ct able (I) - the usual ch o lce o f piz zas , burgers and fries - but it offers good valu e for money.

My se co n d visit was to Gigi 's, a riversid e cafe in the student quart er. This is a very co sm opolitan venue, attracting students from all VN the world . In good weather, customers can eat outside and en joy t he marvellous river v iews. T he men u is limi te d (1), with an emphasis o n seafood, b ut it is reasonably priced and the quality is good. T here is live music at weekends, but noise lev els arc kept low. $0 which o f the two restaurants sho u ld

you choose? While J-Jo/lFlI'ocuj Rock is o rigina l and w ill appeal to certain music fans, it is no isy, which makes conversa ti on difficu lt. (1) If yo u prefer to socia lise outdoors or in a slight ly quieter setting, I suggest you try Gigi's. (4) But go ea rly - tables fill up q uic kly, especiall y a t weekends.

1 Re me mber tha t reviews can include criticism as well as praise. 2 Divide yo ur review into parag ra phs w ith a clea r introdu ctio n and conclus io n. 3 Give a clea r. concise descrip tio n of the plac e yo u are reviewing. 4 Kee p your opi n ions /reco m menda tio ns for the fina l parag raph.

Writin Guide

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Reports You a re on the student committee at your college. This yea r you he lped the Eng lish Departmen t organ ise trips to Britai n for stu de nts wan ting to improve their lan guage ski lls and lea rn mo re ab ou t British culture. The Principal of the college has now se nt you a memo asking for a report on this year's tri p. Read the mem o from the Principal. the broch ure abou t the trip , an d the commen ts from studen ts who went on it. The n w rite your report.

MEMO to:

Before we decide whether to repeat this trip next year, I need ,to know if our stUdents enjoyed the expenence and if they think they benefited rom It. I would also like to know whether they had any problems and. il so whether the h ' ' y ca n suggest ow to aVOId these next time Would , 1/ . . you p ease get ie views of all those students wh . 0 went on the trrp h and t en wnte me a report?

• Fly to London on a chartered flight HVt9'e

ai a,/"peds . - - -

f,l,he6u\ed i\'9htf> more reliable?

• Live as part of a British fa m ily t 0s t Ira.,v.,ly nee,

•

fV\(,( 5 elAMS!

ii-e« 7 e/ _s .

35\: for iout1ger 11051 fam lhe5?

,&r ttllJ! _ _- - - mdude- 1he-a1re and live mU5i()

I M d-'pf"l t/

f n ef'{,(IIj wt rlas se:. ,Cd-fl' t more cope CMt ,de the cla. ssrUtM

vtS

Sports and social programme based at a London college

_ _ _ t'J'.tend thlf,?

Ey.ce((eflt - gr eat

wa.y t o flll€et

Brd t5h

too



1 Use appropriate linking words. 2 Use appropriate phrases to make recommenda tions and suggestions if appropriate (also see page 163) . 3 Organise your report into sec tions with headings. 4 Include a clea r introduct ion and conclusion. S Write clear a nd concise sente nces . 6 Use a formal style.

[I



Attend optional language classes

rea.llIj help •

t fl

Enjoy a full cultural programme

roo fV\l1J1ij •

wt

Writing GUide

The student committee

from: John Wolf, Principdl re: This year's trip to Britain

Introduction (4)

and include visits to some of the t op shows in

The aim of this report is to assess the success of

the theatre, rock and pop events and other types

this year's study trip to Britain and to

of popular culture.

recommend any changes. Language classes (3) Travel (3)

While most students got on well with their

Students experienced long delays at the airports

teachers, t hey didn't find the classes very

on both the outgoing and return flights. As

relevant to their stay. For next year, I suggest we

scheduled flig hts are more reliable, it might be

request that more class time is spent on oral

advisable (2) to use these in future .

work.

Accom modati on (3)

Sports and social programme (3)

Although (1) the families that students stayed

Students were highly enthusiastic about this

w ith were very hospitable, they were rather

side of the trip so (1) I propose (2) we extend the

elderly. It would be preferable (2) if younger host

programme next year.

famil ies could be found for our next trip. Conclusion (4) Cult ure (3)

To sum up, (1) this year's trip appears to have

The cultu ral programme had a very serious

been enjoyed by most students despite the

emphasis and included a large number of visits

reservations mentioned above. If the suggested

to museums. Students found there were too

changes are implemented, I have no hesitation

many such activities. I suggest that (2) the next

in recom mending (2) that we send other

trip should offer a w ider variety of cultura l visits

students on the t rip next year.

phrase bank •

•

Introductions The aim of this report is to ... This report describes/outlines/deals with .. . This report is based on .,. Making recommendations It would be a good idea to ... It might be advisable to . It would be preferable to . I suggest/propose/recommend that we (should) ...

• .. •

In conclusion, .. . I have no hesitation in recommending ...

Writing Guide

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Proposals Your college has been awarded a large sum of money. Your college Principal, Anne Taylor, has asked the student committee to consult staff and students and then write her a proposal, suggesting how the money should be spent. Read the memo from the Principal, together with the comments you have gathered and your notes. Then write your proposal.

MEMO to: from:

Student committ ee Ann Taylor, Principal

subject: Improvements to the college rhi s financial award will allow us to mak number of h ' ea muc -needed rrnprovements to the college. COLJI.d you Consult the other students and · then Write me a proposal outlirrun g the h t mgs people are unhappy with and wh d suggest in h • y, an g ow we should spend the money?

• The computers are ancient and they're always breaking down! Why do we have to share printers?

ne\'l wmpulw;? more pnnlerr,?

• It's scary walking round the grounds at night - it's so dark.

better Ilgloting?

• The whole place looks so shabby. There's graffiti everywhere.

redewrate?

• Why have we still got blackboards? They're so old-fashioned!

replac.e wifo \"loiteboardf,1

• The drama stud io is minute! We can't stage any big productions .

ne\'l bUilding?

1 Use appropria te lan gua ge for ma king sugges tions and recommendations (also see page 161). 2 Use linkers to seq uence points. 3 Set out your text so that it looks like a proposal and not a letter. 4 Divid e your proposal into sections with headings. 5 Include a se parate introduction and concl us ion. 6 Be clear and concise. 7 Use an imp ersonal tone.

1m Writing Guide

Introduction (5) The purpose of this proposal is to outline areas which need im proving and to make recommendations as to where money should be spent. Equipment (4) There we re two main areas of concern regarding the state of equipment in t he college. First, (2) many students pointed out that t he comp uters current ly in use are becoming dated and are apt to break down quite frequent ly. I wou ld therefore recommend (1) that we buy new, state-of-the-art computers. For the same reasons, I propose (1) we should replace all our old printers with new ones. Secondly, (2) it was felt tha t blackboards were very outdated. I t herefore propose t hat we invest in modern whiteboards. Buildings (4) Many students are unhappy with the size of the drama studio which is too small to house major productions. I suggest (1) we consider a new building as this would allow us to provide much better facilities and to stage much bigg er shows. Decoration and Light ing (4) Several students pointed out the fact that the college is badly in need of redecoration . Othe rs were worried about their personal safety due to t he fact that the college is poorly lit . My recommend at ion is (1) that we redecorat e the entire prem ises, inside and out, and that we install effective light ing in the college grounds. Conclusion (5) In conclusion, (2) I believe that t he areas identified in t his proposal are the ones that are most in need of improvement. If the recommenda tions above are followed , I believe they would have the support of all our students.

phrase bank Introductions The aim/purpose of this proposa l is to _.. This proposal relates to .. . This proposal describes/outl ines ...

Conclusions To sum up, I believe that ..• In conclusion, I would say that On balance, we are of the opinion that ...

Suggestions and recommendations I rccommend /propose/suggest/believe (that) we (should) ...

•

We could also ... If we .. . , we could ...

Writing Guide

1m

•

Grommor Reference

Present and past tenses Present simple Use the presen t simple: 1

2

to talk abou t ha bitu al even ts and fixed truths:

Most autliots write abo ut 1000 words a day,

Hen ry ran 15 kilometres every day {or sixty years.

Violins have four string .

He gave IIp running in June and died in July.

to talk a bou t ho w of ten you do something. Frequency adverbs (always, usually, often, sometimes, never) are often used:

Carla checks her text messages every few minutes. 3

The ac tio n can ei ther last for a period of time in the past o r finish at a fixed time in the past :

Past continuous Use the past continuous: 1

for states tha t imply permanence or fo r those that are true for a lo ng tim e:

Last week, the police LUere watching the house on the comer.

TIle President of the United States works in the

White House.

Present continuous Use the present co ntinuous:

1 for tempora ry states:

2

Listen! This computer is making a strange noise. He's studying at evening class at the motuetu,

Past simple Use the past sim ple to express an event that took place a t a defi nite pas t tim e. Past lime words a re often used ( 0 fix the ac tion or state in th e pas t. For exam ple, when, yesterday, last week , three months ago, etc:

to ta lk a bou t a backgro u nd ac tivity :

We were lying on our backs looking at the stars. A si ngle past event of ten interrupts the background ac tivi ty, so th e pas t co ntinuous and the past simple are used together:

We were lying on our backs looki ng at the scars

He is acting as manager while his boss is away. 2 to ta lk abo u t a n ac tivity tha t is ta king place wh en yo u speak or a ro u nd the lime of spea king:

to talk abo u t things that were in progress in the past. They may ur may 11 0 1 be finis hed:

when a comet flew across the sky. But w he n I WO o r more past eve n ts happe n consecutively. th e pa st sim p le is used for bot h:

The Tita nic hit an iceberg atul sank a {ew hours later. No te : Don 't use the past contin uous to ta lk about past habits or to say how often something ha ppened in the past. Use the past simple:

They pho ned tile zoo three times yesterday. (No t: Th ey we re phoning ... )

- When did you last write a letter by hand?

Present perfe ct simple

- I think it was about a year ago.

Use th e presen t perfect simple:

When there are no pas t time words, the context often places the ac tion or event in the past (ei ther the recen t past or the more remote pas t):

1

when th e re is a connection between the past and the present. The connectio n can either be implied or obvio us . T he exact tim ing is not importan t:

Where did you learn to do those magic tricks?

Tile explorers have just reached the North Pole.

Karl Benz invented the first motor car.

He's lost a lot of weight in the last [eiu months. 2

for things tha t ha ve just happened or when the event is still releva nt or is still 'news':

011. no! The wheel has {allen of{!

Grammar Reference

lm

You must use the present perfect simple form when you mention the number of times:

Used to and would

Tluu train has broken down three limes so [ar thi s

Use used to ( + infinitive) to ta lk abou t past habits:

week. Th e even t might ha ve started a t some time in the pas t an d sti ll co ntin ues: I have knoiun about the problem {or a long time, but I haven 't done anything about it }Iet.

3 to give general news or information . This is followed by more detail using the past simple:

A new zoo {or endangered species has opened in the Lake District. It took five years to bui ld and runs ent irely on solar energy.

Present perfect continuous Use the present perfect continuous: for events tha t began in the past a nd con tinue into the present. Like the presen t perfect simple, it is often used wi th since ( + starting po int), {or (+ period o f time) an d how long:

They have been going out wul: each other since Ch ristTTl as. Ttuu dog has been chasing its taii for about ten minutes. 2 to talk abou t lo ng or repealed ac tio ns that have just finished, but where the consequence is still clear:

- You're Late for the meeting! - Sorry! I've been try ing to park m y car.

Believe it or not, but people used to unite letters by hand and send them to their friends. To ask questio ns . u se did + name/prono un + use to (not used to) :

Did your parents use to allow you co ride a motorbike? The negative form is didn't use to (not didn 't used co):

Policemen didn't use to carry firearm s. It is sometim es possib le to use would in stead of used co wh en talki ng a bo u t past personal habits, bu t usually on ly in the positive. Wou ld is q uite a litera ry sty le and is of ten fou nd in con tin uo us narrative:

When we were young we iuould go to the river and

throiu stones in the scream, then go co a little teasliop and bu» some cakes. Use used co for past situations and s ta tes that no longer exist or are no lo nger tr ue. (Wo uld cannot be used.)

In the 1930s that bar llsed co be a very [anious little theat re. Did Shakespeare use co live in London ? Note: Do n' t use used to to say how long something lasted in the past. Use the past simple:

I did the national Lottery for a long lime. but / didn't have any luck. (Not: I used to do ...J

Past perfect simple Use the pas t pe rfec t to talk about wh at happened before a certai n point in the past :

The robber had run away by th e time the police arrived.

Past perfect continuous Use the past pe rfect con tinuous to em phasise a lon ge r actio n . This ac tion co ntinues up to the time of the main ac tion (expressed by the verb in the past s imple):

I wasTz 'c surprised tha t Dave and Amy emigrated. They had been chinking about it for years. Bu t use the past perfect simple to say ' how many times' :

By the time he was twenty-five. he had al ready been married twice.

1m Grammar Reference

Future forms Present simpl e Use the p resent simple to express fut ure events tha t are timet a bled or part of a calendar:

The Directors' meeting starts at 3 o'clock on Friday. Hun)' up. The plane lea ves in hal{ an hour. The present simple is used w hen the timet a bling or arrangemen t is impersonal (someone e lse has made them or they are part of a natura l law):

The next college term. starts on 8th September. For personal arra ngements, whe re the speaker or another per su n has ma de the decision, th e present co ntin uo us is usu all y used:

I'm starting a new course in biology next term.

Present continuous The present continuous is used to express the future when definite plans or arran gements have been made:

- What are you doi ng next Saturday? - I'm taking m y dri ving test. You can use th e present co ntinuu us tense with verbs of motion , even if no fixed arrangements have been made:

YO ll had better hurry up and get ready, because we 're leaving very soon .

But when there is clear evidence about wh at is going to happen , use going to:

Th e builder looked at th e old house and said , 'I' m sorry, but it' s going to fall dOWTl.'

Future continuous Use the future continuou s to ta lk about an event that will be in progress a t a certain lime in the future:

Thi s tim e next week I'll be lying on a beach. Future time phrases are common with thi s ten se:

Going to and will

In a few months' time

Use going to:

Before long

we'll be tra velling

1 when you have made a decision to do someth ing:

This time next year

around South America.

Could yOll please let me know if yOll are going to accept th e job ? 2 when yo u have made some basic plans:

I'm going to bu y an old bam and do it up . But when mor e definit e plans are in place, use th e present co ntinuo us :

We' ve signed th e contracts and we 're moving into the building on Monda y. 3 to say what so meone is jus t about to do: 1 won't be a minute.

[ ' TTl

just going to say good bye to

my colleag ue. 4

for predictions when th ere is clear evidence that an event is about to take place:

Based OIl th e first page, 1 think I'm goin g to enjoy reading chis book. For 'neutral ' predictions th at are based on personal belief, rather tha n clear ev ide nce, see will bel ow : Use will and won't: to ask fo r and give information about the future, which is often a simple matter of fact :

The train stand ing at platfomz 3 will stop at Oxford. 'The work won 't take long ,' the builder said. 2 to express the near future when there ha s been no conscious planning or premeditation. Fur exam ple, o n-the-s pot decisions:

B}' December

Fut ure perfect sim ple Use the future perfect to talk abollt things th at will have happened by a certain time in the future. It is often used with a phrase starting with by to emphasise completion be fore a certain future time:

By Monday By lunchtime

he will have fin ished

By this time next year

his report.

By th e time you read thi s

Future perfect continuous Use the future perfect continuous to talk about how long things will have been happening by a certain time in the future (and perhaps beyond that time) . It is often used with a phrase starting with for to emphasise duration:

Nex t month he will ha ve been working at the factory {or twenty-five years. The question form of the future continuous is often used for polite requests as it avoids the urgency of other tenses:

Will you be checking out

of your room by noon ?

I'll have a mushroom omelette and a green salad. - Will you marry m e? - No, [ won't. 3 to predict what yo u think will happen in the future, based on what you believe or guess will happen :

Soon, we will all pa y our bills b}' mobile phone. Video machin es won 't be availa ble in a few years.

Grammar Reference

1m

The futu re in the past Use the foll owi ng ' futu re in th e pas t' struc tures w hen you are ta lking a bout the past, and want to say th at something was still in the future at tha t time: past continuous or was/were going to (+ infinitive)

Non-continuous verbs Many English ve rbs exp ress a state ra the r tha n ac tivity, so they are no t normally used in any of the co n tinuous tenses. These verbs fall in to severa l groups:

Danny waited outside the station. He was meeting his dau...ghter at 2 o'clock and they lUere going to watch the Cup Final.

2

The pla nned or expected future ac tion of ten does n't happen :

Verbs th at descri be thought processes and op in ions , e.g. think. believe, know. remind, understand,

3

Verbs for the senses, e.g. hear, see, taste, smell, touch, feel. But 'se nse' ve rbs that describe an active, d eliberat e use of th e senses a re used in th e co ntin uo us tenses, e.g. watch, look, stare, listen .

4

Verbs for be lo ng ing an d co nta ini ng . e.g. own.

Ve rbs that describe wants and likes and prefe rences. e.g. want, like, prefer, hope, wish.

He wa... planning to sell the house, until it caught

fire.

2 would (+ infi nitive) None of us thought the exam would be so easy. 3 was/were to (+ infinitive) A politician was to give a speech, but she d idn't tum up. Use was/were just about to in th e same way :

They lUere just about to disappear round the comer when they saw me waving.

She is usually quite honest. (a perma nent She isn 't being very honest. (a tem porary co nd ition)

Use the prese nt te nse in many futu re s ubo rd ina te clauses, Use a fu tu re form in the mai n cla use: He is goinl{ to Barcelona, when he gets a ticke t. (No t: 'when he wi ll get") As soon as he arrives he's going to buy a weekly

travel licke t. (Not: 'As soon as he w ill arrive') Cu njunct ion s th at introd uce these cla uses include: when

Man y o f the ve rbs above and other 'stative' ve rbs can sometimes describe ' ac tions', w ith a change of mean ing. With th e new meani ng it is usu all y possible to use co n tin uo us forms. Remem ber that co n tin uo us forms imply a tempor a ry ac tion: characte ristic)

Time clauses in the future

as soon as

possess, belong.

once

by the time

Use the presen t perfect after as soon as or when express co mpletio n :

10

James is going to have a party as soon as his parents have gone away. I'll check your work for you when you have finished. Use th e presen t continuous a fter wh ile to s how th at th e action still co ntin ues :

I'll stop drilling while you are trying co work.

I think you' re un reliable an d over-am bitious. (= have th e o pinion)

I'm thi nking of changing my solicitor. (= consider)

He appears to be qu ite mature, but he's actuallv quite the opposite. (= seem) Several comedy acts will be appearing at Tlze Palace Theat re during the sum mer. (= ta ke pa rt in) I don't expect you 'll like this, but I'm leaving the company. (= think) I've been expecting you to arrive since 8 o'clock this morning. (= anticipa te)

1 don 't ha ve much experience of negot iating prices, ( = possess)

I'm having dinner with the Prime Minister after the meeting. (= eat)

This is how you should present your Cv. Do you see wha t 1 me an? (= unde rsta nd) How long have you been seeing a psychiauistl (= co ns ult)

II Grammar Reference

Passives

Use have + past participle in th e past:

The ringleader of the gang is though t to have fled to Spa in .

Form and struc tures Most active se nte nces hav e a correspon ding passive. All tran sitive ve rbs (verbs that ta ke a direct object) ca n have a passive form. In tran sitive verbs like die , arrive, sleep, etc. cannot have a passive form.

Plans for the ne w sports centre are said to have been shelved. Use to + in finitive in the passive st ru cture afte r the ver bs see, hear, make a nd allow: Three very suspicious men were seen to leave the building carrying black sacks.

The object of a n active sentence is the subject of the correspo nding passive se ntence:

A young boy at the back of the hall was heard to la ugh during the Prime Minis ter's speech.

Active: We have counted all the votes, and we call flOW ar111011TICe tile winners. (all the votes an d the winners are th e objects) Passive: All the votes have been coullted an d the winners can be announced. (all th e votes and the wi nners are the sub jects) . You can fo rm passives from all tenses, future form s and also modal suc h as can, must, etc. A passive is formed with th e a ppropriate tense of be + the pas t partici ple: present simple: People who wan t a visa are requi red to complete long application forms .

One thin g he Iiated about prison life was being m ad e to peel pota toes. The passengers were not allowed to get off the plane. Note: When the ver b let is used in an active se ntence. allow must be used in th e equivalent passive se ntence: (ac tive)

(passiv e) He wasn 't allowed to phone his lawyer. When more tha n one verb is used in the passive, the auxiliary verb be does not have to be repeat ed:

present continuous: The plane is being prepared for take-oi]. p rese n t perfect: 1 can't phone you . My phone has been stolen, past simple/past perfect: Th e man wasn 't allowed to see his solicitor until after he had been interviewed by the police. past continuous: The child ren were being taug ht how to use a computer. th e future: You are going to be taken to prison, where you will be given a haircut and overalls.

medals: Credit cards can be used to confirm the hot el booking. The evidence mustn't be tou ched after it has been put in to the plast ic bags. The prisoners should be allowed to m ake a phone call to their solicitors.

Forensic evidence will be collected. sent to a laboratory and analysed . You ca n ch an ge the subject of a passive sentence midwa y throu gh th e sente nce. Again , the verb be do es no t have to be repeated:

Fingerprin ts are taken and tile results (are) fed into a com puter.

When to use t he passive Passive structures a re used when the ac tion is more im portant tha n wh o did it (the 'age nt') . The most imp ort a nt information in English o ften co mes at the beg inning of a se ntence, and new in forma tion or more detai ls come at the en d. The passive is o ften use d: 1

All/he rilles here have to be obeyed. There are various passive struc tures tha t use th e infin itive and are often used in news reporting. For example:

The ringleader of the gang is thought to be Span ish. Plans for the new sports centre are said to be under threat . Negotiations are believed/rumoured to be com ing co a conclu sion .

The police didn't let him phone his la wyer.

in advertising, bec a use the pro d uct beco mes the focus of atte ntion:

Our sportswear is tested by robots and worn by world champions. 2

in forma l, im personal texts: Your application ha s been received and you will be informed of our decision in du e course.

3 in scie nt ific texts, official writing and newspa pe r headlines:

Many breakthroughs in the fight against cancer have been made over the past few years.

Grammar Reference

1m

4 when the agent is unknown or is not important or is obviou s from the context: The wheel was invented about 5000 years ago. 5 to avoid the overuse or repetition of personal pronouns or vague words such as people: The M 25 l1l0tonvay is being repaired and should be avoided for the next two weeks. You can mention the agent in a passive structure if it is important. Use by + name or noun: The boxer was knocked out in the first round. (The agent is not named, so we assume it wasn't an ything remarkable.) The boxer was kn ocked out in the first round by a rock thrown from the spectator's area.

With many verbs, an object comes before to: The Sales Director asked the Editor to give an outline of the proposal,

verb

Tile verbs that lise this construction fall roughly into two groups: 1 Verbs that convey the idea of asking, telling, compelling, allowing, forcing:

2

You can LIse this structure to refer to thing s that are don e by someone else and are beyond your control: The boy had his locker broken into and his cam era stolen. You can often use get with the same structure, but it is often more informal or more urgent: I must get those documents signed.

Gerunds and infinitives + to + infi nitive

Certain verbs are often followed by to + infinitive of another verb: expect

manage refuse

offer

threaten

hope promise want

It's a pity he lost th e race, bemuse he deserved to win.

What did you expect to find when you opened the box ? To can stand alone to avoid repeating the verb or phrase: I'm not sure I'm going to pass my driving test first time, but I certainl y hop e to.

I!I!l Grammar Reference

allow

ask

forbid teach

force tell

permit warn

want

Use the structure ha ve + noun /pronoun + past participle when someone else does something for you. For exampl e, your car needs a service, your eyes need to be tested, etc: Sony, I can 't talk. I'TTl just ha ving my hair cui.

deserve

advise

expect persuade

Verbs that convey the idea of wanting. needin g, etc:

have/get something done

verb

+ object + to - infinitive

need

prefer

would like

Note that 'that clauses' are not possible with the verbs in this group: I really don 't want ()tt:if t:ifl )Hlt:: RtL twt4t!F.itl1ThL m e.

verb

+ infi nitive

The infinitive without to is used after: had better and would rather There 's a storm coming. We fwd better go home. I would rather not sit in the back of the car. 2 the verbs make (meaning 'force') a nd let (mean ing 'allow '): You can't make m e do an ything that I don 't waTlt to do. If you let me borrow your car, will yOIl expect me to pay for the petrol? Note that make in the passive is followed by to + infinitive: The soldiers wcre made to stand for hours in tile sun. 3 the objects of verbs of perception (see, hear, etc.): When she was walking through the car park, she heard someone call her name.

verb

+ -ing form

Certain verbs are only followed by the -ing form of another verb. (That is, the -ing form of the second verb acts as a gerund, the object of the first verb.) Verbs that take -ing forms often conv ey likes and dislikes: can't stand

fancy

detest feel like

don't mind enjoy

Oth er verbs convey (he idea of saying. thinking. describ in g: admi t imagine

consid er suggest

deny

describe

Other common, mi scellan eous verbs a re al so foll owed by a n -ing form: avoid miss

deny practise

finish risk

mean : Oh, I meam to tell you som ething. But l've forgotten what it was. ( "" intend) Buyin g thi s hous e means paying a higher mo rtgage. ( = become necessary)

Relative clauses Defining relative clauses

Not e th at ve rbs th at foll o w prep ositions a re a lw ays in the -ing form: Don ' apologise lor arrivi ng early. It's great to see you. He would probably get more done if he wa s better at

worki ng at night.

verb

The children that he knew would succeed were those who were motivated.

+ infinitive/-ing form

A few verbs ca n be followed by an infinitive or an -ing fo rm. w ith little or no cha nge o f meaning. For example:

begin

continue

Defin ing relative clauses are a vital part o f the meaning of a sentence. They identify the subject or object or add vital in form atio n about them. T here fo re you can 't lea ve them out. They define who or what yo u a re talking about. The vital information can co me in the middle of a sentence o r a t the end:

Can you give me a good reason why yOll need to borrow so much money?

sta rt Relative pronouns:

When th e limousine d rove past the crowd. some people began to throw/ began throwing {lowers onto the roof Some common verbs can be folIowed by an infin itive o r a n -i ng form, but w ith a change of meaning. e.g.

wno/tha! for people that/which for things wnose for possession

when for tim e where for place why for reason

Who, that, which are of ten omitted when they refer to

remem ber: / don't care how busy you are. you must remember to pay yo ur credit card bill. ( = remember to do something in the future) 1 remember going fishing a lot when / was a buy, but / don 't remem ber catching many fish. ( = remem ber doing something in the past)

the objec t of th e sen te nce (not the subject).

regret: / regret to inform you that / am resigning as company secretary. ( = be sorry (or a present or fut ure action )

You can 't omi t whose. You CJn omi t when if it refe rs to the o bject:

Neither of my parent s regret gelling married when they were so YOUT/g. ( = regret doing something in the past) stop: 'Come on,' said the ma n in the museum. 'If you stop to look at all the paintings, we'll never get round . ( = stop one thing to do anoth er) He went to China last month and he hasn 't stopped talkin g about it since. ( = give IIp doin g something) try: She tried to reach the book on the top shelf, but it was too high. (= ma ke an effo rt) Have y Oll ever tried doing a martial art? ( = try out as an experimen t)

Have you ever had on e of those da ys that starts bad and gets worse? (that refers to th e subject: 'one of those da ys ')

Have you ever tliouglu (that) things couldn't get worse? (that refers to the object: 'things')

Sit down and tell me the exact time (w hen) it happened. You can omi t where, bu t on ly if you add an appropriate prepositio n:

The old fisherman 's hilt (w here we stayed ) we staved in was sm all and warm and it smelt of fish. Yo u ca n omi t why when it refers to th e object:

Tell me the exact reason (wh y) you want to leave. You can omit the relati ve pronoun and the au xiliary verb, but only when the rela tive pronoun refers to the sub jec t:

Buildings (that were) constructed before 1960 will be demolished.

Grammar Reference

lID

Non-definin g relati ve clauses 'Non-defining' relative cl ause s a re quite formal and mostly fou nd in written or literary styles. They add extra information that is not vital to the meaning of a se nte nce. Th ey ca n usu all y be o m itted withou t losing the sense of the main sentence. This extra information can co me in the middle o f a se nte n ce or a t the end :

Manatees, which are sometimes called 'sea cows', can be found in th e warm wat ers around Florida. The trees were [ull of la rge, black birds, all of which made a tremendous noise. Relative pronouns:

when for time where for place

who for people which for things (not that) whose for possession

'We ha ve beeu planning the trip for a long time.'

He said they had been planning the trip for a long tim e.

'l was travelling in Thailand when / heard the news.'

She said she had been travelling In Th ailand when she heard the fl ews.'

If you move back the ten se, then the speaker's words we re true when they we re spoken but n ot ne cessaril y true when they were reported. Don't move back ten ses if th e situation is still tru e or still relevant:

'Bob and Anna are learning Russian ,' he said .

-

He said that Bob and A n na were learn ing Russian. (they m ay have stopped )

Whom is a formal relative pronoun tha t refers to the object: The young artist, whom we had heard so milch about, stumbled onto th e stage to collect the prize. To identify a certain number of people or th ings from a group use: none/one/tiuo/most of whom which:

She walked into a room that was [ull of teenagers, none of whom look ed up from their work. You cannot omit relative pronouns in non -defining relati ve clause s.

A reponing verb can be in th e present tense (e.g, says). in wh ich case the speaker's verb ten se does not change:

When you report what someone said, you o fte n 'move ha ck ' the speaker's verb te nse: 't feel dreadful.'

He said he felt dreadful.

't am swim m ing about -

The girl said she was swimming aboLll 10 kilom etres a week.

10 ki lometres a week.'

He said he had been the athletics captain at school.

'l was the athletics captain at srhool.' 'I ha ve just becom e

a vegetarian .'

-

She said that she had just become a vegetarian.

-

'The medicine is working.'

m edicine is work ing.

T hese modal verbs change for reported s peech:

will

would

may

might

can

could

must

had to

' )1JU will feel better by Frida y.'

-

The doctor said / would feel better by Friday.

'You won't lose weighc unless yOll do some exe rcise.'

She said 1 would n't lose weight unless l did some exercise.

' You must train every day if you want to be a champion.'

He said J had to train eve ry da y if / iuanted to be a champion.

These modal verbs do not change for reported speech: would ought to

could used to

'You should/ought to see a good sports psych ologist.'

oa

Grammar Reference

My doctor says the

Modal verbs

Di reet and ind ireet speech Tense changes

He said that Bob WId AnTla are learning Russian. {they are still learning it]

might had better

-

should

He said] should/ ought to see Q good sports psychologist.

Other changes

Questions

When reporting, make logical changes to pronouns and poss essives:

Repon ed questions are not real questions. The word order is the same as for statements. They do not have question marks. Verb tenses, medals. etc, change in the same way as reported statements.

'My personal trainer has helped m e build up m y confidence.'

She said her personal trainer had helped liet build up her confiden ce.

' I sometimes speak

He said that he sometimes spoke to himself

to m yself.'

Yes-No questions are usually introduced by sometimes whether):

'Have you ever worked abroad?'

He asked m e if [ luui ever worked abroad. (not: He asked me had I ever ...)

'Would you like a hand with your luggage?'

The taxi driver asked me if [ would like a hand iuitli my luggage. (not: The taxi driver asked me would I like . ..)

Make logical changes 10 ' place' words : 'I'm coming over there to see YOll.'

She said she's coming over here to see us.

The words this. that , these, those are usually reported as ' the':

'This diet doesn 't seem • to be working.'

She said the diet didn't seem to be working.

When this or tnat. these or those are used as subjects, the y usually change to it or they:

'This/that is an incredible amount of money.'

•

He said it was all incredible amount of money.

'These/Those are very diffiClllt problem s to solve:

•

He said they were very difficult problems to solve.

Make logical changes to 'time' wo rds:

an hour ago

-

last year

the day before

tomorrow

-

the

in a week 's tune

-

a week later

'Iliad a heart attack

a coupl e of years ago.' 'I'm going to cake up yoga sometime next niotuh:'

'How long have you been working in the sports centre?'

-

'When did you first feel a pain in your back?'



day

the following ttunuli

He said he had had a heart attack a couple of years before. He said he was going to take up yoga sometim e the [ollounng month.

He asked me how long I had been working in the spores centre. (not: He asked me how long had I been . -.J Tlie doctor asked me when [ luui first felt a pain in my back . (not: The doctor asked me when had I ...)

the previous year •

next month

To report wti-questions. use the iuh -word followed by the reported clause:

an hour before/previously

yesterday

if (or

Summarising verbs There are a large number of verbs wh ich summarise wha t people say. ra ther than report the exact words. These verbs are followed by various constructions . Some verbs have mo re than one construction. For example: suggest is not used wi th all object (I suggested him to go). It is followed by an -ing form or a that clause: He suggested training hard and running the London marathon.

His coach suggested that she should rest for a couple of days. verb + that admit realise

mention explain

protest suggest

complain

verb + obj ect + that advise persuade

warn tell

remind

Grammar Reference

JD]

verb + object + to-infinitive beg forbid remind

order warn persuade

advise ask tell

verb + to-infinitive refuse offer

threaten promise

agree

Use was able to/ were able to for one particular action concerning ability in the past: They had to travel first class because they weren't able to get cheap tickets. Use couldn't for specific or general lack of ability in the past : When I asked Professor Smith what his name was, he couldn't rememb er. Use will be able to for ability in the future: After six months of intensive training you will be able to fly a helicopter.

verb + -iug form deny admit

recommend propose

suggest

verb + preposition + -ing form apologise (for) boast (about)

insist (on) speak (of) congratulate (on)

Note: You have to use a form of be able to after verbs or phrases that a re followed by the infi nitive or -ing form: I would like co be able to swim every day. but I don't have time.

Permission: verb + object + preposition + -ing form blame (for) discourage (from)

accuse (of) praise (for)

can/could

Use call to ask for and give permission in the present. In formal situa tions. may can also be used: Can I ask you a personal ques tion? You can now tum over your examination papers and you may start. Could is also a polite way of asking for permission. But can is used in replies:

Modals

- Could I use your dictionary for a

mometu l

- Yes. of course you can.

There are ten modal verbs: (all must may

could will might

should shall

ought to would

These five verbs and expressions act in the same way: to had better

be able

have to used to

need to

Could and was/were able to are used to talk about permitted activities in the past: The schoolchildren could/were able co wear casual clothes on the last day of term . Will be able to is used for the future: I'll be able co drive with out 'L' plates wlieti I pass m y test.

Possibility: might, may Ability: can/could/able to Use call to describe an ab ility in the present: Professor Smith call speak five langu ages /Jilt he can't remember his name. Don 't use can [0 describe ability in the past or futu re. Use could or a form of be able co for the past and be able to for the future: Use could for general ability only in the pas t: Max could write before he could read .

[fIJ

Grammar Reference

Use either m ight or may to express possibility in tile future: If we leave before m idnight. we m ight/ may arrive ill time for break fast. Present possibilities ca n also use migh t/may when you are making a deduction based on cur rent knowledge; Due to the heavy defeat ill the recent election , sotue party m embers might/m av now be unhappy with their leader.

Use might/may + past participle to talk about a possibility in the past. It implies some uncertainty about whether the action happened or not:

I'm not sure , bill 1 might/ma y have read this book when I was young.

Necessity: need (to)

Use ought to and should for strong advice and recommendations. They are very similar in meaning:

Wizen you go skiing on your own you should/ouglIt to tell someone where you're going, in case you luiue an accident. If you're not a strong swimmer yOll-

Although need is often used as a normal verb. it can also act like a modal verb to express a necessity (usually one that the speaker feels) . In the present positive use need to + infinitive to express present or future necessity:

You need to apply {or a new passport, if you've lost yours. You can't simply get a replacement. Use needti 't/don't/doesn 't need to to say that something is not necessary in the present or future or wasn't necessary in the past:

You needn't/don't need to put your seatbelts on yet. We have to wait for one more passenger. III the past, there Me two negative forms.

didn't need to ( + infinitive) 1 didn't need to send my cv. (perhaps I did send a Cv, but it wasn't necessary, or I didn't send it and it didn't matter. needn't have ( + past participle) 1 needn't have sent my

Advice and recommendation : should/ought to

cv.

(J sent it, bur it wasn't

tiecessatv.)

Obligation: must/have to Use must or have to to express a positive obligation in the present or future. Must is often used when the speaker feels an obligation himself/herself:

shouldn't/oughtri 't to go out of your depth.

Assumptions/Deductions: must be/can't be; must have/can 't have Use must for a logical deduction about the present, when you want to express certainty:

It must be very boring to live 1T1 a small village where notfling happens. The opposite of must in this case is can't:

The letter can't be {rom your Aunt Harriet. It's got (L Chinese stamp ott it. Use must have + past participle and can't have + past participle to make logical deductions about the past:

The burglars must have got in through the Little kitchen window. Dave can't have played football yesterday. He broke his Leg last week. Use may haue/might have/could have + past participle to make assumptions that you are not entirely sure about:

I was expecting a package today, but it hasn't arrived. 1 suppose it may/might/could have go:

lost in the post.

1 must lose a bit o{ weight before I go on holiday. Have to is used when the speaker feels an obligation from outside (a rule, law, regulation) or is just expressing a fact :

We have to put the paper to be recycled in the green box . MusH,'t is used to express negative obligation (an obligation not to do something): You mustn't park on the side streets during normal working hours.

Grammar Reference

1m

Participle clauses Use participle clauses: to simpli fy sentences:

Whe n the mnner finished the race he was gasping for breath. The runner finished the race gasping for breath . 2 to red uce two se ntences to o ne se ntence:

He's broken his arm. He'll have to iuatcli the match from the sidelines. Having broken his arm, tie'll ha ue to watch the match from the sidelines , Sen tences w ith participle cla uses ca n often so und quite formal. Som e uses wou ld no t nor ma lly be used in everyday spo ken English: Being the richest person there, Fiona paid for the

meal. (formal) Fiona was the richest person the re, so she paid for

the meal. (infottnal and usual) When you use partici ple cla uses like adverbs they give more informat ion abo ut th e main verb. For example: they may describe the wa), so meone walked. how someone acted. someone or so meth ing's general manner or beh avio ur, etc. The main clause wou ld norma lly come first: The marathon ru n ner came in to the stadium waving at the crowds. 3 in written dialogues: 'You' re just in tim e to check in: he said. looking at the clock on the wall. 4 to talk about two things happening at the sa me time: Sam and Millie sat OTl the jett» talking about their future. If o ne long ac tion is ' inte rrupted' by anoth er shorte r ac tion, th e longer ac tion usually comes at the en d of th e sentence, The word while (mean ing 'when' or 'a t the time') ca n often be used : The aid worker died peacefull» in a remote African village. (while) doiTlg the job he loved most. S to ta lk about two actions that happen within a short time period:

The fire swept througli the Australian town , leaving burnt out houses behind it. Often the second action is a direct consequence or result of th e first action: The film has been a ruTlaway success, paving the way for five or six sequels.

1m Grammar Reference

Sometimes there is an obvious sequence - o ne ac tion th en a no ther action . Th e pa rticiple clause would nor mall y come at the beginning:

Taking off his heavy overcoat, he sat down red leather sofa. G to imply a reaso n:

all

the

Not knowing where he was, he stopped and checked the map. (= because he didn 't kno w where he was) Note: verbs that can 't nor mally be use d in co ntinuous ten ses can have a prese nt participle form. Prep ositions ar e al ways followed by the present participle:

On hearing the news, they started to celebrate. Before getting on the plane. the President and his wife waved and smiled at the small crowd. Participles after a 1l0WI give more info rmation about the noun, They a re like s ho rtened relative clauses in w hich the relat ive pronoun and th e aux iliary verb have bee n omitted :

Ruov Stone. smiling atui wa ving to the crowds. got out of the limousine. (who was smiling and waving ... J Note th at th e st ruc ture noun + present participle indicat es an ac tivity in progress:

The man sitting over there wearing " , If there is no activ ity in progress. you can 't use a partici ple cla use:

The scien tist inventing the robotic iuaslung machine will iuit: a prize. The scientist who in vented the robotic washing machine will Will a prize. With passive relati ve clauses, use th e past particip le:

The meeting. scheduled for 10 o'clock . has been cancelled. (that was scheduled) These can often im ply a cond ition:

Watered once a day, the plant will grow really well. (if it is watered)

Conditionals

Second conditional

Zero conditional If-clause Presen t Simple

Main Clause Presen t Simple

If-clau se

Main Clause

Past Simple

iiouldnuouidn ': + infinitive

In the second conditional the past tense refers to 'unreal' or 'hypothetical' conditions in th e present or future: If I had a daughter, I wou Ld teach her Russian .

Use th e zero co nd itio na l to ta lk a bout scie n tific facts, cons tant la ws of nature, u nc ha ng eab le rul es , custo ms and personal routines. Eith er if or wh en can he used in th e if-clause. If/Wh en it is lunchtim e in London, it is breakfast time in New York.

If I sta rted my ow n business. I would n't iuork on Friday afternoons. (hypot hetica l future)

Don 't use iuo uld/iuo uldn't in the if-clause:

If I H'GHl a sfart my own business, I wouLdn't work on Frida y afternoons.. Use the second cond ition al to give advice to other people:

First conditional If-clause Present Simple

(u nrea l present)

Main Clause w ill/ won't + infinitive

In the first conditional th e present tense us ually refers to possible/probable conditions in the future : If th ere is milch more rain. the whoLe village will probablv get flooded. If Real Madrid 's captain doesn 't play, they won 't win th e game.

Do n ' t use Will/WOlI' t in the If-clause:

ee

If th ere IPill much more rain, the wh oLe village will probably get flooded.

Use the firs t cond itio na l for threa ts or warnings involving direct ac tion : Tf you don't go away, I'll call the police, (= Go away or I'll call th e police.)

If th e solicitor was tude to you, I'd complain to his manager.

You can use the pas t continu ou s instead of the past s imple: Lf th ey were looking out way, th ey would see us.

The past tense in second conditionals distances meaning from rea lity (in the same way that the past is distanced from the presen t). Compare first a nd seco nd co nd itiona ls: First conditional: If I become Presid ent , I will in crease taxes for high earne rs. (spoken by a

Preside ntial candida te) Second conditional: Tf I became President I wou ld spend more money on after-school clubs . (spoken

by a sc hoolgirl)

Third conditional

You can use an imperative in the main clause: If you hear th e fire alarm, walk quickly to th e nearest fire exit. If you are [tightened of heights, don 't go up there.

You can use the present continuous or the present pe rfect instead of the presen t sim ple: If you are doing YOll r violin practice, I'll phone later. If you have read my

Cv. yOll

will know all about me.

If-clause Pas t Pe rfect

Main Clause wouLd ha ve/would n 't have + past participle

Use the th ird conditional for past eve nts tha t are untrue: If you had li stened to the in structions, you would

nave known wha t to do. If there hadn't been an eart hq uake, there wo uldn't have been a tsunami.

Don 't lise wo uld tuive/uoukin ': have in the if-clause: If th ere 'lo'lt171 '[ hdFC eeell an earthquake, th ere wou ldn't ha ve been a tsunami.

You ca n use th e pa st perfect contin uous inst ead of th e past perfect: If they had been Looking more careiully, th ey would ha ve seen th e signpost.

Grammar Reference

1m

You can use could (not) ha ve instead of would ha ve to express possibility:

If Sally had been a centimetre taller, she could have become a police officer. You can us e

might (not) have inst ead of would have

[Q

express 'p erha ps/ pe rha ps not':

If he tuu: ktunun the film wasn't very good, he might not have gone to see it.

Formal forms

Mixed conditionals Mixed conditional sentences a re formed from two clauses with different time references. The most comm on ' m ixed' conditionals in volv e a clause from a second conditional and a clause from a third conditional. The if-clause ca n s ta te the o r ' rea son ' and refers to the past (third conditio nal ), with the ' res ult' in the main clause referring to the present (second conditional) : (3I'd) [Znd) If Sally hadn't tun ed her violin .. it wouldn 't sound

In first conditionals, you can lise should before the infinitive in the II-clause to ad d uncertainty or increase politeness:

If he has a problem with his visa. If he should have a problem with his visa, If you need any help,

In second co nd itio nals , you should. above:

If we complained about the lack of clean water, If we were CO com plain about the lack of clean water.

Alternatives to

I'll sort it out for him.

GlO

use wcre to like

what would about it?

}lOll

do

Why does Sally's violin sound okay? Because she tuned it. 2 Wh y doesn 't Tom know what to do? Because he didn't read th e instruction s l!ery carefully.

If I hadn't married Tom, t iuouldn 't be living in Australia. They can express present possibilities based un pa st events:

If you had kept the receipt, we would give you }/our money back.

Jim will land safely on the groun d provided/a s long as his parachute opens. Supposing (or suppose) me ans 'what if', 11 can repla ce if in questions and co mes first in the sentence: Supposing you missed the plane, what would you do? Unless can be used to mean ' if ... not': can't join if you can 't/ sw im 100 metres the swimming unless you can in less than 75 seconds. team

You can sit in

(2nd)

he would ktun u what to do.

Mixed conditionals of this type often express regret (or satisfaction) in the present for so mething that happened in the past:

You can usuall y use provided (or providing) and a s long as instead of if:

a first class seat

If Tom had read the instructions more carefully, ,.

These co nd itio na ls answer the question ' w hy?'

if

Don't sell yo ur shares

(3rd) 2

I'll be in that office.

If you should need an y help,

very nice.

I if there isn 't/

unless there is if nobody else/ unl ess someone else

1m Grammar Reference

a sharp fall in

prices, wants it.

The modals might or could can be used:

If I had started my own business ten years ago. I might be better off by TlOW. If she had studied languages at un iversity, size could be a translator. The time reference of the clauses can be reversed. The i{-c1ause (the cause or reason) can refer to th e present (second conditional), the main clause (the result) can refer to the past (third co nditional) : (2nd)

(3rd)

If his eyes weren 't so bad. he would have seen the road sign. (He didn 't see the road s ign because his eyes are bad.) (2nd)

(3rd)

If Anna wasn't so clever she wouldn 't have known how to tak e my blood pressure. (Anna knew how to take my blood pressure because she is clever.)

In mixed conditionals of this type, the refe ren ce to the present makes it clear that [he situation exists now. In 'pure' third conditiona ls, the time reference on ly refers to the past. (2nd) (3rd) If Jack wasn 't interested iTI people, he wouldn't have studied sociology at university.

You ca n often use if only instead of I wish. But the res u lt is more a th ough t tha n a voiced regret:

I didn't have to commute to work every da y. 1 could get

If only

English spelling was easier. credit card companies wouldn't keep sending me their offers.

(Jack was and still is interested in people)

(3rd)

a job in ad vertising.

1 wish/

(3rd)

If Jack hadn't been interested in people, he wouldn't have studied sociology at university. (Jack was interested in people, perhaps he still is , but we are no t sure)

Wishes and regrets Use wish + past simple for situations in the present that you wo uld like to be different:

I wish I didn't get so many unwanted emails. You can often use were instead of was, pa rticu larly in form a l English:

The young man is so unhappy that he often wishes he were somewhere else. Use wish + the past modal could (no t would) to express a regret about a personal lack of ability: I wish I could swim further without taking a rest.

Use wish + th e past modal didn't have to to express lack of ent husiasm about an obliga tio n:

[ wish [ didn't have to cuny my identity papers with me everywhere I go. You can use wish + would to criticise other people or an aspect of th e present situation tha t you are un happy wi th:

[ wish she wouldll't keep tal king about her children. [ wish this computer lVould stop crashing. You can also use wish + would to talk about fut ure situa tions that you wan t to cha nge:

[ wish someone would

fix the central heating..

You can use wish + past perfect to express regrets about the past :

I wish the advertising agency had thought of a better brand name.

Comparatives and su perlatives Comparatives Use as _. . as _.. to say tha t two elem ents are equal in so me way . Th ere are severa l structures you can LIse. The words just and nea rly often come before the first as :

adjective

as

adverb

as

milch/many + noun H e pla ys tenn is nearly as well

as his girlfriend,

I get paid just as mucli money as you.

There are just as many cafes in London as (there are) in Paris. Object pro no uns, nouns and clau ses can follow the second as:

That car is nearly as old as me. The food in Le Select is just as good as it was ten years ago. Walk ing in London is often just as fast as taking a bu s.

Use th e opposite struc ture no t as .. . as ... to talk about two elements that are unequal in some way. Th e words nowhere near, nothing like and not quite often corne be fore the first as:

The sports car was nowhere near as fast as 1 had expected it to be. I can play the piano. but not quite as well as (I can play) the guitar. Flying in a hot air balloon wus nothing like as frighten ing as I thought it wou ld be.

Grammar Reference

1m

Use comparatives to compare people. groups and thin gs. Use a comparati ve adjective (healthier, more exciting. etc. ) or adve rb (earlier. more carefully , etc.): YOll IVan tile silver m edal lnu Emma Dean beat you with a ui ucli fas ter time. Would you like to have your interview where there is a greater degree of pri vacy?

Use than to make comparisons between two differen t thin gs of tile' sa me type: The weather in man y countries wett er than it used to be.

IS

now warm er and

Degr ee: enough , too, so, SUCh, as, like en ou gh

Use enough (with the meaning of 'sufficient/sufficientl y') after adjectives a nd adverbs: His exam results were okay, but th ey we ren't good enough to gel him his universit y place. l'cw're playing well enough to be in th e team, but not well enough at the moment to be team captain.

You often use to + infini tive after enough: J know you 're physically {it but are you resilient enough to ke ep going?

Fiats arc less ex pensive than Ferraris.

You can qualify the comparative with these words and expressions: a little much a great deal a bit slightly far a lot Drivin g in a Merced es is a great dea l more

comiottablc than riding a scooter. Book 2 in the series is slightly longer than Book J. Sh e a lways does a bit better at English than ttuuhs.

You ca n also use the expre ssion no (more) . .. than in the sa me way as jus t as . . as: Th e film was flO more frighten ing than the book. Th e book was just as frighten ing as th e film .

You can use the following structure to talk about two things that happen together: the + compa rative clause + the + comparative clau se

too

Use too (with the meaning ' more than enough ') before adjectives and adverbs: Sall y auditioned for a part in a Broad wa y pla y, but th ey said she was too small for the pan. He tried ro take a ph oto of (he Tour de France riders, but tlley rode past far too quickly.

You often use too . .. to + infiniti ve: lt was 38 degrees in the shade yesterday. Fa r too hot to sunbathe. J ran out uf time. J wrot e too slowly to finish all the qu estions .

so and such

Use so before adjectives or adverbs, but not when a noun follows: There probably are other pla nets, but th ey are so far

Th e bigger the tuave s th e better it is for surling.

away that astronomers can't see them .

Tile hea vier the boxer the slower he moves round th e ring.

Th e tra ins are so unreliable (chat) it's com m uters get angry.

110

wonder

Note that you can use so much or so man y with a noun: Su perl ati ves

Use superlatives to compare one member of a group with the wh ole group. Always use the with a superlative: th e best film

th e m ost ex citing journey

You can qualify a superlative with these words and expression s: among

one of

two of

Sha ne Walker is among the best young write rs in the country. Crossing the icy ridge was one of the m ost diffimlt pa rts of th e ex ped ition .

II Grammar Reference

' You 've got so many problems: said tile psychologist, 'J hardly know where to start.'

Use such before a noun (with or without an adjective): I ha ven't been to th e cin ema for such a long time (that) I can hardly remem ber the last film I saw.

Advertisers al ways wa n t us to think th ey ha ve such uondeiiul products, whereas most of it is such rubbish.

as and like Use as as a prep osition to mean 'in the role of': Mr Pouer ha s been working as an accou nt aTIC for twenty years.

But use lik e as a prepo sition when it means 'similar to': Mr Potter doesn 't look lik e a n accountant, He's built more like a profession al athlete.

You also use as with adjec tives to make comparisons: Nothing seems as Itiglueuing th e second time yOIl do It.

Emphat ic structures wi t h

it and what

YOLI can use It is .. . , It was . ., etc. tu emphasise a pa rticular part of a sentence:

There were five members of the climbing team, but it was Bill who reached the summit first.

Emph asis

It was very disappoin ting that I didn't reach the top.

Use What is ..., What was .. . to emphasise the subject or object of a sentence:

Inversiun Use the word order you usc for questions La give emphasis: I have never heard such a frightening noise.

Never have [ heard such a [tightening (wise.

W ha t they saw when they reached the summit was a French flag fluttering in the wind. There are various other expressions tha t can be added to th e start of a se ntence for em phas is: The reason l'm. here today is co cell yOll about our new products.

You can use inversion:

The thing I like most about Harry is his generosity.

after certain ' negative' adverbials: never rarely not since

hardly little not until

scarcely not for one minute never before

Hardly had he sat down iuhrtt he starred to calk. Scarcelv had she got home when the phone rang,

All he could talk about was his wurk .

-ing forms as subj ect of a sente nce You can use an -ing form as the subject of 10 give emphasis:

J

sentence

Arguing with traffic wardens is a iuaste of tune.

Litt le did th ey expect so many supporters to wnte to them.

2 after expressions wi th only or no: only when the only on no account at no tim e

not only in no way under no circumstances no sooner

The only way to xct anywhere quickly is to fly. Although the trip wasn 't very pleasant, at no time did I feel in any da nger.

Phrasal verbs Adverbial phrasal verbs Adverbial phrasa l verbs are ma de from a verb + all adverb. Some phrasal verbs are intransitive (they have no object) : The witness broke down when he was asked about her husband.

You can use inversion to replace if in condi tional sentences that include should, were or had:

He packed his rucksack arid set off

If yaH should need an)/ help with your bags. please let the receptionist know.

Transi tive phrasal ve rbs (those wi th objec ts) a re 'separable'. If the object is a nou n , it can go:

Should you need ' "

]

If you were co scop messing around with your mobile phone, you might learn a bit more. Were you to stop., . If yOll hadn 't tried to du three things at once, this would never ha ve happened. Had you not tried " _

between the verb and the pa rt icle: The police broke the denionstratioti up. Can yOll set your ideas rlown in writing?

2 or after the particle: The police broke up Ole demonsi ration . Call yOll set down your ideas in writing? But if the object is a pronoun, you must put it between the ver b a nd th e pa rticle: The police broke it up. Please set your ideas douni in uniting.

Grammar Reference

II!D

Prepositional phrasal verbs

Three-part phrasal verbs

Prepositional phrasal verbs are made from verbs + J preposition . The verb and the preposition are 'inseparable', so all objects whether they are nouns or pronouns must follow the particle:

A few phrasal verbs have three parts: verb + particle + preposition. You cannot separate the verb from the other parts. All objects must come after the preposition:

YOlL

should film off the tuotonuay at junction 2.

We've received your complaint and we'll look into it, Adverb particles CJn have several different meanings. For example. off can suggest:

I

a beginning of some kind: Go to bed early because we are setting off at dawn.

2 finishing or delaying:

We're going CO finish off the lesson with a quiz. I'm busy. I'll have to put tile meeting off until tomorrow.

3 some kind of separation or disconnection:

Workmen closed off the road to do maintenance iuork .

Come in and rake off your wet jacket. My phone lias been cut off because I didn 't pay

the bill. The particle in can suggest: I

some kind of participation:

Bob never joins in the fun. 2 some kind of deception

She was too clever to be taken in by the solesnuin's smooth talk. 3 some kind of collapse/ret irernent clue to pressure 'Do you give in?' asked the wrestler. twisting the man's arm . Some phrasal verbs change their meaning when used with or without an object. For example. the particle ow can suggest: 1 failure:

Myoid car made a horrible noise and gave our five kilometres from the garage. 2 distribution

She stood in the market and gave out leaflets about her new shop.

1m Grommor Reference

- 'He's going phones:

to

do away with all his uhf mobile

- 'is he going to completely get rid of them?' I've just run out of time.

OXFORD

" III



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