Cadz Research.docx

University of Southern Philippines Foundation Salinas Drive, Lahug, Cebu City Research Methods For ME

Proposed Waste to Energy Plant in Cebu; Producing Renewable Energy and Recycling the garbage in the Inayawan Landfill

Earon Jay S. Cadungpg BSME-II

Submitted to: Engr. Jerry Teleron

CHAPTER I The problem and its settings

Rationale Garbage is the one of the factors in today’s life. Even if you walk outside, you can see tons of garbage that smells bad. Some of it was thrown on the rivers or on the sea so that’s why most of the rivers especially in the city were in black and many aquatic resources was in danger because of it. Inayawan Landfill which it was located at Cebu City, Cebu has a serious problem due to a large amount of garbage that was thrown in the landfill every day, the City office and the sanitary office considered this as a huge issue. So, one of the solutions of this problem is to make a Power plant using garbage or what they called the waste to energy plant. A waste-toenergy plant is a waste management facility that combusts wastes to produce electricity. This type of power plant is sometimes called a trash-toenergy, municipal waste incineration, energy recovery, or resource recovery plant. So, if we use this, maybe we can resolve the issue in Inayawan landfill and to make renewable source of energy that can help in our problem of controlling the garbage and global warming.

Background of the study The garbage in the Inayawan landfill declared congested because there is no proper waste management on the garbage, even segregation. Unsegregated waste causes the landfill harmful to approach. It will also harm to the health who was near to the landfill. The residents of Barangay Inayawan gives concern about the problem in the landfill because of its effect on their community. The smell of the landfill

reaches on their community and the harm of this in their health makes more concern. The city gives the solution for the problem, but the harm for the pollution was still the same, they just planning to move the garbage to the other uncongested landfills. Using garbage to convert energy is much more reliable and it will reduce global warming rather than moving the waste to the other areas. The problem Cebu City alone has a problem of managing solid waste, causing the Inayawan Landfill declared as a congested landfill. The plan of the City Government is just to remove the waste out of the City Landfills to the municipalities in the Province of Cebu who has an uncongested landfill. But their solution is not for a long term and not a solution for the pollution problem in the landfill. Yes, the harm of the landfill was lessened but the problem, there was still a harm because the garbage is not segregated, and if don’t recycle the waste, there is a cause that the waste will grow more often and the harm of the pollution will grow much more than today.

Theoretical background Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste, or the processing of waste into a fuel source. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes generate electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels. WtE is usually burned at special waste-to-energy plants that use the heat from the fire to make steam for generating electricity or to heat buildings.

In 2016, 71 U.S. power plants generated about 14 billion kilowatthours of electricity from burning about 30 million tons of combustible waste. Biomass materials accounted for about 64% of the weight of the combustible waste and for about 51% of the electricity generated. The remainder of the combustible waste was nonbiomass combustible material, mainly plastics. Many large landfills also generate electricity by using the methane gas that is produced from decomposing biomass in landfills. Producing electricity is only one reason to burn MSW. Burning waste also reduces the amount of material that would probably be buried in landfills. Burning garbage reduces the volume of waste by about 87%.

Statement of the Problem In this research, the aim of the study is to resolve the following that was encountered: 1. The problem why Cebu City or the Cebu Province can’t make or can’t propose a solution to the growing problem of waste management is because the City government prioritize the more important or the problem that has more impact to the citizen of the area. 2. One of the problems that they prioritize is the problem in traffic, because traffic makes a domino effect that causes economy becomes weaker if not resolved. The other one is the increase of the wage of the workers due to fuel price increase. Because if the fuel increased, it will also cause domino effect, because fuels was used to transport the goods that we need, like foods, for hygiene, etc. They also concern today about el Niño, it effects the water shortage in Cebu in this day and they can’t use water from rivers because the water is already polluted.

3. If we use Waste to Energy before, maybe by the next few years, we can resolve the waste problem that we face today and we can use water river for taking bath and washing for our clothes.

Scope and limitations The aim of this study is to resolve the Garbage Problem in Inayawan landfill for reducing and recycling for it and to get a renewable resource of energy. Hopefully, maybe this can help the problem not just the landfill in Cebu City, but also the landfill that we can see here in the Philippines and also to the world. Maybe if this Research was approved and used by the government, maybe the other landfills that has a same issue that Inayawan Landfill was facing, will adopt this solution. And another aim of this research was to make a new renewable source of energy that can help to our environment by reducing garbage.

Significance of the study The significance of the study is to reduce garbage that was harmful not just in our health, but also to the environment. Most of the communities near the cities will approve this because of waste and smell reduction. And the other significance of the study is to make a renewable resource of energy that can reduce garbage. Many places in the Philippines have a lack of electricity, especially in Mindanao, because of a lack of energy resources. So that’s why the electrical cost here in the Philippines is too expensive. If this research was proposed, maybe in the next 10 years, the garbage problems in the landfill was not the same as today’s problem and the future

researchers will studying more about this and they will improve it for reducing the garbage and global warming of the environment.

Definition of terms Waste-to-energy

plant

-

A

waste-to-energy

plant

is

a

waste

management facility that combusts wastes to produce electricity. This type of power plant is sometimes called a trash-to-energy, municipal waste incineration, energy recovery, or resource recovery plan. Renewable energy - Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, garbages, and geothermal heat. Recycling garbage - Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions. Landfill - a place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.

CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature

According to Ben Kritz of The Manila Times, he stated that we Filipinos should pursue our interest for WtE powerplants for the environmental advocacies and for a good reason. Based on the statement given by the PublicPrivate Partnership Center Executive Director Ferdinand A. Pecson, WtE is the next wave of the Public-Private Partnership due on the concerns on the environment and pursuing renewable energy that did not harm to the global warming and pollution. According to him also, they are pursuing this project in around the Philippines especially in the Cities of Cebu, Naga, and Puerto Princesa. But in the side of the group No Burn Pilipinas (NBP), they don’t want to pursue this project due to its way of processing the garbage. Unfortunately, only the NBP is giving the wrong information about this project. According to Kritz, The NBP cite a study about the disadvantage about the Waste to Energy Plant, but this study was considered as unreliable because it doesn’t have a concrete reason why the WtE is harmful to Environment. On this day, only the Quezon City is pursuing the Renewable Energy source because of the problem of the mass waste that they collected every single day, same as Cebu City encountered about the waste problem. They collected 1700 metric tons of solid waste every single day pursuing the City Government to resolve the problem by reusing it and it will consume by many people. The project’s objective is to be the primary means of Waste Disposal in Quezon City. Electricity sales are a secondary objective. intended as a by-

product revenue which would reduce the needed tipping fee component of the project revenue stream. According to the study made by the Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia, there’s an advantage by this program: 

Quezon City has a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal amount of about 1,700 tpd, where moving grate technology is capable of processing such large tonnage of waste with reliable performance;



The waste of Quezon City has elevated moisture content and heterogeneous composition. Moving grate technology shows the highest capability to tolerate the fluctuation of MSW characteristics, with robust performance when handling mixed MSW, whereas operation of the other two technologies require pretreatment of MSW;



Moving grate incineration have a strong track record during the past decades, while there is a concern for operation failure of the gasification technology due to the unpleasant experience in Germany; and



Moving grate incineration has a better environmental performance than fluidized bed technology with widely available

pollution control

technologies.

Comparison of Previous study to the Proposal In previous study, there is a big advantage by pursuing Waste to Energy Plant not only by the concern of the Solid Waste, but also by concerning in environment and pollution. If the proposal was already studied in Quezon City, why not in Cebu? There are so many parts in who are involved in this study are getting benefit in this proposal. For example, there is an energy shortage problem in the Philippines, this is the one and reliable solution to solve the problem. And this is the one of the gateways of making the polluted preserved and making it to reusable again.

We can’t deny that there is always a pros and cons in the proposal and this makes the proposal becomes debatable issue like on what happened in Quezon City, but there is no concrete reason about its disadvantage to the environment and this Waste to Energy plant was used and proven renewable energy resources and reduce solid waste by other countries.

CHAPTER III Research and Design Methodology

Methods used Incineration is one of the common methods of the Waste-to-Energy plant. Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat

1. Pretreatment 2. Combustion 3. Energy recovery 4. Cleaning system

Output

Solid Municipal Waste or The waste that was collected in out daily lifes. (ex: Biodegradables, NonBiodegradables, Recycables, etc.)

Process

Input

generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power.

1. Produced Energy from combusting Waste 2. Ash is recycable and it will be used for fertilizing plants. 3. Water from pretreatment will be evaporized and it is the basic treatment for cleaning waters and resolving el nino

Figure 3.1

In figure 3.1 shows that the process of Waste to Energy treatment was is using Municipal Solid waste to resolve the waste problem and the problem of decongesting the Inayawan Landfill. The process of it was describe and explained by the following:Pretreatment: The sludge is typically subjected to thickening, dewatering and/or drying treatments, to increase the total solids content (>25%) and calorific value to make the material suitable for incineration. Combustion, the material is fed into the furnace along with compressed air for combustion. The furnace types used include fluidised-bed, multiplehearth or rotary kilns. The first option has become the most popular choice for sewage sludge incineration as it is easier to operate, with no mechanical moving parts, leading to less wear on the equipment, and it also offers more flexibility

with

intermittent

operation

available.

During

heating,

at

temperatures typically ranging up to 850–950°C, the volatile and organic components are burnt off as gases and are conveyed out of the furnace chamber along with the fine particulate inorganic matter and, in certain plants, bottom ash residue is collected. Energy recovery, the hot gases exiting the furnace pass through an energy recovery system, whereby the energy can be recovered in the form of heat or electricity. The heat can be used for heating the combustion air or for pre-drying sewage sludge before combustion. Cleaning system, flue gases produced during the combustion of sewage sludge are conveyed through a controlled cleaning process. Ash, dust and harmful gases are removed typically using scrubber units, whilst electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters are used at times, primarily when cofired with municipal solid waste, to achieve compliance with emission limits.

Therefore, there are other and new WtE plant that produce energy and natural gas without direct combustion. Many of these technologies have the potential to produce more electric power from the same amount of fuel than would be possible by direct combustion. This is mainly due to the separation of corrosive components (ash) from the converted fuel, thereby allowing higher combustion temperatures in boilers, gas turbines, internal combustion engines, fuel cells. Some are able to efficiently convert the energy into liquid or gaseous fuels. There are two types of new technologies that was used in WtE plant: Thermal technologies: 

Gasification: produces combustible gas, hydrogen, synthetic fuels



Thermal depolymerization: produces synthetic crude oil, which can be further refined



Pyrolysis: produces combustible tar/biooil and chars



Plasma arc gasification or plasma gasification process (PGP): produces rich syngas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide usable for fuel cells or generating electricity to drive the plasma arch, usable vitrified silicate and metal ingots, salt and Sulphur

Non-thermal technologies: 

Anaerobic digestion: Biogas rich in methane



Fermentation production: examples are ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen



Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) o MBT + Anaerobic digestion o MBT to Refuse derived fuel

Design Procedures On this proposal, we are using Incineration method for our WtE plant because it is the traditional way and most common used plant to recycle waste to become an energy. An incinerator is a furnace for burning waste. Modern incinerators include pollution mitigation equipment such as flue gas cleaning. There are various types of incinerator plant design: 

moving grate



fixed grate



rotary-kiln



fluidised bed In this design, we are using Moving grate Incinerator because it is the

plant that was used for Mass plant of energy it was using Municipality Solid Waste to resolve the problem of the massive problem on the landfills. The moving grate enables the movement of waste through the combustion chamber to be optimized to allow a more efficient and complete combustion. A single moving grate boiler can handle up to 35 metric tons (39 short tons) of waste per hour, and can operate 8,000 hours per year with only one scheduled stop for inspection and maintenance of about one month's duration. Moving grate incinerators are sometimes referred to as Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWI). The waste is introduced by a waste crane through the "throat" at one end of the grate, from where it moves down over the descending grate to the ash pit in the other end. Here the ash is removed through a water lock. Part of the combustion air (primary combustion air) is supplied through the grate from below. This air flow also has the purpose of cooling the grate itself. Cooling is important for the mechanical strength of the grate, and many moving grates are also water-cooled internally.

The flue gases are then cooled in the superheaters, where the heat is transferred to steam, heating the steam to typically 400 °C (752 °F) at a pressure of 40 bars (580 psi) for the electricity generation in the turbine. At this point, the flue gas has a temperature of around 200 °C (392 °F), and is passed to the flue gas cleaning system. According to the European Waste Incineration Directive, incineration plants must be designed to ensure that the flue gases reach a temperature of at least 850 °C (1,560 °F) for 2 seconds in order to ensure proper breakdown of toxic organic substances. In order to comply with this at all times, it is required to install backup auxiliary burners (often fueled by oil), which are fired into the boiler in case the heating value of the waste becomes too low to reach this temperature alone.

Block Diagram

Figure 3.2

In figure 3.2, it will show the block diagram process of Incineration. The diagrams show that the raw municipal solid waste was brought to the Incineration reactor with the mixture of fuel and air. After the process, the flue gas will proceed to the cleanup while the ash of the waste will be recycled by using it as a plant fertilizer or else. When the flue gas was in the cleaning process, the contents of it will be split of the to destinations, the Heat and Energy Recovery and the Boiler. The other particles of the flue gas that was still reusable, it will return to the Energy recovery until the flue gas will turn into waste air. Waste air will proceed to Air Emission Control for cleaning. In Air Emission Control, the polluting content of the waste air will be proceeding to the air pollution control when the clean air will be exhausted to prevent air pollution. Testing Waste combustion is particularly popular in countries such as Japan where land is a scarce resource. Denmark and Sweden have been leaders by using the energy generated from incineration for more than a century, in localized combined heat and power facilities supporting district heating schemes. In 2005, waste incineration produced 4.8% of the electricity consumption and 13.7% of the total domestic heat consumption in Denmark. A number of other European countries rely heavily on incineration for handling municipal waste, in particular Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Germany, and France. Incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original waste by 80–85% and the volume (already compressed somewhat in garbage trucks) by 95–96%, depending on composition and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling. This means that while incineration does not completely replace landfilling, it significantly reduces the necessary volume

for disposal. Garbage trucks often reduce the volume of waste in a built-in compressor before delivery to the incinerator. Alternatively, at landfills, the volume of the uncompressed garbage can be reduced by approximately 70% by using a stationary steel compressor, albeit with a significant energy cost. In many countries, simpler waste compaction is a common practice for compaction at landfills. Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain waste types in niche areas such as clinical wastes and certain hazardous wastes where pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures. Examples include chemical multi-product plants with diverse toxic or very toxic wastewater streams, which cannot be routed to a conventional wastewater treatment plant.

CHAPTER IV Results and Discussion

The System Output The output of the system is it can produce electricity. The typical range of net electrical energy that can be produced is about 500 to 600 kWh of electricity per ton of waste incinerated. Thus, the incineration of about 2,200 tons per day of waste will produce about 1200 MWh of electrical energy. It can help for to generate and to store more than power. The plant will also supply 2 or more municipalities depending on the population. It can also help to store electricity due to the problem of the Hydroelectric Power Plant faced today, due to El Nino, the plant can supply insufficient electricity and many provinces especially in Luzon was affected.

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1 shows the Advanced Stoker System of the Incinerator. Parallel flow type incinerator greatly develops the turbulent mixing of flue gas and enables low air ratio, high-temperature combustion by inverting flue gas forcibly and by installing water cooled partition ceiling in the furnace parallel to the direction waste carried. Water cooled grates save combustion loss and improves its credibility since it keeps working in case of breakage and easy maintenance by indirect water-cooled structure. It enhances low air ratio, high-temperature combustion by flue gas recirculation that filtered flue gas is blown into furnace. It intends to reduce the energy loss with flue gas reduction, downsize the flue gas treatment system and minimize the formation of toxic substances. Also, the plant will also use more than 80% of waste came from the Inayawan landfill, or the garbage collected in Metro Cebu was used and it will help to reduce waste and it will resolve the problem in Solid Waste Management. The wastewater was also recyclable and it will return on the river or on the sea and it will help also to recover the sea due to its condition.

Cost Benefits The cost of building a single Waste-to-Energy plant would be in ranged from 20 up to 25 million pesos depending on how big the plant was planned or build. The maintenance cost is within the range of 100 to 500 million pesos a year. It is too much expensive rather than Hydroelectric Power Plant, but the benefits of it would be costless especially it can help not just supplying electricity. But also reducing and recycling waste that we collected in the whole metropolitan rather than just relocating the waste on the uncongested landfills like in the municipalities that far in metropolitan Cebu. Comparing the cost between relocating than proposing WtE plant, the range between the cost is

too far to compare, but the benefits of the of the WtE plant is for the longterm solution. The electricity that supplied by the plant can help the energy shortage that many people from the provinces experienced. Mostly in the major provinces in Mindanao, like the province of Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Bukidnon, and many provinces had experienced a 14-hour black out due to energy shortage that supplied by Maria Cristina Falls. WtE plant can contribute power to the energy storage to resolve the problem while reducing waste not just in the province of Cebu, but also in the whole country. In waste management, the waste in landfills or the garbage that we collected in everyday was reduced for more than 80%, so it will help the waste management council to resolve their problems and to resolve the sanitary and smelly landfill in Barangay Inayawan. The garbage in the landfill was reducing and reducing until it was back on its capacity volume, and the is also a chance that the day will come, the waste in Inayawan landfill was totally zero and the garbage trucks will transfer their collected waste directly on the plant.

CHAPTER V Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations

Findings The findings of the proposal are the Electricity that supplied by the WtE plant, the WtE plant can generates about 500 to 600 kWh of electricity per ton of waste incinerated. Thus, the incineration of about 2,200 tons per day of waste will produce about 1200 MWh of electrical energy. This amount of energy that the WtE plant was too smaller than any traditional power plants, but much better than any renewable powerplants like windmills, solar panels, etc. The issue about its hazards for environment due to its process on burning the waste was resolved on early years between mid-80’s up to 90’s. By having an Air Emission control, to reduce the emission of the plant that cause the damage on our atmosphere. Also, the criticism of the powerplant on the way of its process is not strongly identified, many programs that supports environmental rehabilitation disagrees the burning process to the waste and its emission on the atmosphere, but the criticism was already solved before and there no reason that the WtE plant is not good for the atmosphere. Another finding is that the waste will be reduced if the plant was planned to build, only Quezon City will be planning to make a powerplant to resolve their Waste Management problem. Based on a news article, The Manila Times, the plan will be also proposed outside metro manila especially on a province, and luckily that the Province of Cebu was on of the part of it. Hopefully that the plan will be approved by the government.

Conclusion Based on my research, the benefits of the proposal were only based in the province of Cebu where the waste management is the one of the problems and the over congested Inayawan main target of the research. The expected output was just only to reduce waste and recycle waste and to produce energy, but based the research that the Waste to Energy plant can do more rather than expected. For example, the ashes waste of the WtE plant from burning can also recycle, by using it as a plant fertilizer, so we can help the vegetable planter, or even the backyard planters. Another benefits of it is that it was long term and it can resolve the problems on the waste management and it was considered as a renewable source of energy. It can supply more power than any renewable energy supplies such as Windmills, Solar Panels, etc. It can also motivate people to throw their trash on the proper trashcan because they know that it would become an electricity.

Bibliography A. Books a. Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, UK http://www.wtert.co.uk/content/Defra%20report.pdf b. Reference Document on the Best Techniques for Waste Incineration Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, European Union http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/wi_bref_0806.pdf B. Journals a. Incineration Process and Environmental Releases The National Academic Press https://www.nap.edu/read/5803/chapter/5 b. Incineration Process Science Direct https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/incinerationprocess c. Incineration Process for Solid Waste Management and Effective Utilization of By Products International Research Journal for Engineering and Technology (IRJET) https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i12/IRJET-V4I1270.pdf C. Published / Unpublished Books a. Prefeasibility Study, Conventional Waste-to Energy Project, Quezon City, Philippines Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia - Solid Waste Management Team https://k-learn.adb.org/system/files/materials/2016/12/201612prefeasibility-study-conventional-waste-energy-project-quezoncity-philippines.pdf

b. Waste-to-Energy: A practical lesser evil Ben Kritz, The Manila Times https://www.manilatimes.net/waste-to-energy-a-practical-lesserevil/478699/ D. Internet a. Waste to Energy Plant Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste-to-energy_plant b. Waste to Energy Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste-to-energy c. Incineration Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration d. Energy from Municipal Solid Waste US Energy information Administration https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=biomass_waste_to_ energy

Curriculum Vitae Name: Earon Jay S. Cadungog Address: 34-I Escario St., Kamputahaw Cebu City Contact No: 09953361894 Email Address: [email protected] Personal Data: Nickname: EJ Age: 19 Birthday: April 20, 1999 Civil Status:

Single

Address: Gumaga, Libungan, North Cotabato Educational Background: •

College

University of Southern Philippines Foundation Lahug, Cebu City Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (2015 – Present)

•

Secondary

Spark School Pinagbuhatan, Pasig City (2014-2015, Graduated) Notre Dame of Libungan Libungan, North Cotabato (2011-2014)

•

Primary

St. Joseph Learning Center of Libungan Libungan, North Cotabato (2005-2011, Graduated)