Bwcopy Functional Groups And Haloalkanes

Chapter 11 Haloalkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes Functional Groups Haloalkanes

Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Functional Groups  Part of an organic molecule where   

chemical reactions take place Composed of an atom or group of atoms Replace a H in the corresponding alkane Provide a way to classify organic compounds

Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Some Types of Functional Groups Haloalkane

-F, -Cl, -Br CH3Cl

Alcohol

-OH

CH3OH

Ether

-O-

CH3-O-CH3 O

O

Aldehyde

C H O

CH 3CH

Ketone

C

CH3CCH3

O

Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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More Functional Groups Carboxylic acid -COOH

CH3COOH

Ester

-COO-

CH3COOCH3

Amine

-NH2

CH3NH2

Amide

-CONH2

CH3CONH2

Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Haloalkanes An alkane in which one or more H atoms is replaced with a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) CH3Br

1-bromomethane Br

(methyl bromide)

CH3CH2CHCH3

2-bromobutane

Cl chlorocyclobutane Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Learning Check HA1 Name the following:

Br

Cl

Cl

Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Solution HA1 Name the following: Br

bromocyclopentane

Cl

1,3-dichlorocyclohexane Cl Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Substituents List other attached atoms or group in alphabetical order Br = bromo, Cl = chloro Cl Br CH3CHCH2CHCH2CH2CH3 4-bromo-2-chloroheptane Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Learning Check HA2 The name of this compound is: Cl

CH3

CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3 1)

2,4-dimethylhexane

2)

3-chloro-5-methylhexane

3)

4-chloro-2-methylhexane Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Solution HA2 The name of this compound is: Cl

CH3

CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3 3) 4-chloro-2-methylhexane Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Haloalkanes as Anesthetics Halothane (Fluothane) F Cl F

C

C

Br

F H Fluothane is a haloalkane that is widely used as an anesthetic, which is a compound that decreases the ability of the nerve cells to conduct pain. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Ozone Layer Ozone layer Stratosphere (10-30 miles Above Earth)

Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Chlorofuorocarbons (CFCs and the Ozone Layer ozone O3 layer absorbs most of the sun’s harmful radiation. CFCs - chlorofluorocarbons - are depleting that ozone layer. CFCs are used as Freons in refrigeration, air conditioning, and foam insulation. Their use in spray cans is no longer allowed. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Chlorofuorocarbons and the Ozone Layer In the stratosphere, the CFCs react with the high-energy UV radiation from the sun

CF2Cl2 Freon-12

UV light CF2Cl• + Cl• free radical Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Chlorofuorocarbons and the Ozone Layer To become stable, the Cl• acquires an electron from ozone O3 and produces ClO. Cl•

+

O3

ClO + O2

The presence of ClO in the atomosphere is an indicator of the disappearance of ozone. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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Impact of Loss of Ozone Layer According to the National Academy of Sciences, each 1% loss of ozone increases by 2% the amount of UV radiation reaching the earth. More UV radiation means more skin cancer and cataracts in humans, more intense photochemical smog, and lower crop yields. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999

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