Bss-pratools1-85focars

PRA Techniques  Social Map  Venn Diagramme  Mobility Map  Agricultural Time Line  Time Trend Bharat S. Sontakki ([email protected])

Social Mapping 1.Why social knowledge for scientists?

Social issues

•Adoption •Rejection PLAN •Discontinuance •Overadoption Technology map

TD TAR TTr

Social Map 

It is a participatory visual map of the village.



Drawn by villagers under facilitation of PRA team to present and discuss about various facets of village social life.



It enables to understand village social life in terms of structure, location and distribution of households and other important social centres like chaupal, places of worship, places of social interaction, etc.

Purpose To study, understand and analyze village social life in terms of social

structure/stratification,

social

processes,

social

facilities,

socially social

relevant issues and

problems of the village.

Issues Covered 

Location and ownership of dwellings and buildings



Social stratification



Pattern of influence: who dominates, for what



Institutions



Value systems



Leadership pattern



Social norms

Issues Covered  Social issues and problems 

Social interaction (cooperation/competition /conflict)

 Dependency ratio  Ownership of assets and cattle  Beneficiaries of development programmes  Health characteristics  Literacy levels

Key Questions  What are the approximate boundaries of the village with regard to social interaction and social services?  How many households are found in the village and where are they located?  Is the number of households growing or shrinking?  What are the social structures and institutions found in the village and what is their role in village development?  What are the various social processes in the village and how they are affecting village development?

How to Facilitate?  Ask key informants (KIs) to draw Village map showing all households.  For orientation, it will be helpful to draw roads and significant spots of the village into the map.  Ask KIs to show institutions, buildings and places that offer some kind of social service or which are popular venues of social interaction.  Encourage KIs to explore other social issues and indicate the same using a suitable key or legend.  Make sure that your copy of the map has a key explaining different items and symbols used on the map.

Institutions and their impact on villagers Instn 2

Promotion

Technologies

Instn 1

Influence

Villagers Instn 3

Venn Diagram 

Highlights importance and influence patterns of key individuals & institutions in various aspects of village life.



Ascertains relationships institutions with villagers.



Reflects nature of communication.



Identifies relationships & roles in decision making in village planning & development.

of

individuals/

Procedure  Identify key individuals & institutions responsible for decision making in a given area.  List out their roles & responsibilities.  Identify degree of contact & overlap between them in terms of relationships & decision making.  Obtain information from secondary sources, group interactions, key informants.  Show relationships using circles (chapattis).  Size of circle (chapatti) indicates its importance & scope.

Procedure Relationship Patterns No Relationship

Information flow

Some Cooperation

Considerable Cooperation

How do we indicate relationship patterns Circles are independent

No Relationship

Circles touch each other

Information Flow

Circles overlap

Some Cooperation in Decision Making

VENN DIAGRAMME showing INSTITUTIONS and AGENCIES concerned with DAM MANAGEMENT, MWENJE DAM, ZIMBABWE (1991)

Study of mobility of villagers REDUCE OUTSIDE MOBILITY To save time, money, energy & efforts

Mobility Map  Explores spatial mobility/outside contacts with reasons thereof  Highlights places

activity-wise

importance

of

 Influenced by socio-economic conditions, gender, age, nature of work, resourcefulness, transport facilities & access

Procedure • Identify appropriate place and persons • Encourage participants to draw mobility map by placing village at the centre and indicating places visited at the periphery • For each place of mobility indicate the, purpose, distance, time taken, mode of transport & cost

 Encourage use of activity legends like ACTIVITY

LEGEND

Job/Farming



Health/Medical



Market/Marketing

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Education



Entertainment

   

Mobility table of the village Destination

Distance (km)

Mode of transport

Fare (Rs)

Purpose

Kanchrapara

8

Bus/auto

4.00

Service, market, marketing, cinema hall, college, train

Naihati

15

Tempo/van

10.00

Fish marketing, train

Kalyani

15

Bus/train

10.00

Health (JNM), input purchase, education

Kolkata

53

Bus/train

16.00

Costly input purchase, job, entertainment, higher study

Palashi

1

Walking

-

High school, ashram

Haringhata

10

bus

5.00

College, veterinary surgeon

Majhipara

2

Walking/cycle

-

Post office, bank, hat

Farm/Agricultural Time Line: 

A.k.a. historical profile



Helps to know history of major remembered events influencing agricultural development in a village



Indicates a causal link between past and present



A historical account is given by the key informants of how different aspects of village life have changed and made impact on agricultural development and social, economic and agroecological conditions in the village

Objectives  Useful for sensitizing the R&D agents to the importance of past for understanding the present and planning for the future  To obtain historical accounts of changes in demography, socio-economics, communication, technology diffusion & adoption, farm production, infrastructure, etc.

Procedure  Identify key informants.  Ask them to present a historical development of their village vis-à-vis facilities, production changes, technologies, etc.

Trend analysis (time series data) •Pest •Yield •Productivity •Resource use

Remedial measures

Time Trend  It is a participatory visual method of analyzing the trends and fluctuations in the variables that influence village life.

Objectives  To identify the changes / fluctuations that have occurred over a period of time in the variables influencing village life.  To explore the ‘coping behaviour’ of villagers during adversities.

Procedure  Time trends are usually depicted in graphics (bar/line graphs) to show the trend of crop/animal production, commodity prices, human/cattle population, etc.  Two separate time trend analyses have to be carried out.  One analysis will focus on crop production, while the other on animal production  Generate one graphic to show the trend of production of commodity (e.g., trend in wheat/milk/fish production during last 25 years)  Another graphic will focus on trend of price/net returns/cost of production of the commodity

Procedure  Identify KIs  Focus interview on the trends of crop/ animal production and prices/cost of production/net returns, etc. of farm commodities  Explore for information of past 10 - 25 years  Try to locate the fluctuations like the ‘unusual highs’ and ‘unusual lows’ and explore the reasons thereof  Encourage KIs to narrate the coping mechanisms during fluctuations and adversities