Brain Tumor & Renal Calculi
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Brain Tumor & Renal Calculi
Prepared by: The Boyz
Definition of Brain Tumor
An abnormal growth of cells within the brain or inside the skull, which can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign) and described as any intracranial tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
Risk Factor
Types of Brain Tumor
Benign brain tumors do not contain cancer cells:
◦ Benign tumors can be removed and they often grow back. ◦ The border or edge of a benign brain tumor can be clearly seen. ◦ Cells from benign tumors do not attack tissues around them or stretch to other parts of the body but can push on sensitive areas of the brain and effect serious health problems. ◦ Benign brain tumors are sometimes life threatening and may grow to be malignant.
Cont…
Malignant brain tumors contain cancer cells:
◦ Malignant brain tumors are generally more serious and often life threatening. ◦ They are likely to grow rapidly and mob or attack the surrounding healthy brain tissue. ◦ Cancer cells may separate from a malignant brain tumor and reach to other parts of the brain, spinal cord, or even to other parts of the body called metastasis. ◦ A malignant tumor does not extend into healthy tissue. ◦ The tumor may be contained inside a layer of tissue or the bones of the skull or another structure in the head may discharge it called encapsulated.
Sign & Symptom Headaches Nausea or vomiting Changes in speech, vision, or hearing Problems balancing or walking Changes in mood, personality, or ability to concentrate Problems with memory Seizures or convulsions Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs
Test MRI Neurologic exam CT scan Physical exam Angiogram Skull x-ray Spinal tap- a sample of cerebrospinal fluid Myelogram - X-ray of the spine Biopsy
Method of Treatment Surgery - Surgery to open the skull is called a craniotomy Radiation therapy(radiotherapy ) - uses highenergy rays to kill tumor cells Chemotherapy - the use of drugs to kill cancer cells and used to treat brain tumors be given by mouth or by injection.
Nursing Intervention I
“ Acute pain related to tumor and increase in intracranial pressure ”
Goal - Patient’s pain is decreased and looked healthy
Nursing
Intervention
ü Assess the level of pain and patient complaint Rationale: To know abnormality and plan further interventions ü Positioning patient by raise the head of the bed slightly Rationale: To decreased pressure in intracranial pressure ü Reduced noise and bright lights in the room Rationale: To promote patient comfort ü Administer medication as ordered by doctor such as amoxycillin Rationale: To decreased pain
Evaluation - Patient pain is reduced and looked comfortable
Nursing Intervention II “ Anxiety related to unknown future following surgery ” Goal – To reduce patient anxiety
Nursing Intervention ü Assess the level of patient’s anxiety Rationale: To plan further intervention ü Educate and explain about the surgery Rationale: Patients can understand about the procedure ü Encourage patient and family to verbalize feelings, question and fears Rationale: Help reduces anxiety and fear ü Involved family members Rationale: To promote support to patient
Evaluation - Patients anxiety reduced and understanding the surgery procedure
Nursing Intervention III “ Risk for infection due to disease process ” Goal – To decreased risk of infection
Nursing Intervention ü Assess the IV insertion sites for redness, swelling, drainage, and pain. Rationale: Redness, swelling, drainage and pain are signs and symptom of infections. ü Assess for signs and symptom of meningitis. Rationale: Patient present with fever, headache and photophobia. ü Monitor laboratory reports for increased WBC count. Rationale: To monitor increasing risk of infection. ü Use strict aseptic technique when changing dressings. Rationale: To maintain sterility and prevent infections. ü Keep the client’s hands away from drains and dressings. Rationale: Dirty hands can encourage infections to the dressing sites. ü Administer prescribed antibiotic such as amoxycillin Rationale: Antibiotic used to kill microphages and reduce infections.
Evaluation – The risk of infection to patient decreased.
Definition of Renal Calculi
It is solid concretions (crystal aggregations) formed in the kidneys from dissolved urinary minerals.
Etiology of Renal Calculi 1. Composed of calcium oxalate crystals - When the amount of calcium intake decreases, the amount of oxalate easy to absorption into the bloodstream increases and then excreted into the urine by the kidney 2. Composed of uric acid a persistent undue urine acidity
Sign & Symptoms
Colicky pain - the worst pain Hematuria - blood in the urine Pyuria - pus (white blood cells) in the urine. Dysuria - burning on urination when passing stones. Oliguria - reduced urinary volume caused by obstruction of the bladder or urethra by stone Abdominal distension. Nausea/vomiting Fever and chills. Loss of appetite Loss of weight
Diagnostic Test X-ray CT scans Ultrasound Urine C & S Blood FBC 24 hours urine collection
Treatment qMedication such as - Analgesia such as morphine sulfate ( to relieve pain and reduce uteral spasm ) - NSAID such as suppository ( may reduce the amount of narcotic analgesia required for acute renal colic) qSurgery - Lithotrispy– using sound or shock waves to crush stone.
Prevention
Drinking enough water A diet low in protein, nitrogen and sodium intake. Restriction of oxalate rich foods, such as chocolate plus maintenance of an adequate intake of dietary calcium. Taking drugs such as thiazides, potassium citrate, magnesium citrate and allopurinol, depending on the cause of stone formation. Some fruit juices, such as orange, blackcurrant, and cranberry, may be useful for lowering the risk factors for specific types of stones. Avoidance of cola beverages. Avoiding large doses of vitamin C.
Nursing Intervention I “ Fluid deficit related to disease process ” Goal : Pt’s can increase fluid volume and maintain electrolyte in the body. ü N.I : Assess patient condition especially symptom of dehydration. R : To indentify level of dehydration and to plan further intervention. ü N.I : administer IV fluid as ordered by the doctor. R : To replace loss fluid in the body. ü N.I : Educate the patients about the needed balanced fluid intake. R : To increase PT knowledge. Evaluation : Patient look healthy, comfortable and no sign and symptom of dehydration.
Nursing Intervention II “ Pain related to disease process ” Goal : Pt can decrease pain and look healthy. üN.I : Assess patient level of pain using pain scale. R : To identify level of pain and to plan further intervention. üN I : administer pain killer such as menfenic acid as order by doctor. R : to reduce pain and Pt look comfortable. üN I : advice Pt to restrict fluid intake as order by doctor R : by reducing urination it will reduce pain.
Evaluation – pain patient decrease
Thank You…
Prepared by: The Boyz
Definition of Brain Tumor
An abnormal growth of cells within the brain or inside the skull, which can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign) and described as any intracranial tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
Risk Factor
Types of Brain Tumor
Benign brain tumors do not contain cancer cells:
◦ Benign tumors can be removed and they often grow back. ◦ The border or edge of a benign brain tumor can be clearly seen. ◦ Cells from benign tumors do not attack tissues around them or stretch to other parts of the body but can push on sensitive areas of the brain and effect serious health problems. ◦ Benign brain tumors are sometimes life threatening and may grow to be malignant.
Cont…
Malignant brain tumors contain cancer cells:
◦ Malignant brain tumors are generally more serious and often life threatening. ◦ They are likely to grow rapidly and mob or attack the surrounding healthy brain tissue. ◦ Cancer cells may separate from a malignant brain tumor and reach to other parts of the brain, spinal cord, or even to other parts of the body called metastasis. ◦ A malignant tumor does not extend into healthy tissue. ◦ The tumor may be contained inside a layer of tissue or the bones of the skull or another structure in the head may discharge it called encapsulated.
Sign & Symptom Headaches Nausea or vomiting Changes in speech, vision, or hearing Problems balancing or walking Changes in mood, personality, or ability to concentrate Problems with memory Seizures or convulsions Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs
Test MRI Neurologic exam CT scan Physical exam Angiogram Skull x-ray Spinal tap- a sample of cerebrospinal fluid Myelogram - X-ray of the spine Biopsy
Method of Treatment Surgery - Surgery to open the skull is called a craniotomy Radiation therapy(radiotherapy ) - uses highenergy rays to kill tumor cells Chemotherapy - the use of drugs to kill cancer cells and used to treat brain tumors be given by mouth or by injection.
Nursing Intervention I
“ Acute pain related to tumor and increase in intracranial pressure ”
Goal - Patient’s pain is decreased and looked healthy
Nursing
Intervention
ü Assess the level of pain and patient complaint Rationale: To know abnormality and plan further interventions ü Positioning patient by raise the head of the bed slightly Rationale: To decreased pressure in intracranial pressure ü Reduced noise and bright lights in the room Rationale: To promote patient comfort ü Administer medication as ordered by doctor such as amoxycillin Rationale: To decreased pain
Evaluation - Patient pain is reduced and looked comfortable
Nursing Intervention II “ Anxiety related to unknown future following surgery ” Goal – To reduce patient anxiety
Nursing Intervention ü Assess the level of patient’s anxiety Rationale: To plan further intervention ü Educate and explain about the surgery Rationale: Patients can understand about the procedure ü Encourage patient and family to verbalize feelings, question and fears Rationale: Help reduces anxiety and fear ü Involved family members Rationale: To promote support to patient
Evaluation - Patients anxiety reduced and understanding the surgery procedure
Nursing Intervention III “ Risk for infection due to disease process ” Goal – To decreased risk of infection
Nursing Intervention ü Assess the IV insertion sites for redness, swelling, drainage, and pain. Rationale: Redness, swelling, drainage and pain are signs and symptom of infections. ü Assess for signs and symptom of meningitis. Rationale: Patient present with fever, headache and photophobia. ü Monitor laboratory reports for increased WBC count. Rationale: To monitor increasing risk of infection. ü Use strict aseptic technique when changing dressings. Rationale: To maintain sterility and prevent infections. ü Keep the client’s hands away from drains and dressings. Rationale: Dirty hands can encourage infections to the dressing sites. ü Administer prescribed antibiotic such as amoxycillin Rationale: Antibiotic used to kill microphages and reduce infections.
Evaluation – The risk of infection to patient decreased.
Definition of Renal Calculi
It is solid concretions (crystal aggregations) formed in the kidneys from dissolved urinary minerals.
Etiology of Renal Calculi 1. Composed of calcium oxalate crystals - When the amount of calcium intake decreases, the amount of oxalate easy to absorption into the bloodstream increases and then excreted into the urine by the kidney 2. Composed of uric acid a persistent undue urine acidity
Sign & Symptoms
Colicky pain - the worst pain Hematuria - blood in the urine Pyuria - pus (white blood cells) in the urine. Dysuria - burning on urination when passing stones. Oliguria - reduced urinary volume caused by obstruction of the bladder or urethra by stone Abdominal distension. Nausea/vomiting Fever and chills. Loss of appetite Loss of weight
Diagnostic Test X-ray CT scans Ultrasound Urine C & S Blood FBC 24 hours urine collection
Treatment qMedication such as - Analgesia such as morphine sulfate ( to relieve pain and reduce uteral spasm ) - NSAID such as suppository ( may reduce the amount of narcotic analgesia required for acute renal colic) qSurgery - Lithotrispy– using sound or shock waves to crush stone.
Prevention
Drinking enough water A diet low in protein, nitrogen and sodium intake. Restriction of oxalate rich foods, such as chocolate plus maintenance of an adequate intake of dietary calcium. Taking drugs such as thiazides, potassium citrate, magnesium citrate and allopurinol, depending on the cause of stone formation. Some fruit juices, such as orange, blackcurrant, and cranberry, may be useful for lowering the risk factors for specific types of stones. Avoidance of cola beverages. Avoiding large doses of vitamin C.
Nursing Intervention I “ Fluid deficit related to disease process ” Goal : Pt’s can increase fluid volume and maintain electrolyte in the body. ü N.I : Assess patient condition especially symptom of dehydration. R : To indentify level of dehydration and to plan further intervention. ü N.I : administer IV fluid as ordered by the doctor. R : To replace loss fluid in the body. ü N.I : Educate the patients about the needed balanced fluid intake. R : To increase PT knowledge. Evaluation : Patient look healthy, comfortable and no sign and symptom of dehydration.
Nursing Intervention II “ Pain related to disease process ” Goal : Pt can decrease pain and look healthy. üN.I : Assess patient level of pain using pain scale. R : To identify level of pain and to plan further intervention. üN I : administer pain killer such as menfenic acid as order by doctor. R : to reduce pain and Pt look comfortable. üN I : advice Pt to restrict fluid intake as order by doctor R : by reducing urination it will reduce pain.
Evaluation – pain patient decrease
Thank You…
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