Biodiversity_park-indigeneous_plants.pdf

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Acacia catechu (L.F.) Willd. Acacia nilotica L.Syn. A. Arabica Acacia pinnata L. Acalypha wilkesiana Ceylon Acalypha wilkesiana tricolor Achyranthes aspera L. Adina cardifolia Roxb. Aegle marmelos L. Albizia stipulata Boiv. Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Antidesma acidum Retz. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Azadirachta indica Syn. Melia azadirachta Bauhinia tomentosa L. Bauhinia purpurea L. Buchanania lanzan Spreng Butea monosperma Lamk. Syn. B. frondosa Roxb Calliandra hybrida Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Carissa carandas Casearia graveolens Cassia fistula L. Cassia Javanica Cassia nodosa Ham. Cassia siamea Lamk. Cedrela toona Roxb.Syn.Toona Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.

Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Mimosaceae

KHAIR BABOOL ARAR

1 1 2

Euphorbiaceae Amaranthaceae Rubiaceae Rutaceae Mimosaceae Apocynaceae Euphorbiaceae Moraceae Moraceae Liliaceae

ACALYPHA APAMARG KARAM BEL CHAPUT CHATWAN MATHA KANTHAL BARHAR, DAHU SHATAWAR

2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7

Meliaceae Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Anacardiaceae

NEEM KACHNAR KOINAR PIAR

8 9 9 10

Fabaceae Mimosaceae Asclepidaceae Apocynaceae Flacaurtiacea Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpiniaceae Meliaceae Lauraceae

PALAS CALLIONDRA AKWAN KARAUNDA RERI AMALTAS JAVA-KI-RANI CHAKUNDI KASSOD TREE TOON TEJPATRA

10 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16

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29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

53 54 55 56

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. Syn. Cinnamomum verum J.S. presl. Citrus limon (L) Berm.F. Clerodendrum viscosum Croton oblongifolius Roxb. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Dalbergia sissoo Linn. Datura sp. Delonix elata Linn Delonix regia (Boj.ex. Hook) Raf Syn. Poinciana regia. Derris indica Lamk. Syn. Pongamia glabrata Vent. Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Elephantopus scaber L. Erythrina variegata L. Euphorbia ligularia Roxb. Ficus benghalensis L. Ficus cunia Ham. Ficus hispida L. Ficus racemosa Ficus religiosa Linn. Gardenia latifolia Gmelina arborea Roxb. Helicteres isora L. Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. Holarrhena. pubescens (Buch-Ham) Wall ex G.Don Syn. Holarrhena antidysentrica Wall Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. Kirganelia reticulata Lagerstroemia indica L. Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.

Lauraceae Rutaceae Verbinaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Solanaceae Caesalpiniaceae

DAL CHINI 16 KAGZI NIMBU 17 GHANTO 17 PUTRI 17-18 KALA SHISHAM 18 SHISHAM 19 DATURA 19 GULMOHAR (Yellow) 20

Caesalpiniaceae

GULMOHAR

20

Fabaceae Ebenaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Rubiaceae Verbinaceae Sterculiaceae Periplocaceae

KARANJ KEND MAYURJHANTI PHARAD SIJ, SIDH BARGAD PERA DUMAR DUMAR GULAR PIPAL PAPRA GAMHAR AITA DUDHLAR

21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27

Apocynaceae Ulmaceae Euphorbiaceae Lythraceae Lythraceae

KUDA CHILBIL PITHOR PHARASH SIDHA

28 28 29 29 30

Page

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82.

Lagerstroemia speciosa Linn. Syn. L. flos-reginae Retz Leucaena leucocephala Lam Litsea glutinosa Lour Madhuca longifolia (Koening) Mac Bride Mangifera indica L. Melia azedarach L. Michelia champaca L. Miliusa velutina (Roxb.) Murraya koenigii (L)(Spreng) Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Syn. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb) Nerium oleander Mill. Nyctanthes arbor tristis L. Odina wodier Roxb. Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) Baner ex Heyne Syn. Peltophorum ferrugineum Benth Peucedanium dhana Ham. Phyllanthus emblica L Syn. Emblica officinalis Phyllanthus niruri L. Polyalthia longifolia Thw Polyscias fruticosa. Polyscias balfouriana Prosopis spicigera Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Wilid Punica granatum L. Santalum album L. Sapindus emarginatus

Lythraceae Mimosaceae Lauraceae

JARUL SOOBABUL MAIDHA, POJO

30 31 31

Sapotaceae Anacardiaceae Meliaceae Magnoliaceae Anonaceae Rutaceae

MAHUWA AAM BAKAIN CHAMPA GANDH PALAS KARIPATTA

32 32 33 33 34 34

Rubiaceae Apocynaceae Oleaceae Anacardiaceae

KADAMB NERIUM HARSRINGAR DOKA

35 35 36 36

Caesalpiniaceae Apiaceae

PELTOPHORUM BAN DHANIA

37 37

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Anonaceae

AMLA BHUMI AMLA DEODAR

38 38 39

Araliaceae Mimosaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Sterculiaceae Punicaceae Santalaceae sapindaceae

POLYSCIAS SHAMI PAISAR LAL CHANDAN KANAK CHAMPA ANAR CHANDAN (White) RITHA

39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43

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83

Saraca asocaSyn. S. indica

Caesalpiniaceae

SITA ASOK

43

84

Schefflera venulosa Harms.

Araliaceae

BAN SEMAR

44

85

Schleichera oleosa Lour.

Sapindaceae

KUSUM

44

86

Securinega obovata (Rox. Ex Willd) Euphobriaceae

PITHOJI

45

Syn. Robinia grandiflora

Fabaceae

AUGUSTA

45

88

Shorea robusta Roxb.

Dipterocarpaceae SAL

46

89

Sida acuta L.

Malvaceae

BARIYAR

46

90

Smilex zeylanica L.

Acanthaceae

RAM DATWAN

47

91

Solanum fexox

Solanceae

KUTMU

47

92

Solanum surattense Burm. F.

Solanceae

RENGINI

48

93

Stereospermum chelonoides Dc.

Bignoniaceae

PADER,

Pax & HoltSyn. Flueggea obovata 87

94

Sesbania grandiflora

KATSAGWAN

48

Syzygium cumini Linn.Syn. Eugenia Jambolana

Myrtaceae

JAMUN

49

95

Tabernaementana divaricata Linn.

Apocynaceae

CHANDNI

49

96

Tectona grandis

Verbinaceae

SAGWAN

50

97

Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Ex. Dc.

Combretaceae

ARJUNE

50

98

Terminalia belerica Roxb.

Combretaceae

BAHERA

51

99

Terminalia chebula Retzr.

Combretaceae

HARITAKI

51

100

Thespesia lampas Dalz.

Malvaceae

BANKAPAS

52

101

Tinospora cordifolia Miers

Menispermaceae AMRITA

52

102

Urena lobata L.

Malvaceae

BHIDI JANETET

53

103

Vitex negundo L.

Verbenaceae

SINDUAR

53

104

Vitis quadrangularis

Viteceae

HADJORE

54

105

Ziziphus mauritiana Lamn.Syn. Rhamnaceae

BER

54

Z. jujuba

Indigenous Plants found in Situ in Lal Khatanga Forest Species identified in sample grids. Survey of rest area is in programme

TREES Common Name 1.

Accacia Catechu

Mimosaceae

Khair

2.

Accacia pinnata

Mimosaceae

Arer

3.

Adina Cardifolia

Rubiaceae

Karam

4.

Aegle marmelos

Rutaceae

Bael, Bel

5.

Albizia Stipulata

Mimosaceae

Chaput

6.

Anolgeissus latifolia

Combritaceae

Dhautha

7.

Antidesma diandrum

Euphorbiaceae

Matha

8.

Artocarpus lakoocha

Moraceae

Barhar, Dahu

9.

Azadirachta indica

Meliaceae

Neem

10.

Bridelia retusa

Euphorbiaceae

Karka

11.

Buchanania lanzan

Anacardiacea

Piar

12.

Butea monosperma

Fabaceae

Palas, Tesu

13.

Casearia graveolens

Flaucourtiaceae

Reri

14.

Cassia fistula

Ceasalpiniaceae

Amaltas

15.

Chloroxylon swietenia

Flindersiaceae

Bhorhul

16.

Croton oblongifolius

Euphorbiaceae

Putri

17.

Dalbergia sisoo

Fabaceae

Shishum

18.

Desmodium triflorum

Fabaceae

19.

Diospyros melonoxylon

Ebenaceae

Kend, Biri

20.

Elaeodendron glaucum

Celastraceae

Ratan Gaur

21.

Emblica officinalis

Euphorbiaceae

Amla

22.

Ficus benghalensis

Moraceae

Burgad

23.

Ficus hispida

Moraceae

Dumar

24.

Ficus religiosa

Moraceae

Pipal

25.

Ficus virens

Moraceae

26.

Gardenia latifolia

Rubiaceae

Pepra

27.

Gmelina arborea

Verbinaceae

Gamhar

28.

Lagerstroemia parviflora

Lythraceae

Sidha

29.

Madhuca longifolia

Sapotaceae

Mahuwa

30.

Mangifera indica

Anacardiaceae

Aam

Common Name 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

Melia azederach Milusa velutina Odina woodier Ougeinia dalbergioides Pongamia Pinnata Schleichera oleosa Semecarpus anacardium Shorea robusta Syzygium fruiticosa Tamarindus indica Terminelia belerica Terminelia alata Wendlandia heynei Ziziphus jujuba

Meliaceae Anonaceae Anacardiaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Sapindaceae Anacardiaceae Dipterocarpaceae Myrataceae Ceasalpiniaceae Combritaceae Combritaceae Rubiaceae Rhamnaceae

Bakain Kari Doka Ponan Karanja Kusum Bhelwa Sakhuwa Kat Jamun Imli Bahera Asan Tilai Ber

GRASSES Common Name

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Cynodon dactylon Cyperus rotundus Fuirena ciliaris Heteropogon contrortus Hygrorhiza sp. Perotis indica Physanolaena maxima Rottboellia exaltata Scoenoplectus supinus Settaria glauca

Poaceae Cypraceae Cypracea Poaceae Poaceae Poacea Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae

Dub Motha

Jhadu ghans

CLIMBER Common Name

1.

Asparagus racemosus

Liliaceae

Satawar

2.

Celastrus paniculata

Celastraceae

Kujari

3.

Coccinia indica

Cucurbitaceae

Bon kundri

4.

Cryptolepis buchananii

Periplocaceae

5.

Hemidesmus indicus

Asclepidaceae

Dudhlar

6.

Smilex zylanica

Liliaceae

Ramdatwan

HERB Common Name

1.

Anacyclus pyrethrum

Asteraceae

Akarkara

2.

Andrographis paniculata

Acanthaceae

Kalmegh

3.

Centella asiatica

Apiaceae

Brahmi

4.

Cheilanthes farinosa

Polypidiaceae

Silver ferh

5.

Chlorophytum borivillianum

Liliaceae

Safed musli

6.

Crotolaria albida

Fabaceae

Van snai

7.

Curculigo orchioides

Hypoxidaceae

Kali musli

8.

Dolichos trilobus

Fabaceae

Van Kurthi

9.

Drosera indica

Droseraceae

10.

Eriocaulon Oryzetorum

Eriocaularaceae

11.

Euphorbia hirta

Euphorbiaceae

12.

Grangea Modraspatana

Asteraceae

13.

Guiyotia abyssynica

Asteraceae

14.

Hedyotis pinifolia

Rubiaceae

15.

Launia asplinifolia

Asteraceae

16.

Lindernia antipoda

Scrophularaceae

17.

Mazus pumilus

Scrophulariaceae

18.

Oxalis latifolia

Geraniaceae

Oxalis, amrul

19.

Phyllanthus niruri

Euphorbiaceae

Bhumi amla

20.

Rottala Densiflora

Lythraceae

21.

Rotala rotundifolia

Lythraceae

22.

Sonchus launifolia

Asteraceae

23.

Spermacoce articuloris

Rubiaceae

Pitua arak

24.

Tridex procumbens

Asteraceae

Tridex

25.

Vernonia anthelmintica

Asteraceae

Somaraj

26.

Vicoa vestita

Asteraceae

27.

Wahlenbergia marginata

Companulaceae

Dudhi

Van surguja

SHRUB Common Name

1.

Achyranthus aspera

Amaranthaceae

2.

Alandia biflora

Rubiaceae

3.

Bauhinia retusa

Caesalpiniaceae

Katmauli

4.

Bauhinia vahili

Caesalpiniaceae

Mahulan, Gongle

5.

Calotropis procera

Asclepidiaceae

Akwan

6.

Carissa carandas

Apocynaceae

Karaunda

7.

Cassia tora

Ceasalpiniaceae

Chakor

8.

Cisampelos pareira

Menispermaceae

Akanandi

9.

Clerodendrum viscosum

Verbinaceae

Ghanto

10.

Crotolaria sericea

Fabaceae

11.

Cyda acuta

Malvaceae

Bariyar

12.

Elephantopus scaber

Asteraceae

Mayur jhanti

13.

Flacourtia indica

Flacourtiaceae

Baichi

14.

Flamingia strobilifera

Fabaceae

Galfudi

15.

Holarrhena antidysentrica

Apocynaceae

Kuda

16.

Hyptis suaveolens

Labiateae

17.

Ipomoea Carnea

Convolvulaceae

Thethar

18.

Jasminum auriculatum

oleaceae

Juthika

19.

Lantana camara

verbinaceae

Putus

20.

Ludwigia perennis

Onagraceae

Ban Laung

21.

Mucuna pruriens

Fabaceae

Alkusi

22.

Nyctanthes arbortristis

Oleaceae

Harstingar

23.

Stachoitarpheta jamaicensis

Verbinaceae

24.

Thespesia Lampas

Malvaceae

25.

Triemfeta rhomboidea

Tiliaceae

26.

Vitex negundo

Verbinaceae

Sindwar

27.

Woodifordia fruticosa

Lytheraceae

Dhatki

Apamar

Van kapos

GLOSSARY Common Name A

B

C

D

Page No.

Aam

32-33

Acalypha

2

Aita

27

Akwan

12

Amaltas

23

Amla

38

Amrita

52

Anar

42

Apamarg

3

Arar

2

Arjune

50

Augusta

45

Babool

1

Bael

4

Bahera

51

Bakain

33

Bankapas

52

Ban semar

44

Bargad

23

Barhar

7

Bariyar

46

Ber

54

Bhidi janetet

53

Bhumi amla

38

Calliandra

11

Chakundi

15

Chilbil

28

Champa

33-34

Chandan

42

Chandini

49

Chaput

4

Chatwan

10

Dal chini

16

Datura

19

Deodar

39

GLOSSARY Common Name D

G

H

J

K

Page No.

Doka

36

Dudhlar

27

Dumar

24

Gamhar

26

Gandh palas

34

Ghanto

17

Gular

25

Gulmohar

20

Gulmohar (Yellow)

37

Hadjore

54

Haritaki

51

Harsringar

36

Jamun

49

Jarul

30

Java-ki-Rani

14

Kachnar

9

Kadamb

35

Kagzi nimbu

17

Kala shisham

18

Kanak champa

41

Kanthal

6

Karam

3

Karanj

21

Karaunda

12

Karipatta

34-35

Kassod tree

15

Khair

1

Koinar

9

Kend

21-22

Kuda

28

Kusum

44

Kutmu L

Lal-Chandan

41

M

Mahuwa

32

Maidha (Pojo)

31

GLOSSARY Common Name M N P

R

S

T

V

Page No.

Matha

6

Mayurjhanti

22

Neem

8

Nerium

35

Pader

48

Palas

10-11

Paisal

40

Peltophorum

37

Pepra

26

Pera dumar

24

Pharad

22

Pharas

29

Piar

10

Pipal

25

Pithor

29

Pitojhi

45

Polyscias

39

Putri

18

Ramdatwan

47

Rengini

48

Reri

13

Ritha

43

Sagwan

50

Sal

46

Shammi

40

Shatawar

7

Shisham

19

Sidha

30

Sidh

23

Sinduwar

53-54

Sita asok

43

Soo babool

31

Toon

15

Tejpatra

16

Van Dhania

Botanical Name

:-

Accacia catechu (L.F.)Willd.

Family

:-

Mimosaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Khair, Kattha.

A small tree with dark black, coloured, rough bark upto height of 12m. branches slender, dark brown or purple, glabrous, armed with hooked spines. Leaves bipinnate, 10-15 cm long, rachis pubescent, with accouspicuous gland near middle of petiole & a few glands between pairs of pinnae. Stipular thorn hooked. Flowers small white or pale yellow, crowded in pubescent spikes, 5-10cm long, auxiliary on the young shoots. Calyx 1.2–1.5mm long, hairy teeth deltoid, ciliate, corolla 2.5–3mm long, white or pale yellow, stamen in 5 bundles, filaments. Ovary glabrous stipitate. Pods flat, irregularly constricted with a triangular beak at apex & seed 3-10.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

March - May.

Fruiting

:-

July - October

Distribution

:-

Throughout a drier part of India usually in dry forest, usually mixed with Sal. Common in road side.

Uses

:-

Woods are very valuable & strong used for houseports, agriculture implements, oil & sugarcane crusher, plough, furniture, stocks & felloes of wheels, tool handles etc. The wood yields by boiling a chips the well known katha used for chewing with betal & in medicine & catchu used for tanning & also used for printing & dyeing. Katha is a valuable astringent.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 146, 1985. Flora of Palamu district 167, 2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:278, 2002. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3: 329,1922.

Botanical Name

:-

Acacia nilotica L Syn. A. arabica.

Family

:-

Mimosaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Babool, Kikar.

Small tree to 10m tall with black bark, branchlets grey-pubescent when young. leaves alternate, 2-pinnate, 5-10cm long, main rachis dowry. petiole 2.5-5cm long, stipular thorns straight, 0.6-1cm long, sharp, white, pinnae 4-7 pairs, glabrous 4-5mm long. flowers yellow, 2 or 3 together in an axillary cluster. puduncle pubescent. bracteoles 2, broadly ovate, acute. calyx 1.5mm long, teeth very short. corolla 2.2-2.5mm long, lobes short, triangular. stamen basally connate. ovary stipitate. pod stipitate, moniliform, compressed, constricted at sutures between seeds, grey pubscent, horned at apex. Seed 10-12.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

August – December

Fruiting

:-

January – April

Habitat

:-

Found in river bank, along road sides, waste land.

Distribution

:-

Through out India, Pakistan, Arab, Egypt, Tropical Africa.

Uses

:-

The gum is used medicinally & by the calico-printer, & also form an inferior substitute for true gum Arabic. The barks & supply a valuable tanning materials. the green pods, young shoots & leaves form an excellent fodder. the timber is hard & durable & extensively used for wheel, well curbs & fuel.

Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:324,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:279,2000. Flora of Palamu district 167,2002.

1

Botanical Name

:-

Acacia pinnata L.

Family

:-

Mimosaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Biswul Santhal – Arar, Nali konti

Scandent shrub armed with numerous stout, straight or slightly hooked prickles. Leaves bipinnate, alternate, 7 – 14cm, petiole 1.5 – 2cm, with a gland near middle or base, sub-sessile, pinnal 8 – 14pairs, usually curved. Flowers white or pale yellow, in globose head of 1 – 1.2cm across. Bracts linear, lanceolate, to 8mm long. Calyx glabrous, to 2.5mm long, lobes linear lanceolate, acute. Petals 4mm long. Stamen basally connate. Pods stipulate. Flat, thin, horned. Seeds 8 – 14 ovoid oblong, compressed, dark brown.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

June – August

Fruiting

:-

November – February

Distribution

:-

Through out India. Common in forest, along road sides.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for agricultural implements. Bark – extract is used tanning fishing nets. Decoction of leaves is used as febrifuge.

Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh 1:280,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:327,1922. Flora of Palamu district 168,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 148,1985.

:-

Acalypha hispida

Family

:-

Euphorbiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Cat's tail, kuppi, khokli.

(A) Botanical Name

Shrub, upto 1.5m high. Leaves green, slightly pale beneath, flowers bright red or reddish pink on drooping spike, 2040cm long, spikes arise in large number in summer & rains.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

August – December.

Fruiting

:-

August – December.

Distribution

:-

Native of Mayanmar. Also found in West Indies, India.

Uses

:-

Planted as a garden decoction & hedge plant. It is laxative & vermifuge.

Indigenous according to flora of Palamu district 542.2002. Flora of Hazaribagh 1:453,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:113,1921.

Genera Acalypha Have Following Species in this Zone

(B) Botanical Name

:-

Acalypha wilkesiana macrophyla

Large leaves, russet-brown, blotched with metallic bronzy green & copper.

(C) Acalypha Sp.

:-

Leaves red, blotched bronzy crimson.

(D) Botanical Name :-

Acalypha wilkesiana tricolor

The most colourful variety, compact growth, bright variegated foliage with shades of pink, red, orange & white, red being the predominant colour.

(E) Botanical Name :-

Acalypha wilkesiana tahiti

Leaves twisted green variegated yellow & white margin pink. Ref.-

Indigenous according to tropical garden plants by Bose, Chowdhury & Sharma 90,2001.

2

Botanical Name

:-

Achyranthes aspera L.

Family

:-

Amaranthaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Apamarg, Chirchiri Bengali – Apang Santhal – Chirchira, Laljira

A erect rather stiff, annual perennial, subscandent herb, 20-100cm long with simple or ascending branches. Stem & branches angular ribbed. Leaves 1-5” long, acuminate, long spikes of green polished deflexed flowers. Exceedingly troublesome in fruit from the spinous bracteoles & pungent printed perianth run into the hand & adhere to the clothes. Bracteoles ovate, appressed, against base of parianth, spinescent, 2-3mm long, stamen , filamentous, 23.5mm long, connate at base into a short cup, style 1-2.5 mm long. Stigma capitate, utride ellipsoid, rounded at base, 2.5-3mm long. Seed cylindrical, smooth, 2-5mm long.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

October – January

Fruiting

:-

October – January

Distribution

:-

Common in vicinity of villages, probably in all districts. Found throughout India, Asia, Africa, Australia & America.

Uses

:-

Stems are used as Datun for toothache. Decoction of leaves is diuretic, used in renal dropsies. Young leaves are served as spinah. Plants are used to prepare green manure.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:767,1924. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:108,2002. Flora of Palamu 514,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 277,1968.

Botanical Name

:-

Adina cardifolia Roxb.

Family

:-

Rubiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Karam, Kumba Santhal – Halanda

A large deciduous tree with brownish grey & terete branches. Young parts pubescent. Leaves opposite 10-20 cm across, obribular, cordate, acuminate, petiole 8 – 10cm long, stipules 1 – 2cm long, flowers yellow, numerous in globose axillary heads 1 – 3 together. Calyx tube 5 angled, limb 5 lobed, corolla tube selender. Stamen 5, inserted at the mouth of the corolla tube. Ovary bilocular many ovuled. Style much exerted. Fruit capsular.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

June – July

Fruiting

:-

February – March

Deciduous

:-

February – March

Distribution

:-

Through out India. Common in forest.

Uses

:-

Wood is durable & take a good polish. It is used for agriculture implements, furniture & construction. It is mainly used for making bobbins & coat hangers, silk. Clothe sticks & combs are manufactured out of the rejected pieces.

Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 178,1985. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:420,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 178,1985. Flora of Palamu district 229,2002.

3

Botanical Name

:-

Aegle marmelos L.

Family

:-

Rutaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Bel Santhal – Sinjo, Lohagasi

A medium size deciduous, glabrous tree with 1-2 strong thorns from the leaf axile. Spines are 3cm long, straight, auxiliary, leaflets usually 3, elliptic or ovate-, lanceolate, 2-4” long, serrile with rhachis 0.5-1” long & petiole 1-2.5” long, gland dotted. Flowers 1” diameter, upto 2cm across, greenish white, sweet-scented. Pedicels & calyx pubescent, petals 4-5, imbricate, stamens numerous, inserted round an inconspicuous disk. Ovary avoid with a stout axis & 8-20 cells short style & deciduous stigma. Fruit large, several celled & many seeded, rind woody, fleshy. Fruits are 4-7 cm in diameter, globose. Seeds embedded in a clear mucilage & yellow sweet aromatic pulp.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – June

Fruiting

:-

May – June

Distribution

:-

Throughout India also ascending 4000 ft. on the Western Himalaya, Maynmar, Thailand to Vietnam, Malaysia, wild in the hills of southern & central trovets & also common in the scrub forest. In Jharkhand commonly found in the dry hill slopes & also it is cultivated.

Uses

:-

The fruits are edible when ripe, the unripe fruits are used as an astringent, stomachic & in the treatment of diarrhea. The medicines of stomach troubles are prepared from the pulp of ripe fruits. The mucilaginous substance secreted round the seeds is used as a cement & is used as a varnish. The pulp of the fruit is a good laxative. The pulp is often used to strengthen mortar. The seeds yield a dye. The leaves are used as fodder. The pulp of the ripe fruit is eaten as food or when diluted with water it makes a refreshing drink. The leaves are employed in the worship of Lord Shiva by Hindus.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 58, 1985. Flora of Palamu district 133, 2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:538, 2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2: 167,1921.

Botanical Name

:-

Albizia stipulatae Boiv.

Family

:-

Mimosaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Chapot, Kera serom Santhal – Ghora lenja, Kala siris.

A large evergreen handsome tree with feathery foliage. Leaves hairy, pubescent, semi lancolate, mature pubescent at base margin & corta. Stipules large, caduceus. Flowers 1-1.25” long on 1-5 nate, peduncles, breacts in panicles. Pods 3.5-6” long broad dehiscent.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – June.

Fruiting

:-

October – April.

Distribution

:-

Common in damper forest usually near river. Found in all over India. Also found in road sides.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for building & for wheels. Also used for cattle fodder.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:334,1922.

4

Botanical Name

:-

Alstonia scholaris R.Br.

Family

:-

Apocynaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Satwin, Saptaparni, Satium English – Devil's tree, Dita bark tree Bangla – Chhatim Kol – Kunumung Santhal - Chatni

In latin scholar is mean belonging to school. A large evergreen tree of 15-20m high with milky juice, branches whorled. Stem long, base of which often butresed, branches spreading in tiers or whorks. Bark rather rough dark grey crown slender, rather conical. Leaves in whorls of 4-7, cariaceous, 10-20cm long 4-6cm broad, dark green & shining above, pale & covered with whitish bloom beneath. Flowers greenish white, in many flowered peunculate cymes born from the terminal point of branches, pubescent, peduncle 2-6 cm long, stout, pedical very short. Calyx sepal 5, pubscent, about 3mm long, obtuse, lobes oblong, ciliate. Corolla tube finely hairy on the outside, about 7mm long, throat with a ring of hairs, lobes upto 5mm long, oblong, rounded at apex. Petal – 5, shorter than the tube & overlapping each other. Stamen 5, inserted the corolla tube. Fruits consisting of a pair of selender follicles, about 3050 cm long, hang in cluster, from near the tip of the branches, present a peculiar but beautiful look, pendulous, ripe follicles split open to release numerous narrow, about 1cm long, flattened hairy seeds that are carried away by wind to distant locations, ends rounded, with a fringe of hairs, seeds many.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

November – December.

Fruiting

:-

Rainy season.

Distribution

:-

It is native of the plains of India, China, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Africa, Australia. It is found in forest & common as an avenue trees in parks & garden.

Uses

:-

Its wood is quite light & used for carving. In Maynmar the black boards are prepared from its wood. Wood also used for packing box, tea box, minor furniture, plywoods, match splints, wood pencil & in paper industry. Wood charcoal used for gum powder. The bark possesses medicinal properties. Bark gives bilter tonic, febrifuge & anthelmintic, extract is sued for chronic diarrhea, asthma & cardiac troubles. Leaves used in beri-beri, dropsy & congested liver, latex applied to sores, ulcers, tumerous & rheumatic swellings. It is also used in fever & skin diseases. Its latex is applied to ulcers.

Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 219,1985. Flora of Palamu district 379,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:572,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 4:539,1922.

5

Botanical Name

:-

Antidesma acidum Retz.

Family

:-

Euphorbiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Amari, Amti Santhal – Matha arak

A large shrub or small tree, young part pubescent, hairy. Leaves sinuate toothed, lower large, ovate, often palmetly, 35 lobed, upper small, lanceolate. Flowers in axillary racemes or contracted panicles, all male or few female below. Perianeth lobes 5, ovate, acute. Capsule obovoid, hairy, red. Seed slightly compressed.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

April – June

Fruiting

:-

October – January

Distribution

:-

Found in India, South China, Java, Sri Lanka, Myanmar. In India on subHimalayan tract, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, bank of streams & forests etc.

Uses

:-

Leaves are used as vegetable & made into a preserve. Seeds yield a fatty oil which is used for making soap. Fruits are eaten by local people.

Indigenous acc. to Flora of Hazaribagh District 1:454,2000. Flora of Palamu 542,2002. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:138,1921. Forest flora of Melghat 292,1968

Botanical Name

:-

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Family

:-

Moraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Kanthal English – Jack fruit Gujrati – Phanas Santhal – Kanther

A large evergreen cauliflorous tree, 10mm tall with reddish brown bark. Leaves elliptic to ovate, obtuse to subactuminate at apex, cuneate at base, margin entire, 10-20cm long petiolate, dark green, rough beneath, main nerve 5-8 pairs, stipules large. Flowers solitary, auxiliary on short stout leafy twigs from trunck & main branches. Male head narrowly clavate, covered with flowers, with few sterile bract like perianths. Female head as like as male. Fruiting parianth yellow, firm or soft, juicy, fleshy seeds upto 3.5x2.5cm, cotyledons unequal.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

December – February

Fruiting

:-

February – May

Distribution

:-

Native of south India. Cultivated through out tropic. Found in forest, upto Netarhat. Planted along the road side.

Uses

:-

Unripe fruits are used as vegetable, pickles. Ripe one are eaten fresh or preserved in syrup. Seeds are eaten after roasting or boiling. Wood is used for high class furniture. Leaves are eatten by cattle.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:825,1924. Flora of Hazaribagh 1:81,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 309,1968. Flora of Palamu district 571,2002.

6

Botanical Name

:-

Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.

Family

:-

Moraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Barhar Santhal - Dahu

A moderate size deciduous tree upto 15m tall with broad dense crown, villosely tomentose branchlets, large elliptic or ovate, obtuse or shortly acuminate leaves. 6-10” long, pubescent or toentose beneath, entire. Receipts auxiliary. Male subsesile from previous years. Females short penducled from current year's axile. Male receipt orange-yellow, spongy, ovoid, 0.75-11” long closely covered with a minute peltate bacts perianths & scarcely exserted stamens, fruits 5-8cm in diameter, lobulate, velvety, yellow when ripe, seeds oblong, 1-1.2cm long.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

December – April

Fruiting

:-

May – October

Distribution

:-

Through out India, Myanmar. Commonly planted in garden, along road sides, forests.

Uses

:-

Fruits are edible. Timber is popular for house construction work & boat building.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5,824,1924. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:82,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Family

:-

Liliaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Satawari, Shatavari Santhal – Shatmuli

Subscandent, perennial, spinous, branched, undershrub with tuberous root stock. Leaves linear, acuminate, 4 – 6 mm long, cladodes 2 – 6, acicular, falcate, divaricate, 1.2 – 2.5cm long. Flowers 5 – 6mm across, borne in shortly branched racemes of 5 – 15 cm long rachis triquetrous. Pedicels 2 – 3 mm long filiform. Perianth white, linear oblong, obtuse, 2.5 x 0.8mm. Style very short stigma spreading. Bery 3.5 – 6mm in diameter, scarlet when ripe, seeds 3 – 6, 2mm in dia

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

August – October

Fruiting

:-

October – December

Distribution

:-

Throughout tropical & sub tropical part of India, South Africa, Asia, North Australia. Very common in forests, also cultivated in garden.

Uses

:-

Plant is used as tonic & diuretic. Root juice is mixed with honey & is given in dyspepsia. Roots are also used for nervous & rheumatic complaints.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 6:1089,1924. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:1160,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 322,1985. Flora of Palamu district 606,2002.

7

Botanical Name

:-

Azadirachta indica Syn. Melia azadirachta.

Family

:-

Meliaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Bengali & Hindi – Neem English – Margosa.

This is a large tree upto 20m tall. Leaves 20-30 cm long, crowded at the end of branches, alternate, exstipulate imparipinnate, lenceolete, closely clustered towards the ends of branches. Serrate margine, green, oblique at base, acuminate at apex lateral ones sessile to sub sessile terminal one with long petiolule upto 4cm. flowers white upto 0.8 mm diameter. Inflorescence – axillary cymose panicles ore present. Calyx lobes obtuse, petal upto 5mm long, linear, oblong, obtuse at apex, drupe up to 1cm long, oblong, yellow when ripe & green when ripe. Seeds ellipsoid, catyledons thick, fleshy & oily. Bark-thick, rough, brown in colour, longitudinally obliquely furrowed. Internally starchy white, laminated with characteristic smell of neem & bitter in taste.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

March – May

Fruiting

:-

June – July

Distribution

:-

It is a native of Mayanmar, also found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Fiji, Malaysia, South Africa & East Africa. In Jharkhand it is widely found, cultivated & planted at road sides.

Uses

:-

The neem oil is extracted from the pulp of the fruits, which is used in the manufacture of margosa soap & several skin ointments. The oil cake obtained from the seeds, is used as a fertilizer & manure. Almost all the parts of the tree are of medicinal value. The leaves are placed in the suitcases to repel insects & to preserve woollens. Decoction of leaves is antiseptic & used to wash ulcers wounds. An extract of the leaves is used in the manufacture of toothpastes & soaps. The seed oil is used as an antiseptic. The oil is also burnt in the earthen lamps. Dry flowers are used as a tonic. The bark is used as antiseptic. The young branches are used as a datum. The gum bark, leaves and seeds, are used in snake – bite. The wood makes a good timber. The branches are burnt as fuel. In summer people take shelter under the shade of neem tree.

Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 12:182:1921. Flora of Palamu district (B.S.I. 2002), Forest flora of Melghat (1985), B. P. Pandey (1999), A book of Pharmacognosy (2003). Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:524,2000.

8

Botanical Name

:-

Bauhinia tomentosa L.

Family

:-

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Kachnar.

A large shrub or small tree with young parts tomentose. Leaves orbicular, broader than long upto 4.5 x 8cm, 7 – 9 nerved, glabrous above, tomentose beneath. Flowers yellow or white, shortly bluntly beaked in bud, usually short penduncled, leaf-opposed pairs, bracteoles linear, persistent. Calyx spathaceous. 5” long, pubescent, spathaceous. Petals upto 5cm long, obovate-spathulate, yellow, upper one with red blotch on face of stomens 10. pods upto 15 x 2 cm, glabrous, slightly beaked & brown.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

July - August

Fruiting

:-

January - February

Distribution

:-

It is found in India, Sri Lanka, China, Malay, Tropical Africa. In Jharkhand it is found in forest or frequently cultivated in garden.

Uses

:-

Used as a medicine. Decoction of root bark used in inflammation of lever.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 138, 1985. Flora of Palamu district 228, 2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:291, 2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3: 309, 1922.

Botanical Name

:-

Bauhinia purpurea L.

Family

:-

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi, Bengali – Deva Kanchan, Sona Sanskrit – Koinar Marathi – Koilari, Koliar Santhal - Sinhara

A medium size trees, young parts covered with brown pubescence & is tomentose. Leaves 8 – 15cm long, deeply lobed, roundish, as broad as long, 9 – 11 nerved, cordate at base coreaceous, glabrous, lobes subacute, reaching upto middle, inner edge often overlapping, cleft about half the way down, petiole 2.5 – 4cm long. Flowers fragrant, deep rose in terminal or oxillary few blowered corymbose or paniculate racems, pedicels small, 2-bracteolate, calyx tube. 8 – 1cm long, 5 toothed at the apex, cariaceous, split into 2 segments, lower one emarginated the outer 3 toothed. Petal deep rose rosy purple or pink coloured, upto 4 – 5 cm long, oblanceolate glabarous, clowed, stamen usually 3 or 4. stipitate, style long, stigma large, oblique, staked, grey-downy. Pods 15 – 30cm long linear flat, pointed at both end, decurved, 12 – 16 seeded. Seeds are brown in colour. Wood is reddish brown in colour.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

September – November.

Fruiting

:-

January – April.

Distribution

:-

It is found in India, Srilanka, China. In Jharkhand it is frequently found in all districts, especially in valleys, forest & cultivated in villages for its flowers.

Uses

:-

The barks gives a fibre. The leaves & flowers are eaten as vegetables. Bark used in Diarrhoea & dysentery.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 138, 1985. Flora of Palamu district 227, 2002. Flora of Hazaribagh District 1:290, 2000, Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:310, 1922.

9

Botanical Name

:-

Buchanania lanzan Spreng.

Family

:-

Anacardiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Piya Bangla – Piyal Santhal – Tarup English – Chironji Gujrati – Char, Achar, Charoli, Tarab

A moderate sized almost evergreen tree with rough bark. Leaves alternate, stiff, strongly nerved, oblong or ovateoblong, simple, thickly coriaceous. Upto 21x10.5cm, secondary nerve 12-17 pairs, rounded emarginated at apex, petioles swollen upto 1cm long. Flowers in dense pyramidal panicles, 5-6mm across, bisexual, serrile, small, greenish – white in terminal & auxillary pyramidal panicles. Sepal 5, free, petals 5, ovate elliptic, upto 3mm long, cliate, petals 5, oblong. Disk fleshy 5-lobbed, stomens 10, inserted at the base of the disc, erect, as long as spreading petals. Disc orbicular, 5 lobed, villous. Carpet 5, hairy. bark dark grey or black with oblong bosses. Drupe 1cm long, green, small when unripe & black after ripe, fleshy, globose upto 50mm diameter, hairy with mucronate tip.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

January – March

Fruiting

:-

April – May

Distribution

:-

Throughout India & Thailand. In India it is found in hilly tract & towards the west. In Jharkhand it is found in forest & cultivated.

Uses

:-

The fruits & seeds are edible. Chironji are obtained from seeds which are used in sweets. The bark is used for tanning. Gum obtained from stem, is employed for printing cloth & dyeing. The gum is used medicinally for diarrhea.

Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:229,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:517, 2000. Flora of Palamu district 159,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 90,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Butea monosperma Lamk. Syn. B. frondosa Roxb.

Family

:-

Fabaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Palas, Dhak, Tesu, Paras Santhal – Murup, Morud Bangla – Porasu, Polas English – Flame of the forest, parrot tree

Butea is named after a botanical authority John stuart, Earl of Bute. Monosperma in Greek meaning with one seed & in latin frondosa means 'covered with leaf'. It is a small or moderate size deciduous tree with irregular branches, exuding a red juice when cut. It have usually crooked trunk, black nodose or thick branchlets, untidy in growth & rugged in shape, bark fibrous & light brown or grey in colour. Young shoot downy tomentose. The height of the tree is about 10-15 m. leaves trifoliate, stipellate, petiole 10-25cm long, stipules tomentose. Leaflets coriaceous, rhomboid or broadly obovate from a connate base, the lateral ovate or elliptic oblique, all obtuse, 10-20 cm long, 15-20cm, broad, leathery, finely silky below when young, truning glabrous with age, nerves conspicuous, terminal glabrous with age, nerves conspicuous terminal leaflets obovate, broad, hard, leaves falls off during winter. Flowers large, scarlet & orange about 5 cm long on racemes, upto 15 cm long. Pedicels brown, velvety, flowers borne in great profusion on the usually leaflets the colour of the flower may be yellow, orange, red, orange scarlet in variety of shades branches. Calyx velvety, black, componalate, coriaceous, calyx teeth short, the upper 2 connate, upper lip sub-emarginate, lower with three deltoid teeth, calyx 1.2 cm

10

long, silky white within. Petal colour variable, standard flaming orange, outside grey-silky, pubescent, lateral petals similar to the standar, but narrower, the keel petals united to form a beak, wing falcate. Stramen 10, diadelphous, 9 jointed & 1 free, ovary stalked, 4 ovuled, style curved, stigma capitate, pods profuse, ligulate, style curved, stigma capitate. Pods profuse, ligulate, silky tomentose, 10-15 cm long, 2-4cm broad, pendulous, strongly nerved, pale green, 1 seeded, dehiscent upto the seed, curved with slivery hairs & give the impression of foliage, yellowish grey when ripe. Flowering

Ref.-

:-

February – April.

Fruiting

:-

May – July.

Deciduous

:-

Winter season.

Distribution

:-

Found in India, Maynmar, Sri Lanka, Very common in central & southern areas of Palamu, Hazaribagh, Ranchi. It is found wildly & planting along medium sized roads & also in parks & gardens, specially in groups.

Uses

:-

This serves as a host for the lac insect. It is one of the principal tree for lac cultivation. Lac is cultivated on its branches. The flowers give a yellow dye. The leaves are used for fodder, manure & as a substitute for plates, chiefly on festive occasions. The ripes fruits are edible. The root bark give us fibre & used for piles, tremours & female disease. The root extract is used in medicine for urinary problem. The wood is durable under water hence used for well curbs & piles. On blazing the trees a red juice issues which hardens into a red astringent gem used in diarrhea & in the indigo – beating vats. It is said to increase the outturn of indigo by 30-40%.

Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 115,1985. Flora of Hazarbigh district 1:239,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:279,1922. Flora of Palamu district 180, 2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Calliandra hybrida

Family

:-

Mimosaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Calliandra

A tall much branched shrub upto 2.5m high. Leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 6-9 pairs, oblique elliptic or linear, 1.5-3.5cm long. Flower many in axillary powder puff like cluster about 6-7 cm. Filament numerous, deep pink. Lower portion white. Distribution Ref.-

:-

Throughout India.

Indigenous acc. to Bose, Chowdhury & Sharma Tropical garden plants 100,2001.

11

Botanical Name

:-

Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br

Family

:-

Asclepidaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Akwan, Ak Santhal – Akona Bengali – Madar

A large or medium shrub 0.9 – 2 m high. Young parts covered with a ppressed, white floccose tomentum. Leaves sessile or subsessile elliptic obovate to oblong. With a cordate & semi amplexicaul base, appressed white, fluccose tomentose beneath up to 15x9 cm flowers upto 1.3cm across. Calyx lobes lanceolate, upto 4 x 2mm, pubescent without corolla pink with purple blotch, lobes upto 1 x 0.6cm, erect, corona lobes upto 6mm long, glabrous. Follicle 6.5 – 9.5 x 2 – 5.1cm recurved, sausaged shaped. Seeds ovoid, 5 – 6mm long, coma silk, 2.5 – 3cm long.

Ref.-

Distribution

:-

Thoroughout country, India, Pakistan, Afganistan, Omman, Grow in waste places, road sides.

Uses

:-

Root bark is used in leprosy. The root is applied in snake & scorpion bite. Bark yields a fibre, which is used by local people for fishing nets, bow & twine.

Indigenous acc. to flora of Palamu district 394,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:593,2002. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:550,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 223,1968.

Botanical Name

:-

Carissa carandas

Family

:-

Apocynaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Karaunda Bengali – Karamcha

Large shrub or small glabrous tree to 5m tall having 2-3 dichotomously branched, thorns 3, strong, leaves broadly elliptic oblong. 3-6x1.5-3cm, rounded or obtuse at both ends, apiculate at apex. Petioles upto 5 mm long. Flowers interminal lax cymes, peduncle to 2cm long, puberulous, calyx-lobes linear lanceolate, sepal upto 2mm long, orate lanceolate. Corolla tube 0.7-1.5 cm long lobes, narrowly oblong, fruits ellipsoid, 1-3cm long, 4-8 seeded.

Ref.-

12

Flowering

:-

April – June.

Fruiting

:-

May – July.

Distribution

:-

India, Sri Lanka, Mayanmar, Malaysia & Indonesia. Common is scrub jungles.

Uses

:-

Ripe & unripe furits are edible. Used in prickle, suitable for jellies, root is stomach & anthelmintic, decoction of leaves is given in remittent fevers.

Indigenous acc. to flora of Palamu district 382,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:574,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:535,1922. Forest flora of Melghat.

Botanical Name

:-

Casearia graveolens

Family

:-

Flacaurtiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Reri, Chilea Bengali – Maun.

A shrub or small tree to 8m tall. Young branches angular, glabrous. Leaves broadly elliptic, cariaceous & hard with age, rounded at base, acuminate at apex, reticulately veined, prominent beneath. Petiole 0.6 – 1.2cm long. Stipules lanceolate. Calucous, 6 – 8mm long. Flowers greenish, in dense cluster from leafless axis. Sepal – 5, oblong, gland dotted, 3 – 4mm long, petal absent, stem 6 – 8, filament glabrous. Ovary 1 celled, ovules few, parietal, style as long as stamens. Stigma discoid. Fruits ellipsoid, yellow, smooth, 3 valved. Seeds about 12, ovoid, compressed.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – June

Fruiting

:-

June – August

Distribution

:-

Found in India, Myanmar, Very common in slopes of low hills, forests etc.

Uses

:-

Wood is used in carving, fruits are used as fish poison. Bark used for dropsy, fever & snake bite.

Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:39,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:216,2000. Flora of Palamu district 80,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Cassia fistula L.

Family

:-

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Amaltas, Sonari Bengali – Bandarlathi Santhal – Bandarlari

A small or medium sized deciduous trees, leaves upto 45cm long, leaflets 4-8 pairs, 2 to 7” long, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute at apex, cuneate at base, coriaceous, shining above, clothed when young with caduceus, silvery pubescence. Flowers bright yellow, 1.5 – 2.5” diameter, upto 45cm long drooping racems, pedical upto 4.5 cm long, bracts minute, caduceus, calyx 5-parite, petal upto 2cm long, veined obovate, nearly equal shortly clowed. Flowers succeeded by long cylindrical, drooping pods, which is 1 – 2 feet long & 1” diameter, many seeded, indehiscent. Bark smooth pale or white, hard, strong & heavy.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – August

Fruiting

:-

Nearly round the year

Deciduous

:-

March – April

Distribution

:-

In all district of Jharkhand wild or planted, throughout India, Srilanka, Malaya & China.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for house ports, in carts & agricultural implements. It gives a good fire wood & charcoal. It is also used for tanning bark & medicine.

Indigenous acc. to Flora of Hazaribagh District 1:300, 2000. Hacins Bot. Bihar & Orrisa. 3:302, 1922. Forest flora of Malghat. 131, 1968 Flora of Palamu District. 233, 2002.

13

Botanical Name

:-

Cassia Javanica

Family

:-

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Java-ki-rani.

Small deciduous tree, to 15m tall, branches numerous, spreading, glabrous. Leaves bifarious, rachis 20-30cm long, stipule lunate, caduceus. Leaflets 5-15 pairs, short petioluled, dull below, racemes erect, arising laterally from branches. Peduncle 2-3cm long. bracts ovate sepal ovate, dark red. Petals pink than dark red. Stamen 10, 7 perfect & 3 formed staminodes anther opening by basal pores. Ovary pubescent, recurved. Pod terte, glabrous, black. Seed 580 brown, embedded in flat disc.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

March – May

Fruiting

:-

August – February

Habitat

:-

Common in waste land, forests, road sides, garden etc.

Distribution

:-

Through out India, Malesia, Indonesia, throughout Tropics.

Uses

:-

Plant is grown as an ornamental for its pink flower.

Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:302,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:302,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Cassia nodosa Ham.

Family

:-

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

English – Pink Cassia, Pink Mohur.

A small evergreen tree of 12-16m in height with knotted trunk, grayish or yellowish brown bark having narrow deep horizontal clefts & weeping branches, umbrella like crown some times touches the ground towards this periphery if grown in open space. Young shoots silky leaves about a foot long 9-15” with 11-14 pairs of oblong or some what lanceolate oblong leaflets 2-3” long but sometime smaller towards the base of the rachis. Flowers bright pink on erect, pendunculate racemes rising prominently from the nodes or leaf scars almost along the entire branching system, bracts narrow, lanceolate, pubescent, persistent, sepal 5, 5mm long, petals 5, 2-2.5cm long, narrow & pointed at both ends, bright pink, fading to almost white before falling, thus giving the cluster a bicolour appearance. Pods cylindrical, 30-45 cm long, black, containing a no. of seeds divided by transverse partitions.

Ref.-

14

Flowering

:-

Rainy season.

Fruiting

:-

October – November.

Distribution

:-

Native of India, found in hill tracts of Banglaesh, Malaya peninsula, Indonesia, Andaman. In Jharkhand it is commonly cultivated.

Uses

:-

It can also be sued as a specimen tree with its graceful leaves & umbrella-like crown.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Palamu district 233, 2002. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3: 303, 1922.

Botanical Name

:-

Cassia siamea Lamk.

Family

:-

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Chotanagpur – Eiris Orissa – Chakundi English – Kassod tree Marathi, Gujrati – Kasid

Siamea mean 'Pertaining to Siam'. It is a moderate size evergreen tree with leaves 6–12” long, 6 – 14 pairs of oblong leaflets 1.5 – 2.5” long, elliptic oblong or oblong, sucoriaceous, shining above & glaucous beneath, emarginated & mucronulate at apex, obtuse & rounded at base, potiolutes 2 – 3 mm long. Flowers in large terminal panicles, petal 5, bright yellow with faint red lines on the interior, imbricate, obovate, rounded, stamen 7, perfect, unequal, ovary subsessile, many ovuled. Pod 10 – 25 cm long, 1cm wide flat, long, stalked, thickened at the slutures. Many seeded & shining brown. Wood is deep brown. Flowering :September – December. Fruiting :September – December. Distribution :Found in South-East Asia. In Chottanagpur very commonly planted & self sown. It is planted for avenues & in garden. Uses :Wood used for furniture & fuel. Ref.- Indigenous acc. to Flora of Hazaribagh District 1:306, 2000. Flora of Palamu District 236,2002. Haines Pot. Of Bihar & Orissa 3:303, 1922. Forest Flora of Melghat 132, 1968.

Botanical Name

:-

Cedrela toona Roxb. Syn. Toona ciliata.

Family

:-

Meliaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Toon, Tani, Mahanine English – Red cedor.

A large tree with dense spreading crown & tomentose branches. Leaves imparipinnate, 30-60 cm long, leaflets generally opposite, 8-30, 5-15 by 2-6 cm, glabrous, lanceolate or ovate, acuminate at apex, obtuse at base or slightly oblique, petiolules 6-30mm long, hairy. Panicle dropping, shorter than leaves. Flowers white honey scented in large dropping terminal penicles. Calyx short, 5-lobed, ciliate. Petals 5, free, imbricate, keeled inside at the base. 0.5cm long, oblong or ovate, ciliate, perianth hairy. Disk thick, 5 lobed. Stamen 5 inserted on the lobes of the disk, filaments subulate, anthers oblong, cordate, apiculate at the apex. Ovary 5 celled hairy, stigma capitate, 5 lobed, capsule oblong. Upto 2.5cm long, dark brown, capsule 10-15 mm long, obovoid, puncate with dots. Seeds radish – brown, light with a membranous wing at either end. Wood is red. Flowering :March – April Fruiting :May – June Distribution :It is a native of India, now distributed in Mayanmar, Malaya & Australia. In India, it is western ghats, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, the Nilgiris & Jharkhand. It is largely planted in avenues, along the canals & also found in forest. Uses :The flowers yield a yellowish red dye, which is used for dyeing cotton. The bark is used medicinally as astringent tonic etc. The wood is used for furniture, tea chests, shuttles & picking sticks which are used in the textile industry & cigar boxes. The bark is also used as a fan. This is a good timber tree & sometimes known as 'Indian Mahogany'. The leaves are used to feed cattle. Ref.-

Forest flora of Melghat 69, 1985. Flora of Hazaribagh 1:528,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:174,1921. Flora of Palamu district 144,2002.

15

Botanical Name

:-

Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.

Family

:-

Lauraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Tejpat, Tejpatra Bengali - Eisi.

A medium sized tree with leaves usually 4-5” long shining above, mostly oblong. Flowers 0.2-0.25” long, tepals deciduous in fruit. Stamen & ovary villous.

Ref.-

Distribution

:-

It is native of tropical & sub tropical Himalaya. It do not occur wild in forest, but cultivated in Jharkhand, Bihar & Orissa.

Uses

:-

The leaves are often sold in market used as spice & condiments. Leaves are used in karaha for the treatment of bronchitis.

Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:797,1925.

Botanical Name

:-

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. Syn. Cinnamomum verum J.S. presl.

Family

:-

Lauraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Dalchini, Kalmi Dalchini English – Ceylon cinnamon, Kinnamon bark.

It is a evergreen tree, the outer surface of the bark is dull yellowish brown, while the inner surface is dark yellowish brown. The outer surface is marked by wavy longitudinal striations with small holes of scars left by the branches. The inner surface also shows the longitudinal striations. Bark is free of cork. It odour is fragrant. Size is about 1mm in length & 1cm in diameter. The thickness of the bark is approximately 0.5mm. Taste is aromatic followed by warm sensation. Leaves 4-7” long, shorter panicles & flowers 0.25” long.

Ref.-

16

Distribution

:-

It is a native of Sri Lanka & Malabar coast of India. It is also found in Jamaica & Brazil. In Jharkhand it is cultivated in Garden.

Uses

:-

Bark is used as a carminative, stomachic & mid astringent. It is also used as flavouring agent, stimulant, an aromatic & antiseptic, commercially it is used as a spice & condiment & perfumes.

Kokate, Purohit, Gokhale, Pharmacognosy 342 (22nd edition).

Botanical Name

:-

Citrus limon (L) Berm. F.

Family

:-

Rutaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

English – Lime Hindi – Kagzi nimbu

A small tree or large shrub with tap root, stem are erect, woody, branched, cylindrical, glabaroures solid, leafs are cauline, alternate, petiolate, stipulate, cariaceous, persistent, acute or obtuse. Unicortate reticulate venation. Inflorescence are cymose, solitary auxiliary. Flowers are white or pinkish, pedicillate, bracteate, hermaphrodite, scented, complete, actinomorphic, hybpogynous. Calyx – 5 sepalous, gemo-sepelous, inferior, quincuncial aestivation. Petal 5, polypetalous, white scented, inferior, imbricate aestivation, lenear oblong. Stamens 15-16 inserted round a large cupqular or annular disk, poly delphous, anthers oblong, basifixed, introrse. Gynoccium polycarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, multilocular, axile placentation, stigma capitat. Fruits are berry types. Mamillate at the apex.

Ref.-

Fruiting

:-

April - June

Distribution

:-

Food throughout India. Widely distributed in warm temperate region. It is frequently wild in the moister valleys of the sub-himalayas & is cultivated all over the country.

Uses

:-

The oil distilled from the peel is mainly used for confectionary, pharmaceuticals & toilet preparation. The fruits are used for making jams, fellies, pickles & alcoholic drinks. It is a good source of vitamin C.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 58, 1985. Flora of Palamu district 134, 2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:532, 2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2: 166,1921.

Botanical Name

:-

Clerodendrum viscosum

Family

:-

Verbinaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Bhant Santhal – Ghanto Bengali - Ghetu

Erect much branched, perennial herb or undeash rub. Branchlets outusely tetragonal, densely white-villous. Leaves thicky cariaceous, broadly ovate, shortly acuminate at apex, venation sub-palmate, petioles 3-12cm long. Flowers born in Lax, Pubescent, penduncles red or purplish red, 1-6 cm long, bract foliaceous, elliptic. Pedicels 0.6-1cm long calyx bright green during anthesis, 1-1.5cm long, corolla white, purple tinged at mouth. Filament purplish, anther deep purple to black. Ovary glabrous. Drupe nearly globose.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

February - May

Fruiting

:-

May – July

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, Pakistan, Nepal, Malabar, Thailand, China, Very common in forest & road side.

Uses

:-

Leaves are used as tonic, vermifuge & laxative. Juice of fresh leaves is given for removal of ascarids. Poultice of leaves & root is applied externally to tumours.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Hazaribagh 2:671,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:721,1922. Flora of Palamu district 485,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 268,1985.

17

Botanical Name

:-

Croton oblongifolius Roxb.

Family

:-

Euphorbiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Putri, Kuti Santhal – Bhain, Swan, Masundi

A smaller tree with rather large cariaceous, obtusely or acutely toothed, oblong, elliptic, leaves. Leaves glabrous. Flowers 0.3” diameter, monoecious, in long racemes, rachis glabrous. Capsule 4 – 5” long covered with flat scales, splitting in to 2 valved cocci, bark smooth, pink or white.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

January – February

Fruiting

:-

April

Distribution

:-

Fond in India. Very common in Chotanagpur. Also common in forest.

Uses

:-

The bark & root are given as a purgative & also as an alternative in dysentery.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:104,1921. Flora of Palamu district 546,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh District 1:459,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Family

:-

Fabaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

English – The black wood or rose wood of southern India. Hindi – Kala shisham, Serisso, bethinola, sitsal, pahari sisoo.

A moderate size glabrous tree. Leaves oddpinnate with 5-7 very unequal size leaflets on the same rachis, leaflets alternate, rhomboid or borad-ovate, acuminate, rachis 5-10cm long, zig-zag, petiolule, 0.25-4” long. Flowers 0.51cm long, greenish white in auxillary or extra auxiliary panicles, forms the leaf scars. Calyx pilose, standarw with a long claw. Corolla twice as long, stamen calyx teeth linear –oblong, obtuse. Petal standard with long clow stamen 9, in one bundle. Ovary 3-5 ovuled pod 4.8 cm long, sometime constricted at the sutures between the seeds pods have 1-4 seed, strap shatced. Sap wood large whitish. Bark dark brown or blackish purple.

Ref.-

18

Flowering

:-

September

Fruiting

:-

January – February.

Distribution

:-

Tree found in India. It is found in western peninsula, Jharkhand, Bengal, Bihar & M.P.

Uses

:-

The timber is a valuable furniture wood. The wood is used for cabinet work, furniture, cart-wheels & implements.

Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 121,1985. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:294,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:342,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Dalbergia sissoo Linn.

Family

:-

Fabaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Shisham, Sissu Marathi – Berar English – South India red wood.

A large handsome, deciduous tree with young parts downy, attaining height of 20cm or more. The bark is brown or gray, rough & peel off in narrow longitudinal stripes. Leaves imparipinnate. Leaflets 3-5, alternate, rhomboid or borad-ovate, acuminate, cuspidate, 3-8cm long, leaf rachies zig-zag, rachies 5-10cm long. Flower scented, 0.5-1 cm long, yellowish white, in racemes, arranged in short auxiliary panicles, sessile. Calyx pilose. Standard with long clow. Stomen 9 monadelphous, united into a sheath opening on the top. Ovary long stipulate, pubescent with very short style, stigma large. Pod 5-7 cm long, linear lanceolate, pod strap shaped with cuneate base, indehiscent with 1-4 seeds, flat, oblong. Flowering :March – April. Fruiting :May – July. Deciduous :December – March. Distribution :Found through out India, Afganistan, Bluchistan. In India it grows wild in Jharkhand, Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Assam, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. It is planted as a avenue, but good for planting along the large roads, national highways, canal side, river bank & in large parks. Uses :The young branches & leaves are used as fodder. The pulp is used for making writing & printing papers. The wood is used for making furniture & carving. It is an external fuel & makes a splendid charcoal but its light cover renders it a poor avenne tree. Bark yields oil which is used in skin disease. Leaves are useful in diabetes & female diseases.es & female diseases. Ref.-

Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:307, 1925. Flora of Palamu district 188, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 121, 1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:343,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:293, 1922.

Botanical Name

:-

Datura sp.

Family

:-

Solanaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Datura English – The thorn apple Bengali - Dhutura

Coarse annual perennial herb with green purplish stem. Leaves elliptic or ovate, truncate, cuneate or some time subcordate, often unequal sided at base acute or acuminate at apex. Petioles upto 5cm long pubescent. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx upto 18cm long, whitish, lobes-5, cuspidate. Capsule erect, ovoid, upto 3.5cm in diameter, 4 valved, covered with rigid long & short hairy prickles. Seeds suborbicular, black, subcompressed. Flowering :July – December Fruiting :July – December Distribution :Found in India, America & in warm temperature country. In forest, near river bank, road side. Uses :Leaves & flowering tops are narcotic, spasmodic & anodyne. Leaves are used in cigarettes for asthma. Seeds are poisonous employed for homicidal purpose. Ref.-

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 4:614,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:606,2000. Flora of Palamu district 434:2002. Forest flora of Melghat 239,1968.

19

Botanical Name

:-

Delonix elta Linn

Family

:-

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – The Yellow gulmohar, waykaram Gujrati – Sanesaro.

A medium size tree, leaves bipinnate, 10-20 cm long pinnae 4-8 pairs, opposite, leaflets 10-20 pairs, linear oblong, rended, apiculate, calyx pubescent, segments linear-oblong, acute. Flower yellowish, petals yellow or whitish yellow with crumpled margins. Filaments upto 6cm long, hariy & dilated at the base. Pod 10-17 by 1.5 to 2cm, 4.8 seeded.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

June.

Fruiting

:-

September

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, common at road side.

Uses

:-

Planted as an ornamental tree.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 121,1985. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3: 313, 1922.

Botanical Name

:-

Delonix regia Boj. Syn. Poinciana regia.

Family

:-

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Bengali & Hindi – Gulmohar, Gold mohar English – Flamboyant.

A moderate size trees, leaves bipinnate, feathery, 2-pinnate upto 60cm long, pinnae 10-18 pairs, opposite, leaflets 822 pairs or more, linear-oblong, rounded apiculate. Flower in terminal corymbs, calyx pubescent, segment acute, sepal-5, subequal, petal-5, orbicular, upto 5 cm across with a long clow, red, bright scarlet with wavy margin. Stamens – 10, as long as the petals, anthers versatile. Pod upto 60cm, strap-shaped, 5cm in diameter, dehiscent, woody.

Ref.-

20

Flowering

:-

April – June.

Fruiting

:-

Winter season.

Distribution

:-

Throughout India. Planted at road side.

Uses

:-

Planted as an ornamental tree. Gorgeous tree when in flower.

Indigenous acc to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3: 313, 1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:310, 2000. Flora of Palamu District 239, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 122,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Derris indica (Lamx.)Bennet Syn. Pongamia glabra vent.

Family

:-

Fabaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Karanja, Kuruinj, Papar Santhal – Darkaranja Bengali – Kiramal Marathi – Kanaji Gujrati - Gangagi

A large sized spreading, deciduous evergreen deciduous tree reaching 10-12m with smooth, grayish brown bark, a short trunk & rounded crown. Leaves about 15-25 cm long, petiole 4-5cm long, pinnate, oblong or ovate cuspidate, stipule small lenflets opposite, shiny dark green, ovate or elliptic, 10-12cm long & 6-8cm broad, acute or short acuminate, glabrous. Base acute or rounded. Flowers lilac, those near the cost of a deeper colour than inland, 2-4 nate in simple peduncle, in short auxiliary cyme & 1.2 cm long. Calyx purplish, companulate, pubescent, corolla 1cm long, pinkish white, standard suborbicular emarginated staman 10, monadelphous, the 10th stomen free at the base. Ovary nearly sessile 2 ovuled, style incurved. Pod woody, non-dehiscent.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – June.

Fruiting

:-

December – January.

Distribution

:-

Common around the margin of island water bodies & also in tidal & beach forest of India, Sri Lanka, Malaya, Archipelago, extending to the coasts of South China, the jiji islands & tropical Australia. In India it is found along streams & in the coartal forests. It is also found wild & of long girth on the top of the puri & Jharkhand. Abundant along rivers. It is largely planted in all district of Jharkhand & found widely. In chotanagpur it is planted along road side.

Uses

:-

The leaves are used as a manure. The seeds are collected for the valuable oil expressed from the seeds which is largely used for burning lamps, in the manufacture of soap. It is used as a medicine oil is also used in the treatment of skin disease, rheumation. In recent biodesal is also made from oil. Cakes are used as pesticides.

Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 125,1968. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:377,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:299,1922.

Botanical Name

:-

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Family

:-

Ebenaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Kend, Terej Santhal – Kendu, Tend, Tiril

A smaller or medium sized deciduous, evergreen bushy tree to 8m high with grey or rusty tomentose shoots. Leaves sub-opposite, chartaceous, subcuneate at base, obtuse or rounded at apex adult ones glabrous, younger one minutely light brown. Petioles 0.6 – 2cm long. Flowers, peduncle densely wooly, 0.4 – 1cm long. Bracts & bracteoles wooly. Calyx yellowish green, companulate, acute, 4 – 6 lobes. Corolla yellowish disc, single or in groups of 2's to 3's, anther apculate. Female flower auxiliary, solitary, pedicel short, stout. Calyx green to brown, wooly, 7 – 8mm long. Corolla – yellow, silky hairy, 5 lobes, tapered. Staminodes 8 – 12, ovary 4 – 8 celled. Ovule solitary in each cell. Style 2, each bifid at apex. Fruit globose, yellowish, hairy 3cm in diameter. Seeds oval to wedge shaped, compressed. Fruiting calyx to 2.cm in diameter.

21

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

April – May

Fruiting

:-

November – April

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, Nepal. Very common in forests specially in Chotanagpur.

Uses

:-

Leaves are used for wrapping 'bidis'. Leaves are diuretic, laxative, carminative & styptic. Dried flowers are used in urinary & sking troubles. Bark decoetion is used in diarrhea & dyspepsia.

Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh district 1:267,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:519,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 205,1985. Flora of Palamu district 373,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Elephantopus scaber L.

Family

:-

Asteraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Mayurjhanti, Gobhi Bengali – Samdulan Santhal – Mayurjhanti

A subscapose herb 10 – 15cm tall with creeping rhizomatous rock stock. Stem terete, dichotomously branched at the top. Leaves radical, ovate oblong, ciliate, glabrescent aboves, glandpunctate beneath, cauline leaves shorter, sessile. Glomerules of heads terminal, 2 – 3cm across. Head homogamous. Phyllaries whitish hirsute. Corolla pale, violet, lobes linear lanceolate achenes 3 – 4mm long, obovoid, slightly flattened. 10 ribed, hair between the ribs. Pappus bristles dilated at base.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

September – December

Fruiting

:-

September – December

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, Nepal, China, Malaya, Australia, Tropical Africa. Very common in waste places, in forests, along roadsides.

Uses

:-

Decocttion of roots & leaves is used as an emollient in diarrhea, dysentery, swelling & stomach pains. Roots are used to arrest vomiting. Root powder with pepper is applied in toothache. Leaves are used in applications for exzema & ulcers.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:461,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:884,2000. Flora of Palamu district 339,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Erythrina variegata L.

Family

:-

Fabaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Pharad Santhal – Pharad, Pangra

A deciduous tree to 20m tall, bark thin, gray, armed with small conical dark-coloured prickeles. Leaf petioles 10-15cm long, unbranched. Stipules lanceolate, leaflets membranous broadly rhomboid-ovate, glabrescent when nature. Racemes dense. Flower 1-3 together form nodes of pubesrulous rachis. Peduncle stout, 15cm long. Pedicels 6-8mm long, bract small, triangular, calyx split to base, spathaceous, tomentose, 5 toothed at tip. Corolla brilliant scarlet, 57cm long, petal sub equal. Staminal sheath 3-3.5cm long. Pods many, 15-25 cm long beaked. Seeds purple, subreniform.

22

Flowering

:-

February – April

Fruiting

:-

May – July

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, Srilanka, Mayanmar, Thailand, China, Very common in forest, planted at road side.

Uses

Ref.-

:-

Leaves & tender shoot are edible, leaves are used as cattle fodder. It is laxative, anthelemintic. Bark yields a fibre used for cordage. Wood is used for floats, rafts, canoes.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:284,1922. Forest flora of Hazaribagh 1:353,2000. Flora of Palamu district 197, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 113,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Euphorbia ligularia Roxb

Family

:-

Euphorbiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Sij Santhal – Sehund, Pettonkisend Bengali – Mansa - sij

A large, erect, branched, glabrous shrub or small tree to 6m tall, with the pairs of stipular spines on tubereles. Leaves obovate, involucres yellowish, 3 – 7 in a cyme, usually 3 with a very short fleshy pedude. Involucres hemispheric, yellow, arranged in small, stout, 3 – 15 flowered cymes. Central one sessile & usually male. Bracteoles many imbricate, anthers sagittate, apculate. Capsule deeply 3 lobed. Cocci glabrous compressed.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

February – March

Fruiting

:-

February – March

Distribution

:-

Common in village hedge. Planted in house, fences, waste lands. Found in India, Malaya, Beluchistan & elsewhere.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:142,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:467,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 287,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Ficus benghalensis L.

Family

:-

Moraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Bargad, Bar Bengali – Bot. Santhal – Bare English – The Banyan tree Ho - Bare

A very large evergreen, deciduous, spreading, epiphytic trees with numerous aerial roots from branches, which form into accessory trunks. Tree often reaching a height of 30metre. Bark grey, smooth. Young part pubescent, aerial roots becomes thick, trunk like after touching the ground. Young shoots pubescent, growing points covered by deciduous spathes. Leaves cariaceous, 4-8” long or attaining 10” by 7.5” in robust specimens, alternate, orbicular-ovate to elliptic, obtuse, entire, minutely pubescent beneath, base rounded or sub-cordate. Petioles upto 4cm long, strout, stipules 2cm long, sheathing, receptacles 1-2 cm in diameter, in auxiliary pairs, sessile, globose, puberulous, red when ripe, supported on 3 broad cariaceous bracts. Male flowers near the mouth of the receptacle, sepal 4, stamen-1, monandrous, in the same receptable with female & gall flowers. Receptacle sessile, in axillary pair, globose, 1-2cm diameter, red when ripe. Receipts may be found all they ear round, but appear to ripen twice in the year. Flowering

:-

April – June & December – March.

Distribution

:-

Indigenous to the sub-Himalayan tract & the eastern peninsula. It is widely grow in all over India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Mayanmar, Tropical & subtropical Asia. It may be planted in large garden, park & along road side. It is favourate tree near temples, bathing ghats, river bank & on large meadows.

23

Uses

Ref.-

:-

Fruit eaten in time of scarcity. Latex applied in rheumatism & lumbago, wood suitable for paper pulp, fibre from aerial roots made into coarse ropes. The young shoots & leaves are lopped for elephants.

Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 303,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:84,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:834,1924. Flora of Palamu district 574,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Ficus cunia Ham.

Family

:-

Moraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Pera dumar Santhal – Bhoka dumber Bengali – Potkuli

A small or moderate size evergreen tree with elliptic or oblong lanceolate leaves with very short petiole, basal auricle of leaf 3-4 nerved. Receipts in pairs or cluster on long, mostly leafless drooping scaly branches open crowded near the root.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – June

Fruiting

:-

Most of the year

Distribution

:-

Found in India, Pakistan, Mayanmar & China.

Uses

:-

Ripe fruit is eaten.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:836,1924. Forest flora of Melghat 308,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Ficus hispida L.

Family

:-

Moraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Dumar, Tambol, Thendu Marathi – Sosokera, Gon, Korch Santhal – Setapodo, Dumar Gujrati – Kala-umber, Bokeda, katumber, kharoti

A medium size tree 10-30 ft high with laxly, hollow branched. Young parts hispid, all parts pubescent & internodes hollow. Leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong or acuminate, at apex somewhat obovate, usually serrate or dentate, scarbrid above, hispid pubescent beneath, base rounded, truncate cordate at base, entire or denate at margin, scarbrid, 27x13 cm long, stipules 1cm long. Petioles upto 4cm long. Receptacles peduncled, in pairs from the axils of leaves or in fascicles form shortened branches from the trunk or old wood, 2cm across. Tiny hispid, depressed globose, ripening, pale yellow, basal bracts 3, scabrid, orifice closed by few bracts. Gall & female flower – perianth tubular, short or 0; ovary smooth, style short, lateral. Wood soft & grey in colour.

Ref.-

24

Flowering

:-

Throughout the year.

Fruiting

:-

Throughout the year.

Distribution

:-

India, Malaysia to Australia throughout the province, along nalas, common in damper districs along the perennial water course, often in hedge near villages.

Uses

:-

Leaves are lopped for cattle fodder. The bark yields a fibre. The fruit is eaten.

Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:837, 1925. Forest flora of Melghat 307, 1985 (Rep.ed.). Flora of Palamu district 577,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 85,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Ficus religiosa Linn.

Family

:-

Moraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Pipal, Pipar English – The pipal tree Santhal – Hesak Bengali – Aswatha Sanskrit – Tepe-hesa.

In Latin religiosa means 'pertaining to religion or sacred'. It is a very large, glabrous, spreacting evergreen tree. In its younger stages it is often epiphytic, that is it grows on other trees, which are gradually strangled by its rope-like roots. Tree are epiplytic with round or broadly ovate, very long caudate, more or less pendulous leaves dark-green & shining above, alternate, ovate, upto 14x8 cm, margine entire to wavy, base-cordate, petioles slender, 8-10cm long, stipules small, minute. Receptacles sessile. Male flower few, near the mouth of the receptacle. Sepal 3, stamen-1 Gall & female flower sepal 5 absent in many gall flowers, style short, figs in auxiliary pair upto 1cm in diameter, smooth, depressed globose, dark purple when ripe, supported by 3 basal bracts.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – September.

Fruiting

:-

May – September.

Distribution

:-

Found through out India, Bangladesh. It is one of the best-known trees found in forest & planted in most villages. Hindus & Buddhists hold the tree in veneration.

Uses

:-

It is the best shade tree in the province. Wood is used in making packing cases. Birdlime is prepared from the latex. Leaves used as elephant fodder. Fruits are eaten. Bark used in ulcer & skin disease. Trees are used for worship of god hence planted in temple & bank of rivers.

Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 5:832, 1925. Santapau, common trees 46,2001. Forest flora of Melghat 305,1985 Rep.ed. Flora of Palamu district 580,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 86,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Ficus racemosa L.

Family

:-

Moraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Gular Bengali – Jaggidumur Santhal – Umar

Large deciduous, stout trees with milky latex, up to 20m high, young shoots pubescent, bark pinkish brown. Stipules 1-3cm long. leaves elliptic, subovate, acute at base, glabrous, entire. Petioles 1-3cm long, brown scrufy. Fig in large cluster on main branches & trunk. Figs 2-3cm across, subglobose. Male flower sessile, osteolar, in 2-3 rings gall flowers pedicelled. Female flower sessile. Ovary red-spotted.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

March – July

Fruiting

:-

March – July

Deciduous

:-

October – November

Habitat

:-

Very common in forests & road sides.

Distribution

:-

Through out India, Pakistan, Maynmar, Sri Lanka, China.

Uses

:-

Leaved used as fodder & commonly sold in the market. Roots used in diarrhea & diabetics, fruit is eaten. Latex used in pile & diarrhea.

Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 5:828,1924. Flora of Palamu district 579,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 308,1985.

25

Botanical Name

:-

Gardenia latifolia

Family

:-

Rubiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Papra, Paphar.

A small deciduous tree to 10m tall. Bark smooth grey. Leaves opposite or whorled, ovate or obovate, sub sessile, 9 – 20cm long, rounded at the apex, dark green & glossy, base cuneate. Flowers usually solitary, subsessile, white fragrant. Calyx 2 – 2.5cm long, pubescent, limb tubular, teeth 5 – 9. Corolla tube 5cm long, pubescent outside, lobes 5 – 9, placenta 4 – 5, parietal. Stigma thick & fleshy. Fruit globose, greenish yellow, epicarp dry, seeds many, embedded in purplish grey pulp.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

March – May

Fruiting

:-

Cold season.

Distribution

:-

Through out India. Common in dry deciduous forest.

Uses

:-

Wood is used as substitute for box wood. Also used for combs & turnery, camp beds & other light furniture, toys, mathematical instruments etc.

Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh district 2:820,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:431,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 186,1985. Flora of Palamu district 301,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 186,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Family

:-

Verbinnaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Gamhari, Kasmar Santhal – Gambhar Or - Kumar

A large deciduous or moderate size tree. Leaves usually cordate, glaucous beneath with petiole 2 – 6” long unequal in pair. Flowers, raddish or brown & yellow in lateral or terminal panicles. Calyx camponulate, corolla tomentosely, hairy outside, upper lip much shorter than the lower lip. Drupe obovoid, usually 2 – 1 celled & seeded.

Ref.-

26

Flowering

:-

February – April

Fruiting

:-

May – June

Distribution

:-

Through out whole provience, India, hills, forest. Very abundant in Jharkhand.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for various purpose, furniture, musical instrument etc.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 718:4,1922. Flora of Palamu district 486,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Helicteres isora L.

Family

:-

Sterculiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Marorphali, Jonkaphal Santhal - Aita

Large shrub or small tree to 6m tall. Branchlets softly villous. Leaves thin cariaceous, bifarious, stellate, tomentose, petiole subulate. Flower zygomorphic, in axillary 5-8 flowered cymes, pedicels very short, bracts & bracteoles small, subulate, hairy. Calyx laterally compressed, teeth 5, triangular. Petal-5 scarlet at first reflexed. Stamen 10, staminodes 5, ovary ovoid, 5-lobed, 5-celled, style 5, 3mm long, deflexed, follicles breaked, stellately tomentose, seed wrinkled, angular, 2mm long.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

April – December

Fruiting

:-

October – January

Habitat

:-

Common in slopes of low hills, forests etc.

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, Java, Australia, Sri Lanka.

Uses

:-

Bark yields a fibre used for sacking & cordage. Leaves & tender branches are lopped for fodder. Fruits are used in intestinal complaints, such as diarrhea, chronic dysentery & flatulence, & to improve appetite. Root juice is used in stomach affections & in diabetes.

Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:78,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:75,2000. Flora of Palamu district 112,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 47,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Hemidesmus indicus (L) R. Br.

Family

:-

Periploceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Anantamal, Anandamal Bengali – Kapri Santhal – Dudhlar

A slender twining shrub. Stem terete, striate, glabrous, thickened at nodes. Leaves coriaceous, variable, elliptic, subcuneate or rounded at base, obtuse at apex, petiole 3 – 4cm long. Flowers 5 – 6mm across. Pedicels 4 – 5mm long, ovate, acute imbricate bracts. Calyx lobes ovate. Corolla rotate, purplish brown within, glabrous. Corona of 5 fleshy short lobes. Much shorter than the anthers Filament, anther convenient by their tips over style apex. Follicles 10 – 15cm long, slender, glabrous. Seeds flattened, ovate oblong. Comma 2 – 2.5cm long, brownish white.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

August – September

Fruiting

:-

October – December

Distribution

:-

Found in India, Sri Lanka. Very common in scrub forest, hedges etc.

Uses

:-

Roots are used as a demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic & alternative. They are also used in rheumatism, different urinary diseases, skin troubles, leucorrhoea, syphilis, scorpion string & shake bite.

Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh 2:598,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:548,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 221,1985. Flora of Palamu District 400,2002.

27

Botanical Name

:-

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch-Ham)Wall ex G.Don Syn. Holarrhena antidysentrica Wall

Family

:-

Apocynaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Kuda, Dudhia Bengali – Koraiya Uroan – Kurdu, Khurni Santhal – Kurchi

A large deciduous shrub or small tree to 5m tall, bark pale leaves subsessile ovate to elliptic oblong, shortly cuneate at base, pubescent or glabrous, 10-12 x 5-12cm with 10-15 pairs lateral nerve arching near the margins. Petiole 6mm long, cymes 7–15cm in diameter, bracts small, ciliate, pedicels slender scented white to 1.5cm long. Calyx with small basal glands within sepal – 5, unequal, lanceolate. Corolla white, tube slender, slightly inflated near base. Style 1mm long, stigma conical, 2-lobed. Follicles slender, terete, 20 – 35cm, dotted with white Spots, seeds linear compressed, 0.8 – 1.2cm long. Coma 3 – 5 cm long, deciduous, brown.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – July

Fruiting

:-

December – February

Deciduous

:-

February – April

Distribution

:-

Drier forest of India, Maynmar, Malesia, Very common in hills forests, roadsides.

Uses

:-

The bark & seed are an excellent cure for chronic dysentery leaves are distasteful to cattle & goats wood is used or making small articles, such as picture frame, toys, mathematical instruments.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa. 4:538,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district II :580,2000. Forest flora of Palamu 385,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 216,1968.

Botanical Name

:-

Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb.

Family

:-

Ulmaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Chilbil, Charha, Dauranji Santhal – Chorora, Gharanji

A large or small spreading deciduous tree to 20m tall. Bark grey, young shoot tomentose. Leaves cariaceous, elliptic or obovate oblong, subcordate at base shortly acuminate at apex, pubescent beneath, secondary veins 5 – 7 pairs. Flowers 4 – 5mm in diameter, green, male & hermaphrodite. Tepals 4, calycine, linear, pubescent, 1.5 – 2.5mm long. Stamen usually 6 – 8. filaments 1.6 – 1.8mm long. Seeds flat albuminous.

Ref.-

28

Flowering

:-

March – April

Fruiting

:-

May – July

Distribution

:-

Common in deciduous forests, banks of rivers, road sides. Found all over in India, Sri Lanka, Mayanmar.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for indoor building purpose, furniture, cabinet work, ploughs, yokes, mathematical instruments. Match box & splints etc. It is suitable for plywood.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 5:807,1924. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:77,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 298,1985. Flora of Palamu district 568,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Kirganella reticulata

Family

:-

Euphorbiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Pithor, Panjuli Santhal – Makhi

A monoecious sarmentose small tree or long shrub to 6m tall. Stem smooth, slender, pubescent. Leaves oblong, rotundate, ceneate, glabrous, pale beneath, petioles 0.15 – 0.3 cm long, slender, stipule ovate lanceolate male & female flowers mixed in axillary clusters. Male flower 2 – 7 in each cluster. Tepals 5, green or purple, imbricate, unequal. Stamen 5, disk of 5 fleshy glands. Female flowers 1.5 – 2mm across, solitary. Ovary subglobose, 5 – 12 celled, ovule 2 per cell. Berries globose, 4 – 6mm across, smooth, shining black, 8 – 10 seeded. Seeds 3 gonous, finely granulate. Testa crustaceous.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

Throughout year but mainly during.

Fruiting

:-

February – June

Distribution

:-

Tropical parts of India, Sri Lanka, South East Asia, China. Common in waste lands, hedge, nalas, forests etc.

Uses

:-

Leaves are diuretic. Leaf juice with camphor & cubes is used for bleeding gums & for diarrhea in infants. Bark is astringent & diuretic.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:129,1921. Flora of Melghat 294, 1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:479,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Lagerstroemia indica L.

Family

:-

Lythraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Pharash

A beautiful shrub to 4m tall. Leaves subcoriaceous, sub-sessile, elliptic or ovate oblong, cuneate at base. Flower bud subglobose, 5-6mm in diameter. Calyx campanulate, lobes 4-6, erect, triangular. Petal sub orbicular. Stamen many, 46 stouter & longer. Ovary subglobose, glabrous, style long, slender. Capsule 4-6 vaved. Fruiting calyx with about 7mm long.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – August

Fruiting

:-

May – August

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, China, Japan

Uses

:-

Bark is stimulant & febrifuge. Root is astringent. Fruit are used for local application of aphtae of mouth.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:375,1922. Forest flora of Hazaribagh 1:404,2000. Flora of Palamu district 262, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 166,1985.

29

Botanical Name

:-

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.

Family

:-

Lythraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Bengali – Lendia, Senha Hindi – Sidha Santhal - Sekre

A tall or sometime small deciduous tree or shrub, young part pubescent. Leaves narrowly elliptic or oblong, acute or acuminate, ovate lanceolate distichous leaves 5-10cm & delicate white flower in 3 chlomous panicles with petals 0.50.8cm long in auxiliary & terminal, fragrant & terminal panicles. Calyx tube sub hemispherical, teeth 6, acute. Petal 6, white, membranous, hypanthium copular smooth, woody in fruit & embracing the capsule, which is 1.5-4cm long ellipsoid & polished. Seed with terminal wings. Wings much longer than seed, glaucous. The wood is grayish brown often with a reddish tinge, hard, fairly durable.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

April – May.

Fruiting

:-

December – January.

Deciduous

:-

February – March.

Distribution

:-

Found in India, Myanmar. Throughout the whole province, attaining its largest size in the sub-Himalayan districts & again in forest of Orissa. Small in dryer Chotanagpur forest & indeed, frequent in scrub jungles.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for agriculture implements, building construction, bridges & other purposes.

Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:375,1925. Forest flora of Melghat 165,1985. Flora of Palamu district 263,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:405,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Lagerstroemia speciosa Linn. Syn. L. flos-reginae Retz.

Family

:-

Lythraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi & Bengali – Jarul, Taman English – The pride of Indian, Queen's pride.

A large or medium size evergreen tree. Leaves 8-25 cm long, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous with rounded based, subacute at apex, secondary nerves prominent, 7-13 pairs, petioles 5-10mm long, flowers in large panicles, mauve – purple, 5-8 cm long, 6-merous, pedicels pubescent, thickened upwards, articulated below the middle. Calyx tomentose, with 12-14 shout ridges, teeth 6-7, hypanthium semi-spherical with alternate strong broader & narrower ribs sometimes slightly produced as teeth beyond its margin. Calyx upto 1.5cm long, longitudinally, lobes spreading, triangular acute upto 5mm long. Petals 2.5-4cm long, claw 4-5cm long, limb obovate to orbicular, crisped or undulate, 6-7 in number, purple. Stomen equally. Capsule 2.5-4cm long, beaked, septifragally 5-6 valved, woody, subglobose wood is red.

Ref.-

30

Flowering

:-

April – September.

Fruiting

:-

April – September.

Distribution

:-

Native of Myanmar, found in India, Malaya, Java. Along the river & muddy side in Jharkhand, commonly planted as an avenue tree along the road side, often found as an escape.

Uses

:-

Used as a timber. Used for ship building in Myanmar.

Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:375,1925. Forest flora of Melghat 165,1985. Flora of Palamau district 263,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:406,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Leucaena leucocephalatum Lam.

Family

:-

Mimosaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Subaval, Vilatibaval Santhal - Soobabool.

A large shrub or moderate size tree to 8m tall. Branchlets pubescent. stipules very small, caduceus. rachis to 20cm long, petiole long, 7.5cm, pinnae 4.8 paris, 2-10cm long, leaflets 10-20 pairs, subsessile, glabrous above, pubescent & glaucous beneath. heads solitary orin pairs. bracts ovate, as long as calyx. calyx with triangular ciliate teeth. corolla white, petal pubescent. stamen twice as length of corolla, anthers hairy. Ovary stipitale, pubescent. Pod straight. Seed 15-20, narrowly oval, brown.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – August

Fruiting

:-

July – October

Habitat

:-

Very common on gardens, vacant land, in roadsides etc.

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, America.

Uses

:-

Used as fodder, wood is used as pestles, handles etc.

Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:321,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:283,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Litsea glutinosa Lour

Family

:-

Lauraceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Maida Lakri, Pojo, Mendha Marathi – Lanja

A small evergreen handsome tree with dark grey soft corky bark. Young branches hoary or rusty tomentose, apics of stem soft, pubescent. Leaves bipinnatifid, elliptic, ovate glabrous, spirally arranged, coriaceous, cuneate or rounded at base, acute, acuminate at axbex, glabrous above. Petiole slenders, 1-2.5 cm long. Flowers white, or yellowish in a few, flowered, axillary umbels, bracts 4, supported by 4-6 concave orbicular bracts on slender pendumcles. Perianth tube silky, segments absent stamen 9 – 20 with long villous filaments. Glands fleshy on villous stripes. Fruits globose black or dark brown, 0.8 – 1cm in diameter. Fruiting pedicles obconical, 5-6mm long.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – July

Fruiting

:-

October - December

Distribution

:-

Widely distributed along valleys or Hills, road side, banks of stream, river etc.

Uses

:-

The inner bark which is viscid & granular is applied on sprains & bruises. The wood is used for house – building, furniture, packing cases & agriculture implements. Mucilaginous bark is used in diarrhea & dysentery. Leaves & flowers in poultice are employed for bruises & wounds. Seed yield a fat which is used for making candles & soap.

Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh 1:59,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & rissa 5:793,1924. Flora of Palamu 536,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 281, 1968.

31

Botanical Name

:-

Madhuca longifolia (Koening) Mac Bride

Family

:-

Sapotaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Mahuwa Bengali – Mahul Uraon – Madgi Santhal - Dola

A large deciduous tree of 40m high with dense rounded rather low crown, branches usually thickened in node, sericeous or tomentose, leaves large elliptic or oblong elliptic rigid leaves 5-8” by 2.5-3.5” with petiole 1-1.5” long. Flowers fleshy, cream colooured on long rusty tomentose pedcels, clustered at the ends of the usually leafless branches from the leaf scars. Sepals ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, wolly-pubescent, corolla 1-2cm long, glabrous lobes ovate-elliptic, irregularly serrate at apex, obtuse. Stamen 16-13 in 2-3 whorls, 4.5-9cm long. Ovary 8-11 celled. Bery obovid ellipsoid, 2-5 x 1.8-4cm with a remnant of style at apex with ovate scar.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

February – April

Fruiting

:-

June – July

Distribution

:-

Throughout the central tract but in the forest. Mayanmar, Sri Lanka. Commonly in hills, along road side.

Uses

:-

The corollas of flowers are eaten raw or cooked & a spirit is distilled from them. An oil is extracted from seeds which is eaten & also used for soap making. The wood is very hard & proper for nerves of wheels. Bark is remedy for rheumatic affections & cures itch.

Indigenous acc. to Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 4:511,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district1:264,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 203,1968. Flora of Palamu 536,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Mangifera indica L.

Family

:-

Anacardiaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi, Bengali – Aam English – Mango Santhal – Ul Kol – Uli Gujrati – Aam, Marka Marathi - Ambo

A large evergreen tree upto 20m high. Leaves alternate, simple, crowded at the tips of branches 10-15 by 4-10cm oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, margine entire or wary, cariaceous, glabrous, petioles 1-4cm long, swollen at the base. Flowers small, yellowish green, in large pubescent panicles. Bracts elliptic, concave deciduous, flowers bisexual. Sepal ovate, concave, petal 45, free or adnate to the disc, imbricate oblong with 3-5 longitudinal ridges. Stamen perfect & longer than other 4 staminodes. Ovary glabrous, sessile, ovule solitary. Drupe 5-20 cm long, fleshy, obliquely, pyriform sub compressed, hard. Bark rough, fibrous, dry grayish.

32

Flowering

:-

March

Fruiting

:-

May – July.

Distribution

:-

Found throughout India, Myanmar, Malaya, Sri Lanka. In India it is grown in U.P., Punjab, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal & Tamilnadu. In Jharkhand it is commonly planted but often self grown in the village surroundings, forest road side throughout the district.

Uses

Ref.-

:-

The fruits are edible. Unripe fruit pickled, used for chutney, amchur powder, pulp is used for making jam, jelly. The wood is used for planking door & window frames & packing case. Bark gives gums used in medicine. Seeds are useful in dysentery.

Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:228,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:519, 2000. Flora of Palamu district 161, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 89,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Melia azedarach L.

Family

:-

Meliaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Bakain, Drek, Muhli, Mahalimbo Bengali – Ghoranim Santhal – Bokom, baha English – Pride of India.

A medium sized deciduous tree with dark grey longitudinal furrows bark. Young shoots often rusty tomentose. Leaves imparribipinnate, sometime tri-pinnate, 20-35cm long, pinnae opposite, leaflets lanceolate, acuminate 6-16 cm long, each pinna 1-4 cm long, ovate or lanceolate, serrate acuminate, sometimes lobed, glabrous, in equilateral, flowers fragrant, liliac blue, in long peduncled axillary penicles, which are shorter than the leaves. Calyx deeply 5-loped, lobes ovate-oblong ciliate, petals 5, 1cm long, linear oblanceolate, staminal tube purple, with 20-30 linear teeth. Anthers at the mouth of the tube, sessile, apiculate, ovary 5 celled, stigma capitate. Drupe globose 5 ceeled & 4.5 seeded, more or less dry smooth at first then wrinkled. Wood reddish brown.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

March - May

Fruiting

:-

Cold season

Distribution

:-

Native of South – West Asia. Found in India, Mayanmar, China. In Jharkhand it is found in forest & grown as road side or hedge plant.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for furniture, agriculture implements, plywood. The leaves, the fruit & the seeds are used in medicine. The juice of the leaves is used as an anthelmintic & seeds in rheumatism. Fruits are poisonous & used in leprosy.

Haines. Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 1:163, 1921. A text book of Botany, B.P. Pandey (1999). Flora of Palamu district 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 67, 1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:525,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Michelia champaca L.

Family

:-

Magnoliaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Champa, Champaka Marathi – Kud champa Gujrati – Rai champa Santhal - Champa

A large evergreen tree with handsome crown rusty tomentose shoots & dark grey bark stipules convolute, leaving a circular scar. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate 8x6cm long, cuneate at base, acuminate at apex, dark green & shining & glabrous enveloped in stipules in bud, 9-18 cm x 3-7cm, with 8-14 pairs of secondary veins. Petiole 2-4 cm long. Flower sweet, scented, yellow, 5cm in diameter, axillary, solitary, peduncle to 2.5cm long, very fragrant, strout, bracts 2, silky, caduceus, leaving an annual scar below flower, perianth lobes 9-15, sub equal oblong, deep yellow, 2-3.5 cm long, stamen many, anthers linear, apiculate, carpels many, spiral on an elongated axis, avoid, bilocular, ovules 10-12, 2 seriate. Follicle-cluster 7-10 cm across, fruitlets warty, to 2cm, across, dehiscent along dorsal suture. Seed scarlet, subglobose to 1cm across.

33

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

April – May

Fruiting

:-

July

Distribution

:-

Found throughout India, temperate Himanaya, Nepal, Mayanmar, Thailand, Indo-China, South-east Asia. Commonly planted in lawns & gardens for its fragrant yellowish flower.

Uses

:-

Bark is employed as an abortification for 2-3 months old pregnancy. The root is used in menstruation problem. Seeds & fruits are used for healing cracks in feet.

Indigenous according to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:8,1921. Forest flora of Melghat 15,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:53,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.)

Family

:-

Anonaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Gandh Palas, Angul, Domgaru, Ome, Siarbhuka. Santhal - Kari

A deciduous tree, sometime 4 – 5 ft. girth, usually branched low, with large or very large broadly ellipsoid or ovate leaf, tomentose beneath. Flower green on very long drooping pedicels. Carpel 0.6 – 0.75”, ellipsoid dowry on short stalk. Fruiting peduncle woody.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – June

Fruiting

:-

June – July

Deciduous

:-

End of April

Distribution

:-

Through out India. Very common in Chotanagpur.

Uses

:-

Timbers are used for yokes & axles. Fruit is eaten. Wood is used for agriculture implements.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:13,1921. Forest flora of Melghat 17,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Murraya koenigii (Spreng)

Family

:-

Rutaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Kathrim, Karrypatta Bengali – Barsanga, Karrypatta

A shrub or small tree upto 5m high, strong smelling with pinnate leaves upto 5-16” long, very oblique, strongly scented, lanceolate or ovate leaflets 1-3” long, 10-25 in number, sub opposite or alternate 1.5 – 4 x 0.8 – 1.5cm, elliptic – ovate, terminal short – peduncled pubescent corymbs of odorous white flowers, 0.5 – 0.6” diameter, slightly fragrant, white is much branched, terminal, short peduncled, corymbose cymes, peduncled & pedicels pubescent, sepals pubescent, triangular, acute. Petals linear oblong upto 6 mm long, gland dotted. Staminal filament dilated at base. Ovary 2-celled, style cylindric, stigma, capitate, grooved. Fruits succulent, ovoid or ellipsoid, 0.3 – 0.5” long, pink, finally black, 6-8mm diameter apiculate, 2 seeded, surface rough due to gland.

34

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

April – July

Fruiting

:-

April – July

Distribution

:-

Found in India, Mayanmar, SriLanka cultivated both in North & South India wild along the Nepal boundary. Commonly cultivated for its leaves & rarely found as an escape in the forest edge.

Uses

:-

The leaves are used for flavouring agent & in curries. Fruits edible. Leaves roots & bark tonic, stomachic & carminative. Leaves used for diarrhoea, dysentery & for checking vomiting. Wood used for agriculture implements.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 60, 1985. Flora of Palamu district 135, 2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:538, 2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2: 165,1921.

Botanical Name

:-

Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb) Bosser Syn. Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb)

Family

:-

Rubiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Kadamb, Kadam Gujrati - Kurambo

A large tree to 20m tall, young part pubescent. Leaves decussate, 12-24 by 4-10cm, elliptic, oblong, acuminate, glabrous & shining above. Petioles 2-5cm long, stipules linear, 1-2-1.5cm long. Head 2-4 cm in orange-coloured. Calyx tube 0.5cm long, lobes 5, corolla orange, tube-funnel shaped. Stamen 5, inserted many ovuled. Style & stigma white. Fruit yellow. Seeds muriculate.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – July

Fruiting

:-

August – October

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China & Malesia. Commonly cultivated along roadsides, gardens, parks etc. Found jungle of hilly areas.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for light constructional work. Inflorescence receptacle is edible. Bark is used as tonic & febrifuge. Fruit is eaten raw or cooked.

Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh district 2:811,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 4:421,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 177,1968. Forest flora of Palamu 306,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Nerium oleander Mill.

Family

:-

Apocynaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Kaner English – Oleander.

Shrub with erect solid, woody, cylindrical, globrous stem with 2.5m of height. Leaves are simple, irregulary, arranged, subsessile, exrtipulate, linear – lanceolate, unicostate reticulate vanation. Inflorescence cymose, dichatial cyme. Flower pedicillate pink, bracteate, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, complete, yellow, hypogynous, sepal – 5, polysepalous, quincuncial aestivation. Petal – 5, gamopetalous, campenulate, corolla tube expanding above, throat of corolla tube hainy forming a corona, yellow, controlled aestivation. Stomen – 5, epipetalous, included in the corolla tube. Alternating with the petals filament short, anthers convenient round the stigmatic head, basifixed. Ovary bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior bilocular, two ovules in each locules, axile placentation, a nector secreting disc present beneath the ovary, style long, filiform, stigma thickened & dumb – bell shaped.

35

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

April – September

Fruiting

:-

November – February

Distribution

:-

Native of Asia & Japan, commonly found in road side & garden.

Uses

:-

Grown as a hedge plant. It is poisonous. Roots is powerful resolvent & attenuant used externally. Oil prepared from root bark is used in skin diseases & leprosy.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 220, 1985. Flora of Palamu district 387, 2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:582, 2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4: 541,1922.

Botanical Name

:-

Nyctanthes arbor tristis L.

Family

:-

Oleaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Harsringar, Sephalika, Sitik Bengail – Kharhasa, Sihara

A small deciduous tree or large shrub to 4m long, rough all over with stiff whitish hair. Leaes 5 – 10 x 2.5 x 6cm long, opposite, ovate, acute to sub acuminate at apex, rounded or sub-cuneate at base, with 7 pairs of secondary veins. Petiole 6 – 8mm long. Flowers 2.5cm across which open in the evening & drop next morning. Calyx narrowly campanulate glabrous within, hairy outside, 4.5 – 5mm long, teeth 5, persistent. Corolla glabrous, tube 6 – 8mm long, orange coloured, lobes white, elliptic, 5 – 6cm long. Stamen-2 included. Ovary globose, 2-locular with one ovule perlocule attached, basically. Capsule 2 – 2.5mm across, obovoid to nearly orbicular, glabrous, reticulately vained. Seed orbicular, 1 – 1.5cm across. Flowering :September – October Fruiting :December – January Deciduous :April – May Distribution :Native of India. Also found in Thailand, Indonesia, commonly planted in Gardens, very common on hills. Uses :Seeds yields medicinal oil, Campbell. Powdered seeds are used in scurvy. Decoction of leaves is used in influenza & bronchitis. The flowers contain an essential oil used in perfumery & the orange tubes are used for dyeing. The leaves are sometimes used for polishing wood. The root is eaten. Root is ground with water & decoction is orally administered in loose motion. Ref.-

Indigenous according to Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:526,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:716,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 210,1968. Forest flora of Palamu 377,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Odina wodier Roxb.

Family

:-

Anacardiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Doka, Ganjan Bengali - Jhingna Santhal – Angul, Doka

A small or medium size deciduous tree, to 10m tall. Leaves alternate, 10-25cm long, leaflets 7-13, imparipinnate, ovate-oblong, acuminate shining, entire, base acute ro rounded. Flower purplish in crowded cymose fascicles, unisexual. Bracts numerous. Calyx 4 lobed, persistent, ciliate, petals – 4, ovate-oblong. Disc annular, 4-lobed. Stamen 8-10, Ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 distinct styles. Drupe oblong, compressed.

36

Flowering

:-

March – April

Fruiting

:-

April – June

Deciduous

:-

November – May

Ref.-

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Malesia. Very common in forest, roadside, village surroundings.

Uses

:-

Plants gives us gum which is used for cotton printing by weavers & in medicine. Bark is used as astringent also useful for tanning fishing nets. Young leaves & twigs are edible for cattal & man. Wood is used for house building, furniture, oil, expresses, rice, pounders, brush backs, slate frames etc.

Indigenous acc. to Hianes Botany of Bihar & Orissa 2:223,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:518,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 92,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Peltophorum ferrugineum Benth P. pterocarpum (DC) Baner ex Heyna

Family

:-

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Peltophorum.

A large handsome, dark, unarmed handsome tree with rusty tomentose shoots, leaves bipinnate, upto 30cm long, leaflets sessile, 20-30 close set, oblong upto 14 x 5.5mm, retuse at apex, base unequal, glabrous, cariaceous, mid vein prominent beneath. Flowers large, showy, yellow, in auxiliary & terminal panicled racemes. Calyx tomentose, teeth subequal, petals oblong, spreading. Pods compressed, oblong, rigid, glabrous, indehiscent with firm broad wing on both suture, narrow to both ends. 3.5” long & 1” wide with the wing each side equal. Seeds usually 3, brown oblong, 4” long.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

Rainy season.

Fruiting

:-

December.

Distribution

:-

India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia & N. Australia. In Jharkhand it is common as a avenue trees through out the district & often seen on railway platforms.

Uses

:-

Woods are used in furniture, in medicine & as a ornamental.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Hazaribagh district 1:312, 2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:314, 1922, Flora of Palamu District 240,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Peucedanium dhana Ham.

Family

:-

Apiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Ban Dhaniya

A glaucous glabrous herb ith flowering stem 1-2 ft. leaves radical, 3-particle. Flowers small, yellow or white in umbels with unequal & often very long rays attaning 5” in fruit. Cocci ellipsoid.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

March – May

Fruiting

:-

May – June

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, Srilanka, Myanmar, Very common in forest, road sides.

Uses

:-

The root is used as stomatic. Leaves are sweet in taste & used in fever.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:412,1922.

37

Botanical Name

:-

Phyllanthus emblica L Syn. Emblica officinalis

Family

:-

Euphorbiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Amla, Amlika Bengali – Aura, Miral English – The emblic myrabolam.

A small or moderate sized, monoecious, deciduous tree to 8m tall. Bark greenish grey or red, peeling off in scales & long stripes & with preety feathery grey foliage. Branches hairy, much spreading. Leaves glabrous, obtuse & apiculate at apex, truncate at base, 1 – 1.5 x 0.2 – 0.4cm, stipules minute, linear, fimbriate or with a hair tip. Flowers in auxiliary dense fascicles. Male & female flower mixed. Male on slender pedicels, females & subsessile few. Fruit globose, succulent, yellow or pink where ripe, indehiscent, with 6 grooved endocarp. Seed 3-gonous, irregularly ribbed, testa crustaceous. Flowering

:-

Fruiting

Ref.-

February – May :-

October – April

Deciduous

:-

March – April

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, Himalaya, Myanmar, Malesia. Very common in dry deciduous forest also planted in gardens.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for agriculture implements, pole & furniture. The fruits contain much gallic acid fruits are astringent, cooling, diuretic, & laxative, eaten raw or cooked & also pickled. Juice of fruit is largely used by local people as a cure for caugh & inflammation of eyes. Dried fruits are detergent & used for shampooing hair.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 12:128,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:477,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 294,1985. Flora of Palamu District 546,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Phyllanthus niruri L.

Family

:-

Euphorbiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Bhumi amla Santhal – Jar amla, Jangli amla

A erect, slender, glabrous, annual herb, 10-50cm tall. Stem much branched, glabrous. Leaves distichous, numerous, obtuse at apex, rounded at base. Petiole 1.2 – 1.5 mm long. Stipules lanceolate. Flower numerous, axillary, green or whitish. Male flower 0.1cm across, 1 – 3 together, tepals 5, ovate, obtuse. Female flowers numerous, solitary, 1.5 – 1.7mm across. Tepal 5, oblong, obtuse. Ovary globose, 0.5 – 0.6mm across, styles recurved, free, 2 lobed. Capsule depressed globose, smooth, scarcely lobed. Seed brown, regularly, 3 gonous, 1.2 – 1.5mm long. Flowering :July – October Fruiting :July – October Distribution :Native of America. Throughout India. Common in waste places, roadsides, gardens, forests. Uses :The plant is considered de obstrent, diuretic, astringent & cooling & is given in Hepetitis B, Jaundice, Dropsy & genitor-urinary affections. A bitter principle called phyllanthin has been isolated from it. Ref.-

38

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:126,1921, Forest flora of Melghat 296,1985. Flora of Palamu district 560,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:478,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Polyalthia longifolia Thw

Family

:-

Anonaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Deodar

A evergreen tree upto 20m tall. Leaves narrow lanceolate, glabrous, long acuminate, undulate, flowers yellowish green with lanceolate acuminate petal. 2.5 to 3.5cm across. Many in auxiliary, receme or umbel like inflorenscence, pubescent. Sepal 3 – 4mm long, triangular, reflexed at tip. Petals linear, lanceolate, spreading 8 – 15mm long. Stamen 1mm long. Carpel few, each with one ovule, pubescent at apex. Stigma sessile. Fruitlets 4 – 8, roundish ovoid, purple, glabrous, seed I, orbicular ovoid, 1.2 – 1.8cm long, pale brown, shining.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

March – April

Fruiting

:-

March – April

Distribution

:-

Through out India. It forms a fine avenue tree.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for making boxes. Also suitable for packing cases, pencils & matches.

Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh 1:58,2000. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:12,1921. Forest flora of Melghat 18,1985. Flora of Palamu district 60,2002.

(A) Botanical Name

:- Polyscias fruticosa.

Family

:- Araliaceae

Local Name

:- Polyscias

Evergreen shrub about 2m high. Leaves feathery irregulary 3-pinnately cut, 20-30 cm long, segments toothed.

(B) Botanical Name

:- Polyscias balfouriana 'Albicans'

Leaves with creamy, white variegation. Distribution Uses Ref.-

:- Native of South East Asia, Also cultivated in garden. :-

Grown as an ornamental plants.

Indigenous according to Tropical Garden plant by Bose, Chowdhury & Sharma 155,2001.

39

Botanical Name

:-

Prosopis spicigera

Family

:-

Mimosaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Shami, Jhand

A small thorny tree with rather glaucous foliage to 10m high. Branches spreading slender, grey, pubescent. Prickles straight, straw-coloured. Rachis 1.2-5cm long, pinnae mostly 2 pairs, leaflets 7-12 pairs, sessile, ligulate, grey glabrous. Spike axillary, short peduncled, 5-7 cm long. Flowers small, pentanerous, bract & bracteoles absent. Calyx truncate. Corolla 2-2.3mm long. stamen 10, free, athers with apical gland. Ovary stipitate, many ovuled. Pod straight, cylindrical, torulose, narrowed, glabrous. Seed 10-15, oblong dull brown.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

February – April

Fruiting

:-

May – August

Habitat

:-

Along roadsides, forests etc.

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan.

Uses

:-

Wood is suitable for construction work, agriculture implements, tool-handles, turnery articles & well-curbs. Also used as fuel. Pods are used as fodder.

Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:320,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:287,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 140,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Family

:-

Paplionaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Santhal – Bijasal, Piasal Hindi - Bia

A large deciduous tree to 20m tall. Bark thick, yellowish grey. Leaves 15 – 24cm long, rachis glabrous, leaflets 5 – 7, ovate elliptic, coriaceous, subcuneate at base, obtuse, rounded ro retuse at apex, glabrous, panicle terminal 15-25cm long, brown pubescent. Flowers 1.3 – 1.5cm long, calyx 5-6mm long, brown pubescent, teeth deltoid, upper & the largest. Corolla yellow, vexillum 1 – 1.2cm, stamens monoadelphous. Ovary 2 ovuled, pod 3 – 5cm in diameter, glabrous, winged veined, stipe 4 – 5mm long. Seed, oblong, subreniform.

Ref.-

40

Flowering

:-

October

Fruiting

:-

December – January

Deciduous

:-

May – June

Distribution

:-

Very common in deciduous forest. Found in India western peninsula.

Uses

:-

Wood is used chiefly for building purposes, such as doors, window's frames, refters, beam & posts. Also used as electric transmission poles, agricultural implements. Tool-handles, mathematical instruments, picture frame etc. Bark is used in diarrhea & dysentery. Aqueous extract of wood is given diabetes.

Indigenous acc. to flora of Hazaribagh district 1:378,2002. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:297,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 124,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Pterocarpus santalinus Roxb.

Family

:-

Paplionaceae

Sans: raktha chandan India:- Indian kino tree, Malabar kino tree, Kino, Lal Chandan It is a small medium size, deciduous tree. The bark is blackish brown, deeply cleft into rectangular plates and exuding a deep red juice when cut. Vernacular Name

:-

Distribution

:-

found in India, Nepal, sri lanka. In India occur in western ghat in Karnataka kerala region.

Uses

:-

heart wood, leaves, flawers have long been used for there medicinal properties. The heart wood is used as a astringent and in the treatment of inflammation and diabetes, elephantiasis, leucoderma, caugh and greyness of hair.

Botanical Name

:-

Pterospermum acerifolium Wilid

Family

:-

Sterculiaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Muchokunda, Kanak Champa Santhal - Machkunda

Ref:- internet

A large handsome evergreen upto 15m tall. Bark ash-coloured smooth. Leaves lobed, entire or coarsely toothed, broadly oblong-obovate to oribicular, often peltate, shortly acute at apex, beneath, 25-35x15x30cm. petioles tomentose, 10-30cm long. Flowers fragrant + regular, axillary, solitary or 2 few together. Calyx segments linear, densely tomentose outside, brownish, 12cm long. Petal 3.5 – 4.5”, linear oblanceolate. Stamen 15, shorter than the staminodes with filiform filaments & linear anthers. Capsule rough, oblong, woody, 5 valved.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

March – July

Fruiting

:-

October – December

Distribution

:-

Through out India, Northern & Western Himalaya, Central India , Western peninsula, Orissa, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand planted near village, road sides.

Uses

:-

wood is used for planks, packing cases, turnery, articles, constructional work, bridge, tool, handles, match boxes, furniture, toys & mathematical instruments. Flowers are used inflammations. Ulcers, tumours & leprosy. Leaves are employed for thatching.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:79,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh 1:179,2000. Flora of Palamu 115,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 47,1968.

41

Botanical Name

:-

Punica granatum L.

Family

:-

Punicaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Anar English – Pomegranate Bengali – Dalim

A large shrub or small tree, branchlets spinescent. 4 angled often-thorny branches & opposite, sub-opposite or clustered oblong or obovate, obtuse entire leaves with a distinct or obscure intra marginal nerve. Leaves 2-6cm long, membranous,. Flowers large, 1-5nate, terminating the shoots, sessile, solitary or in 3-flowered cymes. Finally flaskshaped hypanthium produced considerably beyond the ovary & bearing above a thickened disc. Sepal 5-7 persistant, adnate to ovary, greenish red petal 5-7, inserted between the sepals, obovate, imbricate in bud & crumpled, very membratnous, bright red. Stamen indefinite, covering the whole of the disc, anther versatile introse. Inserted between calyx lobes. Style long, stigma capitate, ovary many celled, many ovuled. Fruit globose, berry with coriaceous, many celled & seeded, balausta, seeds many, angular, cotyledons convolute, wood is light yellow. Flowering :April – May. Fruiting :July – September. Distribution :Found in South – Asia, South America & in India. In Jharkhand very commonly cultivated in villages, garden. Uses :Bark & rind of the fruits are used for tannings dyeing. Fruits, succulent testa is edible. Rind is also used for diarrhoea & dysentery. Ref.- Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3,380,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 166, 1968. Flora of Palamu 269,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:422,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Santalum album L.

Family

:-

Santalaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

English – Sandal wood Hindi - Chandan

In Latin album means 'white' probably due to the colour of wood. It is a small, glaborous evergreen tree, a hemiparasite on the roots of a variety of trees teaching about 6m with a spherical head. Young shoots round & smooth. Leaves opposite simple 1-3cm long, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acute or subacute, entire, membranous, base acute, petiole 1cm long. Flowers smell, at first pale then deep crimson or brownish purple. Flowers on terminal or lateral panicles. 18” diameter with rotate, ovate tapals, disc lobes very thick. Stamen free from the tepals or only loosely adhering dorsally by the tuff or villi, which grow up from the perianth at their base parianth companulate, segments 4, valvate. Stomens 4, exerted. Fruit drupe globose, purple black, fleshy, globose shining black drupe annulate at the top with the margin of the hypanthium & ribbed when ripe, about 1cm in diameter. Seeds are solitary & spherical. Wood hard, close grain & ily, sapwood white, scentless, heart wood yellowish brown, strongly scented. Flowering :September – December. Also March. Fruiting :March – April. Also November. Distribution :Native of mountainous parts of the cost of Malabar in south India. This small tree has spread in the garden of the Jharkhand, other states & tropical countries. It is grown along the garden paths & at the back of the shrubbery. Uses :Sandal wood is used for worship of god. Heartwood used in the manufacture of small articles, which are beautiful, carved, oil distilled from the wood is used in perfumery & medicine. Ref.-

42

Tropical garden plants by Bose, Chaudhary & Sharma, The Botany of Bihar & Orissa by H.H. Haines 5:805,1924. Forest flora of Melghat 284,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:440,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Sapindus emarginatus Syn. S. trifoliatus

Family

:-

Sapindaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Ritha Marathi – Aritha English – Soap nut tree

A large tree, leaflets obliquely ovate lanceolate or lanceolate or elliptic oblong & acuminate, 2-3 pairs, 8-18 by 210cm, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, main nerves 8-12 pairs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers dingy white, in terminal panicles. Sepal 5, imbricate. Petals 4-5, lanceolate equally woolly all over the inside except on the claw. Disc concave with a raised fleshy, hirsute margine. Ovary densely hairy, 3-lobed. Fruits velvety ferruginous & not glabrescent & is divided less than half way down into up right drupels, fruits 2-3 lobed & 2-3 seeded. Flowering :October – December Fruiting :February – April Distribution :Throughout India. Uses :The fruit known as soap nut is used for shampoo. Wood is used in buildings. Ref.-

Indigenous according to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:215,1921. Forest flora of Melghat 86,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:509,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Saraca asoca Syn. S. indica L.

Family

:-

Caesalpiniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Asoka, Sita Asok Bengali – Asoka.

A strikingly, handsome, beautiful tree medium sized, spreading, evergreen tree with rounded crown, reaching 6-8m, trunk erect, short, covered with a smooth, dark brown bark, young shoots & leaves dropping & coloured, leaves alternate, paripinnate, 25-30 cm long, sub-sessile. Leaflets on some leaves only 3-6 pairs, opposite, elliptic oblong, 10-20 cm long & 5-7 cm broad, glabrous, semibeathery, young leaves flaccid, grayish white quickly changing to purplish red, finally green & stiff. Flowers in dense, orange-red, corymbose clusters, 10-15cm across, calyx tube about 1cm long, opening out into 4 to 6 roundish petaloid lobes, at first orange, turning to scarlet after wards, 1.5 cm across, calyx tube about 1cm long, opening out into 4 to 6 roundish petaloid lobes, at first orange, turning to scarlet afterwards, 1.cm across petals absent, stamens perfect, filament 6-8 hairy, 2.5-3 cm long, at first orange near base & scarlet upwards. Pod dehiscent, 10-20cm long, 5-7cm wide. seed 4-8cm.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

September – November.

Fruiting

:-

January – April.

Distribution

:-

The tree is found wild in India & also native of Sri Lanka.

Uses

:-

Bark is used in uterine affections, also useful in Menorrhagia, Leucorrhoea, internal bleeding hormorrhoids & hemorrhagic dysentery. Flowers are used in biliousness, memorrhagic dysentery & diabetes. Wood is used for plaugh & shafts.

Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 139,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:313,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:313,1922.

43

Botanical Name

:-

Schefflera venulosa Harms.

Family

:-

Araliaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Sukriruya, Sukrirun Santhal – Ban Semar Bengali - Jari.

A large evergreen climbing or epiphytic shrub with 5-7 foliolate leaves. Leaves elliptic, oblong, acuminate glabrous, cariaceous, petiole 3-12”, panicles glabrous, calyx truncate, petals 5-6, 3 nerved, style 0. Fruit sub globose, 5-6 angled. Seeds compressed, albumen uniform.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – June

Fruiting

:-

Whole year

Distribution

:-

Climbing on tree or rock or mountain, throughout India.

Indigenous acc. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:415,1922.

Botanical Name

:-

Schleichera oleosa Lour.

Family

:-

Sapindaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Kusum, Kasma Santha - Baru Santhal

A large handsome dense foliaged large evergreen tree with rough bark & slender branches. Leaves alternate, stiff, strongly nerved, oblong or ovate-oblong upto 21x10.5cm, secondary nerves 12-17 pairs, rounded emerginate at apex. Leaf segment lanceolate, very acute, base narrow. Petioles swollen, upto 1cm long. Flower very small, white in numerous lateral racemes, which are often panicled in the & appear with the new foliage which is coloured a fresh green or deep red. Sepal 5, imbricate, the 2 exterior ones, rounded smaller the other two. Petal 5, ovate elliptic, utpo 3mm long, stamen 10, inserted at the base of the disc, erect as long as spreading petals. Disc orbicular, 5-lobed, villous. Fruits a small fleshy drupe, glabose, upto 5mm diameter, red hairy with mucronate tip, 3 celled, 3 valved, truncate at the top, winged at the angles. Seeds smooth black.

Ref.-

44

Flowering

:-

February – March

Fruiting

:-

July – August

Distribution

:-

Very common in forest. Found in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Java. Its real home is hilly tract of central & southern tracts.

Uses

:-

It is a timber plant. Used for the cultivation of lac. Oil is used for treatment of skin diseases. Fruits are eaten.

Indigenous acc. to forest flora of Melghat 85,1985. Flora of Palamu district 159,2002. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:213,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:511,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Securinega obovata (Rox. Ex Willd) Pax & Holt. Syn. Flueggea obovata

Family

:-

Euphobriaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Pitojhi, Bari, Pitondi Santhal - Patri

A evergreen glabrous straggling climbing shrub with thin elliptic, oblicullar thin leaves, mostly 1 – 3” long, glaucous beneath. Flowers pedicellet, clustered in both sexes on filiform. Fruits pretty, with, 3” diameter. Bark thin, smooth.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – August

Fruiting

:-

July – September

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, in valley forest frequent. In all district of Jharkhand.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:123,1921.

Botanical Name

:-

Sesbania grandiflora Syn. Robinia grandiflora

Family

:-

Paplionaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

English – Basna, Swamp pea Hindi – Augusta, Hadga, heta, Berar Marathi – Agathio, Guj

A middle size soft wooded tree with smooth, light brown bark, straight stem & spreading branches. The young parts is pubescent. Rachis 15-25 cm long, not armed, leaflets 10-30 pairs, opposite, oblong, mucronate, glabrous, leaves paripinnate. Flowers large, white or red in 2-4 flowered racemes. Calyx teeth unequal, corolla -8 cm long. Fruit a long, slender pod, pod upto 30cm long, straight, compressed, 4 gonous & contain numerous seeds. Flowering

:-

September – November but through the winter into the hot weather.

Ref.-

Distribution

:-

It is a native of tropical & subtropical Asia but now grown in Jharkhand, Assam, Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Baroda & Tamilnadu.

Uses

:-

The young leaves, the flowers & fruits are eaten as vegetable. The plant is also used as a support for the betel vine.

Tropical garden plants by Bose, Chaudhary & Sharma. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:380,2000. Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa. 3:245, 1922. Flora of Palamu district 216, 2002. Forest flora of Melghat 106, 1985.

45

Botanical Name

:-

Shorea robusta Roxb.

Family

:-

Dipterocarpaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Sal, Sakhua Bengali – Shal Santhal – Serjom

A large deciduous tree to 50m tall & 3.5m girths. Bark dark brown usually furrowed, tough & fibrous. Leaves ovate, acuminate at apex cordate at base, glabrous, lateral vain about 12 pairs petiole 2-2.5cm long, stipules flalcate, pubescent, 0.7-1.2cm long, covering the young bud. Flowers sub sessile. Sepal 5, lanceolate, petal 5, creamcoloured, lanceolate acuminate, 12-13 nerved, 1-1.2 cm long with a twisted acumen, 12-13 nerved, 1-1.2cm long with a twisted acumen. Stamen numerous, usually around 50 with a very swollen base. Ovary 3 celled, pubescent, ovules 2 in each cell, anatropous, pendulous. Stigma 3 denticulate. Fruit ovoid, indehiscent, net like. 1-1.2cm long , beaked with style, wing linear oblong or spathulate, sub equal with 3 rather larger, 5-10cm long, 10-nerved.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

March – April

Fruiting

:-

June – August

Distribution

:-

Found largely in north, east & central India, also planted elsewhere in other parts of country. Very common in forest, roadsides.

Uses

:-

Wood is used chiefly for overhead electric, telegraph & telephone lines, railway sleepers & for construction work. Leaves are used for bidi-making & for preparing platters & cup-like articles for serving food. An oleoresin, obtained on tapping trunk, is used to caulk boats & ship in paints, varnishes & as an medicine.

Indigenous according to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 2:56,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2000. Flora of Palamu district 95,2002. Forest flora of Melghat.

Botanical Name

:-

Sida acuta L.

Family

:-

Malvaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Bariala, Bariyar, Kungyi Bengali – Barela

Erect, much branched, undershrub to 1m tall. Stems, petioles & pedicels stellate tomentose. Leaves ovate, rarely orbicular, cordate rounded or truncate at base, obtuse to acute at apex, stipules filiform. Flowers 1.2 – 1.5cm across, auxiliary, pedical 1 – 3mm, accrescent 2 cm. calyx 5 – 9mm across, camponulate, stellate pubescent, segments triangular. Petal 5, yellow or nearly white, obliquely obovate, tuencate at apex, ciliate at base. Staminal column 2.5 – 3mm long, glabrous. Ovary conical, stellate hairy. Carpel 10 – 8, seeds flattened reniform, 2 – 2.5mm across, brown or black.

Ref.-

46

Flowering

:-

August – December

Fruiting

:-

October – January

Distribution

:-

Throughout India. Tropic & sub tropic of the world. Very common in the field & way sides.

Uses

:-

Leaves are used as demulcent, febrifuge & in dysentery. Stem yields a cordge fibre. Infusion of root is given in urinary troubles. Powdered root is used with milk in leucorrhoea & frequent micturition.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:58,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:204,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 36,1985. Flora of Palamu district 104,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Smilex zeylanica L.

Family

:-

Acanthaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Ramdatwan

A stout prickly climber with stem sometimes 1” diameter below, zig zag leaves elliptic, ovate oblong, subcordate at base, cuspidate. Petiole 1.2 – 2.5 cm long, very shortly sheathing at base, jointed in middle. Umbels solitary or 2 – 3 on a common peduncle, many flowered. Peduncle 1.5 – 2cm long. Male flower : pedicels 5-6mm long, outer tepals linear, 4 – 6mm long, inner tepals much narrower. Stamens as long as outer tepals. Female flowers 1 – 1.2cm long, slightly elongating in fruit. Berries globose, red, 1.2cm in diameter.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

June – July

Fruiting

:-

October – December

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, particularly in hilly regions, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Malesia. Very common in forest & scrub jungles.

Uses

:-

Roots are given in venereal & skin diseases. Decoction of roots is used for sores, swellings & abscesses. Stem are used as datwan.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 6:1087,1924. Forest flora of Melghat 321,1985. Flora of Palamu district 609,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:1180,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Solanum ferox L.

Family

:-

Solanaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Kutmu

A large striking coarse herb or undershrub 2-4 ft. high, woolly tomentose & prickly stem, hair large & stalked. Leaves elliptic ovate, prickly & densely lanate & with large satellite hair beneath. Flowers about 0.6” dia. Short lateral. Calyx with broadly ovate or triangular lobes, hirsute. Corolla purple, densely villous outside. Fruits globose, densely hirsute seated on the calyx.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

November – January

Fruiting

:-

November – January

Habitat

:-

Common in forests, waste lands etc.

Distribution

:-

Through out India, Sri Lanka.

Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:611,1922.

47

Botanical Name

:-

Solanum surattense Burm.F.

Family

:-

Solanceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Rengini, Janum Santhal – Ringhi, Katakari Bengali – Bejari, Ankaranti, Kantikari

A diffuse, prostrate, horizontally branched annual, perinial, armed herbes. Woody at base. Leaves ovate, elliptic to oblong in outline, lacerate, pinnatifid, glabrous, obtuse or sub acture at apex, attenuate at base. Flowers 2 – 2.5cm across in 2 to 6 flowered lax to 10 cm long, extra axilliary cyme. Pedicel aculeatea. Corolla purple or blue, segment deltoid, stellate pubescent, 1 – 1.2cm. ovary stellate pubescent & glandular at top style glabrous, stigma in curved. Very globose, yellow or white, glabrous, seeds smooth, 2 -2.5mm in diameter.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

December – January

Fruiting

:-

December – January

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, S.E. Asia, Malesia, Australia. Common in waste places, along roadside, on sandy river beds, fields, rocks etc.

Uses

:-

The fruits are eaten in curries. Boiled in ghee they are given for couth & toothache. Root extract is given in cough, asthma & pain in chest. Stem, flowers & fruits are used in burning sensation in feet accompanied by vesicular watery eruptions. Fruit juice is used for sore throat. Juice of leaves mixed with black pepper used in rheumatism.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot Bihar & Orissa 4:613,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:619,2000. Flora of Palamu district 439,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 237,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Stereospermum chelonoides Dc. Syn. Bigonia suaveolens Roxb.

Family

:-

Bignoniaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Katsagwan, Pader Bengali – Parul Santhal - Pader

A large or moderate size, tomentose, deciduous tree, 10-18m tall. Bark grey smooth. Leaves large, entire, acuminate, petiolule, leaflets 5-9, imparipinnate, cariaceous. Flowers in large viscous hairy panicle. Calyx 3-lobed, glandular, campanulate, 5-lobed, acute. Corollar 3.5 cm long, crimson yellow, lobes crisped crenate, limb oblique, lobes rounded. Stamen 4, didynamous, included. Ovary 4-ribbged, capsule upto 45cm long, rough with tubercles, dark grey or purple, valves woody. Seeds trigonous, wedge shaped with across groove, thirly winged on both surface.

Ref.-

48

Flowering

:-

April – May

Fruiting

:-

October – February

Habitat

:-

Very common in forest or hilly region.

Distribution

:-

Throughout India, Sri Lanka, South East Asia, Myanmar.

Uses

:-

Grown as a avenue tree. Wood is employed for constructional work, planks & beams, furniture, cabinet work etc. Decoction of roots is used for fever, inflammatory chest affections of brain. Leaves are loped for fodder.

Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:656,1922. Flora of Palamu district 458,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:792,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 245,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Syzygium cumini Linn. Syn. Eugenia Jambolana

Family

:-

Myrtaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Jamun Santhal – So-kod Bengali – Kalajam, Jamakuli

A large evergreen tree. Bark smooth, branches terete, glabrous with shallow depressions caused by exfoliation. Leaves glabrous with oblong or elliptic oblong, acute or acuminate shining, cariocesous, 6-15 cm by 3-6 cm, usually shortly acuminate, gland dotted, base cuneate, petioles upto 2.5cm long, flower fragrant, tetramerous, small, greenish, subsessile in trichotomous panicles. Auxiliary cyme on old branches. Hypanthium turbinate 0.1 – 0.2” long. Calyx shortly turbinate, limb obscurely 4 lobed, zero in number. Petals usually 4, cream colour, calyptrate, berry ellipsoid or oblong, often curved. Varies much in size, shining black when ripe, juicy, 1 – 2.5cm long, crowned with persistant calyx limb. One seaded. The heartwood is reddish, hard & tough.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

May – June

Fruiting

:-

June – July

Distribution

:-

It is very common in forest. Found in India, Sri Lanka, Malaya. Easily grow in damp & swampy areas, mixed with other evergreen trees. It also occur along River & nalas. It is a very good avenue tree.

Uses

:-

Wood is used for building & agriculture implements. The bark is used in tanning, dyeing & in medicine, dant-manjan. Bark is used as a fuel. Fruits are eaten & given in stomachic, as a remedy in enlarged spleen & in chronic diarrhea. The vineagar is prepared from the juice of its fruits, which is very useful for stomach troubles. Seeds are useful in diabetes, diarrhea & dysentery. Seeds also used as a fodder.

Indigenous according to forest flora of Melghat 161, 1985. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:360,1922. Flora of Palamu District 258,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:417,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Tabernaementana divaricata (L) Burm. F.

Family

:-

Apocynaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Chanclni, Tagar English – Cape jasmine

A large shrub with erect, solid, branched, woody, latex present, glabrous, green, cylindrical. Leaves are simple, opposite, petiolate, margin smooth, apex acute, unicortate venation, large. Inflorescence cymose type. Flower white pedicellate, bracteate, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, complete, hypogynous. Calyx 5, gamosepalous, imbricate aestivation. Petal – 5, gamopetalous, forming a corolla tube, twisted aestivation. Androecium five, free, epipetalous, included in the corolla tube, introse two-celled, basifixed. Ovary-bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior or partly inferior, bilocular, axile plasentation, style, one, stigma simple, several ovule in each locule.

Ref.-

Distribution

:-

Found in tropical & sub tropical region. Found in road side as a hedge plants.

Uses

:-

Grown as an ornamental plants. The red pulp around seed is used as a dye. Wood is refrigerant. Milky juice is used for diseases of eye. Root is acrid, bitter, used as local anodyne & chewed for relief of toothache.

Indigenous acc to forest flora of Melghat 215, 1985. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4: 537,1922. Flora of Palamu district 390,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:578, 2000.

49

Botanical Name

:-

Tectona grandis

Family

:-

Verbinaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Sagwan, Rang Santhal – Sagun English – Teak

A large deciduous tree to 50m tall. Nodes & internodes present. Leaves decussate, very large, dropping, broadly elliptic, abruptly cuneate & prolonged at base into alata petiole, tomentose beneath. Terminal pavicle 30 – 60cm long, cyme opposite. Flower white, short pedicelled calyx light yellow or light green, 3 – 4.5mm ling & 3 – 3.5mm wide. Corolla white, tube 1.5 – 2.5mm long, lobes ovate – elliptic, 2.5 – 3mm long rounded at apex. Filament white glabrous. Anther yellow, style white, 3.5 – 5mm long pubescent. Drupe subglobose to 1.cm long & wide. Densely tomentose. Fruiting calyx to 2.5cm long & wide, chartaceous, bladder like, light brown & bright when white. Flowering :July – August Fruiting :November – January Deciduous :December – April Distribution :Through out India, Pakistan, Afganistan, Malesia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, West Indies, Thailand. Common in forest hedges, stream. Uses :Leaves are used astomic & vermifuge, their decoction is employed for catarrhal & rheumatic affection. Roots are used as febrifuge, divretic & anthelmintic. Fruits are used in diarrhea, fever & liver complaints. Ref.-

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa pt. 4:710,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district. Forest flora of Melghat 262,1985. Flora of Palamu district 492,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Ex. Dc.

Family

:-

Combretaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Arjun, Kahu Santhal – Kahua, Hatana.

A large evergreen tree with smooth with smooth dark, gray bark deeply cracked into oblong segments leaves sub opposite, ovate, elliptic, acute or acuminate at apex, obtuse at base, 10-20cm long, oblong or elliptic oblong, pale dull green above, pale brown beneath. Sub sessile, glabrous, flowers sessile, small, white in sort auxiliary spikes or terminal panicles, 0.2” in diameter. Fragment, bracteoles shorter than flowers, caduceus, receptacle upto 4mm long, compenulate. Calyx-glabrous, teeth triangular, minute. Stamen 10, much exerted ovary glabrous, disc hairy. Fruit 25cm long, drupaceous, avoid or abovoid oblong, fibrous, woody, brown, with 5-7 thick hard wings striated with many veins curving upwards. Seeds have often toothed & usually linear lenceolate, glabrous leaves & there are often 3 cotyledons which are very broadly cuneate. Sapwood whitish, heartwood dark brown. Flowering :May – July. Fruiting :March – April. Distribution :Native of India, commonly found in Sri Lanka. In Jharkhand it is found in forest or in the river banks. It is an excellent avenue tree. Uses :The wood is used for carts & agricultural implements. Bark is used for timber & tanning. Leaf juice used for ear-ache. Bark for tootache. Bark is also used in native practice as a tonic & astringent & is said to be useful in heart disease, contusions & ulcers. The drug exhibits hypotensive action with vasodilation & decreased heart rate. Ref.-

50

Indigenous according to Haines, Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 3:353,1922. Flora of Palamu district 252,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 155,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:433,2000.

Botanical Name

:-

Terminalia belerica Roxb.

Family

:-

Combretaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Bahera, Berar, Bibhitate Marathi – Bahedo Santhal – Behra, Bahera English – The beleric myrobalan.

A large deciduous tree with straight & tail trunk. Leaves sub opposite, hairy, 6-18 cm long, ovate or oblong ovate, elliptic, clustered at the end of the branchlets, acuminate, lateral nerves prominent. Petiole 1-2.5cm long, usually with 2 glands on the upper side. Flower greenish white or yellow 0.2 – 0.25” in diameter in solitary axilliary or extra axilliary spikes, 3-6” long, sessile, bisexual, bracts longer than the flower buds. Calyx lobes 5, short, triangular, limb cup-shaped. Stamen -10. fruit are dark brown to black tomentose, subglobose or pyriform showing only faint furrows when dry. Taste in astringent, 1.3-2cm in length, obscurely 5 angled. Wood is yellowish. The furits are pulpy with hard & strony seeds. Flowering :March – May Fruiting :January – February Deciduous :February – March Distribution :Found in all deciduous mixed forest generally in Sal forest of India upto an altitude of 1000m. It is found in abaundance in Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Punjab & also in Sri Lanka & Malaya. Uses :It yield timber. Wood is used in packing cases & house building. Fruits are used for tanning & dyeing. It is eaten by animals, mainly monkey & deers. Tree yield gums mainly eaten by sontals. Fruits are used as an astringent & in the treatment of dyspepsia & diarrhoea. It is a constitute of Triphala. The purgative property of half ripe fruit is due to the presence of fixed oil. The oil on hydrolysis yield on irritant recipe. Gum is used as demulcent & purgative. Oil is used for the manufacture of soap. Ref.-

Indigenous according to Kokate, Purohit, Gokhale. A book of pharmacognosy 258,2002. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:352,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 155,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:434,2000. Flora of Palamu district 252,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Terminalia chebula Retzr.

Family

:-

Combretaceae.

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Karitaki, Hara. Santhal – Rola Bengali – Haritaki, Kasa phal English – Chebutic Myrobalan

A medium or large sized deciduous tree with a rounded crown. Leaves sub-opposite ovate or elliptic, acute or acumirate at apex, obtuse at base, 6-18cm long, hairy, lateral nerves prominent, nerves 10-12 pairs, villous beneath, with glands on upper side of petiole. Flowers in terminal panicles, from axile of upper new leaves, bisexual, sessile, whitish yellow, bisexual, bracts longer tan the flower buds. Calyx hairy inside, calyx lobes 5, short, triangular, limb cup-shaped. Stamen 10. fruit ellipsoid, 20-25mm long & 15-25mm wide, yellowish brown, odourless, astringent, slightly bitter & sweetish at the end, ovate or wrinkled longitudinally, glabrous 5-ribbed when dry, due to 5-ribbed endocarp. The heart wood is pale or dark brown with a greenish tinge, fairly durable. Flowering

:-

April - May

Fruiting

:-

November - February.

51

Ref.-

Distribution

:-

Found in India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Malysia. In India it is found in the sub-Himalayan tracks from Ravi to West Bengal, Assam & in all deciduous forest of India specially in Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal, Jharkhand. In Jharkhand it is commonly found in forest.

Uses

:-

Tree yield an oil, applied to hair & also used for rheumatic swelling. Fruit is mainly eaten by animal mainly chital. Fruit pulp is used to cure bleeding. It is used as an astringent, laxative, stomachic & tonic. It is an ingredient of Ayurvedic preparation 'Triphla' used for treatment of variety of ailments.

Indigenous according to Kokate, Purohit, Gokhale. A book of Pharmacognosy 258,2002. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 3:352,1922. Forest flora of Melghat 154,1985. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:436,2000. Flora of Palamu district 253,2002.

Botanical Name

:-

Thespesia lampas Dalz.

Family

:-

Malvaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Bankapas Santhal – Jangli Bhendi Ho – Bir Katsom Bengali – Bankapasi

A stout undershrub, 0.5 – 2.5 m tall. Lower leaves large, 6 – 12cm across, orbicular, cordate at base, deeply 3 – 5 lobed, acuminate, upper leaves smaller, broadly ovate or oblong, stellate hairy above. Petiole 0.5 – 1.5cm long, stipules linear to subulate, flowers solitary, auxiliary pedicels 4 – 8mm long, slightly accrescent, ointed above middle. Epicalyx segments 4 – 6. calyx 6 – 8mm long, slightly accrescent, sericeous inside on bottom. Corolla campanulate, petals above, rounded at apex. Ovary conical, densely hairy, 5 celled. Capsule globose to ovoid, 5 angular, hairy, black, usually dehising seed 8 – 14 per cell, hairy, angular. Flowering :August – October Fruiting :October – December Distribution :Throughout India, South East Asia, East Africa. Very common in forest. Uses :It yields strong fibre which is useful for fabrics cordate & fishing nets. Roots & fruits are used for treating gonorrhoea & syphilis. Floral parts are beneficial against cutaneous diseases. Ref.-

Indigenous to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:70,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:208,2000. Flora of Palamu district 108,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 42,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Tinospora cordifolia Miers

Family

:-

Menispermaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Sanskrit – Gurach, Guruchi Hindi – Amrita, Giloe, Gulanda Marathi – Giroli

A wood shrub climer with twining succulent corkes stems & sometimes twised petioles & cordate leaves. Stem succulent, corky entirely glabrous, seriate when young. Leaves 8-10 cm long, roundish or lobed, base deeply cordate, basal nerve 7, petiole 5-8 cm long, flowers in auxiliary or terminal racems or from the old wood, yellow, minute, pedicels, bracts lanceolate. Male flower fascicled, sepals 6in 2-series, the outer 3 minute, the inner 3 larger. Petal 6, clawed, stamen 6, filaments free. Female flowers usually solitary, sepal & petal as in the male flower. Staminodes 6, carpel 3 with short style & lobed stigmas, dropes 1-3, ovoid smooth, red when ripe.

52

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

August – December

Fruiting

:-

March – May

Distribution

:-

Throughout tropical parts of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. Common in hedge & thickes & also in forest, on trees in moist shady places along nallas, kolkay.

Uses

:-

The entire plants is used as medicine. It is a valuable tonic. Stem is used in dyspepria, fever like Dengue & chickengunia & urinary diseases. Leaf decoction is given 1n gout. Root is emetic & used for viscesal obstruction is watery extract is used in leprosy. Pulverized fruit is used for jaundice & rheumatism.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. of Bihar & Orissa 1:17,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:73,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 20,1968.

Botanical Name

:-

Urena lobata L.

Family

:-

Malvaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Santhal – Bhidi janetet

An erect, much branched, hairy, perennial shrub, or herb to 1.5m high. Leaves variable, rhomboid, rounded at base, acute at apex, pennilobed, 3-9 nerved at base, palmilobed. Stipules lanceolate, 2-4mm long. flowers axillary, solitary or 2-3 in a cluster. Cpicalyx 7-8mm long. calyx 5-6mm long, petals obovate, stellate hairy without. Anthers purple, stigma dark purple, mericarp with a short acumen. Seeds reniform, glabrescent, brown 2.5-3.5mm across.

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

October – December

Fruiting

:-

October – December

Habitat

:-

Found in river bank, waste places, road sides etc.

Distribution

:-

Hotter parts of India, tropic of both hemisphere.

Uses

:-

Stem yields a fibre which is used for ropes, carpets, cardage, linoleum, netting & fishing lines. Roots are used as divretic. Decoction of stem & root is used for flatulent colic. Infusion of flowers is used in sore throat.

Indigenous acc. to Haiens Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:62,1921. Flora of Palamu district 108,2002. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:210,2000. Forest flora of Melghat 38,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Vitex negundo L.

Family

:-

Verbenaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Sindwar, Shivari Santhal – Sinduwar Sanskrit - Nirgandi

A aromatic dediduous shrub or small trees to 8m tall. Branches obtusely quadrangular, silvery tomentose. Leaves decussate, cuneate to short attenuate at base, dark green & glabrous above, sessile or sub-sessile. Petioles 2.5 – 6cm long, panicles terminal. Calyx obconic cyathiform, 1.5 – 2mm long & wide. Corolla hypocarateriform. Blue or pale blue. Stamen & pistil shortly exserted. Drupe globose, glabrous, purple or black.

53

Ref.-

Flowering

:-

June – September

Fruiting

:-

June – September

Distribution

:-

Native of Zangibar. Throughout India, Iran, Afgansitan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Japan, Asia, North America, Thailand. Very common in forests, fanncings near house, waste ground.

Uses

:-

Leaves are used as tonic & vermifuge their decoctionis employed for catarrhal & rheumatic affections. Roots are used as febrifuge, divrective, anthelmintic, fruits are used in diarrhea, fever & liver complaints.

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4:711,1922. Flora of Hazaribagh district 2:682,2000. Flora of Palamu district 493,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 265,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Vitis quadrangularis

Family

:-

Vitaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Harjora Bengali - Harbhanga

Fleshy climber, stem jointed, internode 4 winged, often with a tendril a nodes, leaves brodly ovate, cordate, crenate, serrate, glabrous stipules, foliaceous, ovate. Flowers in umbellate cymes. Berries upto 7mm in dia. 1-seeded. Flowering :August – December Fruiting :August – December Distribution :Throughout India, Nepal, Pakistan, common in village surrounding. Uses :Young shoots edible & root used as remedy of fracture. Ref.-

Indigenous acc. to Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:200,1921. Flora of Palamu district 154,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 82,1985.

Botanical Name

:-

Ziziphus mauritiana Lamn. Syn. Z. jujuba

Family

:-

Rhamnaceae

Vernacular Name

:-

Hindi – Ber Bangali – Ber, Bar, Boyer, Baro

A thorny large shrub or small tree often with dropping branches, armed with hooked prickles. Young parts pubescent. Leaves oblong or ovate, dark green, densly tomentose beneath, usually serrulate, shining glabrous above, base 3 nerve, petiole, very short, prickles 1-2. Flowers small, greenish yellow in dense axilliary tomentose cymes or fascicles. Calyx 05, pubescent outside, glabrous within. Petals concave, small, spathulate, white, concave. Disc 10 lobed. Stamen enclosed in petals. Ovary 2 chambered, immersed in disc, globose or avoid, yellow or red, fleshy. Wood is globose hard, compact, tough, reddish. Flowering :March – October Fruiting :January – March Distribution :Tropical Asia & Australia. Common in forest, villages, along road sides. Uses :Wood is used for agriculture implements, cri mills & very good for fuel, charcoal. Lac is prepared on its branches. The fruit is eaten. It is believed to purify the blood. The bark contain much tannin & is remedy in diarrhea & when powdered is used for dressing unhealthy wounds. Ref.-

54

Indigenous according to flora of Palamu district 149,2002. Forest flora of Melghat 77,1985. Haines Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2:194,1921. Flora of Hazaribagh district 1:488,2000.

1. Acacia catechu

2. Acacia nilotica

3. Acacia pinnata

4A. Acalypha hispida

4B. Acalypha wilkesiana macrophyla

4C. Acalypha sp.

4D. Acalypha wilkesiana tricolor

4E. Acalypha wilkesiana tahiti

5. Achyranthes aspera

6. Adina cardifolia

7. Aegle marmelos

8. Albizia stipulata

9. Alstonia scholaris

10. Antidesma acidum

11. Artocarpus heterophyllus

12. Artocarpus lakoocha

13. Asparagus recemosus

14. Azadirachta indica

15. Bauhinia tomentosa

16. Bauhinia purpurea

17. Buchanania lanzan

18. Butea monosperma

19. Calliandra hybrida

20. Calotropis gigantea

21. Carissa carandas

22. Casearia graveolens

23. Cassia fistula

24. Cassia javanica

25. Cassia nodosa

26. Cassia siamea

27. Cedrela toona

28. Cinnamomum tamala

29. Cinnamomum zeylanicum

30. Citrus limon

31. Cleodendrum viscosum

32. Croton oplongifolius

33. Dalbergia latifolia

34. Dalbergia sissoo

35. Datura sp.

36. Delonix elata

37. Delonix regia

38. Derris indica

39. Diospyros melonoxylon

40. Elephantopus scaber

41. Erythrina variegata

42. Euforbia ligularia

43. Ficus benghalensis

44. Ficus cunia

45. Ficus hispida

46. Ficus racemosa

47. Ficus religiosa

48. Gardenia latifolia

49. Gmelina arborea

50. Helicteres isora

51. Hemidesmus indicus

52. Holarrhena antidysentrica

53. Holoptelea integrifolia

54. Kirganelia reticulata

55 A. Lagerstroemia indica

55 B. Legerstroemia indica

56. Lagerstroemia parviflora

57. Legerstroemia speciosa

58. Leucaena leucocephala

59. litsea glutinosa

60. Madhuca longifolia

61. Mangifera indica

62. Melia azedarach

63. Michelia champaca

64. Miliusa velutina

65. Murraya koenigii

66. Neolamarckia cadamba

67. Nerium oleander

68. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

69. Odina wodier

70. Peltophorum ferrugineum

71. Peucedanium dhara

72. Phyllanthus emblica

73. Phyllanthus niruri

74. Polyalthia longifolia

75 A. Polyscias fruticosa

75 B. Polyscias balfouriana

76. Prosopis spicigera

77. Pterocarpus marsupium

78. Pterocarpus santalinus

79. Pterospermum acerifolium

80. Punica granatum

81. Santalum album

82. Sapindus emarginatus

83. Saraca asoca

84. Schefflera venulosa

85. Schleichera oleosa

86. Securinega obovata

87.Sasbania grandiflora

88. Shroea robusta

89. Sida acuta

90. Smilex zeylanica

91. Solanum ferox

92. Solanum surattense

93. Stereospermum chelonoides

94. Syzygium cumini

95.Tabernaementana divarica

96. Tectona grandis

97. Terminalia arjuna

98. Terminalia belerica

99.Terminalia chebula

100. Thespesia lampas

101. Tilospora cordifolia

102. Urena lobata

103. Vitex negundo

104. Vitis quadragularis

105. Ziziphus mauritiana