Biochemistry

CHAPTER-1 PROTEIN 1- What is the primary structure of protein? ( definition, abbreviation, of 20 standard amino acids, major bonds) 2- What is the secondary structure of protein?(definition, major bonds, types) 3- What is the tertiary structure of proteins?( major bonds) 4- What is the denaturation of protein?(definition and factors) CHAPTER-2 NUCLEIC ACID 1- What is the primary structure of DNA?(definition, basic unit, major bonds) 2- What is the secondary structure of DNA?(definition, major bonds) 3- What is the primary structure of RNA?(definition, basic unit, major bonds) 4- What is the secondary structure of RNA? (Structure pattern, two parts associated to the function? CHAPTER-3 ENZYME 1- What is enzyme? 2- As a biocatalyst, how many characteristics does enzyme have? 3- What is the specificity of enzyme?(definition and classification) 4- What is coenzyme?(definition, the relationship between the coenzyme and VB) 5- How many factors can affect the activity of enzyme? CHAPTER-4 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 1- What is glycolysis?(definition, rate-limited enzymes and relations, significance) 2- What is kreb’s cycle?(rate-limited enzymes and reactions, characteristics) 3- What is the significance of pentose phosphate pathway or PPP? 4- What is the significance of aerobic oxidation of glucose? 5- What is gluconeogenesis?(definition, materials, major reactions, rate limited enzymes and reactions) 6- What is glycogen?(definition, rate-limited enzymes and reactions) 7- What are the sources and fates of BS? 8- How can hormones regulate BS level?( name of hormones, results of regulation) CHAPTER-5 LIPID METABOLISM 1- What is the metabolism of lipoprotein?(sources and fate) 2- What is B-oxidation of fatty acid?(major steps) 3- What is ketobody?(definition, component, formation, utilization, ketosis) 4- How many type of substances does cholesterol turn into the human body? 5- What is lecithin?( chemical composition) CHAPTER-6 AMINO ACID METABOLISM 1- What is essential amino acid?(definition and names) 2- What is combinative deamination?(definition, enzymes) 3- What is metabolism of A-ketoacid? 4- What are the sources of ammonia? 5- What is ornithine cycle or urea cycle? 6- What is single carbon unit?( definition, carries and name of common single carbon units)

CHAPTER-7 THE SYNTHESIS OF DNA 1- What is semi conservative replication? 2- What is the system of DNA replication?(substrates, enzymes and others) 3- The definition of DNA damage and the types of DNA damage? 4- The definition of DNA repairing and the types of DNA repairing. Excision. 5- What is reverse transcription? CHAPTER-8 THE SYNTHESIS OF RNA 1- What is the system of transcription?(substrate and RNA polymerase in prokaryote and eukaryote) 2- State the procedure of transcription? 3- State the post transcriptional processing of mRNA? 4- What is exon and intron? CHAPTER-9 THE SYNTHESIS OS PROTEIN 1- What is system of translation or protein synthesis?(substrate, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, enzymes and others) 2- State the definition of triplet code and the characteristic of genetic code? 3- State the procedure of protein synthesis on detail? 4- What is post translational processing? CHAPTER-10 GENE ENGINEERING 1- Enzyme in gene engineering? 2- Procedures of gene engineering?