Bio Intro

SCIENTIFIC METHOD THE GOAL OF SCIENCE IS TO INVESTIGATE AND UNDERSTAND NATURE. OBSERVATION INVOLVES USING ONE OR MORE OF THE SENSES TO GATHER INFORMATION (DATA): QUANTITATIVE – INVOLVES NUMBERS TO COUNT OR MEASURE QUALITATIVE – CHARACTERISTICS THAT CANNOT EASILY BE MEASURED INFERENCE – LOGICAL INTERPRETATION BASED ON PRIOR KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE.

HYPOTHESIS – TESTABLE EXPLANATION FOR OBSERVATIONS OR A POSSIBLE ANSWERTO A SCIENTIFIC QUESTION. A HYPOTHESIS CANNOT BE PROVEN; ONLY SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTATION. SCIENTIFIC METHOD: STEPS THAT ALL SCIENTISTS USE TO GATHER INFORMATION AND SOLVE PROBLEMS. 1. STATE/DEFINE THE PROBLEM (RESEARCH INFORMATION ABOUT THE SUBJECT)

2. FORM A HYPOTHESIS. THIS SHOULD BE A STATEMENT AND NOT A QUESTION.

3.

TEST THE HYPOTHESIS BY PERFORMING A CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT (ONLY ONE VARIABLE IS CHANGED BETWEEN THE CONTROL GROUP AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP) a. INDEPENDENT (MANIPULATED) VARIABLE – CONDITION CHANGED BY EXPERIMENTER b. DEPENDENT (RESPONDING) VARIABLE – RESPONSE THAT IS MEASURED

4. COLLECT DATA AND OBSERVE RESULTS 5. ANALYZE RESULTS 6. DRAW CONCLUSIONS (SUPPORT, REJECT OR CHANGE HYPOTHESIS AND RETEST) 7. PUBLISH RESULTS/REPEAT INVESTIGATION. IF AN EXPERIMENT CANNOT BE REPEATED, RESULTS ARE NOT CONSIDERED VALID. THEORY – WELL-TESTED EXPLANATION THAT IS SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTATION, BUT IS NOT CONSIDERED THE ABSOLUTE

TRUTH. A THEORY MAY BE REVISED OR REPLACED BY A MORE USEFUL EXPLANATION. SCIENTIFIC LAW – AN EVENT THAT IS ALWAYS TRUE UNDER A GIVEN SET OF CIRCUMSTANCES.

BIOLOGY – STUDY OF LIVING THINGS. ALL LIVING THINGS (ORGANISMS) POSSESS CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS: ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF OF CELLS 2. LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE 1.

a. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – TWO PARENTS PRODUCE NON-IDENTICAL OFFSPRING b. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – SINGLE PARENT PRODUCES IDENTICAL OFFSPRING 3. ALL LIVING THINGS GROW (INCREASE AND SIZE) AND DEVELOP (CHANGE) AND HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN. 4. LIVING THINGS OBTAIN AND USE MATERIALS FOR ENERGY TO CARRY OUT LIFE FUNCTIONS. METABOLISM IS ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN WHICH AN ORGANISM BUILDS UP (ANABOLISM) OR BREAKS DOWN (CATABOLISM) MATERIALS.

5. LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOP ADAPTATIONS TO INCREASE THEIR CHANCES OF SURVIVAL. 6. LIVING THINGS MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT (HOMEOSTASIS) 7. POPULATIONS OF LIVING THINGS CHANGE (EVOLVE) OVER TIME. 8. LIVING THINGS HAVE A UNIVERSAL GENETIC CODE.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZING LIFE BIOSPHERE – ALL ECOSYSTEMS ON EARTH

ECOSYSTEM – LIVING COMMUNITIES AND SURROUNDINGS COMMUNITY – DIFFERENT POPULATIONS LIVING IN A DEFINED AREA POPULATION – ORGANISMS OF THE SAME SPECIES LIVING IN THE SAME AREA ORGANISM – INDIVIDUAL LIVING THING ORGAN SYSTEM – ORGANS WORKING TOGETHER

ORGAN – GROUP OF TISSUES WORKING TOGETHER TISSUE – SIMILAR CELLS WITH A COMMON FUNCTION CELL – FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE MADE UP OF MANY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS.

IN ORDER TO STAY ALIVE, ORGANISMS MUST PERFORM CERTAIN ACTIVITIES:

1.

NUTRITION – ORGANISMS USE MATERIALS FROM ENVIRONMENT AND CHANGE THEM INTO FORMS THEY CAN USE. a. INGESTION b. ABSORPTION c. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2. TRANSPORT – SUBSTANCES TRAVEL INTO AND OUT OF CELLS a. DIRECT CONTACT WITH ENVIRONMENT (AMEBA)

b. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (HUMANS) 3. RESPIRATION – PROCESS THAT OCCURS IN THE CELL INVOLVING THE RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM FOOD a. AEROBIC (REQUIRES OXYGEN) b. ANAEROBIC (WITHOUT OXYGEN) 4. SYNTHESIS – ORGANISMS MUST BE ABLE TO FORM COMPLEX MOLECULES IN ORDER TO GROW AND DEVELOP

5. EXCRETION – REMOVAL OF WASTE PRODUCTS THAT AN ORGANISM CANNOT USE 6. REGULATION OF INTERNAL ACTIVITIES TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS 7.

REPRODUCTION – ALTHOUGH INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS NEED NOT REPRODUCE TO SURVIVE, THE SPECIES MUST BE ABLE TO REPRODUCE OR IT WILL BECOME EXTINCT.

TO STUDY THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE, BIOLOGISTS USE A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM TO NAME ORGANISMS AND GROUP THEM IN A LOGICAL MANNER. ORGANISMS ARE GROUPED INTO

SIX KINGDOMS DEPENDING ON THEIR CHARACTERISTICS: EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA METRIC SYSTEM THE METRIC SYSTEM IS A DECIMAL SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT (MULTIPLES OF 10). IT IS THE STANDARD MEASUREMENT FOR ALL SCIENTIFIC WORK. UNIT MEASUREMENT METER (m)

LENGTH

GRAM (g)

WEIGHT

LITER (L)

VOLUME

KILO HECTO DEKA UNIT DECI CENTI MILLI 1000 0.01 (k) (m)

100 10 0.001 (h)

1 (da)

0.1 (d)

(c)