Big Ipa Checklist

BIG IPA CHECKLIST -Standard American Speech-

VOWELS • ALL are VOICED

.

• ~, lAo , .1 ,.h,

occur only in one-syllable words or in stressed syllables. If UNstressed, S" ~ aIL .

u.

~ "U'

i~.:t Or any can become :;:::

a

• a is NEVER STRESSED • -ed endings are J: d. ie. I n.o\rt. ::t d..

tie. W-:>·k..f:.'" (ie-preceded by an unvoiced consonant)

cJ.. ie. -p.tcen.cl (if preceded by a voiced cons. or vowel)

Ih a s m .:r st:c r :t a s 1: • -ious

-ous ie. I p r s

endings { ;;) S

efo

a~~~tras

vas

-DOUS

• -ience

endings

= :tans

o\"

an.ca

. /'~ -.r::. texd.:r.at1.S pel:Jan. s

I....

~

• be, de, pre, re prefixes that are Unstressed are

. • ing is ALWAYS

r~

,"

ie. b.rk~: z..

d .l'. t):. f'1. cL ~

prf~E!Vl-t

never.:1.t) J.

•

T

r:tv t u..

..

• MODIFICATION of :c :: :1. -::=. ~ J occurs in Unstressed endings ofie, ies ied, y or compound words with y

7

== leV

ie./ha=p::t.l. 'y"E.r:r.J.z. j'tneerJ:..l.cL,

r:c.J.e:x:n J

• aa Use with spellings ang, ank, anch, I Betjqcrr-/ bae" ka'l' / ~tJk"'"J:~

, • 0 must be Unstressed and is almost always in the 1 syllable. RARE ie. obe'1 • IN ALL OTHER CASES ~ atr ie. eM ?(\. / J~ / ·ALL I-SYLLABLE WORDS ARE c:nr I

st

0

.!) has au, aw, ai, ou spellings j) has ospellings

and

~

ie.

ko-t) boft-UW1)

SW1lJ /

ie.

'::>4. a- rr1

/

l

'1~1e~

c::,..,WlW1on,

+r~)

I b:) ~ t>.t

h,Pt!'I 'b m rr / 'K PrYl a-rL

W'P:/ / M:P-t ~ / WP2..

I

/

9::tf:.h

+r'P tn

Sl1.ci

~ ~:>ta

/

'P V

• 1')a..4~ c:l.. 1 d.v-a..wt~ . Ie. r

0... has a spellings and is usually FOREIGN

#

YV\. i ..-~ .e,..

a

• LITTLE words: of, from, what, was, the, a are ieo aV

• DIPHTHONGS

....

CA.L.'Vl )

when UNSTRESSED

j-trarn / Maih/wa7../~a / d

a:c = a

::t

....

e.:t. l1li e

:r

• i and u ARE NEVER USED IN DIPHTHONGS

.DIPHTHONGSOFr

.:t~

a~ ~ j~ tr~

NEVERUSE ~ Occur at the end of a word or when the next sound is a consonant If you see a VOWEL on either side of any r sound s-t~ r :s: the r MUST change to a CONS~NANT r .... ie... e.... 1. h~::::. h:r.~ v. \.. v,

iF 1t

- ina) OJ

heAA"'I' ~J :: 'h:r r.:r: JV)

9

c:.01I\.C7. r

This rule applies in a single word OR in a phrase where you are linking: I I ie. never' ~DU' V') ;; ru:.va r-...- a~~n..

't

pr'"~ e t

:=

,.... ....

.

CONSONANTS

~ TWO KINDS - voiced - feel vibration on throat

.J.h

p r':r..PEt3 r,-" :t:."1:.

bJ

Z ,

J ) r

voiceless or unvoiced - no vibration -I: J k j f , 5

• COGNATES - the "mirror image" of a consonant, whereby the sound is pro­

duced with the articulators in the same postion, but with added

voice

• ALL Plosives have cognates p- b t . ~ It.. - '3 I he

J.

• ASPIRATION of p, t, k occurs when foUowed by a vowel sound kae.t'\~'X.

when followed by a stop or pause c:Lovn-t

when followed by I t l :t:.thA,.

*second semester, amend these rules to apply only in stressed syllables

• dr and tr spellings are always • str spellings are always

51:' Y'

1::. rand NEVER

dr

fi r

NEVER

1'r

and

dar'

,

•

• ng spellings are always

a

· e voiceless - theta (think GREEK, as in "Theatre came from Greece") ~ voiced - runic (think "da" as in 'da bums" Brooklynese)

• sand z endings as plural, possessive, or conjugated verb: I " s - follows an Unvoiced consonant ie. h'tJp~ I r:cks Raeti.

z -follows a VOICED consonant or a VOWEL ie. rAt\,7,. j':r:J..sa. / dp9'Z.

h • When "have to" means "must" use haef.f. u.. .Usedto

ju..:i.. . . -e"u..

• Supposed to

-

(~'t..t

lV\eaAI\CSI/'lAJ"4e;.

S~~O,f~ ....... t.~ (IA'~ it

• L - CLEAR when followed by a vowel sound

;JI\.~kA..toi.t") ft

MlZ.aM.lP 1Ic;bu.,Ld

.Q.i

ie.

DARK when followed by a consonant or a pause

! 1.,A"J.. I

ie.

)

J. /

7I.

In'

b J:..t. j"! V

f\r! / ~ ().1J.J. cL /

'sAt h~

I '

ea.. . ~.:r ra"-'

ie. ~Eo cL ie./t: :t'!)

• R consonant occurs when the nrst sound in the word is r when it is followed by a vowel sound

*notice, it should always begin a syllable if it can, and you will see it followed by a vowel in the IPA • h, w, j - NEVER occur at the ends of words Never before ing ie·'S Ii i :r. !)

~ .Withis

w:r..a

ie. 0

... h .. 011

J

unless the next word begins with

"-.:::..- noW

e

ie.

w:r.~ei . .;t~

'::1

.. ju glide - occurs in the spellings t, d, n, th with u, eu, ue, ew following

. tju..l"'\

Ie.

~

I cD'uk'"/ nj u../-ljuoz.d.::t..../ dJ'u..!

and ~ art o~tional ~nd usually reserved for heightened texts

Ie. SJ.l.i::: I:r.t'\ LJLt."-' ~V

.

NEVER use it with an 0 in the s~elling (except for "you" ju..)

or with consonants blends

ie. ~e.., ~-e.) ~~e.,) +r-w't

., "Chew" - avoid c:l:s:d~ and

d:t:d..ju.

k -keep the ju clear in these Combos

k.ae.rn h

I
..,

't1. ~ Wa.'U'

d u..' l:!J

. '='

t1. t rel="nofollow">

W0

C"'~ t:5u.~e~ ~ )

STRESS • ALL MULTISYLLABIC WORDS f h ... II • PRIMARY - indicated above and to the left or on the vowel ie. d:r e·:I;l:. • SECONDARY - some polysyllabic words have a secondary stress that is indi­ cated below and to the left. It usually occurs when the word is more than 3 syllables

t:

•

-- J

Ie. \.:td.:l:.0 s:r.

also

Vk r as:r:.J.

un - as a prefIX often gets secondary stress, especially in Shakespeare and other heightened texts I

,A n.M. n,

ie.

J'..n.r:t:m~kdb~ \

BUT it can also be Unstressed

'-? d'V\ an.a..r) Y\, ... ~. Lit r:t Wt..a.lr f\ a ~ t;;1

• RULES that apply for primary stress also hold for secondary stress.

LINKING • AIDS flow and affects rhythm. Usually reflects our natural speech I

....

• RULES: i 1) consonant to same consonant ie. h 13t... . : t. ad.ex

ie. hpt.__ d.0.9 .

2) consonant to its cognate ie. n.o-t.. . . . ::t.'€ .~aeiJdYu

3) consonant to any vowel ..... 4) vowel to any vowel ie. Va :L"",c'ile.no.._ .ax. • If you choose to pause or stop, linking does -:=;. not occur

.

• R between words becomes a consonant and links (see diphthongs of r section)

ie.

n.:r.e r...... ~ +'~ V\:C ar....... ::r. 'Z..

SYLLABles • The only syllable without a vowel, so short a distance from consonant to the

Next consonant that there is no room for you to say a

• I, m, and n only

• • • •

NEVER stressed, and usually at the end of a word NEVER one-syllable (except in lnjrwal spee~ ~. hi.. . r,v.... .a%) ., CONTRACTIONS: lJ.::rclnt. 'lGu-clnt / hcevl1.i:.h /wP2.l;t:t. I ...' • TRENDS: m - sm, zm endings - Sl'~ZM.. /':J?rtA; .nJ::.'Z.h1 .' tl, n - tten, tton, dden, den endlDgs - /bAt~ /'tjf..~ ~~";U

I

1- able, ible,ble,ttle,ddle endings -

~ :t.t~ / 'tzsab.f / e.x.6~

HINT: the closer the consonant sound before the m, n, or I in your mouth to the m, n, or l, the more likely it is to be syllabic ie. .tn ,dn, nt, zm,

YES

kan, gan,

NOT syllabic

•

••

I

LENGTH 3 kinds: Full : ,Half • ,Short VOWELS: 5 ONLY

.=rc

.

1.

RULES for FULL:

HALF:

1) Must be stressed or I-syll +l".i: AJ.J1lz) Final sound o~3) Followed by up to 2(1 or 2) voiced consonants .f'r.in.. b a-'; )'\ "Z-

1) Must be stressed or I-syll Iru... %"l"U *3) Followed by up to 2(1 or 2)Su.ts voiceless consonants ce.p.4) Followed by 1 voiced then 10 t~ 1 voiceless consonant ~. n

ArJ"1I2) Followed by a vowel

DIPHTHONGS: 5 ONLY FULL or NONE - No half length for diphthongs

I

I . RULES: 1) Must be stressed or I-syU t:.ao.e~· .£a.~

AtJ'O 2) Must be in FINAL SYLLABLE ~ EXCEPTIONS

ANl(3) Any consonant (up to 2 following) MUST be voiced

d:r.cs'a-$cL d I. $ 8 ~ 5 :r." d I:Vai.s

y'Z~

!

NO ~ ( '7 e IS ~ ~ )

No 1 L Sf!6~? )