Bfa Moducle 2 Presentation

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CONTENT PAGE Lesson 1: DR ABC –

Lesson 2: 1 manUnconsciousCPR

Lesson 3: Burns & Scalds

-ness

Lesson 4:

Lesson 5:

Lesson 6:

Heat

Poisoning

Asphyxia

Exhaustion

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DRABC Heart and Lungs Mechanism Full Body Examination

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Objectives By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Understand what is DR ABC in First Aid Perform DR ABC when approaching casualty Understand the basics of the heart and lungs Perform a fullSt.body examination on 25- Feb-06 John Ambulance Brigade Zone 6

DEFINITON OF DR ABC is for Danger  



Check accident scene Always ensure the safety of yourself and any bystanders. Only attempt to assist the casualty once everyone’s’ safety has been guaranteed.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DEFINITON OF DRABC (cont’) is for Response  

Perform checks for signs of consciousness Some useful ways of checking this include: ? Can the casualty hear your voice ? Can they open and close their eyes ? Are there any movements ? Do they respond to touch 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DEFINITON OF DRABC (cont’) is for Airway  

 

Check that the airway is clear Clear if necessary by removing blockages in throat (such as tongue or vomit). Place casualty's head in appropriate position. Care should be taken not to make anything worse but the airway MUST be cleared if it is blocked.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DEFINITON OF DRABC (cont’) is for Breathing 

Check if the casualty is breathing is for Circulation

 

Check for presence of a pulse. If present, is it weak, strong, unusually fast? 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Now refresh your memory

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Heart Mechanism

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

ed

ena Oxyg blood

ted

Oxyge n blood ated

t na

Ox bl yge oo d nat

ed

ge y Ox od blo

25- Feb-06

De-oxygenated The newly blood flows from oxygen-rich all blood (shown in parts of the body red) returns to to the heart and the right atrium. enters the left After, it flows to atrium the right ventricle. Blood is pumped Oxygenated blood flows from to the lungs the left ventricle where blood to all parts of the takes in oxygen body and the and is now whole process known as St. John Ambulance Brigade repeats again. oxygenated

Zone 6

Heart Mechanism (cont’) The heart beats approximately 72 times per minute. Each time the heart beats, it sets up a wave of pressure along the main arteries. This is the pulse wave and it can be felt. Each heartbeat consists of two phrases, the diastole and the systole. Diastole, the cardiac muscles relax, allowing blood to flow to the heart. Systole, the ventricles contract pumping blood to the body and lungs. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Now recap your memory again

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Lungs Mechanism As you breathe in, air enters your nose through the nostrils. The nostrils lead to the nasal cavity. Both the nostrils and the nasal cavity are lined with mucous membrane. The mucous membrane helps to warm and moisten the air before it enters the lungs. It also filters out bacteria and helps to protect the lungs from infection. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Lungs Mechanism (cont’) From the nasal cavity, air enters the pharynx. The pharynx branches into the oesophagus and the larynx. Air from the larynx enters the trachea. The lower end of the trachea branches off into two lung. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Full Body Examination A detailed examination of the casualty should be carried out only after carrying out the initial assessment.

Do not move the casualty more than necessary. Always start at the head and work down.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Top-to-toe Survey 1.

2.

3.

Run your hands over the scalp to feel for any bleeding, swelling or depression. Do not move if you suspect a neck injury. Speak into both ears to see responds. Look for blood or clear fluid coming out from ear to indicate signs of damage inside the skull. Examine the size of the pupils to see reactive and equal size.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Top-to-toe Survey (cont’) 1. 2.

6.

Check the nose for blood or clear fluid coming out to indicate signs of damage inside the skull. Record the rate, depth, and nature of breathing. Note any odour on the breath. Look and feel inside the mouth. Look for external wound in the mouth. Examine the lips for burns. Note the colour, temperature and state of skin.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Top-to-toe Survey (cont’) 1.

8.

Loosen clothing around neck, and look for any warning medallion. Run your fingers along the spine from the base of the skull downwards and check. Ask the casualty to breathe and note for equal chest expansion. Feel the ribcage for deformity, irregularity, tenderness. Look for signs of bleeding from any wounds.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Top-to-toe Survey (cont’) 1.

Feel along both the collar bones and the shoulders for deformity, irregularity of tenderness. 2. Check the movements of elbows, wrists, and fingers. Check for abnormal sensations in the limbs. 11. Do not move the casualty to examine the spine. Pass your hand under the hollow of the back and feel along the spine without disturbing the casualty, checking for swelling and 25- Feb-06 St. John Ambulance Brigade Zone 6 tenderness.

Top-to-toe Survey (cont’) 1. 2. 3.

4.

Feel the front of the abdomen for bleeding. Feel both sides of the hips, and gently move the pelvis to look for signs of fracture. Note any incontinence or bleeding from orifices. Ask the casualty to raise each leg in turn, and to move her ankles and knees. Look and feel for bleeding, swelling, deformity or tenderness. Check movement and feeling in all the toes. Look at colour.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Back 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

UNCONSCIOUSNE SS 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

bjectives By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Define what is unconsciousness; Understanding the causes and effects of unconsciousness; Assessing the level of response; Provide the treatment for an 25- Feb-06 St. John Ambulance Brigade Zone 6

Definition Unconsciousness is defined as: A results from an interruption of the brain’s normal activity. Three rules to treat an unconscious person. - Ensure that the airway is clear. - Keep checking the response level. - Examine the casualty thoroughly. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Major Causes of Unconsciousness Understanding the causes and effects in order to access the situation. Causes

Effects

Head injury

Direct damage to the brain

Stroke.Fainting.Heart attack.Shock

Interference with blood supply to the brain

Head injury. Stroke. Some infections. Some tumors

Compression of the brain

Low blood Oxygen. Poisoning, including alcohol and drug intoxication.Low blood sugar.

Disturbance of chemical content of blood supplied to the brain.

Epilepsy.Abnormal body temperature

Fits

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Assessing the Level of Response (GLASCOW COMA SCALE) Eyes-do they ? Movementdoes the casualty ?   Open spontaneously?  Open on command?  Open to painful stimulus?  Remain closed?

25- Feb-06

Obey commands?  Move in response to painful stimulus?  Make no response?

Speech-does the casualty ? 

 



Respond sensibly to questions? Appear confused? Make incomprehensible sounds? Makes no response?

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Aims of treatment Aims of a first aider are: To maintain an open airway. To assess and record the level of response. To treat any associated injuries. To arrange, if necessary urgent removal to hospital. To gather and retain any evidence of the cause of condition. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Examining & treating an unconscious casualty • Open the airway. Check breathing and pulse and prepared to resuscitate if necessary. Assess and record the level of response. • Examine the casualty quickly but systematically to identify any severe external bleeding or major fractures. • Control any bleeding. Protect any suspected fractures. • Look out for less obvious injuries or conditions. Smell the breath , look for needle marks & warning bracelets,lockets or cards. • Ask bystanders for information. • Place the casualty in recovery position. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

THE DO’S AND DON’TS Do’s

Don’ts

• If the casualty starts vomiting, • Do Not attempt to give to give immediately place her in the recovery an unconscious casualty position. anything by mouth. •

Call for 995 for an ambulance if the casualty does not regain full consciousness within 3 mins.

• Do Not move the casualty unnecessarily, because of the possibility of spinal injury.

•

If the casualty regains full consciousness within 3 mins , and remains well after a further 10 mins, advise him/her to see her doctor as soon as possible.

•

Do Not attempt to make an unconscious person sit or stand upright.

•

Do Not leave an unconscious casualty unattended at any time.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

BURNS & SCALDS 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

bjectives By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Define what is burns & scalds ; Identify the types of burns & scalds ; Recognize the signs and symptoms; Provide the treatment for burns & scalds. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DEFINITON OF BURNS Results from dry heat, extreme cold, corrosive substances, friction or radiation. Scalds are wet burns cause by wet heat from hot liquids or vapours.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DEFINITON OF BURNS Maybe life threatening as it is often associate with fire, explosion, smoke, toxic fumes or other hazards. It may be very distressing to both the First Aider and the casualty.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TYPES OF BURN Types

Causes

Dry burn

Flames, Friction (rope burn) Contact with hot objects (domestic appliances/ cigarettes)

Scald

Steam, Hot Liquid

Electrical burn

Low/ High voltage current Lightening strikes

Cold Injury

Frostbite Contact with freezing metals/ vapors

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TYPES OF BURN Types

Causes

Chemical burn

Industrial chemicals (Corrosive gases) Domestic chemicals Strong acid or alkaline

Radiation

Sunburn Overexposure to UV lamp Exposure to radioactive source (X-ray)

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

EXTENT OF BURNS – Rule of nine (Adult)

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

EXTENT OF BURNS – Rule of nine (Children)

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DEPTH OF BURNS Types

Description

Superficial

   

25- Feb-06

involve only outer layer of skin redness, swelling and tenderness. Heals well No medical attention unless extensive.

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DEPTH OF BURNS Types

Description

Partial – thickness



25- Feb-06

burn affecting layers of epidermis  rawness and blisters  Require medical treatment.  heals well unless large area involves.  Fatal when extensively large area involves.

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DEPTH OF BURNS Types

Description

Full thickness



25- Feb-06

all layers of skin burned  nerves, fat tissue and muscles may be damaged  waxy, pale or charred.  Urgent medical attention required.

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

A little recap of what u have learn :------What is the other name of superficial burn? Which type of burn does the picture on the right represent? Name one type of sign/symptom that the full thickness burn has. 25- Feb-06 St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Remove casualty from danger Cool the burnt area - under cold running water - at least 10 min - chemical burn, run cold water at least 20 min - burn is to eye, flush eye with water for 20 min Remove any constrictions - remove clothing and jewelleries from burnt area (unless sticking to the burn) Cover burn - place sterile,St.non-stick 25- Feb-06 John Ambulancedressing Brigade Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

THINGS TO TAKE NOTE NEVER break any blisters. NEVER apply adhesive dressing/ tapes over the skin. NEVER apply any lotions, ointments or fats on injury.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

What is blisters?

It is a collection of fluid under the epithelial layer of the skin. The fluid may be clear (plasma) or pink/ red in color. It can be caused by burn or friction such as ill-fitting 25- Feb-06 St. John Ambulance Brigade Zone 6 shoes.

AFTER CARE FOR BURNS

Surgical

Burn Garment

Skin Graft 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DUTIES OF FIRST AIDER Ensure the safety of yourself and the casualty. Maintain Airway. Stop burning by rapid cooling - prevent further tissue damage - reduce swelling - minimise shock - alleviate pain Prevent infection by dressing Check for other injuries. Assess burns and obtain appropriate medical aid. (except for very minor burns)

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

FIRST DEGREE BURN Cause pain due to irritated nerve endings Heal quickly and completely if properly treated Least severe Injure only the top layer of skin Redden the skin

Caused by brief contact with hot objects, brief exposure to hot water or steam and overexposure to sun light or wind Back

Produce mild swelling 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

SECOND DEGREE BURN Involve deeper layers of skin Cause skin to turn red and/or mottled Appear moist and oozing from the loss of fluid through damaged skin layers Produce blisters and swelling Usually the most painful type of burn because nerve endings are still intact even though tissue damage is severe

Back

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

THIRD DEGREE BURN Often cause little or no pain since nerve endings are destroyed Often cause shock When healed, will be covered by scar tissue Most severe type of burn May look white or charred Result in deep tissue destruction, reaching all layers of the skin and sometimes structures below the skin 25- Feb-06

Caused by immersion in extremely hot water, prolonged contact with flames and electric shock

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Back Zone 6

HEAT EXHAUSTION

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

bjectives By the end of this lecture, you will be able to:Define what is Heat exhaustion Identify the signs and symptoms of Heat exhaustion Provide general treatment for the Heat 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DEFINITION Heat exhaustion is defined as: The condition that is caused by the loss of water and salt from the body through perspiring. This usually occurs to people who are unaccustomed to a hot, humid environment. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Headache, dizziness and confusion Loss of appetite and nausea Sweating with pale, clammy skin Cramps in the arms, legs or the abdominal wall Rapid, weakening pulse and breathing

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Aims: To replace lost fluid and salt To cool down casualty (if necessary)

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Help the casualty to a cool place. Lay the casualty down and raise his legs. Give the casualty plenty of water; follow up if possible, with a weak salt solution. Even though the casualty may recover quickly, ensure that the casualty sees a doctor. If casualty responses deteriorate, place him in25-the position. Feb-06recovery St. John Ambulance Brigade Zone 6

TREATMENT Dial 995 for an ambulance. Monitor and record breathing, pulse and response every 10 minutes. Get ready to resuscitate if necessary.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

POISONING

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

bjectiv es By the end of this lecture, you will be able to: Understand what is a poison Know how poison enter the body Identify the signs and symptoms of poisoning Identify the different types of poisoning Give general treatment for poisoning 25- Feb-06 St. John Ambulance Brigade Zone 6 Preventive measures for poisoning

DEFINITION OF POISON Poison is a substance which, if taken into the body in sufficient quantity, may cause temporary or permanent damage.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Rules of handling Avoid accidental poisoning, protect yourself and treat victims by: 2. Keep medicine, and chemicals out of children’s reach. 3. Do not come in contact with poison or inhaling fumes when treating casualty. 4. Do not try to induce a corrosive poison. 5. Keep a sample of the vomit and send to hospital together with the casualty. 6. Do not leave the casualty alone. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

WAYS OF ENTRANCE Poison can enter our bodies by:Swallowing Drinking Injection Inhalation Touching 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Unusual stains or odors Unusual odor on breath/ damage to lip Drowsiness or unconscious Stomach pain, vomiting, sweating, drooling, Sudden changes in behavior/ convulsions A nearby container containing a 25Feb-06 St. John Ambulance Brigade Zone 6 poisonous substance

Household poison Drug poisoning Industrial poisons Alcohol poisoning Poisonous plants Food poisoning 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Examples of household poisons: Bleach Detergent Paint stripper (thinner) Weed killer 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Aims: Maintain ABC Remove any contaminated clothing. Identify the poison. Obtain medical aid.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT (Unconscious) Check and clear airway if necessary. Check breathing and be prepared to resuscitate. Use a plastic face shield if you need to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT (Conscious) Give frequent sips of cold water or milk if the lip is burned. Call 995 for an ambulance and give information about the poison if possible. NEVER attempt to induce vomiting!! Back 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

The result of accidental or deliberate overdose of prescribed or over-thecounter drugs, or from drug abuse.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Aims: Maintain ABC. Arrange removal to the hospital.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT

Back

Check and clear airway. Check breathing and be prepared to resuscitate. Call 995 for ambulance. Keep samples of vomited material Look for clues to identify the drug & send NOTE: NEVER induce to the hospital 25- Feb-06

vomiting!!! St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Result of a leak, failure of a chemical plant, or a major accident; or in an a public place following a road accident. The most common cases of industrial poisoning involves poisonous gases or spillage of chemical burns. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Aims: Remove casualty from danger. Maintain an open airway. Arrange removal to the hospital.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT For inhaled gases: Remove casualty from danger and into fresh air, if possible. Call 995 for an ambulance. Administer oxygen if you are trained to do so. If casualty is unconscious, open the airway and check breathing. Prepare to resuscitate when necessary. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Place casualty in the recovery position.

NOTE: DO NOT enter a gas-filled room unless you are authorized and are properly equipped. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT For chemicals on the skin:

Back

Use plenty of cold water to flush away any residual chemical on the skin. Call 995 for an ambulance, and give information of the chemical. If you need to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, and there are chemical on casualty’s mouth, use a plastic face shield. Place casualty in the recovery position. 25- Feb-06 St. John Ambulance Brigade Zone 6

Alcohol depresses the activity of the central nervous system. Prolonged intake can badly impair all physical and mental abilities. Recognition: Strong smell of alcohol, unconsciousness, flushed and moist face, deep noisy breathing, full bounding pulse. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Aims: Maintain an open airway. Seek medical attention for the casualty if appropriate.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Check casualty’s level of consciousness. Shake casualty’s shoulders and shout, “Can you hear me?” and see if casualty responds. If casualty is unconscious, open the airway and check breathing. Prepare to resuscitate when necessary. Place casualty in recovery position. If there is a suspected head injury, call 995 for and ambulance.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT If possible, protect the casualty from cold. Example, put a coat or a blanket over him. Watch the casualty in case he falls unconscious.

Back 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Aims: Maintain airway, breathing and circulation. Obtain medical aid.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Check and, if necessary, clear the casualty’s airway. If casualty is unconscious, check breathing and pulse. Prepare to resuscitate when necessary. Place casualty in recovery position; casualty may vomit. Call 995 for an ambulance. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Try and identify the plant and the part that has been eaten. Keep pieces of the plant and any samples of vomited materials and send together with the casualty to the hospital.

Back 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Caused by eating food that is contaminated by bacteria or toxins produced by the bacteria in the food. 2 types of food poisoning: Bacterial food poisoning Toxic food poisoning

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Recognition: Nausea and vomiting Cramping abdominal pains Diarrhoea (may have blood stains) Headache or fever Features of shock Collapse 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT Aims: Encourage casualty to rest. Seek medical advice or aid. Give the casualty plenty of plain fluids to drink.

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TREATMENT

Back

Help casualty lie down and rest. Call a doctor for advice. Give the casualty plenty of bland fluids to drink, such as water, diluted fruit juice or tea. Give casualty a bowl in case she vomits. Keep casualty warm and comfortable. If casualty’s condition worsens, call 995 for an ambulance. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

PREVENTION Keep toxic chemicals out of children’s reach and sight. Keep medication in a locked cabinet. Throw away expired medication. Keep poisonous chemicals in their original bottles. Buy medicines and household substances in child-resistant containers. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

PREVENTION Do not plant poisonous plants in your house. Educate your children on all poisonous things in your house. Label all poisons. Ensure all frozen food are fully defrosted before it is cooked. Ensure all meat, poultry, fish and eggs are cooked thoroughly to kill harmful bacteria. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

PREVENTION Never keep food lukewarm for long periods of time. Wash hands before preparing food. Wear protective gloves or waterproof plasters if you have cuts on your hands. Always remember- prevention is better than cure. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

ASPHYXIA

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

bjective s By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Define what is asphyxia; Identify the types of asphyxia; Recognize the signs and symptoms of asphyxia; Provide treatment for asphyxia; Recognize signs & symptoms of chocking; 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

DEFINITON OF ASPHYXIA Asphyxia is defined as: Airway obstruction byFood Vomit Foreign material Swelling of throat after injury

Lack of oxygen in breath Inability of blood to absorb oxygen 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

TYPES OF ASPHYXIA There are several types of asphyxia. 1.Drowning 2.Hanging/ strangling/ throttling 3.Inhalation of fumes 4.Inhalation of Carbon monoxide 5.Choking 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Noisy, laboured breathing Grey blue skin (Cyanosis) Flaring of the nostrils Reversed movement of the chest while breathing Drawing in of the chest wall between the rib and of the soft spaces above collar bones and breastbone 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

1. DROWNING 

Drowning occurs when air cannot get into lungs



May also cause by throat spasm



Drowning casualty’s air passage may begin to swell several hours later after recovered 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

2. HANGING/ STRANGLING/ THROTTLING 

Airway is squeezed and the flow of air to the lung is cut off



Hanging and strangulation may occurs accidentally



Hanging may also caused a broken neck

Recognition: Marks around casualty’s neck 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

Congestion of the face with prominent veins

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

3. INHALATION OF FUMES 

Inhalation of smoke, gas or toxic vapours can be lethal



Accumulated fumes in a confined space may quickly overcome anyone who is not wearing protective equipment

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

4. INHALATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE 

This highly dangerous gas prevents blood from carrying oxygen



A large amount can very quickly prove fatal



Lengthy exposure may cause severe possibly fatal, poisoning



Carbon monoxide has no taste or smell

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

5. CHOKING 

Foreign object that is stuck at the back of the throat.



May block the throat or induce muscular spasm

Recognition: Congested face initially Distressed signs from the casualty, who may 25- Feb-06 St. John Ambulance Brigade Zone 6

GENERAL AIM To restore a supply of fresh air to the casualty lungs To seek medical aid

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

GENERAL TREATMENT Remove any obstruction to the casualty’s breathing If needed, move casualty into fresh air For unconscious casualty, open airway, check breathing and pulse and ready to resuscitate For conscious casualty, reassure and keep casualty under observation Call for medical aid even if casualty recovered completely 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT Aims: To remove the obstruction To restore normal breathing To arrange urgent removal to hospital if necessary 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT: CONSCIOUS ADULT Ask casualty to cough unless casualty cannot cough up the foreign object Bend casualty forward at the waist and give up to five sharp slaps between the shoulder blades with the flat of your hand If back slaps fail, try up to five abdominal thrusts

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT: CONSCIOUS ADULT Pull arms around the casualty’s trunk and link your hands below the rib cage Pull sharply inwards and upwards Continue alternating back slaps and abdominal thrusts until obstruction clears

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT: UNCONSCIOUS ADULT Access casualty following the ABC of resuscitation Loss of consciousness may relieve any muscle spasm If unable to ventilate casualty, turn casualty to the side and give up to five sharp blows with the flat of your hand between casualty’s shoulder blades 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT: UNCONSCIOUS ADULT Check casualty’s mouth and use a finger to hook out any obvious obstruction If back blows fail, kneel astride or alongside the casualty. Place heel of one hand below casualty’s rib cage and cover it with your other hand Press sharply inwards and upwards up to five times 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT: UNCONSCIOUS ADULT

If casualty still not breathing, call 995 Try mouth to mouth ventilation

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT: CONSCIOUS CHILD Bend child forward with head lower than chest. Give up to five back slaps firmly between the shoulder Check child’s mouth, remove any obvious obstruction with one finger If back slaps fails, stand or kneel behind the child. Make a fist and place it against his lower breastbone. 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT: CONSCIOUS CHILD Grasp fist with your other hand. Press into the chest with a sharp inward thrust Give up to five chest thrust at a rate of about one every three seconds Check child’s mouth, continue alternating back slaps and chest thrusts until obstruction clears 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT: UNCONSCIOUS CHILD Access child following the ABC of resuscitation Loss of consciousness may relieve any muscle spasm If unable to ventilate child, turn child to the side and give up to five back slaps between child’s shoulder blades with one hand 25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT: UNCONSCIOUS CHILD Lay child face up on the floor Give up to five sharp inward thrusts on child lower breastbone Press the chest to a third of its depth at a rate of about once every three seconds Place heel of your hand midway between child’s navel and breastbone

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

CHOKING TREATMENT: UNCONSCIOUS CHILD Give up to five firm, upward thrusts with one hand Call for ambulance 995 Continue alternating back slaps, chest thrusts and abdominal thrusts

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6

25- Feb-06

St. John Ambulance Brigade

Zone 6