Behavioral Problems Of Students.docx

Introduction Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. The flame is the visible portion of the fire. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to produce plasma. Depending on the substances alight, and any impurities outside, the color of the flame and the fire's intensity will be different. (1)

A fire on a ship is one of the most dangerous incidents which can happen on board. If the fire is detected in good time, the crew can prevent larger damage by taking immediate measures – such as fighting the fire. If the fire has already spread, professional aid is absolutely needed, which can be rendered via helicopter or by ship. (2)

This course is part of the mandatory Basic Safety Training and instruction requirements for all seafarers under Regulation VIII, Section A-VIII of the 1978 Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for seafarer or STCW Convention, as mended in 1995. It covers the specified standard of training recommended in Annex I of the IMO Assembly Resolution A. 437 CXII and the required competence set out in Table A-VII2 of the STCW code.(1)

The problem of fire prevention and firefighting become even more acute once a vessel leaves port. Then rough seas navigation difficulties may also increase the hazards.((2)

Some fires may be purely accidental and others may be caused by circumstances beyond control. Like –carelessness and irresponsible acts. Some of the most common cause of fire iscareless smoking and faulty electric circuits.(2)

Fire Prevention on board a ship Some countries have the funding and resources to assist a ship in trouble. A professional response demands a great deal of preplanning by the Fire Department, thus poorer countries may not have the funding to set up an Emergency response team for offshore work. It is not straight forward to set up a team for ship firefighting, the selection of suitable personnel, training of those personnel not just for ship firefighting, but also helicopter operations and sea survival will need

to be funded, in most cases separately to local funding arrangements. The funding is very often a grey area and the retrieval of costs involved in fighting fires can be difficult due to the complexities of salvage claims. Shore based firefighters offer some obvious advantages over a ship’s crew, a greater understanding and experience in fire and dealing with hazardous materials. Professional fire team trains regular in some cases every day and regularly performs exercises, which demand the mobilization of a large amount of resources. Early notification is essential in order that the shore-based service can assess the situation and plan a safe approach. The reluctance to call early for help whatever the reason, be it company policy, salvage claims or just lack of understanding of what is available, may incur serious delays which will affect the success of the operation. (2)

Before boarding, the senior fire officer will carry out a dynamic risk assessment, to ensure the safety of the team. Safe access and escape routes, together with the risks on board are their main concerns. Liaison with shore based services once on board the officer will need to be given a full briefing by the ship’s command, using the ship’s fire safety plan. A situation report will be sent to the fire departments control center giving the land-based command indications to the size of the task and the resources that need to be organized. Although the shore-based team has a greater knowledge about firefighting, the sea conditions, knowledge of stability, layout of the ship, and the equipment on board will disadvantage them. Liaison between both parties will help to overcome the difficulties. A ship fire to a land based fire fighter is a hostile environment, not just the because of the difficulties in attacking, but also the team’s involvement at sea means a fire in the advanced stages. (2)

The risk of fire, explosion and leakages are high, therefore the design of the platform, detection equipment, efficient firefighting facilities, together with a well-trained organization are an absolute necessity to prevent a disaster. The threat of fire must be detected as early as possible, from which well-rehearsed actions are implemented, including shut down of production, initiating manually or automatically fixed fire protection and intervention by fire team to prevent the situation from worsening.(2)

COMMON SHIPBOARD FIRE HAZARD

Smoking and Naked Lights Careless smoking tops the list of causes of fire. Smoking is therefore permitted on board a ship, only in designated smoking areas. These areas must be identified and clearly marked.(1)

Spontaneous Combustion and Auto Ignition Some materials when damp or soaked with paints, oils of vegetable origin in particular can ignite without external application of heat. Auto ignition temperature of a material is the temperature at which a flammable material will ignite without initiation of a spark or flame. Petroleum liquids when heated sufficiently will ignite without the application of a naked flame. When fuel or lube oil under pressure sprays onto a hot surface, it will get hotter and will auto ignite as a result.(1)

Electrical Circuits and Electrical Equipment Electricity is a safe and convenient source of power if the equipment concerned is properly insulated and wired. If worn-out, misused or poorly wired electrical energy is converted into heat and the equipment concerned becomes a source of ignition and thus a fire hazard. Only approved electrical equipment for shipboard use that will stand the strenuous conditions at sea are installed and/or used on board a ship. Any electrical equipment onboard must be installed, maintained, tested and repaired in accordance with existing regulations and only by qualified personnel.(1) Ship’s Galley Once vessel leaves port for sea, the cooking range battens are to be used at all times. Electrical power to any hot plate not in use must be switched off. No cloth or paper should be stowed above a cooking range as it can be ignited easily through carelessness. Hoods, filters and ductwork for cooking rangers to be thoroughly cleaned every week and no oil/grease accumulation allowed in and around hot plates.(1)

A deep fryer can be a source of both heat and fuel for a galley fire. The fryer should be fixed in a location and must never be left unattended while it is operating. Fryer basket should never be filled so full that grease splatters and overflows.(1)

Flammable Liquids used on Board Ships Most commonly found on board are bunker fuels, lube oils of various grades, diesel oils, kerosene, paints and thinners. For some flammable liquids, rate of vapor release is over a wide temperature range e.g. gasoline gives off vapor even at minus 43c thus proving itself a continuous fire hazard. (1)

Heating increases the rate of vapor release. These vapors are heavier than air, will seek low places, can spread to a distant source of ignition and dissipate slowly. Bunker fuels and lube oils must be heated to release sufficient vapor for combustion. But once a light or heavy flammable liquid is burning, radiation feedback and the chain reaction quickly increase flame production. (1)

The Benefit Of Modern Technology To The Educational Behavior Among Students Introduction In the modern day, technology plays a large role in many aspects of day-to-day living, as technology continues to innovates and introduce different techniques, methods and knowledge student also change their way of learning and instructor change their way of teaching. The old chalk board classroom setting is now being replaced of computer, wherein computer is used as a modem in presenting instruction and lecture. As technology continues to evolve, it

brings new opportunities and challenges for educators and students. Social networking is a great example of technology that can help or hinder education, depending on how it is used and integrated into teaching or learning. According to the Office of Educational Technology, U.S. Department of Education, 2010Students are able to create multimedia content and immediately share it with the world and participate in social networks where people from all over the world share ideas, collaborate, and learn new things. Outside of the classroom, students have the freedom to pursue their passions in their own way and at their own pace. Opportunities for today’s students are limitless, borderless, and instantaneous so it only logical that their learning environment should reflect their everyday lives. Mike Muir, Bette Manchester and Jim Moulton (2005), explained that laptop computers can accelerate, enrich, and deepen basic skills, motivate and engage students in learning increase the visibility of tomorrow’s workers and connect students and schools to the real world. Just as pens and pencils were the predominant tools for knowledge and learning during a large part of the last century, computers and the Internet are key tools for learning and knowledge production for student’s future. Furthermore students who use Internet to do research and apply information they find to enhance their projects rather than using the Internet as one big answer key. They also suggest that teachers’ lessons are more extensive, use up-to-date resources and provide more opportunities for students to explore knowledge and information in more depth. According to one of the maritime student using computer or internet during classroom discussion is a very useful because they can able to check the spelling and able to easily understand the lecture base on the presentation given by the instructor.

Another marine student also told that technology is a great help to him as a student because he can easily research the lesson he had and it’s not time consuming going to the library to locate a book for the research. A student also admitted that technology is a great help in his studies because he can easily communicate to his classmate and able to change ideas regarding on their lesson. Despite its benefits technology is still a disruptive innovation as well as an expensive one. Faculty members are forced to invest time in learning new approaches with little budget support. With technology, students are more than ever engaged in creating their own knowledge. Distance learning and online degree programs have gained firm foothold in academic institutions all over the globe. Once regarded as the niche channel for the delivery of educative content is rapidly becoming mainstream, increasing access to education, expanded revenue opportunities and new market for content for universities. Both private and public sectors approve that technological innovations will continue to have major effects on teaching approaches over the coming years. Certainly, it will be a core differentiator in attracting corporate partners and students in academic institutions.

Computers and related technology are essential to the learning process in several ways. Although some people feel that the use of technology can have a negative impact on the socialization and development of critical thinking skills of young children and adolescents, and may be misused by some instructors, they are fundamental and significant tools used in classrooms and the workforce, and foster greater understanding of diverse cultures.