Bbbhost Microbe Relationship
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Host microbe relationship
Terms to remember
Host- any organism that harbors another organism Symbiosis- association between two or more species ( living together )
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
Contamination- presence of microorganism Infection- refers to the multiplication of any parasitic organism within or on the host’s body. Infestation- refers to the presence of larger parasites in the body such as worms and arthropods
Disease- disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry out its normal function. Pathogenicity- capacity to produce disease Virulence- intensity of the disease produced by pathogen
Factor affecting virulence factors
Animal passage- rapid transfer of pathogen through animals of a species susceptible to infection by that pathogen
Virulence can be decreased by
Attenuation- weakening of the disease producing ability of the organism, can be achieved by repeated subculturing on laboratory media Transposal of virulence- pathogen is passed from its normal host to a new host species and then passed sequentially through many individual of the new host species.
Normal flora ( microflora )
Resident microflora- microbes that are always present on or in the human body Transient microflora- organism that can be present under certain condition in or any location where resident microflora are found
Opprtunist- takes advantage of particular opportunities to cause disease that includes:
Failure of the host’s normal defense, AKA immunocompremised Introduction of the organism into unusually body site Disturbances in the normal microflora, or competition against another pathogen known as microbial antagonist.
Kinds of disease
Infectious disease- caused by infectious agent Non infectious disease- caused by any factor other than infectious disease
Classification of disease
Inherited disease- caused by errors in genetic information, abnormalities in the distribution and number of chromosomes. Ex. Sickle cell anemia Congenital disease- structural and functional defects present at birth caused by drugs, xray or certain infections ex. Effect of German measles
Degenerative disease- disorders that develops in one or more body system as aging occurs ex. Emphysema leads to bacterial infection Nutritional deficiency disease- lower resistance to infectious disease and contribute to the severity of infections ex. Corynebacterium diptheriae
Endocrine diseases- due to excessive or deficiency in hormones ex. Viral infection linked to pancreatic damage that leads to IDDM Mental disease- caused by emotional, or psychogenic in nature or certain infections
Immunological disease- allergies, autoimmune disease and immunodeficiencies that is caused by malfunction of the immune system ex. AIDS. Neoplastic diseases- abnormal cell growth that leads to the formation of various types of generally harmless or cancerous growths or tumor. Ex. Papilloma virus
Iatrogenic disease- caused by medical procedure or treatment ex. Surgical error, drug reaction, and infections acquired from hospital treatment. Idiopathic disease- diseases whose cause is unknown.
Communicable/non Communicable disease
Communicable- contagious disease Non communicable- not spread from one host to the other. May result from
Individual’s normal microflora Poisoning following ingestion of preformed toxin Infections caused by certain organism
Actions of bacteria
Adherence- adhesins are protein or glycoprotein found on pili Colonization- growth of microorganism on epithelial surface such as skin or mucous surface Invasiveness- ability to invade and grow on host tissues
Virulence factor
Hyaluronidase- spreading factor, dissolves hyaluronic acid that holds cells and certain tissue together allowing bacteria to pass between cells. Coagulase- enzyme that accelerate the clotting of blood, keeps organism from spreading and wall off immune system Streptokinase- dissolves the clot to free themselves to spread from other tissue
Bacterial toxin
Exotoxin- soluble substances secrete into host tissue Endotoxin- part of the cell wall and are released into the host tissue Hemolysins- lyze or rupture red blood cell
Alpha Beta gamma
Leukocidin- exotoxin that destroys WBC Leukostatin- interferes with the ability of the WBC to engulf microorganism Neurotoxin- botulism and tetanus are exotoxin that acts on the nervous system to prevent muscle contraction. Enterotoxin- acts on tissue on GUT
Signs, Symptoms, and Syndrome
Sign- characteristic observed from the patient ex.swelling, redness, rashes, cough, pus formation, runny nose, fever Symptoms- characteristics observed or felt by the patient ex pain, shortness of breath, nausea sore throat Syndrome- combination of sign and syndrome
Sequelae- after effect of bacteria after recovery Acute- develops rapidly Chronic- develops slowly Subacute- intermediate between acute and chronic Latent infection- periods of inactivity either before signs and symptoms
Local infection- confined to a specific area of the body Focal infection- confined to a specific area but their toxin spreads to other area Systemic infection- affects most of the body Septicemia- blood poisoning, bacteria and multiplying
Bacteremia- presence of bacteria but not multiplying Viremia- presence of virus but not multiplying Primary infection- initial infection in a previously healthy person Secondary infection- follows primary infection
Superinfection- secondary infection that results from the destruction of normal microflora and often follows the use of broad spectrum antibiotics Mixed infection- caused by several species or organism Inapparent/subclinical infection- one that fails to produce the full range of signs and symptoms either because of few organism or host defenses are working effectively
Stages of infectious disease
Incubation period- time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms Prodomal phase- short period during which nonspecific, often mild, symptoms as malaise and headache appear
Invasive stage- period during which the individual experiences the typical signs and symptoms of the disease
Acme- signs and symptoms reach their greatest intensity Fulminating- sudden and severe
Decline phase- the symptoms begins to subside Convalescence period- tissue is repaired, healing takes place, body regains strength
Control of Infectious Disease
Drugs
Immunization
Sanitization
Future Challenges
Terms to remember
Host- any organism that harbors another organism Symbiosis- association between two or more species ( living together )
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
Contamination- presence of microorganism Infection- refers to the multiplication of any parasitic organism within or on the host’s body. Infestation- refers to the presence of larger parasites in the body such as worms and arthropods
Disease- disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry out its normal function. Pathogenicity- capacity to produce disease Virulence- intensity of the disease produced by pathogen
Factor affecting virulence factors
Animal passage- rapid transfer of pathogen through animals of a species susceptible to infection by that pathogen
Virulence can be decreased by
Attenuation- weakening of the disease producing ability of the organism, can be achieved by repeated subculturing on laboratory media Transposal of virulence- pathogen is passed from its normal host to a new host species and then passed sequentially through many individual of the new host species.
Normal flora ( microflora )
Resident microflora- microbes that are always present on or in the human body Transient microflora- organism that can be present under certain condition in or any location where resident microflora are found
Opprtunist- takes advantage of particular opportunities to cause disease that includes:
Failure of the host’s normal defense, AKA immunocompremised Introduction of the organism into unusually body site Disturbances in the normal microflora, or competition against another pathogen known as microbial antagonist.
Kinds of disease
Infectious disease- caused by infectious agent Non infectious disease- caused by any factor other than infectious disease
Classification of disease
Inherited disease- caused by errors in genetic information, abnormalities in the distribution and number of chromosomes. Ex. Sickle cell anemia Congenital disease- structural and functional defects present at birth caused by drugs, xray or certain infections ex. Effect of German measles
Degenerative disease- disorders that develops in one or more body system as aging occurs ex. Emphysema leads to bacterial infection Nutritional deficiency disease- lower resistance to infectious disease and contribute to the severity of infections ex. Corynebacterium diptheriae
Endocrine diseases- due to excessive or deficiency in hormones ex. Viral infection linked to pancreatic damage that leads to IDDM Mental disease- caused by emotional, or psychogenic in nature or certain infections
Immunological disease- allergies, autoimmune disease and immunodeficiencies that is caused by malfunction of the immune system ex. AIDS. Neoplastic diseases- abnormal cell growth that leads to the formation of various types of generally harmless or cancerous growths or tumor. Ex. Papilloma virus
Iatrogenic disease- caused by medical procedure or treatment ex. Surgical error, drug reaction, and infections acquired from hospital treatment. Idiopathic disease- diseases whose cause is unknown.
Communicable/non Communicable disease
Communicable- contagious disease Non communicable- not spread from one host to the other. May result from
Individual’s normal microflora Poisoning following ingestion of preformed toxin Infections caused by certain organism
Actions of bacteria
Adherence- adhesins are protein or glycoprotein found on pili Colonization- growth of microorganism on epithelial surface such as skin or mucous surface Invasiveness- ability to invade and grow on host tissues
Virulence factor
Hyaluronidase- spreading factor, dissolves hyaluronic acid that holds cells and certain tissue together allowing bacteria to pass between cells. Coagulase- enzyme that accelerate the clotting of blood, keeps organism from spreading and wall off immune system Streptokinase- dissolves the clot to free themselves to spread from other tissue
Bacterial toxin
Exotoxin- soluble substances secrete into host tissue Endotoxin- part of the cell wall and are released into the host tissue Hemolysins- lyze or rupture red blood cell
Alpha Beta gamma
Leukocidin- exotoxin that destroys WBC Leukostatin- interferes with the ability of the WBC to engulf microorganism Neurotoxin- botulism and tetanus are exotoxin that acts on the nervous system to prevent muscle contraction. Enterotoxin- acts on tissue on GUT
Signs, Symptoms, and Syndrome
Sign- characteristic observed from the patient ex.swelling, redness, rashes, cough, pus formation, runny nose, fever Symptoms- characteristics observed or felt by the patient ex pain, shortness of breath, nausea sore throat Syndrome- combination of sign and syndrome
Sequelae- after effect of bacteria after recovery Acute- develops rapidly Chronic- develops slowly Subacute- intermediate between acute and chronic Latent infection- periods of inactivity either before signs and symptoms
Local infection- confined to a specific area of the body Focal infection- confined to a specific area but their toxin spreads to other area Systemic infection- affects most of the body Septicemia- blood poisoning, bacteria and multiplying
Bacteremia- presence of bacteria but not multiplying Viremia- presence of virus but not multiplying Primary infection- initial infection in a previously healthy person Secondary infection- follows primary infection
Superinfection- secondary infection that results from the destruction of normal microflora and often follows the use of broad spectrum antibiotics Mixed infection- caused by several species or organism Inapparent/subclinical infection- one that fails to produce the full range of signs and symptoms either because of few organism or host defenses are working effectively
Stages of infectious disease
Incubation period- time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms Prodomal phase- short period during which nonspecific, often mild, symptoms as malaise and headache appear
Invasive stage- period during which the individual experiences the typical signs and symptoms of the disease
Acme- signs and symptoms reach their greatest intensity Fulminating- sudden and severe
Decline phase- the symptoms begins to subside Convalescence period- tissue is repaired, healing takes place, body regains strength
Control of Infectious Disease
Drugs
Immunization
Sanitization
Future Challenges
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