Basic Grammar
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essential grammar elements and functions (4 DR ORRALA GUERRERO) ARTICLES
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
THE: definite………… .. as a determiner. A / AN: indefinite
THIS
THAT
THESE
THOSE
ADJECTIVES
NOUNS
VERBS
FAST-SLOW
CAR
GO
BIG-SMALL
HOUSE
GOOD-BAD
FATHER
WORK
TASTY
APPLE
COOK
ADVERBS
PREPOSITIONS
CONJUNCTIONS
FAST-SLOWLY TO
AND
TO
FOR
FOR
HARD-MUCH
OF
OR
TERRIBLY
WITH
NOR
LOVE
IN
IN
FRINDLYNESS
ON
ON
BELOW
AT
UNDER
UNDER
BE
ONLY
ONLY
ONLY
HERE THERE
The fast car goes extremely fast to destination and to boxes after that. art adj noun verb adv adv prep noun conj prep noun adv noun SENTENCE
Mr.Bauer plays golf.
VERB SUBJECT ………….. OBJECT TRANSITIVE VERB = OBJ
Mr. Bauer tells ….(obj. is needed)
INTRANSITIVE VERB = OBJ.
Mr. Bauer exists. (obj. is not possible)
My car is blue.
person
He
plays
SUBJ
it.
VERB OBJ
PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE SUBJECT
*
POS. ADJ/DET . POSSESSIVE
**
OBJECT
singular1st
I
MY
MINE
ME
singular2nd
YOU
YOUR
YOURS
YOU
singular3rd
HE-SHE-IT
That machine´s key plural1st is here. plural2nd Its key is here. plural3rd That key is this machine´s That key is its.
VERB OBJ
PRONOUNS
That is his car. Our car is red, hers is green. That car is mine, his is brown. Mary´s car is pink, John´s is grey. Her car´s pink, his´s grey. This key starts the engine. It starts it.
SUBJ
HIS-HER-ITS HIS-HERS-ITS HIM-HER-IT
REFLEXIVE myself yourself HIM-HER-IT..SELF
WE
OUR
OURS
US
ourselves
YOU
YOUR
YOURS
YOU
yourselves
THEY
THEIR
THEIRS
THEM
themselves
* possessive adjectives/determiners, genitive pronouns ** possessive pronouns
It is its. Its key activates that machine´s device too. It activates it too. case: 2 objects in the same sentence (direct object & indirect object) John bought his wife flowers = John bought flowers to his wife. John bought her flowers = John bought flowers to her He bought her flowers = He bought them to her. He bought her them, He bought them her. (unappropiate)
QUESTIONS ?
relationship
always aux-subj ..purpose of them:
YES / NO
SPECIFIC INFORMATION (thing, person, verb, place..)
(using interrogative pronouns) AUXILIARS (AUX) SUBJECT (always at the beginning of Qs) (not in questions when the subj is asked missing information: WHO STUDIED?
TO BE (as if aux in present simple) the very same conjugated AM, IS, ARE
REST OF THE VERBS (in present simple) DO / DOES
Are you ok?
Do you speak English?
Yes, I am No, I´m not
Yes, I do. No, I don`t
Is your sister fine? Does Mark speak English? Yes, she is. No, she isn't
Yes, he does. No, he doesn´t.
WHAT
object verb
interrogative pronouns WHICH WHERE WHEN HOW when questions are asked they expect… object
adverb of place
adverb of time
adverb of manner
adv,conj,noun
WHO
person
WHY
reason because/for
What are you?
What do you eat in the morning?
I`m a student
I eat cereal
Where is your sister?
Where do you eat cereal in the morning?
She is in the kitchen.
I do at my mother´s. (it replaces the verb/action in this cases)
I PLAY SOCCER SHE PLAYS SOCCER
negative:
I DON´T PLAY SOCCER SHE DOESN´T PLAY SOCCER
DO NOT= DON´T DOES NOT= DOESN´T
I AM RIGHT SHE IS RIGHT YOU ARE RIGHT
negative:
I´M NOT RIGHT SHE´S NOT RIGHT (ISN´T RIGHT) YOU´RE RIGHT
EXAMPLE: USE OF A TENSE TENSES: PRESENT
BE / REST OF VERBS
SIMPLE (all
CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)
verbs except "be")
AUX: DO/DOES(he,she,it)
-(in "bold", "negrita")-
DO YOU PLAY TENNIS?
DOES SHE PLAY TENNIS?
YES, I DO/ NO, I DON´T
YES, SHE DOES/ NO, SHE DOESN´T
WHAT DO YOU PLAY?
WHAT DOES SHE PLAY?
I PLAY TENNIS
SHE PLAYS TENNIS.
(-S: he/she/it)
WHO PLAY/PLAYS TENNIS? WE DO. / SHE DOES. (verb "be")
(BE + VERB..ING)
AM=I / ARE=YOU,WE,THEY / IS=HE,SHE,IT
....=
ARE YOU A DENTIST?
IS SHE A DENTIST?
ARE YOU COOKING?
IS SHE..
YES, I AM /NO, I`M NOT.
YES, SHE IS / NO, SHE ISN´T.
YES, I AM / NO, I´M NOT.
YES, SHE IS/..
WHAT ARE YOU?
WHAT IS SHE?
WHAT ARE YOU DOING?
WHAT IS SHE.
I AM (I´M) A DENTIST.
SHE IS (SHE´S) A DENTIST.
I´M COOKING.
SHE IS…
WHO ARE/IS DENTISTS/A DENTIST?
WHO ARE/IS COOKING?
WE ARE./ SHE IS.
WE ARE. SHE IS.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
THE: definite………… .. as a determiner. A / AN: indefinite
THIS
THAT
THESE
THOSE
ADJECTIVES
NOUNS
VERBS
FAST-SLOW
CAR
GO
BIG-SMALL
HOUSE
GOOD-BAD
FATHER
WORK
TASTY
APPLE
COOK
ADVERBS
PREPOSITIONS
CONJUNCTIONS
FAST-SLOWLY TO
AND
TO
FOR
FOR
HARD-MUCH
OF
OR
TERRIBLY
WITH
NOR
LOVE
IN
IN
FRINDLYNESS
ON
ON
BELOW
AT
UNDER
UNDER
BE
ONLY
ONLY
ONLY
HERE THERE
The fast car goes extremely fast to destination and to boxes after that. art adj noun verb adv adv prep noun conj prep noun adv noun SENTENCE
Mr.Bauer plays golf.
VERB SUBJECT ………….. OBJECT TRANSITIVE VERB = OBJ
Mr. Bauer tells ….(obj. is needed)
INTRANSITIVE VERB = OBJ.
Mr. Bauer exists. (obj. is not possible)
My car is blue.
person
He
plays
SUBJ
it.
VERB OBJ
PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE SUBJECT
*
POS. ADJ/DET . POSSESSIVE
**
OBJECT
singular1st
I
MY
MINE
ME
singular2nd
YOU
YOUR
YOURS
YOU
singular3rd
HE-SHE-IT
That machine´s key plural1st is here. plural2nd Its key is here. plural3rd That key is this machine´s That key is its.
VERB OBJ
PRONOUNS
That is his car. Our car is red, hers is green. That car is mine, his is brown. Mary´s car is pink, John´s is grey. Her car´s pink, his´s grey. This key starts the engine. It starts it.
SUBJ
HIS-HER-ITS HIS-HERS-ITS HIM-HER-IT
REFLEXIVE myself yourself HIM-HER-IT..SELF
WE
OUR
OURS
US
ourselves
YOU
YOUR
YOURS
YOU
yourselves
THEY
THEIR
THEIRS
THEM
themselves
* possessive adjectives/determiners, genitive pronouns ** possessive pronouns
It is its. Its key activates that machine´s device too. It activates it too. case: 2 objects in the same sentence (direct object & indirect object) John bought his wife flowers = John bought flowers to his wife. John bought her flowers = John bought flowers to her He bought her flowers = He bought them to her. He bought her them, He bought them her. (unappropiate)
QUESTIONS ?
relationship
always aux-subj ..purpose of them:
YES / NO
SPECIFIC INFORMATION (thing, person, verb, place..)
(using interrogative pronouns) AUXILIARS (AUX) SUBJECT (always at the beginning of Qs) (not in questions when the subj is asked missing information: WHO STUDIED?
TO BE (as if aux in present simple) the very same conjugated AM, IS, ARE
REST OF THE VERBS (in present simple) DO / DOES
Are you ok?
Do you speak English?
Yes, I am No, I´m not
Yes, I do. No, I don`t
Is your sister fine? Does Mark speak English? Yes, she is. No, she isn't
Yes, he does. No, he doesn´t.
WHAT
object verb
interrogative pronouns WHICH WHERE WHEN HOW when questions are asked they expect… object
adverb of place
adverb of time
adverb of manner
adv,conj,noun
WHO
person
WHY
reason because/for
What are you?
What do you eat in the morning?
I`m a student
I eat cereal
Where is your sister?
Where do you eat cereal in the morning?
She is in the kitchen.
I do at my mother´s. (it replaces the verb/action in this cases)
I PLAY SOCCER SHE PLAYS SOCCER
negative:
I DON´T PLAY SOCCER SHE DOESN´T PLAY SOCCER
DO NOT= DON´T DOES NOT= DOESN´T
I AM RIGHT SHE IS RIGHT YOU ARE RIGHT
negative:
I´M NOT RIGHT SHE´S NOT RIGHT (ISN´T RIGHT) YOU´RE RIGHT
EXAMPLE: USE OF A TENSE TENSES: PRESENT
BE / REST OF VERBS
SIMPLE (all
CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)
verbs except "be")
AUX: DO/DOES(he,she,it)
-(in "bold", "negrita")-
DO YOU PLAY TENNIS?
DOES SHE PLAY TENNIS?
YES, I DO/ NO, I DON´T
YES, SHE DOES/ NO, SHE DOESN´T
WHAT DO YOU PLAY?
WHAT DOES SHE PLAY?
I PLAY TENNIS
SHE PLAYS TENNIS.
(-S: he/she/it)
WHO PLAY/PLAYS TENNIS? WE DO. / SHE DOES. (verb "be")
(BE + VERB..ING)
AM=I / ARE=YOU,WE,THEY / IS=HE,SHE,IT
....=
ARE YOU A DENTIST?
IS SHE A DENTIST?
ARE YOU COOKING?
IS SHE..
YES, I AM /NO, I`M NOT.
YES, SHE IS / NO, SHE ISN´T.
YES, I AM / NO, I´M NOT.
YES, SHE IS/..
WHAT ARE YOU?
WHAT IS SHE?
WHAT ARE YOU DOING?
WHAT IS SHE.
I AM (I´M) A DENTIST.
SHE IS (SHE´S) A DENTIST.
I´M COOKING.
SHE IS…
WHO ARE/IS DENTISTS/A DENTIST?
WHO ARE/IS COOKING?
WE ARE./ SHE IS.
WE ARE. SHE IS.
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