American English Vowel Sounds
FRONT HIGH MID LOW
beat / i: / bit / I / bait / ei / bet / e / bat / ¶ e /
CENTER
but /¶ /
BACK / u: / boot / u / put / ou / boat / o / bought
/ a / top
The / i: / sound • Hold the sound for two counts/ beats. •Your lips are spread as if you are smiling. The / I / sound • Lips are relaxed • Tongue is a little lower than it is for / i: / .
/ i: / vs / I / sleep – slip
least- list
leave – live
beat - bit
eat – it
seek - sick
heal – hill
deep – dip
ease – is
peak – pick
feature – package
retailer – referral
Practice reading the sentences below: 1. This is a heel. 2. This is a hill. 3. Is he leaving? 4. Is he living? 5. This is a sheep. 6. This is a ship. 7. He’s still sleepy. 8. They serve the meals at the mills.
The / u: / sound • The mouth should be opened a little • The tongue is pushed to the high back part • The lips are slightly rounded. The / u / sound • The mouth and lip muscles must be relaxed • The tongue is in the high center part of the mouth • Round lips very slightly
/ u: / vs / u / Luke – look
fool - full
wooed – wood
cooed - could
stewed – stood
pool – pull
due – good
too - took
Practice reading the sentences below: 1. Luke could cook. 2. I pulled and pulled. 3. The prince wooed her in the woods . 4. I look like a fool. 5. The pool is full. 6. A fool is full of mischief.
The / ¶e / sound • Push the front of your tongue forward • Jaw should be lowered
The / a / sound • Is pronounced farther back in the mouth
/ ¶ e / vs / a / fax – fox
cash – copy
lack -lock
hat – hot
aunt – top
plan - doctor
cab – cob
balance – product
Practice reading the sentences below: 1. We will send it to you through fax. 2. They caught a fox near the pond. 3. My aunt is fond of ants. 4. The program was cancelled.
/ ¶ e / vs / e / “ Can you can a can as a canner can can a can?” had – head
ran – wren
pan – pen
man – men
sand – send
batter - better
had – head
bad – bed
back – beck
Practice reading the sentences below: 1. Betty’s batter tastes better. 2. Is the pen black? 3. Where’s the pen? 4. Where’s the pan?
The / ¶ / sound • Mouth is open about the width of a pencil • Lips are relaxed • The middle of the tongue is slightly arched • Muscles are relaxed
/ ¶ / vs / a / luck – lock
trainer – sock
history – not
southern – bond
month – pop
Visa – dollar
today – college
problem – prompt
mother – opposite
Practice reading the sentences below: 1. I have peanut butter for lunch. 2. It’s a sub. 3. It’s a sob. 4. He locked the hut.
/ ou / vs / o / sew – saw
boat – bought
low- law
go – sports
hold – more
October – August
note – order
local – born
foe – off
Practice reading the sentences below: 1. Do you kno w how to bowl? 2. They caught him stealing the manager’s coat.
/ ei / paper - pepper 1. I’m in pain. 2. Have you ever eaten a snake before? 3. She’s eighteen years old.
Consonant Sounds P t K f Th S Sh Ch H
VOICELESS part talk computer fix thin spare shut chip hack
b d v g dh z zh j m n ng l r y w hw
VOICED boot dew service God thy zoom vision Jew machine neck bring line right yes warning what
The Th Sound Three blind mice, see how they run! They all ran after the farmer’s wife; She cut off their tails with a carving knife, Did you ever see such a thing in your life, As three blind mice?
The Voiced Th Sound Let’s compare: though –doe
those – doze
they – day
then – den
there – dare
this – dish
The Voiceless Th Sound thin – tin
theme – team
three – tree
thought – taught
thanks – tanks
faith – fate
death – debt
The Various T Sounds ·
T is aspirated at the beginning of a word or in a stressed syllable
take
technical
electronic
tools
tone
tomorrow
·
T is held at the end of the word.
mate
note
what
put
·
T is not aspirated in the consonant combination /st/, /tr/, /lt/, /ct/, and some /nt/ combinations in unstressed position
customer
stop
start
district
state
distant
·
T is produced like a soft d or “d”-like between two vowel sounds in unstressed position.
Saturday
category
total
tutor
·
T is silent after “n” in unstressed position.
twenty
international
entertainment
Atlanta
·
T is held before “n” at the end of a word and in –tain and –ten endings.
mountain
certain
frequent
button
/p/
/f/
/b/
/v/
pace
face / phase
bolts
volts
cheap
chief
berry / bury
very
pile
file
best
vest
copy
coffee
cupboard
covered
/ s / or / z / ·
/s/ - After the voiceless consonant sounds /t/, /k/, /p/, /f/, and /th/
sports
works
offs
paths
·
caps
/z/ - After the voiced consonant and vowel sounds
/d/
pads
/l/
stalls
/v/
leaves
/m/
homes
/ng/
cravings
/b/
subscribes
/g/
tags
/r/
dollars
/th/
clothes
/n/
reasons
vowels ·
ideas, trees, toes
/Iz/ - after the consonant sounds /z/, /s/, /zh/, /sh/, /ch/ and /j/
/z/
closes
/zh/
Asia
/s/
services
/sh/
dishes
/j/
badges
/ch/
launches
Tongue Twister Challenge
·
A tooter who tooted a flute tried to tutor two tutors to toot. Said the two to their tutor “is it harder to toot or to tutor two tutors to toot?”
·
Mrs. Peck Pigeon Is picking for bread Bob-bob-bob Goes her little round head Tame as a pussy cat In the street Step-step-step Go her little red feet And her little round head Mrs. Peck Pigeon Goes picking for bread
If one doctor doctors another doctor, does the doctor who doctors the doctor doctor the doctor the way the doctor he is doctoring doctors? Or does he doctor the doctor the way the doctor who doctors doctors?
He who knows , and knows he knows, He is wise --- follow him. He who knows, and knows not he knows, He is asleep --- wake him. He who knows not, and knows he knows not, He is a child --- teach him. --- Anonymous
Major Decisions How do you like your coffee? Black! Black! How do you like your tea? With lemon, please. How do you like your steak? Medium rare. How do you like your eggs? I don’t care! Sunny side up? I don’t care! Poached on toast? I don’t care! Scrambled, with bacon? I don’t care! Over easy? I don’t care! Come on, tell me! This isn’t fair. I told you the truth. I really don’t care.
Stress Placement
Two-syllable Nouns ‘distance ‘damsel
‘menu ‘digest
z*** Some nouns are stressed on the root and not on the prefix. ex’cuse mis’take de’sign dis’pute
Compound Nouns
‘firetruck ‘software ‘classmate
Reflexive Pronouns your’self her’self them’selves
Two-syllable Verbs and Adjectives (Stress the root) Adjectives
Verbs
‘useful
‘soften
a’live
em’ploy
Two-syllable Adverbs and Prepositions (Stress the root.) be’side a’bove ‘quickly
Two-word Verbs turn ‘on put ‘up shut ‘down
Suffixes z Stress the syllable before these suffixes: Suffix Word z -ity pub’licity z -ic ener’getic z -ical eco’logical z -ify so’lidify z -ion ex’tinction z -logy psy’chology z -cient su’fficient z -graphy pho’tography z -ious mys’terious
Stress the suffixes Suffix z-esce z-ee z-eer z-esque z-ese z-ette
Word acquiESCE referEE mountainEER ArabESQUE ChinESE cigarETTE
Stress the second syllable before the suffixes Suffix z-ize z-ate z-ary
Word ‘standardize ‘fortunate ‘secretary
zStress does not change but remains on the same syllable Suffix Word z-ful ‘bountiful (bounty) z-al pro’fessional (profession) z-able be’lievable (believe) z-ly ‘mentally (mental) z-ment em’ployment (employ) z-ness ‘happiness (happy)
***Some exceptions: Suffix z-ic z-ee z-ion z-ize z-tary
Word ‘Arabic com‘mittee ‘intersection ‘personalize supple’mentary
Nouns, verbs, and adjectives ending in -ate zAdjectives and nouns - /It/ zVerbs – /eIt/ Practice reading the words as verbs then as nouns/adjectives: estimate duplicate separate alternate
Two-syllable Nouns and Verbs Nouns ‘permit ‘progress ‘object ‘subject ‘present
Verbs per’mit prog’ress ob’ject sub’ject pre’sent
*** Some Exceptions: zStress is on the second syllable for both forms report review zStress is on the first syllable for both forms comfort accent zOne can stress either syllable detail research
Stress Placement and Spelling Game
Intonation
duh duh duh
mee mee mee
duh duh duh
mee mee mee
duh duh duh
mee mee mee
duh duh duh
mee mee mee
la la la
so so so
la la la
so so so
la la la
so so so
la la la
so so so
ho ho ho
Dawn likes dogs.
ho ho ho
It tastes like rain.
ho ho ho
I can’t draw.
ho ho ho
Ann took it.
Statement Intonation with Nouns z Intonation is used to introduce new information. Angela wants a book. Bryce plays pool. Pat teaches French.
Josh sells some boxes. Ben paints the fence. The girls like the food. The kids need some help.
Noun and Pronoun Intonation Rob likes Anne.
He likes her.
Terry eats crackers.
She eats them.
The plumber fixed the pipe.
He fixed it.
The boys need some money. They need something.
Alice knows Angel and me.
She knows us.
The kids have a show.
They have one.
Pete sells cars.
He sells them.
1. The R ising Intonation – for ques tions ans werable b y YES or NO 1. Are yo u okay? 2. Is Reggie i n his office? Ask questio ns beginni ng with: Have… ? W ill… ? Am… ? W as… ?
Were… ? Has… ?
1. used to ask so meone to repeat w hat he /s he said 1. Say tha t again? 2. Exc use me?
q
The Falling Intonation – for open-ended questions
1. What is the latest news on outsourcing? 2. What are the advantages of your new product? Ask questions beginning with: Whose…? Which…? Who…? Whom…? -
used when giving choices
1. Do you want an apple or a banana?
R e a s o n s fo r In to n a t io n 1 . C o ntra st I lik e d o g s, b u t I h a te ca ts . 2 . N e w In fo rm a tio n It lo o k s like w a te r .
3 . O p inio n It lo o k s like w a te r , b ut it co u ld b e p o iso n . 4 . C a n’t c a n’t – stre s se d
ca n – w ith a sc hw a
Yo u c a n ’t d o tha t.
H e re ’s w ha t w e ca n d o fo r yo u .
Variable Stress What would you have? What would you have? What would you have? What would you have?
Hello, my name is Angel.
Hello, my name is Angel.
Hello, my name is Angel.
Points to Remember: v When you’re making a statement for the first time, you stress the nouns. v When you replace the nouns with pronouns, stress the verbs.
v A question rises a little higher than a statement with the same pattern. v Heightened emotions are best expressed with a rising intonation pattern.
Linking
zWhen a word ends in a consonant sound and the next starts with a vowel sound, the words are connected. Can I have your name? Have a nice day!
Ke nigh havyour name? Ha vuhnice day
My name is
my naymiz
LA
eh lay
American accent
america naccent
zWhen a word ending in a vowel sound is placed before a word that begins with a vowel sound, they are connected with a Y or W sound. vowel + /Y/ + vowel vowel + /w/ +vowel
He isn’t here.
He yisn’t here.
You are kind
you ware kind
May I ask how you’re related?
Too often
May yie ask…
too woften
Exercise: z Y or W? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
So honest ____ To open ____ Do I? ____ Who is ____ To understand ____
Y or W? 6. He is ____ 7. To access ____ 8. He always ____ 9. Through any ____ 10. Just do it. ____
Linking two consonants
zWhen the sound of D,T, Z, or S is followed by a word that begins with a Y, or its sound, the words are connected.
T + Y = CH What’s your
watcher
Don’t you
dontcha
Let you
letcha
Can’t you do it
cantchew
D+Y=J Could you
couldja
Did you
didja
Find your
fine jer
Education
ejucation
S + Y = SH Bless you
blesshue
Pass your
pasher
Guess your
guesshur
Yes, you are
yeshuwar
Z + Y = ZH Who’s your
whozier
Where’s your
wherezhur
How was your
howwazhier
He says you’re
he sezhur
Common American Expressions: Let’s go!
Sko.
What are you doing?
Whatcha doin?
I have got a caller.
I’ve gotta caller.
I’ll let you know.
I’ll letcha know.
How is it going?
Howzit going?
How did you like it?
Howja like it?
What do you think?
Whaddyu think?
Tell her that I miss her.
TellerImisser.
What are you waiting for?
Whaddya waiting for?
I’ll meet you later
Meechu later.
Don’t you get it?
Doancha geddit?
I don’t know, it’s too hard.
I dunno, stoo hard.
Could we go?
Kwee gou?
How to Speak Better English zListen to audio books. zWatch American TV shows and movies. zRecord yourself. zThink, feel, and speak the English language.