Banana Chapters 1-5.docx

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BANANA (Musa balbisiana) PEELS AS ALTERNATIVE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER

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A Thesis Study Presented to the Faculty of Tarlac State University Laboratory High School

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Science Research I

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By: John Ferdinand Angeles Alona Joy Buena Lianne Mamiit Micah Jenina Pascual Jessa Vianca Soberano Ronalei Tañedo

MARCH 2015

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CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM: ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction The banana is a fast-growing plant consisting of one or more pseudo stems (upright, trunk-like structures) formed by tightly packed concentric layers of leaf sheaths, an underground rhizome, and a fibrous root system. The entire plant is called a mat. The pseudo stem constitutes the functional trunk which supports the leaves and the flower and fruit bearing stalk. Bananas are vigorously growing, monocotyledonous herbaceous plants. There are two species of banana, Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana, and most banana cultivars are hybrids of these species. Banana cultivars vary greatly in plant and fruit size, plant morphology, fruit quality, and disease and insect resistance. Most bananas have a sweet flavor when ripe; exceptions to this are cooking bananas and plantains. (Crane, J. H., Balerdi, C. F. & Maguire, I., 2008) Banana peels are the outer envelopes of banana fruits. They are the by-product of household consumption and banana processing. Banana peels are available in populated areas or in the vicinity of banana processing plants. They can be found in all tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, America, Africa and Australia where bananas are grown (Archimede H., 2013). Plantain peels contain less fibre than Banana peels (Happi Emaga et al., 2011). Philippines’s bananas are actually their 5th largest export product and are very competitive and are the 3rd biggest exporters of banana in the world. In 2008, the industry has contributed taxes of almost 400 million pesos (Espinosa, 2007). Philippines

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are seen as one of the strongest producers of this food product worldwide because of their low production cost and quality. The banana production and exporting in our country continues to see tremendous growth and popularity (Dela Cruz, 2009). Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is versatile with many uses. Whilst the most common is for writing and printing upon, it is also widely used as packaging material, in many cleaning products, in a number of industrial and construction processes, and even as a food ingredient – particularly in Asian cultures (Lancelot, 2014). A single sheet of paper may contain fibers from hundred of trees from around the world. Fibers can travel thousands of miles from a forest to an office. A sheet has less than a 5 percent chance of containing recycled fibers and only a 5 percent chance of avoiding a landfill or incinerator. Every year, any average employee generates approximately 9,999 more sheets, totaling about 27 pounds per person. Natural forests are being destroyed at an unsustainable pace with most surviving forests degraded by roads, agriculture, pollution and invasive species (Wood Consumption Org., 2006). In region 3 or Central Luzon the banana production in metric tons is 46, 411 as of 2005 according to the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. Also according to Metro Manila Linis-Ganda in 2004 the waste recovery of paper is about 1 311 764.63. It goes without saying that after almost about 10 years the consumption of paper has rise for at least 5-10 times. Many have thought of recycling paper but of course that is not sufficient enough researchers have also search for other alternatives such as cotton, banana, tobacco, citrus,

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coffee bean, bamboo, and recycled fabrics. Even paper made from excrement is surfacing in the market, specifically elephant dung paper (Huffington, 2014). Having the global consumption of paper increased by almost half since 1980, with Belgium as the biggest consumer of paper in the world (EU Bureaucracy, 2012). Considering also the abundance on the production of bananas in the Philippines and having the banana’s production in January to March 2014 estimated at 2, 052.22 thousand mt, 1.9 percent more than the 2, 014.81 thousand mt level of output in the same period last year (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2014). The researchers thought of producing recycled paper from almost waste products which is the Banana peel to contribute in the wellness of the economy as well as conserving our remaining natural resources; this in no time will reach scarcity.

Statement of the Problem This study aimed to produce paper with Banana peel as its main ingredient. Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions: 1. How can the experimental paper be described in terms of: 1.1 Color? 1.2 Texture? 1.3 Odor? 2. Is there a significant difference between experimental paper and commercial paper in terms of: 2.1 Color? 2.2 Texture?

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2.3 Odor? 2.4 Cost production? 3. What are the implications of the study to the: 3.1 Users? 3.2 Manufacturers?

Hypothesis 1.

There is no significant difference between Banana peel paper and commercial

paper in terms of color. 2.

There is no significant difference between Banana peel paper and commercial

paper in terms of texture. 3.

There is no significant difference between Banana peel paper and commercial

paper in terms of odor.

Significance of the Study This study aimed to further determine the effectiveness of Banana peels as paper and its contribution to the society as an eco-friendly paper. This may contribute the future researchers about more information regarding Banana peel, its benefits and also for the production of papers. Having the knowledge of the potential of it as a paper, which is useful in this time with the nearing shortage of resources in fiber to produce paper, there is actually a wide range of giving it a solution and one of them is this study.

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It may also help lessen the garbage in places and bring forth creativity. This may help students in the area of recycling. This simple recycling may enable many to participate in preserving the resources around the world.

Scope and Delimitation The study focused on the production of paper from Banana peel. The study was conducted in Tarlac City. The researchers observed the similarities and differences between the commercial paper and the experimental paper. There were two set-ups. The researchers presented the two set-ups and were rated by thirty respondents. This study limited to describe the experimental paper in terms of its color, texture and odor, but does not cover the evaluation of the thickness, tensile strength and rate of decomposition of the paper that will be produced.

Definition of Terms The following terms were defined to help for a better understanding of this study. Banana Peel. The skin of a banana (especially when it is stripped off and discarded). The raw material was used to produce the experimental paper. Boiling. The application of heat to change something from a liquid to a gas. The process to which the Banana peel will be softened. Deckle. A frame used in making paper by hand to form paper pulp into sheets of a desired size. Fiber. A thread or filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral substance, or textile is formed.

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Grinding. To crush or break (something) into very small pieces by rubbing it against a rough surface or using a special machine. The process to which the Banana peel was mashed. Mold. A frame covered with metal or nylon. Paper. A thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It was used as a point of comparison to test the effectiveness of experimental paper. Starch. A substance that is found in certain food. It served as the binder of the experimental paper.

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The chapter presented the researchers’ readings on literature and studies that have been conducted in local and abroad which were significantly related to the study that explicated further understanding.

Related Literature Bananas are a highly cultivated fruit for thousands of years. Many races eat banana peels as well as the Asians. They are not sweet as the fruit is but they are also nutritious (Bond, 2011). Banana peels are as useful as the banana fruit. They contain antifungal, antibiotic and enzymatic properties that can be put in good use. They are also moist and nutritious. Some uses banana peel to polish shoes and any other silver wares. Many use it as a good plant fertilizer in home farms. It can be also use to whiten the teeth and skin. It was also use in treating acne problems. This is possible due to good enzymes that can help our body. For dry skins, it is a good source of moisture. Other companies uses banana peel for their anti -repellant products. It is proven that it can ease the pain on mosquito and ant bites. It can also use to heal skin warts. In cooking, it is use to tenderize the meat (Bhagat, 2013). Banana peels are good source of soluble and insoluble water. It can relieve constipation because it contains a lot of dietary fibers. It is shown that it can reduce the risk of heart attacks and diabetes. It can also maintain a low cholesterol level. It is also use to promote good eye sight because of its lutein content. It can also protect the red blood cells in our body (Healthmunsta, 2014).

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Banana peels are also fibrous that can provide enough strength to make papers. It can be use in paper crafts and art works. As a result, it was eco-friendly in terms of its uses. It can lessen the cases of cutting trees. It is strong as the papers made from real tree fibers. It was not white as the writing papers but it can be use for decorative purposes (Lee, 2011). Banana is the country's leading export fruit crop generating an average of $400 million in annual export revenues, bananas have made the Philippines the second largest banana exporter in the world. The Philippines belongs to the region considered the "origin" of the banana plant, hence, bananas thrive very well in the country's warm and humid climate. Lakatan is the variety most widely grown by small-hold banana growers in Northern Luzon, along with Saba, Latundan, and Bungulan. Cavendish is the export variety grown by commercial banana plantations in Southern Philippines, particularly in Davao (Lejano, 2009). Banana is not far from coconut as the tree of life owing to its many uses. Aside from being eaten fresh, the ripe fruit can also be processed into jam, candies, and purees. On the other hand, the unripe bananas may be processed into starch and chips. Banana extracts can also be processed into wine, catsup and vinegar (Ploetz, 2014). In some areas, especially in the provinces, the banana leaves are believed to be medicinal and can heal open-skin wounds faster. Aside from being used as packing materials in markets and other areas of trade, the banana leaves are also used for cooking purposes. The same thing goes with the banana blossom, which is an important ingredient in some special Filipino dishes. When dried banana blossoms have an export market (Bureau of Agricultural Research, 2012).

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Like abaca, the banana fiber can be made into ropes, sacks and mats. The banana peel is also being utilized as a material for making paper and paper boards (Lejano, 2009).

Related Studies A. Foreign Ramli (2009) conducted a study that flour prepared from green and ripe Cavendish and Dream banana fruits were assessed for total starch, digestible starch, resistant starch, total dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber. Principle component analysis identified only one component responsible for explaining 83.83% of the total variance in the starch and dietary fiber components data to indicate that ripe banana flour had different characteristics from the green. Cluster analysis applied on similar data obtained two statistically significant clusters of green and ripe banana to indicate difference in behaviors according to the stages of ripeness. In conclusion, starch and dietary fiber components could be used to discriminate between flour prepared from fruits of different stage of ripeness. Results are also suggestive of the potential of green as well as the ripe banana flour as functional ingredients in food. Nair (2008) proved that Banana peel is effective in having antioxidant. Banana peel is a good source of vitamins like vitamin A, and vitamin B6. In addition to potassium, it also contains minerals like calcium, manganese, magnesium, sodium and sulfur. Banana peel also contains antioxidants including lutein and phytochemicals like polyphenols and carotenoids. Interestingly, antioxidant activity of the banana peel extract was found to be stronger than that of the banana pulp extract.

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B. Local Richardson (2011) conducted a research “Banana peels remove toxins” Richardson find out that banana peels can remove toxins. The slippery yellow skins are better known as a comedic prop, but now research has demonstrated they have a capacity to absorb lead and copper from river water. Previously, other plant materials such as peanut shells and coconut fibers had been tried, but minced banana peels did the trick better. In the study paper of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research (2011) titled “Banana Peel Applied to the Solid Phase Extraction of Copper and Lead from River Water - Preconcentration of Metal Ions with a Fruit Waste” they also noted the very low cost of banana peels and the fact there is no need to prepare them chemically for the water purification procedure. They theorized the acid content of the peels make them a good material for absorbing the heavy metals. Heavy metal pollution in rivers and streams can be absorbed by species such as mollusks and algae, and eventually enter the food chain where it contaminates fish and frogs. They can make aquatic species sick and die, so an effective and affordable means of removing them is very beneficial. A river in the Philippines suffered enough industrial pollution, including heavy metal poisoning, that it was recognized as biologically inactive. Restoring a river to its original natural health is obviously far more costly than preventing the pollution from damaging it in the first place, if it is even possible to restore it.

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Using materials produced naturally is also helpful because they are less likely to result in extra contaminants being introduced into the polluted area. Some remediation projects use manmade chemicals to address the pollution and risk additional contamination. The researchers believed that a paper made out of banana peel is more efficient. Nowadays, people use many things that contain chemicals. Banana peels contain good factors in our health. And papers are very important to us, so we, the researchers believed that Banana peel is effective to be a paper.

Conceptual Framework The study focused on using Banana peel in making paper. The Banana peels were collected and cut into strips. The Banana peels were boiled with water to soften. The Banana peels were ground in a blender with water and starch that served as binder. The researchers placed the mixture on top of the mold and deckle with a tray at the bottom. Let it dry for 24 hours. The commercial paper and the experimental paper were compared in terms of color, texture and odor. Thirty respondents from Tarlac City were selected and answered the given questionnaires.

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Preparation of Raw Material

Gathering of Banana Peels

Selection of Commercial Paper

Production of Experimental Paper

Purchase of Commercial Paper

Banana Peel Paper

Decorative Paper

Comparison of Commercial and Experimental Paper

Figure 1 Paradigm of the Study

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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter presented the research design, different methods and procedures that were involved used in the study. The materials that were needed to conduct the study were also included.

Research Design The type of research used in this study to ensure accuracy and efficiency of Banana peel as paper was experimental and descriptive type. The study determined the effectiveness of the Banana peel as a decorative paper. This study also aimed to describe the experimental paper in terms of color, texture and odor. The experimental design was used to test the feasibility of Banana peels in the production of paper. The descriptive design was used to describe the color, texture and odor of the paper made from Banana peels by thirty selected respondents. The gathered data was compared statistically to determine whether there was a significant difference existed between the commercial paper and the experimental paper.

Method of Research The researchers prepared the paper made from Banana peel. The researchers selected thirty respondents from Tarlac City to determine the effectiveness of the experimental paper (Banana peel). The type of sampling design that was used was selected sampling.

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Sensory Evaluation The color, texture and odor of the paper made from Banana peel were described by using sensory evaluation. These were assessed using incidental sampling procedure. The researchers selected thirty respondents from Tarlac City depending on their availability at the time of the trials of the products. The respondents were given a sample of the commercial paper and experimental paper (Banana peel). They were also given a questionnaire to evaluate the color, texture and odor.

Instruments The instruments that were used in collecting data were the questionnaires. This method for collecting data was used because they were the most direct way of gathering results from the respondents. A questionnaire that consisted of a table of ratings in terms of color, texture and odor was used for the comparison between the commercial paper and experimental paper.

Materials and Equipments A chopping board and a sharp knife were used for chopping the Banana peels that have been collected. The medium pot was used for the boiling of the chopped Banana peels. A strainer was used to separate the peels from the boiled water. In measuring the amount of water and starch, a measuring cup was used. The blender with a minimum 4 cup capacity served as the grinder of the boiled peels. The grind peels were placed in a plastic container. In forming the experimental paper, mold and deckle were used. To hold and separate the paper from the excess water,

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a large tray was used. A large damp cloth was used to drain and a recycled paper was used to cure the experimental paper.

Procedures The following procedure was observed carefully by the researchers, which served as their guidelines while making the experimental paper (Banana peels). I.

Preparation of the raw material Banana peels were used in this study. The peels were collected from the eaten

Banana. Eight peels were collected. The peels were ready to use in recipe as soon as they were collected. The Banana peels were placed on the chopping board to be chopped. II.

Production of Paper The production of the experimental paper (Banana peels) comprises these

following steps: Prepare all the materials needed. Prepare the banana peels by rough-cutting them into ½-inch bits. Deposit them into a pot with 2 cups of boiling water. Allow the peel to soften for approximately 15 to 20 minutes. Let the peels cool down then place it in the blender. Add 1⁄3 cup of water and ¼ cup of starch in the blender together with the boiled Banana peels. Replace the lid and process on high until it all comes together in texture and consistency. After grinding, put the mixture in a plastic container. Place the mold and deckle in the bottom of the large tray with the glass frame facing up and an enough water to slightly sink the mold and deckle. Slowly pour the banana slurry inside the mold while concurrently raising the double frame so all the excess water in the paper mixture drains

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through. Make sure the banana pulp covers the entire surface area of the mold by handpressing it into place; this step will reduce the moisture content so it is easier to release the homemade banana paper sheet from its frame. Cover the table with the large damp cloth, place the mold or deckle on top so the deckle frame can be immediately removed, followed by the mold itself. What will remain is a somewhat solid sheet of recycled banana skin-paper pulp that must be cured before use. Allow it to dry with a paper to cover and a rock above the paper to flatten the mixture for approximately 24 hours or until all water has evaporated.

Statistical Treatment t- test Independent will be employed in this study. t- test is use to compare and to know the differences between the experimental and control group in terms of appearance, odor and texture. Assumptions for the Independent t- test: a.) Independence: Observations within each sample must be independent (they do not influence each other), b.) Normal Distribution: The scores in each population must be normally distributed, c.) Homogeneity of Variance: The two populations must have equal variances (the degree to which the distributions are spread out is approximately equal). The formula for t- test Independent is:

̅ 𝟏 −𝐗 ̅𝟐 𝐗

t=

(𝐧 −𝟏)𝐬 𝟐 𝟏+(𝐧𝟐 −𝟏)𝐬𝟐 𝟐 𝐧𝟏+ 𝐧𝟐 √ 𝟏 [ ] 𝐧𝟏 + 𝐧𝟐 −𝟐

Where: ̅ 𝟏 is the mean for Group 1. 𝐗

𝐧𝟏 𝐧𝟐

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̅ 𝟐 is the mean for Group 2. 𝐗 𝐧𝟏 is the number of people in Group 1. 𝐧𝟐 is the number of people in Group 2. 𝐬𝟐 𝟏 is the variance for Group 1. 𝐬𝟐 𝟐 is the variance for Group 2.

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CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter presented and interpreted the results of the analysis of Banana Peels as Alternative for the Production of Paper.

1. Below are descriptions of the experimental paper (Banana peel) in terms of color, texture, odor and cost production.

Table 1 Description of the Experimental Paper (Banana Peel) in terms of Color

Experimental paper (Banana peel)

Very Acceptable (1)

Acceptable (2)

Moderately Acceptable (3)

Not So Acceptable (4)

Not Acceptable (5)

Mean

Description

5

18

7

0

0

2.07

Acceptable

Table 1 showed the mean for the color of the experimental paper (Banana peel). Having a mean of 2.07, the experimental paper denotes a description of acceptable in terms of color for a decorative paper.

Table 2 Description of the Experimental Paper (Banana Peel) in terms of Texture

Experimental (Banana peel)

paper

Preferable for Decoration (1)

Not Preferable for Decoration (2)

Mean

Description

30

0

1

Preferable for Decoration

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Table 2 shows the mean for the texture of the experimental paper (Banana peel). Having a mean of 1, the experimental paper denotes a description of being preferable for decoration.

Table 3 Description of the Experimental Paper (Banana Peel) in terms of Odor

Experimental paper (Banana peel)

Scented (1)

Slightly Scented (2)

Odor-Free (3)

Foul (4)

Offensive Foul (5)

Mean

Description

0

11

16

3

0

2.73

Odor-Free

Table 3 shows the mean for the odor of the experimental paper (Banana peel). Having a mean of 2.73, the experimental paper denotes a description of odor-free.

Table 4 Cost Analysis of the Experimental Paper (Banana Peel) Price (Pesos) / 3” x 4.5” Experimental Paper

Php 0.60

Table 4 shows the cost that the researchers spent for the experimental paper (Banana peel). For every 3” x 4.5”, the researchers spent Php.0.60.

2. Below are comparisons of the commercial paper and the experimental paper (Banana peel) in terms of color, texture, odor and cost production.

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Table 5 Comparison of the Commercial Paper and the Experimental Paper (Banana peel) in terms of Color Very Acceptable (1)

Acceptable (2)

Moderately Acceptable (3)

Not So Acceptable (4)

Not Acceptable (5)

Mean

Description

5

18

7

0

0

2.07

Acceptable

13

17

0

0

0

1.57

Acceptable

Experimental paper (Banana peel) Commercial Paper

Table 5 shows the means for the color of the commercial paper and the experimental paper (Banana peel). The commercial paper has a mean of 1.57 and the experimental paper has a mean of 2.07. Having a higher mean of 2.07, the experimental paper is more acceptable in color for a decorative paper than that of the commercial paper.

Table 6 Comparison of the Commercial Paper and the Experimental Paper (Banana peel) in terms of Texture Preferable for Decoration (1) Experimental paper (Banana peel)

Commercial paper

30 30

Not Preferable for Decoration (2)

0 0

Mean

Description

1

Preferable for Decoration

1

Preferable for Decoration

Table 6 shows the means for the texture of the commercial paper and the experimental paper (Banana peel). The commercial paper has a mean of 1 and the

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experimental paper has also a mean of 1. Having the same mean, the experimental paper and the commercial paper are both preferable for decoration.

Table 7 Comparison of the Commercial Paper and the Experimental Paper (Banana peel) in terms of Odor

Experimental paper (Banana peel) Commercial paper

Scented (1)

Slightly Scented (2)

Odor-Free (3)

Foul (4)

Offensive Foul (5)

Mean

Description

0

11

16

3

0

2.73

Odor-Free

0

3

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1

0

2.93

Odor-Free

Table 7 shows the means for the odor of the commercial paper and the experimental paper. The commercial paper has a mean of 2.93 and the experimental paper has a mean of 2.73. Having a mean of 2.93, the commercial paper is more odor-free than that of the experimental paper.

Table 8 Comparison of the Commercial Paper and the Experimental Paper (Banana peel) in terms of Cost Production Price (Pesos) /3” x 4.5” Experimental Paper

Php 0.60

Commercial Paper

Php 1.18

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Table 8 shows that for every 3” x 4.5”, the researchers spent Php 1.18 for the commercial paper and Php 0.60 for the experimental paper (Banana peel). Therefore, the experimental paper is cheaper.

Table 9 t- Test Statistics for the Comparison between the Experimental and Commercial Paper in terms of Color Mean Difference

Standard Error

t value

Degree of Freedom

a level

Critical value

Decision

Inference

0.5

8.696

4.348

29

0.05

2.045

Reject 𝐻0

Significant

Experimental Commercial

Employing the t-test of difference between means of correlated samples, Table 9 shows 2-tailed t value. The computed value of t was 4.348 which is higher than the critical value of 2.045 at degree of freedom of 29 and 0.05 level of significance. This means that the null hypothesis which stated that there is no significant difference between the experimental and commercial paper in terms of color is rejected.

Table 10 t- Test Statistics for the Comparison between the Experimental and Commercial Paper in terms of Texture Mean Difference

Standard Error

t value

Degree of Freedom

a level

Critical value

Decision

Inference

0

NaN

0

29

0.05

2.045

Do not reject 𝐻0

Insignificant

Experimental

Commercial

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Table 10 shows that the t value computed was 0 which is lower than the critical value of 2.045. This means that null hypothesis which stated that there no significant difference between the experimental and commercial paper in terms of texture is not rejected.

Table 11 t- Test Statistics for the Comparison between the Experimental and Commercial Paper in terms of Odor Mean Difference

Standard Error

t value

-7.22

-1.44

Degree of Freedom

a level

Critical value

Experimental

Commercial

0.2

29

0.05

2.045

Decision

Inference

Do not reject 𝐻0

Insignificant

Table 11 shows 2-tailed t value. The computed value of t was -7.2 which is lower than the critical value of 2.045 at degree of freedom of 29 and 0.05 level of significance. This means that the null hypothesis which stated that there is no significant difference between the experimental and commercial paper in terms of color is not rejected.

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CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presented the summary of the results, conclusions and recommendations of the study.

Summary of Findings The researchers used experimental research method and descriptive research method to evaluate the effectiveness of the Banana Peels as Alternative for the Production of Paper. The experiments conducted by the researchers yielded the following results: 1.

In terms of color, the experimental paper (Banana peel) has a mean of 2.07 which

denotes the description of acceptable for a decorative paper. When it comes to the texture, the experimental paper has a mean of 1 which denotes the description of being preferable for decoration. In terms of the odor, the experimental paper has a mean of 2.73 which denotes a description of odor-free. For the cost of production, the researchers spent Php 0.60 for the experimental paper. 2.

In terms of color, the commercial paper has a mean of 1.57 and the experimental

paper has a mean of 2.07. Having a higher mean of 2.07, the experimental paper is more acceptable in color for a decorative paper than that of the commercial paper.

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In terms of texture, the commercial paper has a mean of 1 and the experimental paper has also a mean of 1. Having the same mean, the experimental paper and the commercial paper are both preferable for decoration. When it comes to odor, the commercial paper has a mean of 2.93 and the experimental paper has a mean of 2.73. Having a mean of 2.93, the commercial paper is more odor-free than that of the experimental paper. For the cost production, the researchers spent Php 1.18 for the commercial paper and Php 0.60 for the experimental paper (Banana peel). Therefore, the experimental paper is cheaper.

Conclusions After the analysis of the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: 1.

The experimental paper (Banana peel) was found to be acceptable in terms of its

color. When it comes to texture, the experimental paper was found to be preferable for decoration. For the odor, the experimental paper was found to be odor-free. The researchers spent Php 0.60 for the experimental paper 2.

Based on the computations, the computed t is greater than the critical value,

hence, 𝐻0 is rejected. It denotes that there is a significant difference between the two papers in terms of color. Based on the computations, the computed t is less than the critical value, hence, do not reject 𝐻0 . It denotes that there is no significant difference between the two papers as to their texture.

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Based on the computations, the computed t is less than the critical value, hence, do not reject 𝐻0 . It denotes that there is no significant difference between the two papers as to their odor. The experimental paper (Banana peel) is cheaper than the commercial paper. 3.

The implication of the study to the consumers will learn how to make handmade

papers. Consumers will also learn that the peels of Banana are effective to make handmade papers. Consumers will gain knowledge about bananas and handmade papers.

Recommendations 1.

The researchers highly recommend the use of Banana peels as an ingredient

in making handmade papers. 2.

Follow up studies should be conducted to test the thickness of the

experimental paper (Banana peel). 3.

Follow up studies should be conducted to test the tensile strength of the

experimental paper. 4.

Follow up studies should be conducted to test the rate of decomposition of

the experimental paper by natural decomposition. 5.

Further studies about other binder to make and to produce a stronger

experimental paper. 6.

Further studies about using other plants rich in fiber to produce handmade

papers are recommended by the researchers. 7.

Further studies about using paper made from Banana peel to produce paper

products are recommended by the researchers.