Bacteriological Water Pollution-bilal Ahmad Sajid

Assignment on

BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER POLLUTION & HEALTH EFFECTS

BY

BILAL AHMAD SAJID M.Phil/PhD-1st semester Session: 2009 Submitted To:

Dr. Sardar Khan Associate Professor Department of Environmental Sciences

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITYOF PESHAWAR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Fist of all greatness, sanctity and glory to Almighty ALLAH, who blessed me to complete my assignment successfully. I will acknowledge prays and love of my parents which enabled me to complete my assignment. I will also acknowledge the assistance, guidance and continuous feed back from Mr. Sardar Khan Associate Professor in Department of Environmental Sciences University of Peshawar. It has been pleasure learning from all my class fellows. I will be very thankful to the librarian of Department of Environmental Sciences who provided me book in time. Last but not the least I am grateful & thankful to The University of Peshawar which provided me a platform for learning and brightening my future.

BILAL AHMAD SAJID

1

SUMMARY Water contaminated with Pathogenic Bacteria of Faecal Origin is a major cause of water borne epidemic diseases like Diarrhoea, Cholera, Typhoid Fever,

Paratyphoid

Fever,

Bacillary

Dysentery,

Gastroenteritis,

E.

coli Infections, Legionellosis, and Leptospirosis etc. The major target of these diseases is Digestive system, especially human intestines. Human body acts as a reservoir for these bacteria. Prevention of these epidemic diseases requires inspection of water supply and bacteriological water analysis regularly, Proper disinfection and boiling water before drinking. Curing of these diseases needs oral or intravenous replacement of fluids and salts, bed rest, prescribed antibiotics and proper vaccination.

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS S.No

CONTENTS

Page #

Acknowledgement Summary 1

INTRODUCTION

1

2

OBJECTIVES

1

3

BACTERIA

2

4

BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER POLLUTION

2

5

SOURCES OF BACTERIA IN DRINKING WATER SOME MILD (RELATIVELY) WATERBORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF BACTERIA

6

2-4 4

6.1

Campylobacteriosis

4

6.2

E.coli Infection

5

6.3

Legionellosis

5

6.4

Leptospirosis

5

7

THE MOST SERIOUS WATERBORNE BACTERIOLOGICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES

5

7.1

DIARRHOEA

5-6

7.2

TYPHOID

6-7

7.2.1

Symptoms

6

7.2.2

Means of Spreading

7

7.2.3

Mortality Rate

7

7.2.4

Prevention and treatment

7

7.3

PARATYPHOID FEVER

8

7.3.1

Symptoms

8

7.3.2

Means of Spreading

8

7.3.3

Mortality Rate

8

7.3.4

Treatment

8

7.4

CHOLERA

8-10

7.4.1

Symptoms

9

7.4.2

Means of Spreading

9

7.4.3

Severe Cases

9 1

7.4.4

Mortality Rate

9

7.4.5

Prevention

9

7.4.6

Treatment

9-10

7.5

BACILLARY DYSENTERY/SHIGELLOSIS/BLOODY FLUX

10-11

7.5.1

Symptoms

10

7.5.2

Means of Spreading

10

7.5.3

Mortality

10

7.5.4

Prevention and Treatment

11

11

RECENT OUTBREAK OF BACTERIOLOGICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN PAKISTAN DETECTION & MEASUREMENT OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN WATER AVOIDING WATERBORNE BACTERIOLOGICAL EPIDEMIC DISEASES TREATMENT OF THE ACTIVE PATIENTS AND CARRIERS

12

CONCLUSION

14

BIBLIOGRAPHY

15

8 9 10

11 11-12 12 13

15

Books DVD Source

15-16

Online Source

16-18

Figures

18-19

LIST OF FIGURES Figures

Page#

Figure 1

Waterborne Pathological Diseases Rout

3

Figure 2

E.coli O157:H7

5

Figure 3

Diarrhoea symptoms in Children

5

Figure 4

Frequent Bowls: Symptom of Diarrhoea

6

Figure 5

Salmonella Typhi

6

Figure 6

Vibrio Cholerae

8

Figure 7

Boil Water before Drinking

9

Figure 8

Severe Abdominal Cramps

10

Figure 9

Counting Bacterial Colonies on Membrane filter

11 1

Figure 10 Figure 11

Disinfection by Ultra Violet Rays

12

Diagnosis, Bed Rest & Proper Antibiotics

13

1

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

1. INTRODUCTION I voluntarily selected this topic as an assignment of my M.Phil course in which I have tried to explain in detail the contamination of drinking water with pathogenic bacteria through various sources but especially faecal pathogenic bacteria along with its impacts on human health. I have mentioned briefly some mild diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria in water. I have also explained in detail, although not all but most of the infectious waterborne epidemic diseases spread by consuming water contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. Along with the explanation of these infectious diseases I have also tried to explain the techniques for detecting pathogenic bacteria in drinking water, prevention of these infectious epidemic diseases and curing/ treatment techniques. 2. OBJECTIVES My major objectives of taking this assignment are 2.1

To understand clearly and in some detail, the contamination

of drinking water with pathogenic bacteria of faecal origin. 2.2

To

identify

relationship

contamination and major

between

bacteriological

water

infectious epidemic diseases specially

diarrhoea, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery. 2.3

To build up my confidence by presenting this assignment in

front of my colleagues.

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

3. BACTERIA Bacteria are microscopic single celled prokaryotic organism that use soluble food and are capable of self reproduction without sunlight. They range in Size from 0.5 to 5µ & have wide range of shapes ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. They reproduce by binary fission usually after each 20 minutes under ideal conditions.1 4. BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER POLLUTION We categorize bacteria into two groups i.e. pathogenic and nonpathogenic. The pathogenic bacteria are those which cause diseases in human & other animals while non-pathogenic bacteria are those which are harmless or may be useful.

2

The water is considered bacteriologically polluted only when pathogenic bacteria get into it. Pathogenic bacteria transmitted directly by water or indirectly through water to food, constitute one of the principle sources of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries.3 Scientists have recognized four classes of water related diseases. Class 1 includes the true waterborne diseases which are due to drinking water containing pathogens. And bacteria are the major cause of waterborne diseases.4 The presence of pathogenic bacteria is a major concern when considering the safety of drinking water. Fortunately, 90% of bacterial population dies off within 48 hours of their entry into water.5 1 Viessman, W., & Hammer, M. (2005). Water Supply and Pollution Control. 7th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey US, pp. 521 2 Khopkar, S.M. (2004). Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Control. New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi, pp. 228 3 Agarwal, S.K. (2005). Water Pollution. APH Publishing corporation New Delhi, pp. 244,245

4 Mason, C.F. (1991). Biology of Fresh Water Pollution. 2nd edition, Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc New York, pp51,52

5 Oram, B. Sources of Bacteria in Drinking Water. Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Retrieved November 2, 2009, from http://www.water-research.net/bacteria.htm

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

5. SOURCES OF BACTERIA IN DRINKING WATER Human and animal wastes are a primary source of bacteria in water. These sources of bacterial contamination include runoff from feedlots, pastures, dog runs, and other land areas where animal wastes are deposited.

6

Additional sources include seepage or discharge from septic tanks, sewage treatment facilities, and natural soil/plant bacteria.7

6 ibid 7 Khopkar, S.M. opcit.

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

Figure 1: Waterborne Pathological Diseases Rout Source: http://www.epi-net.org/eng/past_conf_files/water_conf/Talk%202.pdf

Bacteria from these sources can enter wells that are either open at the land surface, or do not have water-tight casings or caps. Insects, rodents or animals entering the well are other sources of contamination. Old wells were dug by hand and lined (cased) with rocks or bricks. These wells usually have large openings and casings that often are not well-sealed. This makes it easy for insects, rodents, or animals to enter the well. Another way bacteria can enter a water supply is through inundation or infiltration by flood waters or by surface runoff. Flood waters commonly contain high levels of bacteria. Older water systems, especially, dug wells, Page | 1

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

spring-fed systems and cistern-type systems are most vulnerable to bacterial contamination. Any systems with casings or caps that are not water-tight are vulnerable.8 There are 10 times as many bacteria in human body as there are human cells in the body.9 Most of These Bacteria are non-pathogenic (harmless & a few beneficial) & a few Pathogenic causing infectious diseases.10 There are about 10 to1000 billion bacteria (pathogenic & non-pathogenic) per gram of feces. 40 % of fecal mass is microbial cell material11 and this single gram of faeces contains about 400-500 species of bacteria and 140 types of enteric viruses.12 The targets of waterborne bacterial infections are intestines and major symptom of intestinal infections is diarrhoea.13 6.

SOME

MILD

(RELATIVELY)

WATERBORNE

INFECTIOUS

DISEASES OF BACTERIA 6.1

Campylobacteriosis (Gastroenteritis): It produces dysentery like

symptoms along with a high fever. Poultry, dogs & cats are its hosts and it usually lasts 2-10 days.14

8

Oram, B. Sources of Bacteria in Drinking Water. Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Retrieved November 2, 2009, from http://www.water-research.net/bacteria.htm 9 American Society for Microbiology (2008, June 5). Humans Have Ten Times More Bacteria Than Human Cells: How Do Microbial Communities Affect Human Health?. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 7, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080603085914.htm 10 Human flora. (2009, October 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved, November 7, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_flora&oldid=322726339

11

Turco, R., & Colon, M.C. Pathogens in the Environment. EPI Net & Indiana Water Resources Research Center. Retrieved, November 7, 2009, from http://www.epinet.org/eng/past_conf_files/water_conf/Talk%202.pdf 12 Griffin, W.D. Waste Water Microbiology. US Geological Survey. Retrieved, November 7, 2009, from http://www.waterinstitute.ufl.edu/symposium/downloads/presentations/griffin.pdf

13 Viessman, W., & Hammer, M. (2005). Water Supply and Pollution Control. 7th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey US, pp. 287

14 Agarwal, S.K. (2005), Op. cit. pp. 247 Page | 2

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

6.2

E.

coli Infection:

All

the

strains of E.coli are harmless except E. coli O157:H7 which causes mostly diarrhoea and in rare cases causes death in young and elderly.15 6.3

Legionellosis: It is caused by

Legionella pneumophila. Its severe symptoms

Figure 2: E.coli O157:H7

are fever, chills, Source:

pneumonia

and

occasionally

http://www.biojobblog.com/Bacteria.jpg

diarrhoea and vomiting.16 6.4

Leptospirosis: It is caused by Leptospira spp & affects human and

animals (mammals, birds, amphibious & reptiles). Its main target is liver, kidney & CNS.17 7.

THE

MOST

SERIOUS

WATERBORNE

BACTERIOLOGICAL

INFECTIOUS DISEASES The

most serious

Diarrhoea,

waterborne

typhoid

paratyphoid

fever,

infectious

diseases of Bacteria are

fever,

cholera

and

bacillary dysentery. All of these can cause death if untreated. 7.1

DIARRHOEA:

Diarrhoea

is

the

passing

of

frequently & increased amounts of loose stools. It is usually due to consumption contaminated

of

drinking with

water

bacteria.

Figure 3: Diarrhoea symptoms in Children Source: http://www.medem.com/medem/images/ama/A MA_Digestive_StomachAndOther_Lev20_Preve 15 Lerner, B.W., & Lerner, K.L. (2009). Environmental Science In Context. Volume1 & 2, Gale, ntingDehydrationDiarrhea_JPP_01.gif Cengage Learning, Farmington Hills, Michigan US, pp. 838-839 16 Pathogenic bacteria. (2009, October 26). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved, November 7, 2009, fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Pathogenic_bacteria&oldid=322090607

17 Agarwal, S.K. (2005), Op. cit. pp. 246 Page | 3

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

Globally, 7 children die of diarrhoea every minute (3.6million per year), mainly due to poor quality drinking water.18 Overall it contributes to the death of about 6 million people of all ages every year around the world.

19

Dehydration is a serious concern in infants and the elderly. Therefore bed

rest

is

must

for

diarrhoea

patients and they should be treated with

oral

intravenous containing

(ORS

for

intake sugar

and

infants) of

or

fluids salts.

It

normally goes away by itself within a week. But if become persistent then

Figure 4: Frequent Bowls: Symptom of Diarrhoea Source: http://tell.fll.purdue.edu/JapanProj/FLClipart/M edical/diarrhea.gif

patient should be diagnosed for serious bacterial infections.20 7.2

TYPHOID FEVER

It is acute infectious disease of digestive system and is caused by the typhoid bacillus Salmonella typhi.21 It is only found in humans (feces). It is a Systemic disease i.e. Spreads throughout body, found in blood, urine and feces.22 7.2.1 Symptoms: Symptoms usually develop 1–3 weeks after exposure, and may be mild or severe. Primary Symptoms are chills, fever and prostration.

These

symptoms

are

later

on

Figure 5: Salmonella Typhi Source: http://homepage.usask.ca/~vim 458/virology/studpages2007/Cha d_Jan_Amy/salmonella.jpg

18 Diarrhea. (Oct 2009). Reconstruction of Your Health. Retrieved, October 27, 2009, from

http://reconstruisonsnotreparti.org/diarrhea/diarrhea/index.html 19 Diarrhea the leading cause of death among the developing world's children. (August 2004). News-Medical.Net. Retrieved, October 27, 2009, from http://www.newsmedical.net/news/2004/08/23/4270.aspx 20 "Diarrhea." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.

21 Khopkar, S.M. (2004), Op. cit. pp. 229 Page | 4

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

accompanied by secondary symptoms like headache, cough, vomiting, diarrhoea and rose-coloured spots on the chest.23 In about 20 % of untreated cases the disease progresses to inflammation of the gallbladder, heart failure, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, encephalitis, meningitis, intestinal haemorrhage, and even death.24 7.2.2 Means of spreading: Most epidemics of

typhoid fever

have been caused by the pollution of public water supplies by faeces of typhoid victims or of carriers. Human are the only reservoir for salmonella typhi.25 Incubation period of Salmonella Typhi in human body is from one to three weeks. Bacteria collect in the small intestine and then enter blood stream. Persistent fever develops and gradually rises, usually in a stepwise fashion, reaching a peak of 103 or 104 °F after 7–10 days.26 Duration of Typhoid fever is 3-4 weeks with treatment & can exceed without treatment.27 7.2.3 Mortality Rate: There are annually more than 16 million cases of typhoid fever globally which if untreated, will cause death of the 20 % patients. This death percentage reduces to almost 1% if this disease is properly treated. It is still common in Third World countries.28 7.2.4 Prevention and Treatment: Typhoid fever can be avoided if public water supply is inspected periodically and proper disinfection is carried

out.

For

the

treatment

of

typhoid

fever

antibiotics

like

22 typhoid fever. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 07, 2009, from

Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/611776/typhoid-fever 23 Nollet, L.M. (2007). A Handbook of Water Analysis. 2nd edition, CRC Press Boca Raton Florida, pp. 100

24 typhoid fever. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 07, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/611776/typhoid-fever

25 Nollet, L.M. (2007), Op. cit. 26 typhoid fever. (2009), Op. cit. 27 Ibid 28 Morgan, Herbert R. "Typhoid Fever." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone are currently used.

These antibiotics

reduce the intensity of disease and check the life cycle of Salmonella Typhi.29

7.3

PARATYPHOID FEVER

It is similar to typhoid fever but less severe & shorter duration. It is caused by a Bacteria Salmonella Paratyphi.30 7.3.1 Symptoms:

its

Symptoms

are

sustained

fever,

headache,

constipation, depression, anorexia (loss of appetite), a non productive cough (dry), a relative slow heart rate, and an enlargement of the liver or spleen.31 7.3.2 Means

of

spreading:

It

spreads

through

water

and

food

contaminated by faeces of paratyphoid victims.32 7.3.3 Mortality Rate: There are annually 16 million cases of paratyphoid fever, which result in about 25,000 deaths worldwide. 7.3.4 Treatment: For treating this disease antibiotics Ciprofloxacin should be used for 10 days or Ceftriaxone/Cefotaxime for 14 days.33 7.4

CHOLERA

29 typhoid fever. (2009), Op. cit. 30 Typhoid. (August 2000). World Health Organization. Retrieved, October 25, 2009, from http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/typhoid/en/index.html

31 Paratyphoid fever. (2009, October 24). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved, November 7, 2009, title=Paratyphoid_fever&oldid=321849192

from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

32 Ibid 33 Ibid Page | 6

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

It is an acute infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.34 It is characterized by extreme diarrhoea with rapid and severe depletion of body fluids and salts. Cholera has often risen to epidemic proportions in sub-Saharan

Africa

and

South

particularly in India and Bangladesh.

Asia,

35

7.4.1 Symptoms: Its common symptoms are

Figure 6: Vibrio Cholerae Source: http://www.emi.unsw.edu.au/~lanl ab/public/pics/vibrio_cholerae2.jpg

diarrhoea and the loss of water & Salts in the stool usually 12-20 litters of fluid is loss per day, feeling of extreme thirst, dry tongue, blood pressure fall, hollow and sunken eyes and wrinkled skin.36 7.4.2 Means of spreading: Seriously ill patients are highly effective transmitters of cholera, but persons with mild or no symptoms are more likely to travel, thereby also playing a crucial role in the spread of the disease. It spreads by the faecal–oral route: infection spreads through a population when faeces containing the bacterium contaminate water that is then ingested by individuals. Transmission of the disease can also occur with food that has been irrigated, washed, or cooked with contaminated water.37 7.4.3 Severe Cases: In severe cases aforementioned symptoms are followed by violent diarrhoea with characteristic “rice-water stools”, vomiting, severe muscles cramps, and sometimes circulatory collapse.38 7.4.4 Mortality Rate: Death can occur as quickly as a few hours after the onset of symptoms especially in infants. The mortality rate is more than 50% in untreated cases which falls to less than 1% with proper treatment.39 34 Khopkar, S.M. (2004), Op. cit., pp. 229 35 cholera. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 07, 2009, from

Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera 36 cholera. (2009), Op. cit.

37 cholera. (2009), Op. cit. 38 Agarwal, S.K. (2005), Op. cit., pp. 246 39 Abramowicz, Mark. "Cholera." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

7.4.5 Prevention: At community level disinfection of drinking water should be carried and at household level water should be boiled before use. 7.4.6 Treatment: First of all there should be intravenous or oral replacement of fluids and salts containing correct mixture of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate,

Figure 7: Boil Water before Drinking Source: http://images.clipartof.com/small/14 157-Hot-Water-Boiling-In-A-PotFood-Clipart-Illustration.jpg

and glucose. Along with this, Antibiotics such as Tetracyclines, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, or Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole should be used which can shorten the duration of the disease. A vaccine made from killed bacteria is commercially available and offers partial protection for a period of three to six months after immunization. Patient may be recovered from this disease within three to six days with proper treatment.40 7.5

BACILLARY DYSENTERY/SHIGELLOSIS/BLOODY FLUX:

It is an Acute or chronic disease of the large intestine of humans. Causative agent for this disease is a bacterium of genus shigella (rod shaped bacilli).41 7.5.1 Symptoms: After an incubation period of one to six days, the disease has an abrupt onset with fever and the frequent production of watery stools that may contain blood & mucus. Vomiting may also occur, and dehydration soon becomes obvious owing to the abundant loss of bodily fluids. These symptoms are usually accompanied by severe abdominal cramps (marorh) and Ulceration of the walls of the intestine.42

Figure 8: Severe Abdominal Cramps http://www.stanford.edu/class/hu mbio103/ParaSites2006/Cryptospo ridiosis/Images/stomach-ache.gif

40 Abramowicz, Mark. (2009), Op. cit. 41 Khopkar, S.M. (2004), Op. cit., pp. 229 42 dysentery. (2009). In Encyclopædia from Encyclopædia

Britannica. Retrieved November 07, 2009,

Britannica Online:

Page | 9

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

7.5.2 Means of spreading: the disease can be transmitted through fecal oral contact i.e. consuming water, milk and food contaminated with

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

Shigella bacteria from the stools of active patient or carrier.43

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Sporadic outbreaks are common in all parts of the world but most

Page | 13

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

prevalent in unhygienic areas of tropics.44

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

7.5.3 Mortality

Rate:

There

are

165

million

cases

of

severe dysentery and more than 1 million deaths each year, mostly in

Page | 15

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

children in the developing world.45

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

Bacillary dysentery normally resolves within 4 -8 days without antibiotics

Page | 17

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

but the severe cases may last 3-6 weeks.46 7.5.4 Prevention and Treatment: It is usually self-limiting requiring no antibiotics however Intravenous or oral replacement of fluids and salts is

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

necessary. In severe cases Chloramphenicol, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

are used which also effective against Shigella infection.47 8.

RECENT

OUTBREAK

OF

BACTERIOLOGICAL

INFECTIOUS

DISEASE IN PAKISTAN:

Page | 20

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

Thursday, September 17, 2009. Cholera has broken out in southern District Karak of NWFP, Geo News reported Thursday. Dozens of affected

Page | 21

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

people have been brought to the local hospitals.48 9.

DETECTION & MEASUREMENT OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN

WATER

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

Human

feces

always

contain

high

numbers of E.coli. Because of their fecal

Page | 23

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

origin Escherichia Coli bacteria are used as indicator for other pathogenic

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

micro organisms in water.49 They can be detected through Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) method & Membrane filter Methods. Membrane filter method is widely used Figure 9: Counting Bacterial Colonies on Membrane filter Source: http://www.friendsofperdidobay.com/pl ate%208-16-05.jpg

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

because it gives results in less time and is relatively more accurate as

Page | 26

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

compared to MTF method.50

Its procedure is that 100ml water is filtered through special filter papers with a pore size less then the size of bacteria and some culture media is added to it for optimum growth of bacteria. Filter paper is incubated for 24 hours at 44C. At this temperature only faecal Coliform bacteria will grow. After 24 hours filter paper is checked for any bacteria colony growth. The

Page | 27

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

bacteria colonies will appear in a particular colour and are counted as CFU

Page | 28

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

(colony-forming units per 100ml).51

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The WHO standard for Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Drinking water is Zero

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

colonies per 100ml of water sample.52 10.

AVOIDING

WATERBORNE

BACTERIOLOGICAL

EPIDEMIC

DISEASES Precautionary

measures

should

be

taken

to

avoid

bacteriological

waterborne diseases. These measures include Proper inspection of water

Page | 32

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

supply system and Analysis of drinking water for detection of active

Page | 33

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

pathological bacterial presence.53

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

Proper disinfection i.e. chlorination, ozonation and ultraviolet treatment etc should be carried out periodically if there is a continuous source of

Page | 35

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

contamination.54

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

Figure 10: Disinfection by Ultra Violet Rays Source: http://img.alibaba.com/photo/1116 1513/UV_700_Water_Disinfection_S ystem.jpg

Page | 37

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

11.

TREATMENT OF THE ACTIVE PATIENTS AND CARRIERS

Old cases should be diagnosed for carrying pathogenic bacteria. Fluid loss should be overcome by Intravenous or oral replacement of fluids and

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

salts. Prescribed antibiotics and proper vaccination/immunization should

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

be used (if travelling).56

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

The bacteria have their life cycle and have to complete it. After its completion they repeat their life

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

cycle.57 Antibiotics limit its intensity and prevent their 2nd life cycle. Bed rest is

Page | 6

Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

must for the patient.58

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

Vaccination/immunization

offers

partial

some

protection

for

Figure 11: Diagnosis, Bed Rest & Proper Antibiotics Source: http://www.houstonstatmedical.com/images/hospi tal_bed.jpg

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

specific period.59

12.

CONCLUSION

Water is the backbone of all forms of life on earth but is contaminated thoroughly with pathogenic bacteria of faecal origin. This discussion leads us to conclude that water pollution is always a threat to human health but especially when it is polluted with pathogenic bacteria of faecal origin. These pathogenic bacteria cause infectious epidemic disease and cause a great death toll worldwide annually. The most vulnerable to these diseases are elderly and infants. The contaminated water needs to be disinfected to avoid spreading of these diseases.

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Bacteriological Water Pollution & Health Effects

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Viessman, W., & Hammer, M. (2005). Water Supply and Pollution Control. 7th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey US. Khopkar, S.M. (2004). Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Control. New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi. Agarwal, S.K. (2005). Water Pollution. APH Publishing corporation New Delhi.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/175276/dysentery 43 Bacillary Dysentery. (2000). HealthPhone.com. Retrieved, November 1, 2009, from http://www.healthphone.com/consump_english/a_healing_center/disorders_of_digestion/bacillary_d ysentery.htm

44 "Dysentery." Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. 45 Dysentery. New World Encyclopaedia. Retrieved, November 2, 2009, from http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Dysentery

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