Babies In Tubes: By Group 1
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BABIES IN TUBES
BY GROUP 1
Flow of presentation
Objective Market Background Demand/supply/price Ethical issues Why leniency in U.S? Consequences of leniency Gray markets Some examples Unsolved questions? A niche market. Property rights
Cases and examples Expectations A step ahead Penta policies Access to information Equity Legality Cost Parental choice Conclusions Thank you
Objective
How to regulate baby trade in U.S?
Market background
A Market of - babies ,sperms ,eggs ,hormones ,surrogate mothers (rented wombs), Embryos. Stubbornly high prices, low satisfaction to customers and Property rights issues. Presently a $3 billion industry. 2001 data,U.S.,41000 ivf children,6000 through donated egg,600 surrogate.
Demand/supply/Price
Demand – Continuous Requirement because of persistent existence of disorder but comparatively lower (1% of infertile women). Supply – Steadily increasing because of increasing supply of new ways to produce with the help of new technology by fertility clinics and drug companies ,but with lesser supply of donors and surrogates. Price - Very high because of unregulated Markets and insurmountable desire of rich people to have babies.
Ethical issues
Selling love Selling honour Unnatural Violation of basic Rules Degradation of humans
Why leniency in us
Laissez faire policy of U.S U.S govt. loath to constrain high growth and technology markets Deregulated Economy Politicians fear losing their position. Previous Experience with abortion issue. Fear of religious and ethical enragement.
Consequences of leniency
No national policy on ivf issues. No policy for genetic engineering and parental control. No pre-implantation diagnosis of signs of genetic disorders in embryo. Spiraling prices.
Gray markets
(Because of irregularities and loops in system)
Inconsistencies in laws for various states. Growth of illicit providers People involved in legalities. People taking medical risks.
Some examples
U.S – confusion–Deregulated. U.K - streamlined -Optimally regulated Israel - openness (incentives)promotes ivf and reimburse and gives incentive till you produce 2 children. Germany- Restrictive –restriction on any such activity
Unsolved questions
Should there be an age limit on fertility treatments? (Most profitable customers are least likely to conceive, e.g. age-65) Should the new procedures be subjected to rigorous testing protocols? Multiple births intended to increase likelihood of viability ,be intended or controlled. Who will be responsible for a severely deformed child. Who has the right to create,dispose,implant & export embryo? What are the guidelines governing these systems and who will bear the negative consequences.
A niche market (Unlikely to expand beyond a certain set of customers)
U.S –Large market-1% of infertile women. (less welfare) Denmark-Low price and regulations-(3-9%of infertile women). Other demands1)Extended fertility (freezing the eggs) for late marriage or prolonged careers. 2)Homosexuals-(combining the traits).
Requirements-lower prices ,wide access, established rules, safer and equitable industry norms ,non-interference with scientific progressions ,shift from rich to masses.
Property rights (provides clarity to confusion)
Who owns the embryo,sperms and eggs? Is embryo a human or a property? Do frozen embryos have right to be born or not to be? What are the rights and responsibilities of the donors, surrogates..? If three mothers are there –Egg donor, surrogate & intended mother-how does the court decide their rights.
Cases and examples
Case1-2003,A firefighter (won) sued a clinic for implanting embryo in his ex-wife, against his objections, which they had previously produced. Case2-2005,A couple sued a clinic for discarding embryo frozen 5 year earlier, alleging that clinic killed their child. (still going).
Expectations
Donors and surrogates can decide beforehand A mandatory waiting period after the child birth to birthmother Set limits of market where sperms,eggs etc. are sold. Compensation for surrogacy Parenting rights which cannot be sold
A step ahead (Decision on -)
Present case- which is only on adhoc basis- because of different laws in different states, courts & financial position of individual.
Major questions-
How much parents can control their child’s genes? What part of conception, society pay for?
Penta policies
Access to information Equity Legality Cost Parental choice
Access to information
The people should be made aware about-1)cost & benefits 2)potential dangers 3)health & safety Government should commission additional studies for long term risks and periodic reporting by clinic -1992,fertility clinic success rate & certification act.
Equity (Aim is to relieve a messy situation)
Homogenous and equitable distribution in basic requirements from rich to poor…for e.g. infertility.
S demand policy/ distribution .no 1 Pregnancy Subsidize/reimburse/assi st 2 Two No need to cover third parent’s party sperms or eggs. genes 3 A chance Prefer adoption over at fertility
Legality (what is legitimate & illegitimate)
Necessary limits on parenthood and technology misuse. like.---
Cloning for reproductive purposes (creating many embryos and then most of them dies.) Cytoplasm transfer-older women gets donors cytoplasm to refresh its eggs. Selling of children by birth mothers
Cost (cost paid by societies)
Cost to societiesWhen multiple pregnancies are there the cost of ivf birth increases exponentially borne by taxpayers money
Cost to children1) Most ivt or icsi leads to multiple pregnancy(35%) 2)Children in these cases are mostly underweight (health issue).
This can only be tackled by putting a limit on number of implanted embryos during ivf
Parental choice (should address the following issues)
Is it the right time and age? Should I create a second child who could save the life of the first child suffering from leukemia? Am I too old/sick/single? Manipulation of gene pool to what extent? Would the child be a youngster orphaned by elderly parents?
Conclusion
U.S markets Are deregulated in baby trade. Regulations are a necessity which can only be achieved through societal responsiveness. This can only lead to a better and more equitable market
Thank you
BY GROUP 1
Flow of presentation
Objective Market Background Demand/supply/price Ethical issues Why leniency in U.S? Consequences of leniency Gray markets Some examples Unsolved questions? A niche market. Property rights
Cases and examples Expectations A step ahead Penta policies Access to information Equity Legality Cost Parental choice Conclusions Thank you
Objective
How to regulate baby trade in U.S?
Market background
A Market of - babies ,sperms ,eggs ,hormones ,surrogate mothers (rented wombs), Embryos. Stubbornly high prices, low satisfaction to customers and Property rights issues. Presently a $3 billion industry. 2001 data,U.S.,41000 ivf children,6000 through donated egg,600 surrogate.
Demand/supply/Price
Demand – Continuous Requirement because of persistent existence of disorder but comparatively lower (1% of infertile women). Supply – Steadily increasing because of increasing supply of new ways to produce with the help of new technology by fertility clinics and drug companies ,but with lesser supply of donors and surrogates. Price - Very high because of unregulated Markets and insurmountable desire of rich people to have babies.
Ethical issues
Selling love Selling honour Unnatural Violation of basic Rules Degradation of humans
Why leniency in us
Laissez faire policy of U.S U.S govt. loath to constrain high growth and technology markets Deregulated Economy Politicians fear losing their position. Previous Experience with abortion issue. Fear of religious and ethical enragement.
Consequences of leniency
No national policy on ivf issues. No policy for genetic engineering and parental control. No pre-implantation diagnosis of signs of genetic disorders in embryo. Spiraling prices.
Gray markets
(Because of irregularities and loops in system)
Inconsistencies in laws for various states. Growth of illicit providers People involved in legalities. People taking medical risks.
Some examples
U.S – confusion–Deregulated. U.K - streamlined -Optimally regulated Israel - openness (incentives)promotes ivf and reimburse and gives incentive till you produce 2 children. Germany- Restrictive –restriction on any such activity
Unsolved questions
Should there be an age limit on fertility treatments? (Most profitable customers are least likely to conceive, e.g. age-65) Should the new procedures be subjected to rigorous testing protocols? Multiple births intended to increase likelihood of viability ,be intended or controlled. Who will be responsible for a severely deformed child. Who has the right to create,dispose,implant & export embryo? What are the guidelines governing these systems and who will bear the negative consequences.
A niche market (Unlikely to expand beyond a certain set of customers)
U.S –Large market-1% of infertile women. (less welfare) Denmark-Low price and regulations-(3-9%of infertile women). Other demands1)Extended fertility (freezing the eggs) for late marriage or prolonged careers. 2)Homosexuals-(combining the traits).
Requirements-lower prices ,wide access, established rules, safer and equitable industry norms ,non-interference with scientific progressions ,shift from rich to masses.
Property rights (provides clarity to confusion)
Who owns the embryo,sperms and eggs? Is embryo a human or a property? Do frozen embryos have right to be born or not to be? What are the rights and responsibilities of the donors, surrogates..? If three mothers are there –Egg donor, surrogate & intended mother-how does the court decide their rights.
Cases and examples
Case1-2003,A firefighter (won) sued a clinic for implanting embryo in his ex-wife, against his objections, which they had previously produced. Case2-2005,A couple sued a clinic for discarding embryo frozen 5 year earlier, alleging that clinic killed their child. (still going).
Expectations
Donors and surrogates can decide beforehand A mandatory waiting period after the child birth to birthmother Set limits of market where sperms,eggs etc. are sold. Compensation for surrogacy Parenting rights which cannot be sold
A step ahead (Decision on -)
Present case- which is only on adhoc basis- because of different laws in different states, courts & financial position of individual.
Major questions-
How much parents can control their child’s genes? What part of conception, society pay for?
Penta policies
Access to information Equity Legality Cost Parental choice
Access to information
The people should be made aware about-1)cost & benefits 2)potential dangers 3)health & safety Government should commission additional studies for long term risks and periodic reporting by clinic -1992,fertility clinic success rate & certification act.
Equity (Aim is to relieve a messy situation)
Homogenous and equitable distribution in basic requirements from rich to poor…for e.g. infertility.
S demand policy/ distribution .no 1 Pregnancy Subsidize/reimburse/assi st 2 Two No need to cover third parent’s party sperms or eggs. genes 3 A chance Prefer adoption over at fertility
Legality (what is legitimate & illegitimate)
Necessary limits on parenthood and technology misuse. like.---
Cloning for reproductive purposes (creating many embryos and then most of them dies.) Cytoplasm transfer-older women gets donors cytoplasm to refresh its eggs. Selling of children by birth mothers
Cost (cost paid by societies)
Cost to societiesWhen multiple pregnancies are there the cost of ivf birth increases exponentially borne by taxpayers money
Cost to children1) Most ivt or icsi leads to multiple pregnancy(35%) 2)Children in these cases are mostly underweight (health issue).
This can only be tackled by putting a limit on number of implanted embryos during ivf
Parental choice (should address the following issues)
Is it the right time and age? Should I create a second child who could save the life of the first child suffering from leukemia? Am I too old/sick/single? Manipulation of gene pool to what extent? Would the child be a youngster orphaned by elderly parents?
Conclusion
U.S markets Are deregulated in baby trade. Regulations are a necessity which can only be achieved through societal responsiveness. This can only lead to a better and more equitable market
Thank you
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