Avid In

Bio chem 21)

Avidin is a tetrameric protein produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians which is deposited in the whites of their eggs. In chicken egg white, avidin makes up approximately 0.05% of total protein (approximately 1.8 mg per egg). The tetrameric protein contains four identical subunits (homotetramer) each of which can bind to biotin (Vitamin B7, vitamin H) with a high degree of affinity and specificity. The dissociation constant of avidin is measured to be KD ≈ 10-15 M, making it one of the strongest known non-covalent bonds In its tetrameric form, Avidin is estimated to be between 66-69 kDa in size. 10% of the molecular weight is attributed to carbohydrate content composed of four to five mannose and three N-acetylglucosamine residues The carbohydrate moieties of Avidin contain at least three unique oligosaccharide structural types which are similar in structure and composition. A nonglycosylated form of Avidin has been isolated from commercially prepared product however; it is not conclusive whether the non-glycosylated form occurs naturally or is a product of the manufacturing process

Discovery of Avidin

Avidin was first isolated from Chicken egg white by Esmond Emerson Snell Avidin was first discovered by Esmond Emerson Snell (1914-2003). The route to discovery began with the observation that chicks on a diet of raw

egg-white were deficient in biotin, despite availability of the vitamin in their diet. It was concluded that a component of the egg-white was sequestering biotin which Snell verified in vitro using a yeast assay Snell later isolated the component of egg white responsible for biotin binding and in collaboration with Paul Gyorgy, confirmed that the isolated egg protein was the cause of biotin deficiency or “egg white injury”. At the time the protein had been tentatively named avidalbumin (literally, hungry albumin) by the involved researchers at the University of Texas. The name of the protein was later revised to Avidin based on its affinity for biotin (avid + biotin) Applications of Avidin Research in the 1970s helped establish the Avidin-biotin system as a powerful tool in biological sciences. Aware of the strength and specificity of the Avidin-biotin complex, researchers began to exploit Avidin as a probe and affinity matrix in numerous research projects. Soon after, researchers Bayer and Wilchek developed new methods and reagents to biotinylate antibodies and other biomolecules, allowing the transfer of the Avidin-biotin system to a range of biotechnological applications. Today Avidin is used in applications ranging from research and diagnostics to medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Avidin's affinity for biotin is exploited in wide ranging biochemical assays, including western blot, ELISA, ELISPOT and pull-down assays. Avidin immobilized onto solid supports is also used as purification media to capture biotin-labelled protein or nucleic acid molecules. For example, cell surface proteins can be specifically labelled with membrane impermeable biotin reagent, then specifically captured using an avidin-based support. Modified Forms of Avidin As a basically charged glycoprotein, avidin exhibits non-specific binding in some applications. Neutravidin, a deglycosylated avidin with modified arginines, exhibits a more neutral pI and is available as an alternative to native avidin where problems of non-specific binding arise. Deglycosylated, neutral forms of avidin are available through Sigma-Aldrich (Extravidin), Thermo Scientific (NeutrAvidin), Invitrogen (NeutrAvidin) and Belovo (NeutraLite). Given the strength of the avidin-biotin bond, dissociation of the avidinbiotin complex requires extreme conditions which cause protein

denaturation. The non-reversible nature of the avidin-biotin complex can limit avidin’s application in affinity chromatography applications where release of the captured ligand is desirable. Researchers have created an avidin with reversible binding characteristics through nitration or iodination of the binding site tyrosine. The modified avidin exhibits strong biotin binding characteristics at pH 4 and releases biotin at a pH of 10 or higher. A monomeric form of Avidin with a reduced affinity for biotin is also employed in many commercially available affinity resins. The monomeric Avidin is created by treatment of immobilized native Avidin with urea or guanidine HCl (6-8M) giving it a lower dissociation KD ≈ 10-7M. This allows elution from the Avidin matrix to occur under milder, non-denaturing conditions, using low concentrations of biotin or low pH conditions.