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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

13

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14

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16

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10

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

28

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

29

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30

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34

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51

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iTunes TV shows

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52

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uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

NEW PRODUCTS navigation pad

Asus W5FE Sideshow Displays ESpfck

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54

uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

NEW PRODUCTS Viewsonic PJ 258D viewdock iPod video rSwpfqifh MuD;rm;aom jrifuGif;MuD;toGif zefqif;ay;Ekdifrnfh projector trsKd;tpm;jzpfonf/ iPod

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toHxGuft&nftaoG; tenf;i,f nHo h nf/

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a&mif;aps;rSm a':vm 1000 jzpfonf/

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56

infrared a&mifjcnf zrf;,l ay;rnfh IR receiver

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uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

NEW PRODUCTS Nokia 2610

ukd Munh½f &I mwGif qDow k x f m;aom rSejf yiftvm; &Sad eonf/ display

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LG VX 8700

2 megapixel uifr&m

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58

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60

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64

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zlvikd v f ? 2007 ckEpS f

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zlvikd v f ? 2007 ckEpS f

Private Data Munfch w hJ hJ webpage pm&if;awG

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-----FireFox-----

5/ tJ ' D x uf y d k j yD ; zsuf c sif & if a wmh Tools Menu atmufrS options udk oGm;yg/ privacy udk a&G;cs,fyg/ 6/ 'Remember visited pases' rSm '0' days [k jyifqifyg/ 7/ Private Data u@rSm settings udk click ESdyfyg/ tJ'DrSm&SdorQ box awGudk check vkyf? trSwftom;ay;jyD; OK rsm;ESdyfjyD; jyef xGufyg/

-----FireFox-----

tpm; MuD;rm;aer,f (odkYr[kwf) ao; i,faer,fqdk&if Ctrl udk zdxm;jyD; (+ ESihf -) udk vdt k yfovdk upm;Edik yf gw,f/

-

10

F7 key Webpage

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Cursor eJY

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70

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zlvikd v f ? 2007 ckEpS f

-----FireFox-----

-----FireFox-----

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2/

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9/ connection tydkif;uawmh pdwf wdkif;us vdkwdk;ydkavQmh vkyfvdkY&Edkif ygw,f/

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zlvikd v f ? 2007 ckEpS f

71

-----FireFox-----

15

awGukd ac: Munhfjcif; Image

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72

RSS feed awG 16 &,l &atmif

qdkwmu tvG,fulqHk; ajym&&if owif;tESpfcsKyfygyJ/ 'DyHkpH icon av;eJY jyoxm;wwfw,f/ urÇ m h t ES H Y tjym;rS m tcsd e f w d k i f ; vd k owif;topfawGjzpfay:aewwfw,f/ tJ'Dvdk owif;topfawGudk zwf½IzdkY twG u f website xJ u d k 0if & r,f / (wpfcgwavrSm website uae Log in ID awG awmif;vdrhfr,f/) jyD;awmhrS udk,fvdkcsifwJh owif;awGudk &&Sdvdrhf r,f/ tJ'DvdkrsKd; jrm;ajrmif ½IyfaxG; vSwJh owif;awGudk website awGudk zGihfMunhfp&m rvdkbJ udk,fvdkcsifwJh owif;acgif;MuD;ydkif;awGudkyJ a&G;cs,f

5/

" "subscribe to this page udk Click ESdyfyg/ bookmark toolbar udk wifrnf vm;[k ar;onfh box uav; ay: vmvQif OK ESdyfyg/

RSS feed

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zlvikd v f ? 2007 ckEpS f

6/ bookmark bar ay:wGif feed icon av;ESifh website vdyfpmuav; ay:aeygvdrhfr,f/

7/ Icon av;awGudk click vkyfvdkuf wJhtcg udk,fvdkcsifwJh owif;rsm;

-----FireFox-----

udk a&G;cs,fzwf½IEdkifwJh headline rsm;ay:vmygrnf/

Tab tzGit fh ydwf 17 Browser zGihfxm;&if;eJYrS new

awGudk zGihfcsif&if file>new tab oGm;vdkY &ovdk Ctrl udk zdESdyfxm;jyD; 'T' udk ac:r,fqdk&ifvnf; new tab topfwpfck zGihfay;ygr,f/ 'gaMumifh short cuts taeeJY tab

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gtalk udk firefox side bar

19 r S m aygif;xnfhjcif;?

new tab = Ctrl+T close tab = Ctrl+F4 close windows = Ctrl+w

6/

18

config:fox Firefox &JU

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zlvikd v f ? 2007 ckEpS f

udk safari design 20 Firefox jyKvkyfjcif; Apple &JU pufawGay:rSmom &Edkif wcsKdU software awG[m design

wJh tqiftjyifawG odyv f v S eG ;f vdYk jrif&ol vdkcsifp&m jzpfaewwfMuwm rsm;yg

73

-----FireFox-----

w,f/ erlemtaeeJY ajym&&if safari f wm[m browser eJY web surfing vky& teufeYJ tjzLudk a&m,Suf a&;om;xm; wJh tEkynmajrmuf yef;csu D m; wpfum; udk Munfh½I&ovdkygyJ/ tJ'Dvdk tcGihf ta&;udk window user awG[m b,f wkef;urQ r&cJh&Smygbl;/ tckawmh firefox udk safari 'DZdkif;rsKd; jyKjyif,lvdkY &aeygjyD/ Developer wcsKdU&JU aus;Zl; aMumifhayghav/ 1/ addressbar rSm https://addons. mozilla.org/firefox/1830/ [k ½dkufyg/ 2/ ud k install vkyfyg/

jrefrmuGefysLwmowif;

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74

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zlvikd v f ? 2007 ckEpS f

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77

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78

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79

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]*Ref} ydkifqdkifxm;wJh qkwHqdyfrsm; 1/ 2000 jynfEh pS ?f Zefe0g&Dv twGi;f u tm;upm;? tEkynm odkYr[kwf ,Ofaus;rI e,fy,fawGrSm xl;cRef xufjrufwJh txufwef; ausmif; om;awGudk csD;jr§ihfwJh 'Karoline' qk wHqdyf csD;jr§ihfcH&w,f/ 2/ 2002 ckEpS ?f {jyDvxJrmS EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation)

pGefYOD;wDxGifolqk csD;jr§ihfcH&w,f/

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uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

t,lcHwufw,f/ t,lcH w&m;½Hk;&JU 2003 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 28 &ufaeYu qHk;jzwfcsufu atmuf½Hk;&JU qHk;jzwf csufudk oabmwlaMumif; aMunmcJh w,f/ 'gayr,fhvnf; 2003 ckESpf? 'DZif bmv 2 &ufrSm atmfpvdkc½dkif w&m;½Hk; rSm olY&UJ DeCSS twGuf 'kw, d tMudrf ajrmuf trI&ifqikd cf &hJ w,f/ 2003 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbm 22 &ufaeYrSm olYudk tjypfr&Sd aMumif; qH;k jzwfay;cJw h ,f/ 2004 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 5 &ufaeYrSm w&m;vdkawG&JU aMunmcsux f u G af y:vmcJw h ,f/ w&m; ½Hk;csKyfrSm t,lcH rwufawmhaMumif; aMunmcsufygyJ/ (*sdK[efqifukd w&m; pGaJ wmh olYtouft&G,ef YJ rvdu k af tmif ausmMf um;rIawG &oGm;w,f/ oleYJawGYqHk ar;jref;rIawGudk pme,fZif; toD;oD;u jyKvkyfcJhw,f/ tJ'DtxJu urÇmausmf pD t if e f t if e f owif ; XmeMuD ; vnf ; tygt0if jzpfw,f/ *sdK[efqifeJY pD tifeftifeftifwmAsL;ukd 2000 jynfhESpf rSm jyKvkyfcJhwmjzpfjyD; aemufpmrsufESm rsm;rSm oD;jcm;azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/)

95

rsuEf mS zH;k aqmif;yg; wu,fawmh olY&JY DeCSS aqmhzf 0Ju 'DA'D aD wGudk pirate vkyzf Ykd r[kwaf y r,fh tJ'DvdkvkyfzdkYtwGuf trsm;MuD; tok;H wnfo h mG ;apygw,f/ bmjzpfvYkdvJ qdkawmh 'DAD'D"mwfjym;xJu vQdKY0Suf oauFwawGukd azmfxkwfxm;wm jzpf vdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DoauFwawGukd azmfxw k x f m;wmu t&ifu ay:xGucf hJ zl;wJh aqmhzf0JawGeJYrwlbl;/ [mh'f'pf xJukd ul;csEdkifw,f? jyD;awmh tifwm eufay: wifay;Edik w f ,f/ jyD;awmh vuf awGY tokH;csEdkifw,f/ 'DuaeYacwf 'DA'D yD av,mawGtm;vk;H [m *sKd [efqif &JU DeCSS aqmhzf0Jukd tajccHjyD; vm wmawG jzpfw,f/ DeCSS t&ifu tvm;wl t&nf taoG;rsdK; ay;EdkifwJh aqmhzf0JawG &SdcJhzl; w,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSmvnf; okH;cJhzl;Mu ygw,f/ Xing Player vdrk sKd ; 'DA'D zD iG w hf hJ aqmhzf0JawG jzpfygw,f/ Xing player eJYwGJjyD; DVD-rip qdkwm xyfay:vm w,f/ Xing DVD u MPEG stream &JY vQdKY0SufoauFwawGukd azmfxkwfEdkif

w,f/ DVD-rip u tJ'D stream ukd disk xJ oGefcsay;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh vQKd Y0u S o f auFw vk;H 0rygwJh 'DA'D ½D yk &f iS f um; wpfum; &&SdvmrSm jzpfw,f/ *sdK[efqiftaeeJY aemufydkif;rSm vnf; rD', D meJYywfoufwhJ vQKd U0Suu f 'k f awGukd qufwdkufqdkovdk azmfaumif vkyfcJhygw,f/ txl;ojzifh yef;oD;uGef ysLwm tkypf &k UJ tqifjh rifeh nf;ynmawG ukd pdefac:wm rsm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh olYudk w&m;pGv J Ykdr&Muygbl;/ taMumif; jycsuu f olo;Hk zdYk &nf&, G jf yD;vkyw f mjzpf jyD;? olvkyforQwdkif;ukdvnf; a&mif;pm; cJhwm r[kwfvdkY qdkwmuvnf; wpf csuf ygygw,f/ aemufjyD; Oya't& vGwfaygufawG &SdaevdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/ Oyrm DeCSS qdk&if 'DAD'DvQdKY0Sufcsuf awG yg0ifaomfvnf; olY&nf&, G cf suu f uGefysLwmrSm zGifhMunfhzdkYqdkwJh &nf&G,f csuf jzpfaeygw,f/ 'DuaeYtxdvnf; olvyk cf o hJ rQ[m tJ'&D nf&, G cf suef YJcsn;f jzpfaeygw,f/ *sdK[efqiftaeeJY 2005 rSm tar &duefudk ajymif;a&TUaexdik w f ,f/ ol[m 2005 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvrS 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvtxd aqmhzf0J tif*sif eD,mwpfOD;tjzpf &yfwnfcJhygw,f/ 2006 Edk0ifbmusawmh aemfa0;EdkifiHudk jyefa&muf&SdaejyD jzpfw,f/ Zmwdajrudk jyefvm&wJh taMumif;udkawmh rod&yg bl;/ ol[m uGefysLwm reverse engineering enf;ynm uRrf;usifolwpfOD; jzpfjyD; olY&JY tMudKufqkH; gadgets u ThinkPad T42p jzpfjyD;? tMudKufqkH; operating system u Ubuntu Linux eJY WindowsXP wdkY jzpfw,fvdkY qdk aMumif; wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f/ *sdK[efqif yxrqkH;0,f,lcJhwJh MPEG card abmufcsm

96

*sKd [efqif twdck sKyf 1983? Ed0k ifbm- aemfa0;Edik if H Harstad rSm arG;/ taz aemfa0;/ tar ydkvef/ 1983? 'DZifbm - tdrfrSm yxrqkH; uG e f y sLwm ok H ; / SinclairZX Spectrum (pmrsufESm 94 wGif azmfjyxm;aom"mwfykH/ xdkykHukd 1986 wGif ½kdufxm;onf/) 1998- GNU/Linux (RedHat 5.0) ukd yxrqkH; install vkyfonf/ 1999? pufwifbm-atmufwdkbmDeCSS ukd tjcm;ESpfa,mufESifh twl a&;onf/ 2000? Zefe0g&D-Karoline qk&/ 2000? ZGef- ausmif;xGuf/ ol\tqifh rSm 5.75 (tawmfqkH;rSm 6) 2001 ckESpfupjyD; media rsm;ESifh ywf oufaom reverse engineering vkyfief;rsm; vkyf/ 2002? {jyD- EFF \a&SYOD;wDxGifol qk&/ 2005? atmufwdkbm- tar&duefjynf axmifpkokdY ajymif;a&TYaexdkif/ 2006? ZGef- Double Twist Venture wGif 0ifa&muf vkyfukdif/ 'pf*spf w,f rD'D,mrsm;? reverse engineering vkyfief;rsm; vkyf/ 2006? Edk0ifbm- aemfa0;okdY jyefvnf ajymif;a&TYaexdkif/

uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

INTERVIEW

&JU ]*Rev f cJ sf *sK[ d efqif} qdw k m ol&aJ umif;vm;/ jiKd ;ol&efbufvm;/ tJ'guawmh ½Ijrifot l ay:rmS rlwnfygw,f/ DeCSS udk a&SaU qmif xkwv f yk f cJw h maMumifh olw&Ykd UJ xde;f csKyu f yG u f aJ &; ay:vpDukd taESmift h ,Suf jyKot l jzpf ½Ijrifou l awmh rdwLå rlyikd cf iG fh Xmeygy/J DRM u yifra&pD; rD', D mudk ausmw f wfr,fvYkd jcrd ;f ajcmufvmwJh tcsed rf mS *Re[ f m tJ'aD cwf&UJ arQmv f ihzf , G f a'guw f ikd w f pfck jzpfvmcJw h ,f/

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slyck.com rS awGq U kH ar;jref;cef;

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

97

INTERVIEW uG,fzdkY arhavsmhoGm;vdkYaMumihfom DeCSS udk zefwD;Edkifacs&Sdw,fvdkY ajymqdkaeMujcif;yJ/ uGefysLwm&JU vkyfudkifaqmif&GufyHkudk rodMu olawG&JU wpfqifhpum;awGygyJ/ ½IyfaxG;wJh code awG[m ajymif;jyeftif*sifeD,mvkyfief;udk aESmihfaES;apwmawmh trSefyJ/ 'gayr,fh ydwfyif wm;qD;Edkifjcif; r&Sdbl;/ zefwD;aqmif&GufrI&JU aemufuG,fu t&if;cH taMumif;&if;u bmvJ/ t&if;cH taMumif;&if;uawmh udk,fMudKuf ESpfoufovdk DVD awGudk zGihfEdkifa&;ygyJ/ txl;aqmif&GufwJh pepfawG odkYr[kwf txl;jyK pufu&d , d mawGukd toH;k jyKEdik rf o S m ½ky&f iS f Munfh cGihf&atmif zdtm;ay;xm;wmrsKd;udk uRefawmf rESpfoufbl;/ pD;yGm;a&; udpaö wGudk rjzpfrae Munfh½Iap&atmif zdtm;ay;xm;wJh aqmif&GufrI udkvnf; rMudKufbl;/ pD;yGm;a&; owif;u@ awGudk ausmfjyD; zGihfMunfhr,fvdkY tm;xkwfwJh tcgrSm ]'grsKd;udk cGihfrjyKyg} vdkY tJ'D DVD puf u ajymvmvdrhfr,f/ 'gaMumifh DRM [m ]'pf*spw f ,f csKycf s,u f efYowfrq I ikd &f m pDrH cefYcrJG I wpf&yftwGuf {uefpifppf aqmif&Gufay;ae& aMumif; odyfodomvGef;w,f/ DeCSS

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98

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

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DeCSS eJY ywfoufjy;D armif&ifav; emrnf ausmf

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Ton Lech Johansen taeeJY aemufxyfbmawG

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nVidia GeForce 8800 GTX

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uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

nVidia GeForce 8800 GTX www.nvidia.com $ 650 Windows Vista \ Direct X-10 udk yxrqHk;uwf axmuf

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104

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106

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(REVIEW)

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

ART OF GAME

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(REVIEW)

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(REVIEW)

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

ART OF GAME

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(REVIEW)

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(PREVIEW)

Empire Earth eJY ywf oufjyD; oif odxm;orQ t&mtm;vH k ; arh y pf v k d u f awmh/ Mad Doc eJY Sierra wkdY[m vHk;0opfvGif&J&ifhwJh Empire Earth III udk pdwf ul;yHkazmfaewJhtwGuf jzpfyg w,f/ tpOftvm odxm;cJh Muwmu Empire Earth [m orkid ;f aemufcH strategy *dr;f yJr[kwfvm;/ ckawmh xkwf a0ol sierra eJY developer Mad Doc wdkYu rwluGJjym; wJh vrf;aMumif;udk vkdufzdkY tcsdefusjyDvdkY qHk;jzwfcJhMu w,f/ tkd; 'gayr,fh tajccH tusqHk; tcsufawGuawmh twlwlyJ jzpfaeOD;rSmygyJ/ Empire Earth III [m oifh taeeJY vlrt I zGYJtpnf; civi-

lization wpfc ku dk orkdi f ; rwkdifcif acwfuaejyD; a0; uGmwJh tem*wfumvtxd vrf;nTefydkYaqmifay;&r,fh real-time strategy *dr;f jzpf yg w,f / 'D atmuf cH taqmufttHkuvGJvdkY usef wmawG tm;vHk;udkawmh jyef vnf q ef ; ppf oH k ; oyf j yD ; 'DZkdif;jyefxkwfcJhygw,f/ OD;aqmif'DZkdifem Matthew Nordhaus &JU tqdk t& 2005 ckEpS f EE II jzefYa0 tjyD;rSmyJ EE III twGuf vkyfief;pwifcJhw,fvdkY od& w,f/ aemufqufwGJ sequel udk yHkwltjrefvkyfr,fh tpm; rwlwv hJ rf;aMumif;udk oGm;zdYkvw dk t hJ aMumif; 'DZidk ef m awG odxm;Muw,f/Deve-

loper Mad Doc studio [m Empire Earth *d r f ;

Zmwfvrf;wGJudk olrsm;qDu tarG q uf c H vuf v T J , l c J h olyg/ 'gaMumifh EEII [m rl&if; zefwD;ol Stainless hJ hJ tkwf Sted Studio pwifcw jrpftay:yJ wnfaqmufcJh jcif; jzpfygw,f/ EE III u pvdYk Mad Doc [m ud, k yf idk f tjrifeJY topfjyefvnf zef wD; qef;opfygawmhr,f/ *drf;'DZkdif;eJY *&yfzpf tif*sif udk tptqH;k topfjyefvnf a&;om;r,f/ Empire Earth III rSm rl&if;rS rqdkpavmuf av;yJ jyefí yg0ifygvdrfh r,f/ erlemwpfct k aeeJY ]rsm;

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

ART OF GAME

rsm;xnfhay;jcif;jzifh rsm;rsm; &r,f} qdkwJh t&if EE *drf; ESpfckrSm MuD;pdk;cJhaom tawG; tjrifudk *drf;opfrSm avQmh xm;w,f/ EE II eJY ywfouf jyD; upm;olawGqDu wHkYjyef rIu odyfudk rsm;vGef;tm; MuD;aMumif; tcsufjzpfw,f/ EE pD;&D;awG&UJ {&mrMuD;rm; wJh pau;u *drf;&JU tm;om csuf jzpfovdk tm;enf;csuf vnf;jzpfaeygw,f/ausmuf acwf vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpfck udk orkid ;f &JU acwfyidk ;f rsm;pGm jzwfí vrf;nTex f ed ;f ausmif; &wm *d r f ; upm;ol a wG twGuf pdwfMuD;0ifp&m jzpf wmawmh [kwfyg&JU/ 'gay r,fh EE II rSm factions tzGJY

119

ART OF GAME

tvdkuf uGJjym;jcm;em;csuf awG ajym&cufwm 'DZkdifem udk,fwkdifu 0efcHcJhw,f/ acwfumvtvkduf epoch 12 eJ Y 13 tMum; b,f avmufMuD; ta&;ygwJh uGm jcm;csufawG &SdaevdkYvJ/ 'gh tjyif rwl w J h enf ; ynm 'gZifaygif;rsm;pGmu pdwf½Iyf p&m jzpfapw,f/ Empire Earth III rSmawmh 'Dtwkdif; jzpfvmrSm r[kwfbl;/ Epochs acwfumvawG ydk enf;oGm;ayr,fh wpfcek YJ wpf ck ydkjyD; xif&Sm; uGJjym;vdrfh r,f/ trsKd;rsKd;aom zGHYjzdK; wd;k wufraI wGtwGuf okaw oejyKvkyfp&m enf;ynm ukdif;cGJ technology tree u ykdí acsmarGYvmygvdrfhr,f/ EE III eJY ywfoufjyD; yxrqHk; owdjyKEkdifavmuf wJh tcsufu xif&Sm;jywf om;wJ h tjrif y k d i f ; qk d i f & m visual design jzpfygw,f/ t&if EE pD;&D;awGrSm upm; olawG rausreyf ajymMu wJh tcsufu wdkufyGJawGrSm

120

(PREVIEW)

twG i f ; ü yH k p H w l ,lepfawGeYJ yJ ½Iyyf aG ejcif;jzpf ygw,f/ uGjJ ym;wJh pwkid [ f ef yef t&nftaoG; personality trsm;MuD; ryg0ifbl;/ tJ'geJY rwluGJjym;pGm EE III rSmawmh ,lepfawGudk csJUum; t&G , f t pm; MuD ; xm;jyD ; wpfckpDtaeeJY bmawG pGrf; aqmifEidk rf ,fqw kd m csucf si;f odEkdifr,f/ *drf;&JU tjrifydkif; eJY ywfoufvdkY taumif;qHk; azmfjyEkdifr,fh yHk&dyfu Warcraft eJY Age of Empires pyfxm;wmeJY wlygvdrfhr,f/ screen

'D,el pf topfawGukd rwlwhJ e,fajra'oaemufct H vdu k f trsKd ; tpm; cG J x m;w,f / Western, Ear Eastern eJY Middle Eastern a'oawG jzpfygw,f/ *dr;f twGi;f factions tzG J Y oH k ; ck x J o myg w,fvdkY qdkvdkwm r[kwfyg bl;/ 'gayr,fh faction wpf zGJYpD[m 'De,fajra'oMuD; oH k ; ck r S wpf c k c k w nf ; rS m yg0ifvdrfhr,f/ e,f a jra'otvd k u f xl;jcm;xif&Sm;wJh ukd,fykdif tjrifykdif;qkdif&mESifh xdawGY cH p m;&rI yH k p H a wG o mru gameplay t&vnf; uGjJ ym; oG m ;vd r f h r ,f / Western a'o[m ¤if;&JU high-tech wpfyef;omrIudk a&mifjyef [yfaomtm;jzifh ydkenf;ay r,fh ydkaps;MuD;wJh,lepfawG &Sdr,f/ Far Eastern a'o uaps;ydak ygjyD; tHv k u dk f usi;f vkduf&SdwJh ,lepfawGtay: trSDjyKw,f/ Middle Eas-

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

tern a'ouawmh tjref a&TU ajymif;EkdifwJh mobile units

awGaxmufyahH y;w,f/ tcsed f time line u *drf;aemufykdif; tem*wfoYkda&mufvmwJt h cg a'otvkduf uGmjcm;csuf awGu ydkjyD;awmhawmif xif &Sm;vmvdrfhr,f/ yxr EE *drf;ESpfckrSm qdk&if tem*wfenf;ynm ok a woerS {&mr puf ,EÅ&m; ppfvufeufMuD;awG xkwfEkdifvmr,f/ EE III rSmawmh e,fajra'owpfckpD tvdkuf rwluGJjym;wJh tqHk; owf ,lepfawG&w dS ,f/Oyrm Western a'ou puf ,EÅ&m; mech units awG&jyD; Far Eastern a'ou rsKd;ADZ tif*sifeD,menf;eJY jyKjyif xm;wJh monsters awG &vm r,f/ 'gaMumifh *drf; aemuf ydkif; wkdufyGJawGu wpfrsKd; wpfzHk jzpfvmr,f/ 'D , l e pf a wG a Mumif h wkdufyGJawGu t&if*drf;awG

(PREVIEW)

xuf trsm;MuD; ydkí pdwf0if pm;p&m aumif;vmygw,f/ EEIII [m topfjzpfwhJ tzGihf oabm urÇmvTrf;rdk; MuD;pdk; a&; yHkpHrdwfquf xnfhoGif; vmw,f/ twka,mif Virtual Earth 'grSr[kwf us yef;xkwfvkyfwJh j*dK[furÇm awGtay: atmifEkdif MuD;pdk; cGiahf y;w,f/ aemuf arQmv f ifh xm;wJhtwkdif; skirmish eJY multiplayer modes awG yg0ifygvdrhfr,f/ 'gayr,fh vnf; world domination u EE III &JU t"du mode jzpfygvdrhfr,f/ trnfu &nfnTef;wJhtwkdif; &nfrSef; csuf yef;wkdifu j*dK[furÇm wpfckvHk; odrf;ydkuftEkdif,lzdkY jzpfygw,f/ 'DudpötwGuf urÇmajr&JU 3D globe yHkpH

MunfhvdkY &jyD; pDrHtuGufcs vI y f & S m ;zd k Y &m zoom in qGJMunfhEkdifw,f/ *drf;&JU 'D tydkif;u turn based jzpf oGm;w,f/ ukd,fh&JUwyfzGJYudk uyfvsufe,fajrxJ ydYk aqmif ay;jcif ; xuf trsm;MuD ; ydkvkyfvmEkdifr,f/ EE III rSm tawmfMuD; tao;pdwfuswJh olvQKdvkyf ief;tykdif; ygvmr,f/ &efol e,fajrxJ pykdifawGvTwfjyD; tzsuftarSmifh vkyfief;awG apckid ;f Ekid w f ,f/ oHwref diplomacy pepf u d k v nf ; vH k ; 0topf jyef j yif x m; w,f / Diplomacy ud k t"du &if;jrpf tkid 'f , D modYk yJ aygif;cHppfcsxm;w,f/ ppf aMunmjcif;eJY r[mrdwfzGJY jcif ; avmuf y J tom;ay;

yg0ifw,f/ EE II uvdk pdwf ½I y f p &m a&G ; cG i f h options rsm;pGmxuf trsm;MuD; em; vnf& vG,fw,f/ EE III &JU tkdif'D,m topfawGxJu wpfcku ppf yGJ twGif;u quest system jzpf y gw,f / tJ ' gawG u missions yHp k w H pfrsKd;yJ/ ½d;k ½d;k wdkufyGJawGxuf trsm;MuD; epfarsmaysmfarGYzG,f aumif; w,f/ Base awGaqmuf? Army awGxkwf ajryHkay:u jyd K if b uf a wG &S i f ; ypf w m xuf trsm;MuD; aumif;yg w,f/ *drf;xGufvmwJhtcg rwlwJh quests awG 'gZifeJY csDjyD;ygvmr,f/ erlemwpfck u Mum;ae vlrsKd;EG,fpku rif;orD;av;udk &efolvuf u u,f&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ 'gudk aqmif&Gufay;&if xdv k rl sKd;EG,pf u k oif&h UJ r[m rdwfjzpfvmr,f/ xdk mission wGifomrubJ campaign game wpfavQmufv;kH yg jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'D

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

ART OF GAME

awGu vkyfcsifvkyf rvkyfcsifae a&G;ykdifcGifh &Sd w,f/ tJ'D tribe udk ulnD r,fhtpm; ESdrfeif;odrf;ydkuf vQifvnf; &wmyJ/ vrf; aMumif ; wpf c k p D t vk d u f aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd; toD; oD; &SdjyD;om;/ 'gayr,fh quests awG xnfhay;xm; wmu pHjyK RTS gameplay rSm rsKd;uGJaxGjym;rIjzpfapwm aMumifh ESpfvdkYzG,faumif;yg w,f/ EE III &JU uGefysLwm jydKifbuf awG u vnf; tawmfav; wefjyef wkduf ckdufEkdifw,f/ Mad Doc studio [m olYudk,fol AI eJY ywfoufjyD; *kPf,laeol yg/ (wnfaxmifoleJY CEO Ian Davis u robotics eJY ywfoufvdkY yg&*lbJGY &xm; w,f/) EE III &JU AI u vlom;upm;orm;eJY pnf; rsOf; rules twlwlyJ upm; vdrfhr,f/ qdkvdkwmu olwdkY cheat vkyfrnpfbl;/ ykdcuf quests

121

ART OF GAME wJh levels awGrmS uGeyf sLwm uvnf; ydkí pOf;pm;vm& w,f / Production 'grS r[kwf combat bonuses awG vlawGxuf tvum; yJwif;&aerSm r[kwfbl;/ 'gh tjyif AI awGrSm rwlnDwJh [efyefeJY AsL[mawG &Sdvdrfh r,f/ AI [m olvQKdvkyfief; udkvnf; xda&mufpGm oHk;pGJ vdrfhr,f/ EE III &JU multiplayer tykdif;uvnf; tvm;tvm aumif;awG jyaew,f/ yHkrSef awGYaeus multiplayer skirmish awG&Sdr,f/ ydkjyD; &nf rSe;f csuMf uD;wJh tpDtrHtjzpf world domination compaign twGuf tjrJ wnfwHh pGm rSwfom;xm;aom persistent multiplayer yHkpH yg vdrhfr,f/ World map ay:

rSm upm;olawG[m vIyf&Sm; rI a&TUuGufawGudk tvSnfheJY vkyf&r,f/ upm;olESpfOD; xdyfwkduf awGYr,fhtcgrSm

122

(PREVIEW)

awmh real-time strategy wku d yf t JG wGi;f 0ifa&mufomG ; ygr,f/ wd k u f y G J & v'f tajz xG u f jyD ; wJ h t cg *d r f ; u world map tay: tajymif; tvJtm; update vkyfjyD; *drf;udk qufupm;apr,f/ tvGeMf umjrifph mG upm;&r,fh yHkpHqkdwm xif&Sm;ygw,f/ Mac Doc [m Civilization IV &JU pitboss server yHp k rH sKd; tvm;wl persistent multiplayer server axmifr,fvYkd arQmfvifh&w,f/ upm;ol wpfOD;OD; &Sdaeoa&GU server udk 24/7 run ay;Ekid jf yD; tjcm; upm;ol a wG cPwjzKwf log in vkyf ud, k &hf UJ a&TUuGuf awG jyKvkyu f mjyefí log out vkyfoGm;Ekdifw,f/ t"du multiplayer modes taeeJY 'D world domination eJY skirmish ESpfrsKd;yJ &Sdygvdrfh r,f/ t&if Empire Earth

*dr;f awG&UJ wifqufjyorIu tenf;i,f date atmufae w,f/ EE III uawmh trsm; MuD; ydkvSjyD; acwfeJYtrDvdkuf vdrfhr,f/ *&yfzpftif*sifudk tajccHupjyD; jyefvnfa&; om;xm;w,f/ *dr;f u acwf opf *drfrmawG tom;us awGYMuHK &if;ES;D jyD;jzpfwhJ shader, lighting, shadowing eJY postprocessing effects

awG axmufyHhxm;w,f/ ½ly aA'pepf yg0ifvYkd taqmuf ttHkawG aygufuGJrIaMumifh

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

wpfppD jydKuGJukefwm yDyDjyif jyif yH k a zmf a y;xm;w,f / Performance tjrefEIef;rSm vnf; ydkaumif;vmw,f/ b,fvkd RTS rsK;d twGurf qdk av;pm;avmufp&m aumif; wJh tqifhtjzpf onscreen tay: ,lepf 500 wpfjydKif wnf; yHak zmfEidk w f ,f/ EEIII u Direct X9 *drf;jzpfyg w,f / Direct X 10 ud k axmufyHhwJh AD'D,dkuwfawG &Sm;yg;aeao;vdkY 'gu usKd; aMumif; qDavsmfygw,f/ tm;vHk;jcHKiHk aygif;pyf Munfv h u dk w f t hJ cg EE III u vHk;0topfjzpfwJh *drf;wpfck vd k toG i f t jyif & S d w ,f / tajymif;tvJrsm;pGmeJY features topf a wG a Mumif h Sierra eJY Mod Doc [m Empire Earth wH q d y f u d k qufvuf zufw, G x f m;wm enf;enf;awmh tHhMop&m aumif;w,f/ EE III udk 'DEpS f &JU 'kwd, ESpf0ufrSm jzefYcsdzdkY pDrHxm;ygw,f/

(SPECIAL REPORT)

ART OF GAME

ADDICTIVE Games

Gameplay Action eJY Puzzle a&m

'D*drf;awGudk tprvkyf eJY/ upm;rd&if jyefxzdkY cuf w,f/ vkyfp&mr&Sd? tcsdef awG rukefukefatmif jzKef; wD;r,fholawGtwGufawmh tawmfyJ jzpfvdrhfr,f/ PC puf t jrih f M uD ; vnf ; rvd k bl;/ omref entry, level tqifheJYwif upm;vdkY & w,f/ 'D*rd ;f awGu vlawGukd bmaMumihf pGJvrf;apw,f qdkwm qef;ppf ydkif;jcm;jcif; jzihf *drf; 'DZdkif;xkwf&mrSm tMuHÓPfaumif;awG &vm EdkifzdkY &Sdygw,f/ Zuma PopCap

u xkwfwJh *drf;jzpfygw,f/ ta&mifrsKd;

pH k ausmuf a *:vD v H k ; awG vrf;aMumif;twGif; vdrfh qif;vmMuw,f/ ¤if;wdkY wpf a wG Sun God 'grS r[k w f skull xJ a&muf roGm;cif ukefpifatmif jzKdcGJ &r,f/ ausmufzm;&JU yg;pyf xJuae ausmufa*:vDudk ta&mifwo l ;kH vH;k 'grSr[kwf oHk;vHk;xuf ydkwGJjzpfatmif csdeyf pf&r,f/ vSnyhf pf&r,f/ ta&mifwl ausmufa*:vD awG tkypf v k u kd f qufí &S&d if qihfuJqihfuJ uGJEdkifw,f/ wpfcgwpf&H power ups awG & wwf yg w,f/ Level tqihw f ufomG ;wJt h cg vrf; aMumif;yHkpHawG ajymif;vJ oGm;ygvdrhfr,f/

xm;wmvdYk yJ ajym&r,f/ jref jrefpOf;pm;/ jrefjref vIy&f mS ;/ tuGufcs pOf;pm; wGufcsuf zdkY vdkw,f/ 'gayr,fh aES; aevdkY rjzpfbl;/ aemuf pOf; pm; qHk;jzwfrIaemufrSm vIyf &S m ;rI u xuf M uyf r uG m vdu k v f m&r,f/ wdus&r,f/ *dr;f awG&UJ hand-eye co-ordination obm0ud k taumif;qHk; erlemjyaejcif; yJ jzpfygw,f/ rsufpd tjrif pl;&SzYkdvw kd ,f/ tqiftuGuf udk tao;pdwf ½kwfjcnf; zrf;jrifqJrSm t&mtm;vHk; jcHKí jrifEdkifpGrf;vnf; &Sd&yg vdrhfr,f/ OD;aESmuf? rsufpd?

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

vufoHk;rsKd;pvHk; yl;wGJ yg0if &vdkY tawmfav; tm;pdkuf &wJh*drf; jzpfygw,f/ 'gu pGJvrf;apjcif; tcsuf wpf csuf jzpfvdrhfr,f/ tESpf tom;ygwJh *drf;aygh/ Setting and atmos phere Gameplay u b,f

avmuf aumif ; aumif ; olYukd aemufc0H ef;usif taiGU touf yDjyifjynfh0atmif ray;EdkifcJh&ifvnf; 'D*drf;[m 'Davmuf pGJrufzG,f aumif; vmr,f rxifygbl;/ zuma &J U taiG U touf u a&S U a[mif ; usí qef ; Mu,f eufeJrI *rÇD&oabmawGyJ

123

ART OF GAME

(SPECIAL REPORT)

RAYMAN RAVING RABBITS 2

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124

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'D*drf;u b,favmuf &,f&TifzG,faumif;r,fqkdwm pmeJY a&;rjyawmhbl;/ ykHawGrSmyJ Munfhvkdufyg/ Wii *drf;&JU Wii-mote eJY nuncuk pGrf;&nfawGokH;jyD; txl;ûy wDxGifxm;wJh mini-games rsm; tpk jzpfygw,f/ 'DESpfaESmif;ykdif;rSm xGufzkdY&m &Sdw,f/ tcsKdUaom mini-games av;awG&JU tpykdif;rSm rabbits awGukd OD;xkyf? 0wfpkH? ta&jym;awG qef;qef;jym;jym; pdwfMudKufqifay;EkdifwJh options awG ygw,f/ tar&duef vufypfabmcRef ykHpH mini-game wpfckygw,f/ 'gayr,fh upm;yJG pnf;rsOf;u wlrSmr[kwfbl;/ abmcRefukd MumEkdiforQ MumMumukid f xm;EkdifzkdYyJ/ AkdufxJ ykdufjyD; a>rvdrfa>raumuf ajy;csif&majy;/ aemuf twGif;cH t0wftpm; tavQmfûydif&wJh mini-game wpfck ygw,f/ aemufa&ul;ûydif& wJh mini-game vnf; ygw,f/ aemufpdwf0ifpm; p&mwpfckuawmh dancing rhythm *drf;

jzpfygw,f/ Rabbit band rSm tqkdawmf? *pfwmwD;ol? '&rfrmeJY uD;bkwfwD;ol pkHvifpGm yg&Sdygw,f/ oifhukd pdwfESvkH; &TifûyH;ap r,fqkdwm vkH;0tmrcHay; vkdufygw,f/

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

uGeyf sLwmtbd"mef

Bistable. jzpfEkdifaom tajctaeESpfrsKd;(on ESifhoff )&Sdaom device odkYr[kwf circuit udk ac:onf/

twGuf bit ydrk o kd ;kH pGjJ cif;jzifh pufwpfv;kH onf ykrd dk BuD;rm;onfh y½dk*&rfrsm;udk taxmuftuljyKEkdifonf/ *&yfzpfrsm;ukd rMumcPqkdouJhodkY dot wpfckcsif;tm; ukd,fpm;jyK&ef toHk;jyKonfh bit ta&twGujf zifv h nf; azmfjy wwfonf/ 1 – bit yH&k yd w f pfco k nf monochrome jzpfonf/ 8 – bit yHk&dyfwpfckonf 256 color okdYr[kwf grayscale rsm;udk taxmuftuljyKonf/ 24 odkYr[kwf 32 bit *&yfzpf rsm;onf true color udk taxmuftuljyKonf/ [kac:onfh tvif;pufuav; axmif aygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifaeaom uGefysLwmzefom;jyif azmfjycsuf wpfckjzpfonf/ zefom;jyifay:wGif yHk&dyfrsm;ukd a&;jc,f&ef toHk;jyKonfh y½dk*&rfrsm;wGif pixel rsm;ukd tzGifhtydwf vkyf ay;&onf/ odkYr[kwf yHk&dyfwpfck zefwD;&ef t&dyfESifh ta&mif rsm;ukd ajymif;vJay;&onf/ owif;tcsuftvuf bit wpfck onf piexl udk zGifhxm;oavm (bit = 1) okdYr[kwf pixel udk ydwfxm;oavm (bit = 0) qkdonfudk ajymjyonf/ Bit map qko d nfrmS tpufi,f (dot) rsm;ukd rnfonfyh pkH jH zifh azmfjyrnf okdYr[kwf ½dkufxkwfay;rnfudk uGefysLwmtm; ajymjyaom zkdifwpfckyifjzpfonf/ Bit map. Pixel

Bistable circuit or multivibrator = tajctae ESprf sK;d okYd ajymif;vJEidk af om circuit.

udk twkdaumufac:qkdjcif;jzpfonf/ pufwpfv;kH ay:rS tao;i,fq;kH owif;tcsuftvuf ,lepf jzpfonf/ a&SUaqmifpm&if;tif;ynm&Sif *RefwluDu þ a0g[m&udk 1946 ckESpfwGif pwifoHk;pGJcJhonf/ wpfckwnf; aom bit onf 0 odkYr[kwf 1 qkdonfh wefzkd;ESpfckteuf wpfckukdom aqmifxm;Ekdifonf/ qufwkdufvmonfh bit rsm;udk ykdíBuD;rm;onfh ,lepfrsm;tjzpf aygif;pyfay;jcif;jzifh ykdít"dyÜm,fjynfh0aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd &&Sd onf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf byte wpfckudk qufwkdufvmonfh bit &Spfckjzifh zGJUpnf;onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif uGefysLwmrsm;udk wpfMudrfvQif ¤if;wdkY process vkyfEkdifonfh bit ta&twGufjzifhjzpfap? address rsm;tm; ukd,fpm;jyK&ef ¤if;wdkYtoHk;jyKonfh bit ta&twGuf jzifhjzpfap tqifhtwef; owfrSwfonf/ þwefzkd;ESpfckrSm tjrJwrf; wlnDjcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf em;vnfrI ½IyfaxG;oGm; wwfMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf uGefysLwmwpfvHk;tm; 32 bit pufwpfvHk;tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;onf ,if;\ data register rSm 32 bits us,f0ef;onf okYd r[kwf pufonf rSwÓ f PfxrJ S address wpfckpDukd &SmazGowfrSwf&mwGif 32 bits toHk;jyK onf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ ykdít&G,fBuD;onfh data register rsm;u uGefysLwmtm; ykdíjrefqefapouJhodkY address rsm; Bit. Binary digit

½dkufESdyfxm;onfh character rsm;ukd uk d i f w G , f a jz&S i f ; ay;aom enf ; vrf ; wpf & yf j zpf o nf / Character wpfckpDudk bit tpkta0;wpf&yftjzpf (dot rsm; tjzpf)toHk;csaqmif&Gufonf/ Bit – mapped font wpfck onf character wpfckpDukd tMurf;xnf outline wpf&yf tjzpf toHk;csaqmif&Gufaom scalable font (csKHUcsJUEkdifaom Bit-mapped font.

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

125

uGeyf sLwmtbd"mef font) rsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ Bit-mapped font rsm;udk toHk;cs&mwGif y½dk*&rfonf toHk;jyKonfh character wpfcpk D twGuf tpufi,frsm;\ yHkpHtaetxm; (dot pattern) wpf&yf &,l&ef vdktyfonf/ Oyrm y½kd*&rfonf Courier 10 yGdKifhxJrS character wpfckudk ½dkufxkwfay;&ef tjcm;yHkpH

wpf&yfukd toHk;jyKonf/ þenf;vrf;onf uGefysLwm\ rSwfÓPfxJwGif ae&mrsm;pGm ,louJhodkY text udk azmfjy&m ½dkufESdyf&mwGif tcsdefrsm;pGm ,lygonf/ Scalable font rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mwGif y½d* k &rfonf font \ outline t&G,t f pm;udk vdo k vkñ d adS y;Ekid af omaMumifh font wpfckpDtwGuf oD;jcm; outline wpfrsKd;oHk;&ef rvdktyfyg/

Block diagram. uGefysLwm okdYr[kwf tjcm; system wpfck\ chart jzpfonf/ þ chart wGif avb,fwyfxm; onfh block rsm;udk toHk;jyKNyD; tpdwftydkif;rsm;ukd &nfnTef;

azmfjyonf/ rsOf;aMumif;rsm;? jrm;rsm;u tpdwftydkif; toD;oD;tMum; qufo, G rf EI iS hf oGm;vmyHrk sm;ukd azmfjyonf/ (yHw k iG Mf unfyh g/) Block diagram onf tpDtpOfjcHKiHk azmfjy k iG f rnfonft h &mrsm; yg0if csuw f pf&yfjzpfNyD; system wpfcw í rnfuJhodkYtvkyfvkyfonfukd azmfjyonf/

Bits per second (bps). uGefysLwmrsm;onf w,fvDzkef;

vdkif;jzifh tquftoG,fjyK&mwGif tcsuftvufrsm;ukd rwl nDonfh tjrefEIef;rsm;jzifh vTJajymif;ay;Muonf/ ,if;tjref EIef;udk bits per second jzifh wkdif;wmoHk;pJGMuonfu rsm;onf/ Bit wpfckonf uGefysLwmu tqifhqifh toHk;cs aqmif&GufEdkifaom owif;tcsuftvufxJrS tao;i,fqHk; ,lepfjzpfonf/ Bits per second udk baud rate jzifh vGJrSm; rSwf,lwwfMuonf/ Bps onf wpfpuúefYwGif vTJajymif; ay;aom owif;tcsut f vuf ud, k pf m;jyK bit ta&twGuu f dk &nfñTef;onf/ tjrefEIef;jrifhjrifhjzifh tcsuftvuf vTJajymif; ay;aepOf umvtwGi;f modem wpfco k nf vQypf pf oauFw wpfcktwGif; tajymif;tvJwpfckpDtwGuf owif;tcsuf tvuf udk,fpm;jyK bit wpfckru ykdYvTwfay;Ekdifonf/ tDvufx&Gefepf enf;ynmjzifh tajccH wnfaqmufxm;onfh rnfonfh ypön;f ud&, d mudrk qdk black box [koHk;EIef;Muygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh uGefysLwmwpfvHk; &dS CPU (central processing unit) onf black box jzpfjyD; ¤if;onf tcsuftvufrsm;udk uGefysLwmpufrS vufcHEdkif&ef odkYr[kwf toHk;jyKol jrifEdkif&ef oufqdkif&m format rsm;odkY ajymif;vJ vkyfaqmifay;onf/ Black box .

wpfckwGif oD;jcm;,lepftjzpf tvkyfvkyf&ef a&G;cs,f,lEkdifaom text \ wpfpdwfwpfykdif;jzpfonf/ oifonf (uGefysLwmpmpDy½dk*&rfwpfckwGif) text block wpfckudkvnf;aumif;? (pm&if;Z,m; y½dk*&rfwpfckwGif) cell block wpfckudkvnf;aumif; a&G;cs,fNyD; text odkYr[kwf cell udk tjcm;ae&mwpfae&mwGif jzwfñSyfuyfay;Ekdifonf/ rdwåL ul;ay;Ekdifonf/ Block. Text

126

Block operation. Text wpfckay:rS a&G;cs,fxm;onfh ae&may:wGif vkyfaqmifEkdifaom vkyfief;wGJtpkjzpfonf/ toHk;rsm;onfh block operation rsm;xJwGif jzwfñSyf uyfjcif;? ae&ma&TUajymif;jcif;vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifonf/ Block wpfck\ pmvHk; yHkoP²mefajymif;vJjcif;? block twGuf rm*sifrsOf;taetxm; ajymif;vJjcif;vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifonf/ Block protection. uGefysLwmpmpDy½dk*&rfrsm;wGif page break wpfckaMumifh (pmrsufESmjywfoGm;jcif;aMumifh) pmpDrI taetxm; uGjJ ym;oGm;jcif;rS umuG,&f ef block wpfck (text \ tpdwt f ydik ;f ) tm; trSwt f om;jyKxm;Ekid o f nf/ þenf; jzifh umuG,f apmifha&Smufxm;aom block onf pmrsufESm

wpfrsufESmwnf;ay:wGif usef&pfapygonf/ Bmp. Bitmap image ½kyfyHkwkdYukd odrf;qnf;aom zkdifwkdY\ aemufqufwGJtrnf extension jzpfonf/ Paint y½dk*&rf wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzifh zefwD;xm;aom BMP zkdifwkdYukd Windows &Sd paint utility jzifh zGifhEkdif? odrf;qnf;Ekdifonf/ pmrsm;? tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk ykdrdk Munhfaumif;ap&ef BMP zkdifrsm;udk

xnfhoGif;Ekdifonf/

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

uGeyf sLwmtbd"mef BNC connector.Coaxial cable rsm;twGuf connector wpfckjzpfonf/ Connector wpfckudk tjcm;wpfcktwGif;okdY

xnfhoGif;NyD; 90 ‘'D*&D vSnfh onf h t cg lock usoG m ; onf/ BNC connector rsm;udk rMumcP qkdovkd closed circuit wDAGDrsm;wGif toHk; jyKonf/

&SdaeEkdifonf/ rdrd\uGefysLwmwGif floppy drive rsm;om &Sdaeygu uGefysLwmudk zGifhjcif;rjyKrD drive xJodkY start up disk (wpfenf;tm;jzifh Boot Disk/ Bootable Disk) wpfck xnfhay;&ef vkdtyfonf/ Boot disk. uGefysLwm pwiftvkyfvkyfEkdifatmif zefwD;ay; onfh vkyfaqmifrIpepfydkif;wpfckyg&Sdaom uGefysLwm disk wpfcjk zpfonf/ vdt k yfonft h cgwGif cvkwrf zGirhf D boot disk udk disk drive xJwiG f xnfx h m;ygu hard disk udk t&ifO;D pGm

Boiler plate. Tamplate tm; tvSty ac:a0: oHk;pGJjcif; jzpfonf/ rSwfwrf; (memo) wpfckay:rS acgif;pD;pmwef; uJhokdY tBudrfBudrftxyfxyf toHk;jyKaom text yHkpHwpfck

jzpfonf/ Boldface. rdrda&G;cs,fxm;onfh text tm; ywf0ef;usifrS text xufykdí rnf;eufap&ef yHkazmfay;jcif;? ½dkufESdyfjcif;

jzpfonf/ Bomb. pepfwpfck odkYr[kwf y½dk*&rfwpfcktvkyfvkyfae&if;

vkyif ef;qufvufvyk u f idk rf &awmhaMumif; azmfjycsuw f pfcjk zpf onf/ Macintosh uGefysLwmrsm;wGif azmfjycsufudk toHk;jyK onf/ yDpDuGefysLwmrsm;wGif Display yHkazmfr& odkYr[kwf cvkwfcHk ½dkufESdyfr&atmif jzpfvmonfhtcgwGif rdrd\ uGeyf sLwmpepf okYd r[kwf y½d*k &rf\pGr;f aqmif&nf qk;H ½H;I oGm; rSef; od&rnf/ (Hang udkvnf; Munfhyg/) Boolean algebra. tu©&mocsFmudk toHk;jyKNyD; a&;om; rnfh logical zGifhqkdcsufrsm;tm; cGifhjyKonhf Oya' owfrSwf csufrsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;zGifhqkdcsufrsm;\ &v'frsm;udk truth table wpfckwGif azmfjyEkdifonf/ t*FvdyfvlrsKd; ocsFmynm&Sif

a*smhbl;vf (1815 -64) udk tpGJjyKí emrnfay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ Boot. ae&mcsxm;onfhvkyfaqmifrIpepfjzifh uGefysLwmtm; tvkyfpwifjcif; jzpfonf/ Boot qkdaom pum;vHk;onf ‘’to pull yourself up by your bootstraps’’ qkad om pmyk'r f S

vmjcif;jzpfonf/ uGefysLwmudk zGifhvkdufonhftcg uGefysL wmonf pufEId;NyD; vnfywfvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf vkdtyf aom ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk tvdktavsmuf zwf½IoGm;onf/ rdrw d iG f hard drive wpfc&k ydS gu rdr\ d uGeyf sLwm pwifE;dk Mum; &ef vkdtyfaom zkdifrsm;rSm hard drive ay:wGif &Sdaumif;

&,l roHk;pGJEkdifawmhyg/ Boot record. uGefysLwmudk boot vkyfay;&ef vkdtyfaom pepftcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifonfh disk wpfck\ yxrqHk; sector jzpfonf/ ,if; sector ysufp;D oGm;ygu uGey f sLwmudk boot vkyf&ef ,if; disk udk toHk;jyKí r&awmhyg/ Boot sector. Disk ay:rS sector wpfckjzpfonf/ Disk udk boot vkyf&ef odkYr[kwf pwif&ef toHk;jyKonfh BIOS y½dk*&rfrsm;udk load vky&f ef disk \ layout ESihf y½d*k &rfoiG ;f code rsm;udk owfrSwfjy|mef;aom owif;tcsuf tvHk

tavmuf yg0ifonf/ Bootstrap. Circuit wpf c k ? stage wpf c k ok d Y r [k w f operation wpfct k m; ,if;\ud, k yf idk v f yI &f mS ;rIjzifh vdck sio f nfh

tajctae wpf&yfoYkd uk, d w f idk af &muf&adS p&ef 'DZidk ;f xkwx f m; onfh enf;pepfwpfckjzpfonf/ ]] to pull yourself up by your bootstraps }} qkdonfh t*Fvdyfpum;rS vmjcif; jzpf onf/ oifzh ed yfBudK;udk oifb h momcsnyf g/ (wpfenf;tm;jzif)h uk, d t hf m;uk, d u f ;kd yg[k t"dymÜ ,f&ygonf/ Machine routine wpfcktjzpf toHk;jyKaom bootstrap enf;pepfwGif yxrqHk; instruction tenf ; i,f u k d storage twG i f ; od k Y load vkyfay;&onf/ xkdYaemuf routine \ usefaomvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef ,if; instruction rsm;udk toHk;jyKonf/ tjrJwrf;tm;jzifh manual instruction tenf;i,f xnfh oGif;jcif; okdYr[kwf txl;cvkwfwGJrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh ,if;udpu ö dk aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ (boot udkvnf; Munfhyg/) oif\ PC udkzGifh&ef toHk;jyKonfh a0g[m& jzpfonf/ oif\ PC udkzGifhonfhtcg PC u ROM xJwGif odkavSmifxm;onfh y½dk*&rfwpfckjzpfonfh bootstrap loader udk ppfaq;onf/ ,if;y½dk*&rfu boot record wpfck[k Boot up.

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

127

uGeyf sLwmtbd"mef odxm;onfh hard disk \ oD;jcm;ae&mwpfckukd &SmazGMunfh onf/ Disk ay:wGif boot record udk &SmawGYygu xkd boot record xJwGif odrf;qnf;xm;onfh y½dk*&rfukd RAM twGif;odkY load vkyfNyD; execute vkyfay;onf/ tm;vHk; tqifajyrnfqkdygu oif\pufonf vIyf&Sm;ouf0ifvm vdrfhrnf/ (boot udkvnf;Munhfyg/) Border. Window okdY r [kw f box ok d Y r [k w f button okdYr[kwf image \ ywfvnftem;vdkif;i,fav;jzpfonf/ DTP aqmhzf0JwGif border style command onf box okdYr[kwf image ywfvnftem;vdkif;wdkY\ yHkoP²mefukd

ajymif;vJay;apEkid o f nf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf ywfvnftem;vkid ;f ukd vdkif;aMumif; ESpfxyf odkYr[kwf vdkif;aMumif; tpuftajymuf jzpfatmif ajymif;vJ jyKvkyfxm;Edkifonf/

wkwf rSdwfwkwf bounding box odkYr[kwfrsOf;tpuftpuf &Sdaom bound box jzifh azmfjyavh&SdNyD; mouse ukd oHk;í t&G,ftpm; csJUxGifEkdifonf/ y½dk*&rfwpfckck tvkyfvkyfaejcif;ukd ½kwfw&uf &yfwefYvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ uGefysLwmwGif y½kd*&rf tvkyf vkyfaejcif;udk &yfwefY&ef enf;vrf; 2 ck &Sdonf/ Esc key udk ESdyfjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? þodkY jyKvkyfír&ygu CtrlC udk ESdyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? xdkodkY jyKvkyfr&ygu CtrlBreak udkESdyfjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? y½dk*&rfwpfckck tvkyf vkyfaejcif;udk [efYwm; &yfwefYvdkufaponf/ Apple Macintosh uGefysLwmrsm;jzifh command + udk ½dkufESdyfygu vkyfaqmif csuftm; &yfwefYapEkdifonf/ Break.

(1) vQyfppfpD;Ekdifonfh path ESpfcktMum; qm;upf jym;ay:wGif qufo, G x f m;csufwpf&yf jzpfonf/ (2) Diode av;ck yg0ifaom vIid ;f jynhf rectifier (AC udk DC ajymif;onfh device) wpfck jzpfonf/ (3) tylcsdef vGefuJrIESifh tjcm; trSm;yg tajctaersKd;rsm;udk tpm;xkd;umuG,fay;&ef tcsKdU aom data acquisition transducer rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonfh "mwfpD;ywfvrf; wpfckjzpfonf/ þpepfonf ckcHrI (resisBridge.

Borland C

. Application rsm;twGuf wDxGifrIpepf ANSI C ESifh C ++ global optimizer wpfck?

++

wpf&yftjzpf template rsm;\ taxmuftuljyKrItjynfht0yg&Sdonf/ Windows odkYr[kwf DOS ywf0ef;usifxJwGif code rsm; zefwD;&mü toHk;jyKonf/ Windows twGif;rSaeí Windows application rsm; zefwD;jcif;ukd Windows IDE jzifh aqmif&u G Ef ikd o f nf/ Window IDE wGif toH;k rsm;onfh zef&iS f rsm;tm; vsifjrefpGm &,ltoHk;cs&ef ]] speed bar }} rsm; yg&SMd uonf/ Win- scope utility u debugging vky&f mwGif vG,fulaponf/ Resource Workshop u Windows resource rsm;udk rsufjrifa&;qGJcGifhjyKonf/ þ package wG i f Turbo Debugger, Turbo Profiler object ud k OD;wnfcsufxm;onf/ Turbo Assembler ESifh tjcm; tool rsm; yg0ifMuonf/ Bounding box. Document odkYr[kwf screen rsufESmjyif wGif xnfhoGif;xm;&Sdaom ½kyfyHk image wdkY\ yHkoP²mefESifh

ae&mudk &nfñTef; azmfjy aom av;axmifhuGuf jzpfonf/ *&yfzpfaqmhz0f J rsm;wGif ½kyfyHk image xnfhoGif;vdkaom ae&m uGufvyfudk a&G;cs,f,l &ef txl;pyg&S,f tool ygavh & S d M uonf / ¤if ; ae&muGufvyfudk rSdwf

128

twdtus wkdif;wma&;twGuf us,fus,fjyefYjyefY toHk;jyKonf/ Wheatstone bridge [kac:onfh enf;pepf wpfckrS qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ Pressure odkYr[kwf stress wdkif;wm&mwGif toHk;jyKonfh strain guage transducer rsm;wGif jzpfay:vmonfh ckcHrItajymif;tvJ tenf; i,fukd azmfjy&ef bridge circuit ac: aygif;ul;vQypf ;D ywfvrf; wpfck vdktyfonf/ Strain guage udk yHkwGif jyxm;onfh twkdif; bridge \ vufwHwpfckESifh txufwGif ae&mcsxm; onf/ qufvufazmfjyygrnf/ tance)

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG

uGefysLwmwpfvHk; b,fvdkwyfqifMurvJ ,cif r S t quf aemufwpfcku graphic card awGay:rSm RAMDAC awG ygvmw,f/ tJ'gu digital to analog udk conversion vkyfay;wm jzpfygw,f/ tckoHk;aewJh monitor awG tukef vHk;onf analog monitor awG jzpfygw,f/ okdYaomfvnf; digital signal awG xGufvmw,f/ tJ'gawGudk analog conversion vkyfay;&r,f/ b,folu ajymif;ay;&rvJ qdk awmh RAMDAC awG u ae ajymif ; ay;&w,f / tJ ' D RAMDAC uaewpfqifh analog monitor bufudk xkwf ay;&w,f/ tJ'gqdk&if digital bufudkoGm;r,f/ Digital video card eJY digital display qkd&if bmvkyfMurvJ/ RAMDAC Type vkdao;vm;? rvdkawmhbl;/ tckvuf&Sd monitor oHk;r,fhay:rSm rlwnfNyD;awmh RAMDAC awG r&Sb d ;l / Digital monitor yJ? display yJ oH;k r,fq&dk if rvkb d ;l / Graphic card connector

tckwpfcg graphic card connector awGtaMumif; ajymMur,f/ PCI, AGP qdjk yD;&Syd gr,f/ 'ghtjyif PCI express with SLI Technology qdkjyD; awGY&ygvdrfhr,f/ 'gawGukd scaleable link interface vdkY ac:w,f/ 'gukd b,fae&mrSm

tokH;wnfhovJqdkawmh graphic card udk ESpfuwf tNydKif wyfr,f? wyfjyD; okH;csifw,fqdkygawmh? tJvdkae&mrsdK;awGrSm tokH;wnfhw,f/ Oyrm tcktcsed rf mS AGP oH;k r,fq&kd if 8X xdyJ &ygr,f/ 64 bit jzpfygw,f/ udk,foHk;csifwmeJYu tJ'geJY rvHkavmuf awmhbl;qdk&if higher specialize graphic feature awGudk rjzpfrae tok;H jyK&ygawmhr,f/ tJ'v D kd tajctaersdK; jzpfvm &ifawmh PCI express udk rvGJraoG oHk;&awmhr,f/ PCI express onf AGP xufESpfq&SdjyD; 16X &Sdygw,f/ tJ'grS xyfNyD; graphic bandwidth udk xyfvdkcsifao;w,f qdk&if PCI express Card udk xyfpu kd v f Ydk &ygao;w,f/ xyfpu dk Nf yD; awmh tJ'D card ESpfuwfudk Mum;xJu qufoG,fwJh vrf; aMumif;? Scaleable Link Interface ukd xyfxnfhvkduf&if &ygjyD/ Graphic card ESpfuwfudk bandwidth wpfckwnf;eJY run wmeJY oabmw&m; twlwlyJ jzpfygw,f/ Video driver aemufwpfcgajymcsiw f mu video driver taMumif; jzpf ygw,f/ Video driver ukd installation vky&f wJt h aMumif;&if; u video adaptor eJY software eJY communicate vkyfwJhae &mrSm performance and feature udk t"duvkdcsifvkdY jzpfyg w,f/ System BIOS xJrSm uRefawmfwkdYu standard oHk; r,f/ Display colour installation vkyfp&mrvkdwJhtwGuf standard oHk;wm jzpfygw,f/ 'DvdkyJ Windows 3x ukd oHk; r,f? rvdkbl;/ Windows 95 uaepNyD;awmh performance and feature udk vkc d siw f t hJ wGuf video driver awGudk install vkyfzdkY vdkukdvdkvmw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh graphic card driver ukd odxm;&r,f/

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

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uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG Power supply

uJ aemufwpfcku power supply jzpfygw,f/ uGefysL wmrSm power supply taeeJY high voltage AC power oGif;r,f/ DC power xkwfr,f/ jyD;rS tJ'DxkwfwJh DC yg0g ukd oHk;r,f/ DC yg0g trsdK;rsdK; &Sdygw,f/ + (or )-12 volt, + (or) -5 volt eJY 3.3 Volt qdkygawmh/ tJ'D + (or )-12 volt, + (or) -5 volt eJY 3.3 Volt voltage setting awGqdkwm bmawGvJ wpfcgwnf; Munhf&atmif/ 5 Volt section qdw k mu 4.5 volt uae 5.5 volt Mum;rSm jzpfaer,f/ okH;wJhtcg error percentage u 10% error udk vufcHEdkifygw,f/ 4 volt atmufa&mufoGm;&ifawmh tJ'D power supply ukd ok;H vdYk r&awmhb;l / 12 volts section bufrSmqdk&if 10.8 volt uae 13.2 volttxd bmjyóemrS r&Sdygbl;/ 'gayr,fh 13.2 volt xufausmfae&ifawmh oHk;vdkY r&bl;/

aemufwpfcg Power Supply Type rSm AT type qdk&if P8, P9 Connector , ATX rSmqkd&if P-1 connector, ATX P-4 rSmqdk&if P-1 connector ? P-4 12 v connector qdkjyD; trsdK;rsdK; &Sdygao;w,f/ Fan connector ygr,f/ 6 pin auxiliary connector ygr,f/ od&r,hf power supply u connector awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfcku voltage rating qdkwmukdyg odxm;zdkY vdkygr,f/ Voltage awGrSm wefzdk; trsdK;rsdK;&Sdw,f/ 250 watts &Sdw,f/ 300 watts &Sdw,f/ 350 watts &Sdw,f/ 400 watts &Sdw,f/ 450 watts &Sdw,f/ 500 watts &Sdw,f/ b,ftrsdK;tpm;ukd 0,frvJqdkwm t&ifqkH;pOf;pm;&r,f/ 'DaeYacwf 'DaeYtcgrSm vdktyfwmawG rsm;vm&if; rsm;vmae awmh 0,fr,f0h ,f watt rsm;rsm;eJY power supply udk 0,foifh w,fvdkY ajym&rSmyJ/

130

'gayr,hf watt rsm;vmjyDqdk&if enf;wmxufawmh aps; ydak y;&ygvdrrhf ,f/ 'gudak wmh odxm;zdYk vrkd ,f/ yg0gqyfyvdik ;f qdkwm ukd,fhuGefysLwmrSm wyfqifr,fh device awG b,f avmuf rsm;rvJ? b,favmufokH;rvJqdkwJhtay: rlwnfyg w,f/ 'Dawmh uGeyf sLwmrSm yg0gqyfyvdik ;f tok;H ukd b,fvkd wGufcsufMunfhrvJ/ vG,v f , G u f av;yg/ uGeyf sLwm pufpwifziG w hf t hJ csed rf mS starting power rSm 220 watts avmufqy JG gw,f/ 'gayr,fh operation vkyfaewJh tcsdefrSmawmh wu,fhyg0gtokH;[m 120 watts avmufyJ &Sad wmhw,f/ 'gqd& k if uGeyf sLwm wpfv;kH vH;k rSm usaewJh amper ratting b,favmuf&v dS J qdw k m wGuf MunfhwJhtcg starting watt 220 udk input volt 220 v eJY pm;&ygr,f? tajzu 1 A &Sdygw,f/ 'gqdk&if 500 watts 0,frvm;? 450 watts 0,frvm;? 400 watts 0,frvm;? 300 watts 0,frvm;qdkwm bmvJ? b,ftay:rSm rlwnfvJ/ 'guawmh apmapmu ajymcJhovdk cifAsm; wyfqiftokH;jyKr,fh [mh'f0JawG b,favmuf&SdovJ qdkwJhtay:rSm rlwnfygw,f/ Hard disk u ykHrSef wpfvkH; wyf&muae av;vHk;avmuf wyfcsifw,f/ CD ROM u oH;k vH;k avmufwyfcsifw,f/ Expension card awGuvJ &So d rQ Expension card (Graphic, MODEM, Sound, Network, SCSI, USB, IEEE1394..) ponfjzifh tukev f ;kH wyfcsifw,f/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmh wattage Edkifatmif power supply ukd watt BuD;wm 0,fu0 dk ,frS &ygr,f/ r[kw&f ifawmh r&bl;/ uk, d phf ufu yg0gudk b,favmufo;Hk vdYk rvkaH vmufb;l vJ qdw k m b,fvdk odEdkifrvJ/ tJ'g tvG,fwulodEkdifygw,f/ uGefysLwmokH;ae&if; rD;tm;½kwfw&ufusoGm;vdkY uGefysLwm restart jzpfwmrsdK; awGYz;l rSmyg/ wpfcgwav rD;tm; odoo d momuswm r[kwf ygyJawmif jzpfwwfwmrsdK; &Sdygw,f/ Oyrm uGefysLwm ok;H ae&if; avat;ay;pufziG w hf mrsdK;? wpfcgwpf&H wDAzGD iG w hf m rsdK;eJYawmif uGefysLwmu restart jzpfwwfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk rsdK; jzpfwmawGu rsm;aomtm;jzifh yg0grvkHavmufvdkY jzpf wm rsm;ygw,f/ wcsdKUqdk odomwmu rD;pufeYJ armif;ae&if; rD;vmvdkY rD;csdef;vdkufwmeJY uGefysLwm restart jzpfoGm;wwf ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk rD;rcsdef;cifrSm armfeDwmukd ydwfxm;&if puf restart rjzpfawmhygbl;/ wpfcgwavus&ifawmh pufzGihfw,f/ bmrSrvmbl;/ Expension card wpfck qGJjzKwfvkdufw,f/ pufvmw,f/

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG 'grSr[kwf tJ'D card r[kwfbl;? BudKufwJh expension card jzKwfvu dk w f ,f/ pufvmw,f/ tJvrkd sKd ;jzpfvmjyDq&kd if power rvHkavmufrIaMumifhjzpfwm taotcsmygyJ/ tJ'Dawmh desktop casing rSm b,fvdk trsdK;tpm;ukd a&G;cs,frvJ/ Tower Type eJYtwl AT okYd r[kwf ATX qdjk yD; a&G;zdkY &Sdvmr,f/ tJ'DrSm olY&JU Form factor a&G;p&mu AT, ATX yJ jzpf r ,f / tJ ' D a wmh ATX casing rS m ATX Formfactor eJY power supply ygvmvdrhfr,f/ wpfcgwnf; wGJvsufygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh wattage b,favmufvdkrvJ qdkwm wGufcsufjyD; udk,fvdkcsifwJh wattage udk 0,fwyf½HkyJ jzpfygw,f/ Storage device

'Dwpfcgawmh uRefawmfwdkYawG storage device eJY ywf oufwJhtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;Munfhygr,f/ uGefysLwmrSm secondary storage device taeeJY pOf;pm;r,fqkd&if hard drive taMumif;u p&ygvdrr hf ,f/ uGeyf sLwmwpfv;Hk rSm hard drive wpfvHk;ukd pdwful;eJY xnfhMunfh&atmifyg/ tJ'D hard drive udk wyfwJhtcgus&if secondary storage device qdkwJhtwGuf storage vkyfzdkYtwGuf? owif;tcsuftvuf awG xnfhoGif; odrf;qnf;zdkYtwGufyJ &nf&G,fygw,f/ b,f vdk owif;tcsuftvufawG odrf;vdkY &ygovJ/ Operating system tygt0if Application, Utility, Database tukef odrf;vkdY &ygw,f/ uGefysLwmawGrSm [mh'f'pfukd wyfwJhtcg wyfqif&wJh ykHpHay: rlwnfjyD; [mh'f'pfrSm interface trsdK;rsdK; &Sdygw,f/ wpfcu k IDE vdYk vJ ac:w,f/ EIDE vkYd vaJ c:w,f/ aemuf wpfckuawmh SATA interface qdkjyD;&Sdw,f/ 'ghtjyif SCSI Interface (toHxGufzwfwJhtcg pumZDvdkY zwf&ygw,f) qdkwm &Sdao;w,f/ EIDE udk PATA (parallel ATA) vdkY ac:ao;w,f/ tck aemufydkif;rSm xGufjyD; tokH;rsm;vmwJh interface u serial ATA jzpfygw,f/ SATA vdkY twdkaumuf ac:Mu w,f/ SATA ukd pufwdkif;rSmawmh wyfvdkY r&ygbl;/ SATA wyfcsif&if udk,f0,fr,fh motherboard rSmwJh chip set jrihfzdkY vdkygw,f/ Chip set jrifh&ifawmh serial ATA udk supporting vkyfw,f? okH;vdkY &Edkifygr,f/ SCSI ukdawmh t&ifu yDpu D eG yf sLwmawGbufrmS odyrf ok;H Muygbl;/ yef;oD; uGefysLwmawGrSmyJ tokH;rsm;ygw,f/ bmvdkYvJqdkawmh aps; u enf;enf;r[kwfbJ awmfawmfav;MuD;vdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/ jyD;awmh olYudk high end device (Server) awGrmS yJ oH;k avh&dS

Muw,f/ PC (workstation) awG twGuq f &kd ifawmh oH;k wm enf;ygw,f/ High end workstation jzpfwJh workstation awGrmS oH;k w,f/ Performance uawmh EIDE xufyakd umif; w,f/ aps;vnf; EIDE xufydkBuD;w,f/ Serial ATA

apmapmuajymcJhwJh Serial ATA eJY ywfoufjyD; enf; enf; qufajym&atmifyg/ Serial ATA udk oHk;r,fqdk&if serial ATA &JU aumif;wJhtcsufawG od&vdrhfr,f/ Serial ATA u point to point connection jzpfygw,f/ tJ'g aMumifhrkdY master wdkY slave wkdY r&Sdawmhbl;/ wpfzufxdyfu controller wyfr,f/ aemufxy dw f pfcu k device qDomG ;r,f/ aemufwpfcg data physical wire 7 BudK;yJygw,f/ Parallel ATA u 40 BudK;ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh olu (Serial ATA) BudK;ao;oGm;wJt h wGuf system xJrmS Air flow ydak umif;vm w,f/ aemufwpfcg cable length 1 rDwmavmufxd &Sw d ,f/ Parallel ATA u 18 vufryJ &Sdw,f/ 'ghtjyif serial ATA u hot swap &w,f/ Hot swap qdkwmu wjcm; awmh r[kwfygbl;? [mh'f'pfukd jzKwfr,f? wyfr,fqdk&if power udk Off vkyfay;p&mrvdkbl;? drive ukd interface uae qGjJ zKwfwyfvYkd&w,f/ Data through put u parallel ATA xuf 30avmuf ydkjrefvmw,f/ tckvuf&Sd data rate u 150 MBps &Sdw,f/ Parallel ATA eJYa&m compatible jzpfvm;? qdkvdkwmu t&ifwkef;u Parallel ATA [mh'f'pf ta[mif;awGukd Serial ATA vdk okH;vdkY&ygovm;vdkY ar;&if &w,f? jzpfw,fvdkY ajz&rSm jzpfygw,f/ Parallel ATA eJY b,fvdk wGJoHk;EdkifovJqdkawmh serial bridge qdkwJh device av; cHvkduf½HkygyJ/ udk,hfpufrSm Serial ATA rygbl;/ xnfh csiw f ,f/ (used ;f aow,f? Pentium III rSm rygbl;/) xnhcf sif w,fqdk&if Serial ATA PCI Expension adaptor wpfck Mum;ucHjyD; wyfvkduf½HkygyJ/

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131

uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG [mh'f'pfxkwfvkyfol aemufwpfcg pOf;pm;&rSm HDD twGuf manufacture awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ IBM wdkY? Seagate wkdY? Maxtor wdkY trsdK; tpm; awmfawmfav; rsm;ygw,f/ tck IBM u Hitachi qdkwJh emrnfeJY xGufw,f/ tdkifbDtrfeJY bmrSruGmygbl;/ twlwyl gyJ/ Hitachi drive awGawGU&if tJ'g IBM u xkwf wmyJvYkd rSwx f m;ay;yg/ ½k;d ½k;d tdro f ;Hk uGeyf sLwmawGrmS [mh''f pf xkwfvkyfolukd odyfMunfhp&m rvdkayr,fh higher system awG qifwJhtcgus&if xkwfvkyfolawGtrnfawGukd Munhf& awmhr,f? MunfhzdkY vdkvmygw,f/ Hard drive awGeJY RAID array vkyfwJhtcg tJ'D RAID array xJu wpfvHk;ysufoGm; w,fqdkygawmh/ tJ'Dvdk jzpfwJhtcg awGUwJh? &&m drive 0,f xnhfvdkY r&bl;/ Oyrm Seagate u 2GB eJY Western Digital u 2GB ,SOMf unf&h if 2 GB csi;f awmhww l m rSew f ,f/ 'gayr,hf format csvkduf&if low level format rSm 'DESpfck&JU size u rwlbl;/ Seagate u 2 GB vkdYajymayr,hf format csvkduf&if 1.91 yJ xGufw,f/ Western Digital u 2 GB vkdY ajymayr,hf format csvkduf&if 1.96 yJxGufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh rwlnDwJh drive ESpfckudk RAID System rSm wGJokH;vkdYr&bl;/ Standalone vHk;awGuawmh tJ'Dvdk wGJokH;vnf; jyóemr&Sdbl;/ &ygw,f/ aemufjyD;awmh Data transfer rate PIO &Sw d ,f/ DMA (direct memory access) qdkwm&Sdw,f/ UDMA (Ultra direct memory access) qdkwm &Sdw,f/ DMA qdkwm owif;tcsut f vufawGudk wpfae&muae wpfae&m ajymif; a&TU&mrSm CPU &JUvkyaf qmifru I rdk ok;H bJ memory ukd wku d ½f u dk f ul;ajymif;apwJh enf;ynm jzpfygw,f/ tcktcsdefrSmqkd&if awmh UDMA yJ oH;k ygvdYk nTe;f csiyf gw,f/ UDMA rSmvnf; mode trsdK;rsdK;&Sdw,f/ ATA/33 &Sdw,f/ olYudk mode 2 vkdY ac:w,f/ owif;tcsuftvuf ajymif;a&TUwJh tjrefEIef;u 33 mbps txdyJ &Sdw,f/ ATA/66 ukdawmh mode 4 vkdY ac:w,f/ owif;tcsuftvuf ajymif;a&TUwJh tjrefEIef;u 66 mbps txd &Edkifw,f/ Mode 3 qkdwm &Sdao;w,f/ olu udk;vkd;uefYvefY 44 mbps &Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumihf y,f vkdufw,f/ Mode setting 5 vkdYac:wmusawmh tjrefEIef; 100 mbps &SdjyD; mode setting 6 u 133 &Sdw,f/ tJ'gqkd&if ATA/33 u b,favmufudk oHk;vJ/ Cable 40 pin 40 wire udk oHk;w,f/ Cable 40 pin 40 wire udk ATA 66, ATA 100, ATA 133 &wJh drive rSm oGm;wyfxm; w,fq&kd if performance u usaevdrrfh ,f/ ATA/66, ATA

132

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG 4, 'Daumifu block level odrf;wm/ tm;vHk; parity seperate xm;xm;w,f/ wpfvHk;udk parity drive tjzpf xm;xm;w,f/ RAID 5 uawmh emrnfBuD;ygyJ/ tenf;qHk; hard drive 3 vHk; oHk;&w,f/ RAID 5 u parity drive udk

awmh 'Daumifudk on xm;oifhw,f/ Hard drive b,fawmh ysufrvJqdkwm odEdkifwmaygh/

wpfvHk; rxm;awmhbl;/ wpfvHk;xm;&if ukefw,f/ oHk;vHk; xm;vku d w f ,f/ 3 vH;k uae 20% pD 1 vH;k pDrmS ,lvu dk w f ,f/ Distributed parity qdkjyD;xm;vdkufw,f/ RAID 6 uawmh RAID 5 with Asyn Communication vdkY qdk&ygr,f/ RAID 5 u data &zdkY usdef;aoaewJhtwGuf RAID 6 rSm asyn communication udkoHk;r,f/ Asyn communication udk oHk;wJhtwGuf data transfer rate udk OD;pm;ay;w,f/ a&mufzkdYaocsmwmudk OD;pm;ray;bl;/ 'gayr,hf a&mufzkdY aocsmzdYk twGuf RAID 6 u supporting vkyw f ,f/ RAID 6 Technology u RAID 5 with asyn communication vdYk ac:wmjzpfw,f/ 'gawGuawmh A[kow k tjzpf ajymjywm yg/ tm;vkH;u higher system rSmrS pOf;pm;zdkY vkdwmyg/ aemufwpfcu k HDD wpfv;kH 0,fvmw,f/ RPM 3600 0,fvmr,f/ RPM 5400 0,fvmr,f/ wGJwyfr,f/ tJ'g tqifrajybl;/ RPM csif;wlwmawGudk wyfay;yg/ rwlbl; qkd&if rwyfygeJY/ 'grSr[kwf wpfvHk;wnf; wyfr,fqkd&if RPM jrifhwJhaumifawG 0,fyg/ RPM 5400 0,fvmw,f/ RPM 7200 0,fvmw,f/ RPM 1000 0,fvmw,f/ tJ'g jyóem pwufNyD/ Hard drive RPM jrifhwJhtwGuf tylcsdef xGufw,f/ 'gaMumihfrkdY RPM 5400 series uae pNyD;awmh hard disk fan awGvdktyfw,f/ RPM 3600, RPM 4500 awGu rwyf&if &w,f? bmrSrjzpfb;l / RPM 5400 uaeNyD; hard disk fan awG installation vkyfay;&r,f/ r[kwf&if tylcsdefjrifhrm;rIaMumihf aumif;rGefpGmtvkyfvkyfrSmr[kwfbl;/ Hard drive cPav;ysufoGm;vdrhfr,f/ aemufwpfcku HDD SMART Enable qdkwm owd xm;&r,f/ olu mother-board u supporting vkyfrSm/ SMART udk motherboard rSm enable oGm;vkyx f m;vku d &f if hard drive ay:rSm &SdwmawGudk tjrJwrf; monitoring vkyrf ,f/ system udk tjrJwrf; report back ay;aevdrrfh ,f/ Hard drive b,fem;rSm error awG&Sdw,f? b,fem;rSm ysuf awmhr,f? bad sector b,fEcS x k u G af eNyD pwmawGudk monitoring vkyfxm;NyD;awmh report vkyfay;w,f/ 'gayr,hf system performance udk wpfcsdefvHk; apmihfMunhfaewm jzpf wJhtwGuf performance usw,f/ 'gaMumihf tJ'Daumifudk Motherboard BIOS xJrSmoGm;NyD; disable vkyfNyD; oHk;avh &Sdw,f/ 'gayr,hf wu,hfta&;BuD;wJhae&mrSm oHk;r,fqkd&if

Device driver ukdawmh chipset driver vkdY ajymavh &Sdygw,f/ System wpfckrSm hard drive wyf? jyD;&if CD ROM wyfr,f/ CD ROM vJ EIDE channel awGrmS yJ wyf wmyJ/ 'gayr,hf CD ROM rwufbl;/ Primary channel (Standard) awmh wufw,f/ tJ'g device driver aMumifh jzpfwm/ tJ'D device driver u parallel ATA awG twGuf b,folu supporting vkyfvJqdk&if motherboard chipset u supporting vkyfw,f/ tJ'gqdk&if CD ROM ukd oGm; tjypf&mS p&mrvkb d ;l / Hard drive awGudk tjypf&mS p&m rvkb d ;l / Motherboard driver udk install vkyaf y;vku d w f meJY second controller rSm wufoGm;vdrhfr,f/ 'gayr,fh CD ROM SATA controller awG qdk&ifawmh 'D device driver u ta&;BuD;w,f/ SerialATA ygwJh motherboard driver installation vkyf&ifvJ vkyf&vdrhfr,f/

Device driver

uGeyf sLwmwpfv;Hk qifr,f 'gqkd&if tck desktop computer udk b,fvkda&G;&if &rvJ/ b,fvdk trsdK;tpm;awGeJY wyfqifMurvJ/ yxrqkH; uGeyf sLwm&JUtonf;ESv;Hk CPU Speed pOf;pm;ygr,f/ CPU ukd 0,fwJhtcg tjrefqkH; speed awG&SmjyD; okH;oifhygw,f/ tjrefqkH;vdkcsifayr,fhvnf; budget ay:rSmvJ rlwnfao; w,f/ aiG ok;H Edik w f hJ twdik ;f twmukv d nf; iJ&h ygr,f/ aemuf wpfcg b,fvdk processor trsdK;tpm;udk oHk;rvJ/ uRefawmf wdkY odxm;wm one processor core? duel core? tckqdk&if multiple core qdkjyD; &Sdvmw,f/ aemufwpfck multiple processor system udk oHk; rvm;/ Motherboard ay:rSm duel processor wyfvdkY& w,f/ 'gudk duel motherboard vk d Ya c:w,f / Duel processor motherboard vdkY aemufwpfrsKd;ac:wm &Sdao; w,f/ Socket Type awG? Slot type awG rwlbl;/ Twin Motherboard u processor uawmh wpfBudrf rSm wpfrsKd;yJ installation vkyfvkdY&w,f/ Slot udkoHk;&if socket oHk;vdkYr&bl;/ Socket oHk;&if slot oHk;vdkYr&bl;/ Dual Motherboard usawmh wpfNydKifwnf; ESpfckoHk;vdkY & w,f/ uJ ydkufqHr&Sdao;bl;? budget rvHkavmufao;bl;/ bmvkyfrvJ/ 'Dtwkdif; tvGwfxm;vkdYr&bl;/ tJ'DrSm termination kit ygw,f/ tJ'D termination kit udk xnhaf y;xm;&

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

133

uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG r,f/ rxnhfbl;qdk&if Bus vrf;aMumif; open jzpfaewJh twGuf performance tjynhfeJY rvkyfbl;/ Storage twGuf higher speed hard drive awGudk oHk;r,f/ RPM jrifhwmawGoHk;r,f/ 4500 RPM oHk;rSmvm;? 5400RPM awGoHk;rvm;/ jrefwmawG oHk;r,fqkd&if HDD fun wkYd bmwkYd ygvmvdrr fh ,f/ Operating system &JU vkt d yf csufu RAID system awGoHk;rvm;/ oHk;r,fqdk RAID system awGoHk;yg/ aemufwpfcu k graphic processor qd&k if Twin GPU, graphic processor unit &Sdw,f/ tckqdk SLI technology xGuNf yD/ olu two graphic card together vdYk ac:Edik w f ,f/ wpfNydKifwnf; run r,f/ tJ'aD wmh Scalable Link Interface eJY csdwfxm;w,fqdk&if olu oHk;ygvdrhfr,f/ 'DrSm SLI &JU Technology udk ajymjyxm;wmawGU&vdrhfr,f/ Graphic processor unit application udk oHk;&vdrhfr,f/ Motherboard bma&G;rvJ/ 8 series a&G;vkdYr&bl;/ 9 series a½G;rS &r,f/ tJ'rD mS BIOS date ? BIOS date uvJ usde;f aood w,f/ 'gqk&d if hard drive rSm INT 13 supporting vkyv f m;? vkyfw,fav/ 1998 &JU txufqdkawmh tukef supporting vkyfw,f/ udk,fh&JU budget toHk;ay:rSm rlwnfNyD;awmh Budget PC qifrmS vm;/ Graphic PC qifrmS vm;/ Budget PC qkd&if bmawGavQmhvdkY&vJ/ Graphic PC awGqkd&if bmawGudk avQmhvkdYr&bl;vJ/ vHk;0 tjynhft0 bmawG supporting vkyfzkdY vdktyfvJ/ tJ'Dawmh usefwmawmh trsm; BuD; usefygao;w,f/ aemufwpfcg MuHKcJh&ifawmh Bus Architecture udk oyfoyfajymygr,f/ Bus Architecture u awmfawmfrsm;w,f/ tckxd wifjyxm;wmawGeYJ ywfoufvYkd How to make a functional PC wpfvHk;udk aps;enf;vkdY bmrSrvkyfEdkifbl; qdkwmvJ r[kwfbl;/ aps;rsm;rsm;ay;NyD; ukefusp&dwfrsm;NyD; oHk;vdkYr&wmvJ r[kwfbl;/ vkdufavsmnDaxG½Sdatmif interface awGudk t&ifqHk; compatibility udk pOf;pm;&r,f/ Compatibility aMumihf stability aumif;vmvdrhfr,f/ stability aumif;&if performance wufvmr,f/ Performance wufvm&if oH;k vdYk&NyD/ aemufEp S cf ak wmh Upgradable uawmh apmapmpD;pD; pOf;pm;xm;oifhw,f/ Upgradable pD&D;udk 0,fxm;aygh/ aemufqHk;wpfckuawmh Budget yJ/ ud, k t fh w d x f u J budget eJY vku d af vsmnDaxG&rdS ,f hardware udk 0,fr,fqdk&if bmawG vwfwavm pOf;pm;oifhvJ/ uRef awmf tm;vkH;ukd wifjycJhjyD;ygjyD/ &Jausmo f ed ;f (Compu-Tech)

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TUTORIAL TUTORIAL

Effect 3: Step 1: Adobe Premiere xJodkU0ifí File > New Project > Standard 48KHZ trsd K ;tpm;ud k a &G ; yg/ Project window xJodkU rdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom video File udk File > import jzifh ac:wifay;yg/ xdkUaemuf File New Titel xJodkU0ifí TITLE pm;om;wpfckudk zefwD;ay;yg/ yHkwGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; Project window xJwGif Video ESifh Title File ESpfck &Sd&ygrnf/

Step 2: Timeline > Add video Track wGif click ESdyfí Vidoe Track wpfck,lay;yg/ xdkUaemuf Project window xJrS video File udk Video2 Track xJodkUqGJxnfhí Title File udk video 3 Track xJodkU qGJxnfhay;yg/

wGif &Sad eaom

ESdyfí

usvmonfhtcg udk a&G;í jzifhxGufyg/

ay:wGif udka&G;yg/ wGif

&Sd

ay:wGif udk a&G;yg/ wGif ESifh rSwfudk wGif ESdyfyg/ rSwfudk rSwfí wGif 120 ½dkufxnfhay;jyD; jzifhxGufyg/ xd k U aemuf ESdyfí

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TUTORIAL

File ay:wG i f tpd r f ; a&mif v d k i f ; ud k jrif a wG U &ygrnf / Video4 wGif&Sdaom Title File udk Click ESdyfxm;yg/ Effect Control rS Enable Keyframe Button wGif click ESdyfjyD; keyframe 2 ckudk yHkwGifjyxm;onfhtwdkif;

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Timeline xJwGif ALT + EditLine preview MunfhMunfhyg/

wGif Drag qGJjyD;

Step 5 : qufvufjyD; File > New > Title wGif click ESdyfjyD; Dont Have, To Be , Boring qdkaom Title 3 ck

zefwD;ay;yg/ Step 6: Timeline xJwGif Vidoe Track 3 ck xyf,lay;yg/ xdkUaemuf yHkwGifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; Titles File rsm;udk

tpOfvdkufwdkif;xyfay;í t&mifrsm;udk avQmhcsay;yg/

yxr KeyFrame wGif edit Line udk ae&mcsí Effect Control Box wGif Anchor point Button wGif click ESdyfí * x pos: 220, y pos 280 ½dkufxnfhjyD; 'kwd, Keyframe wGifae&mcsí Effect Control wGif yxr twdkif; x, y wefzdk;rsm;udk ½dkufxnfhjyD; Rotation wGif 360 ½dkufay;yg/ aemufqHk; keyframe trSwfwGifvnf; Rotation udk 360½dkufxnfhay;yg/ keyframe 1

keyframe 2

Step 7: Window > ShowVideo Effect wGif click ESdyfí Disort Folder xJrS Transform Effect udk Video4 Track ay:&Sd Video File ay:odkUqGJxnfhay;yg/ Video

136

keyframe 3

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

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TUTORIAL TUTORIAL rSwfcsuf/ /*½dkufxm;aom Title File rsm;\ Position ay:wGif rlwnfí x,y wefzdk;rsm;ajymif;vJEdkifygonf/ Step 8: Video5 Track &Sd To Be pmom;ay:odUk Transform Effect xnfhay;yg/ xkdUaemuf Enable Keyframe Button wGif click ESdyfí yHkwGifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; Keyframe 2 ck ,lay;yg/

jyD; Rotation wGif 360 ½dkufay;yg/ aemufqHk; trSwfwGifvnf; Rotation wefzdk;udk 360 ½dkufxnfhjyD; Preview Munfhay;yg/ yxr Keyframe ae&mcsí Effect Control xJwGif Anchorpoint, Position wefzdk;udk 341? 287 pD ½dkufxnfh ay;yg/

Step 9: Video6 Track &Sd Boring pmom;txufwGif jyxm;onfhtwdkif; Transform Effect xnfhjyD; frame 2ck,lay;yg/

keyframe 1

keyframe 2

'kwd, Keyframe wGif click í Effect Controls wGif Anchorpoint, Position wefzdk;udk 341? 287 pD ½dkufxnfh

keyframe 3

keyframe wefzdk;rsm;udk yHkwGif jyxm;onfhtwdkif; Control Box xJwGif ½dkufxnfhay;yg/ jyD;vQif

Munfhay;yg/

rsKd ;rif;xGe;f

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

137

PHOTOSHOP jzwfvrf;enf;rsm;

cyfrIefrIef "mwfyHkwpfckudk ykdí xif&Sm; jywfom; yDjyif atmif vkyfwJhenf;udk ajymjyr,f/

tqihf «2» Filter > Noise > Median odkY oGm;jyD; atmufygwefzdk;

ay;yg/

tqihf «1» "mwfyHkudk zGifhyg/ Ctrl+J udk ESdyfjyD; layer udk duplicate yGm;yg/ Layer mode udk Screen odkY ajymif;yg/

138

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tqihf «3»

tqihf «5»

Layer mask zefwD;zdkY Layer palette u Add mask button udk uvpfESdyfyg/

tjrifhqHk;wefzkd;ay;yg/

Filter > Others > High Pass udk

oGm;jyD; radius udk

tqihf «6» awG tm;vHk;udk merge vkyfvkdufyg/ b,f avmufxd xif&Sm; yDjyifvmw,fqkdwm rl&if;½kyfyHkeJY EIdif;,SOf Munhfyg/ Layers

Before

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139

Visual Basic.Net

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Visual Basic.NET jzifh program a&;om;jcif; (2) VB.NET Programming Language jzifh Application trsKd;tpm; oHk;rsKd;jzpfonfh Console Application, Windows Application ESifh Web Application wdkYtm; a&;om; zefwD;EkdifaMumif;ESifh Console Application a&;om;yHkwdkYudk (tykid ;f 1) wGif azmfjycJjh yD; jzpfygonf/ Console Application Program wpfyk'fudk xyfrHazmfjyygrnf/

System. Console.WriteLine ("Programming") [k a&;om;xm;onfhtcgwGif Console screen ay:ü Programming [k azmfjyygvdrfhrnf/ Program 2-1 udk Run vdkufvQif awGUjrif&rnfh Output rSm

0 1 Module Module 2 02 Sub Main ( ) 03 04

System.Console.WriteLine ("VB.NET") System.Console.WriteLine ("Programming") 05 End Sub 0 6 End Module Program 2-1

VB.NET wGif Program Statements rsm;udk method wpfckcktwGif;wGif a&;om;&ygrnf/ Methods rsm;onf vnf; Module odkYr[kwf Class wpfckcktwGif;wGif a&;om;

&ygonf/ ,ck erlem program (program 2-1) wGif Line 03 ESifh 04 wdkYonf program statements rsm; jzpfMuygonf/ xkd program statements wdkYudk Main ( ) method twGif; xnhf oGif; a&;om;xm;ygonf/ Line 02 wGif &Sdaom Sub Main ( ) rSm Main ( ) method \ tpjzpfjyD; Line 05 wGif &Sdaom End Sub rSm Main ( ) method \ tqHk;jzpfygonf/ Program 2-1 \ program statements rsm;udk avhvmMunhf ygrnf/ xkd statements rsm;wGif WriteLine (....) qkdonfrSm VB.NET wGif &Sdxm;jyD;aom method wpfck jzpfygonf/ xkd WriteLine ( ) method \ tvkyfrSm Console screen ay:wGif pmom;rsm; azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ System. Console. WriteLine ("VB.NET") [k a&;om;xm;aomaMumifh Console Screen ay:wGif VB.NET [k azmfjyygvdrfhrnf/

140

xkd Program 2-1 udk a&;om;enf;yHpk H aemufxyfwpfrsKd; jzifh a&;om;jyygrnf/ 0 1 Imports System.Console 0 2 Module Module 3 03 Sub Main ( ) 04 WriteLine ("VB.NET") 05 WriteLine ("Programming") 06 End Sub 0 7 End Module Program 2-2

erlem program 2-1 ESifh program 2-2 wdkY\ uGmjcm; csufrsm;udk avhvmygrnf/ Program 2-1 wGif a&;om;xm;aom enf;vrf;t& WriteLine ( ) method udk toHk;jyKwkdif; System. Console udk xnhfoGif;a&;om;&ygonf/ Program 2-2 wGif Imports System.Console [k a&;om;xm;aomaMumifh WriteLine ( ) method toHk;jyK&mwGif System.console ukd csefxm;cJh EdkifjyD jzpfygonf/

uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm VB.NET wGif &Sx d m;ESijhf yD;aom methods rsm;udk toH;k jyK&eftwGuf program statement a&;om;aomtcg ¤if; method &Sd&m Class name ESifh xkd Class &Sd&m Namespace name wdkYudk tqifhqifh xnhfoGif; a&;om;&ygonf/ System.Console.WriteLine ("VB.NET")

 Namespace


Class

 Method

WriteLine ( ) method onf Console class twGif; wGif &Sdaeygonf/ Console class onf System namespace twGif;wGif &Sdygonf/ Console class twGif;wGif WriteLine ( ) method tjyif tjcm;aom methods rsm; vnf; &Sdygonf/ xkdYtwl System namespace xJwGifvnf; Console class tjyif tjcm; class rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm &Sdyg onf/ Namespace qkdonfrSm trsKd;tpm;wlaom Class rsm;udk pkpnf;í trnfwpfck owfrSwfay;xm;jcif; oabm yif jzpfygonf/ Namespace wpfckxJwGif classes rsm;&SdEkdif ouJhodkY tjcm; Namespaces rsm;vnf; &SdaeEdkifygonf/ Namespace tm; Windows \ Folder oabmvnf; jrifEkdifygonf/ Windows \ Folder wpfckxJwGif aemuf wpfqifh Folder wpfck&SdEkdifouJhodkY Files rsm;vnf; &SdEkdif ygonf/ Folder rsm;vnf; tqifhqifh &SdEdkifygonf/ Namespace rsm;onfvnf; Folder rsm;uJo h Ykdyif tqifq h ifh &SEd idk yf g onf/ Namespace oabmw&m;tm; txufwGif &Sif;jycJh onfhtwkdif; tMurf;tm;jzifh em;vnfxm;vQif tpydkif; avh vmrItwGuf vHkavmufjyD jzpfygonf/ aemufykdif;wGif rdrd ukd,fwkdif Class rsm;? Namespace rsm; a&;om;Edkif&ef azmfjy oGm;rnf jzpfygonf/ aemufxyferlem program wpfyk'f azmfjyygrnf/ 0 1 Imports System.Console 0 2 Module Module4 03 Sub Main ( ) 04 Dim m As String 05 m = "Hello Variable" 06 WriteLine(m) 07 Enb Sub 0 8 End Module Program 2-3

rsm;taMumif; &Sif;jyjyD; jzpfygonf/ ,ck erlem program wGif variable wpfck toH;k jyKxm;ygonf/ Variable toHk;jyK jcif;rSm program a&;om;&mwGif tvGet f ajccHusaom tydik ;f vnf; jzpfygonf/ xkdodkY variable toHk;jyKjcif;rSm (Data Value) wefzdk;rsm; rSwfom;&ef jzpfygonf/ rdrd rSwfom;vdk aom wefzdk;trsKd;tpm;udk vdkufí variable aMunm&mwGif tcsuftvufwefzkd; trsKd;tpm;udk owfrSwfay;&ygonf/ Variable udk toHk;rjyKrD aMunmay;&ygonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm rnfonfhpum;vHk;tm; variable trnf tjzpf toHk;jyKrnf? rnfonfhwefzdk;trsKd;tpm;rsm; rSwfom; rnfwdkYudk MudKwif a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ Line 04 wGif &Sad om Dim Statement rSm variable aMunmjcif; jzpfyg onf/ Dim

m

As String










Keyword

Variable Name

Data Type

Variable aMunm&mwGif Dim keyword tm; OD;pGm a&;om;&ygonf/ xdYk aemuf Variable name udk a&;om;&yg rnf/ aemufqHk;wGif wefzdk;trsKd;tpm; (Data Type) udk a&;om;&ygrnf/ ,ck erlem program wGif "m" rSm variable name jzpfjyD; As String [k a&;om;xm;onfrmS wefz;dk trsKd;tpm; (Data Type) jzpfygonf/ String qkdonfrSm pmom;wefz;dk rsm;udk rSwo f m;Ekid rf nfh wefz;kd trsKd;tpm; (Data Type) jzpfygonf/ Line 05 wGif &Sad om m = "Hello Variable" rSm "Hello Variable" qkad omwefz;dk tm; variable "m" xJwi G f xnho f iG ;f rSwfom;jcif; jzpfygonf/ Line 06 wGif WriteLine (m) [k a&;xm;ojzifh Variable "m" twGif; rSwfom;xm;aom wefzkd;rsm;udk Write Line ( ) method u console screen ay:wGif azmfjyygvdrfhrnf/ xkd program \ output rSm

Imports Statements Module ESifh Main ( ) method

uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

141

uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm Variables rsm; toHk;jyKxm;aom erlem program wpfyk'fudk

avhvmMunhfyg/ 0 1 Imports System.Console 0 2 Module module 5 03 Sub Main( ) 04 Dim a As Integer 05 Dim b As Integer 06 Dim c As Integer 07 a = 5 08 b = 6 09 c = a + b 10 WriteLine(a) 11 WriteLine(b) 12 WriteLine(c) 13 End Sub 1 4 End Module Program 2-4

0 4 Dim a As Integer 0 5 Dim b As Integer 0 6 Dim c As Integer

xkdpmaMumif; oHk;aMumif;tpm; wpfaMumif;wnf; toHk; jyKívnf; a&;om;Ekdifygonf/ Dim a As Integer, b As Integer, c As Integer f nf; toH;k jyKjyD; variable Dim Keyword udk wpfMudrw name ESifh Data Type rsm;udk (,) comma jzifh jcm;í pm

aMumif;wpfaMumif;wnf; a&;om;Ekid yf gonf/ aemufxyf yHpk H wpfrsKd;rSm Dim a , b, c As Integer Variable oHk;ckpvHk;\ Data Type rsm;rSm Integer jzpf ygonf/ tu,fí Data Type rwlaom variable rsm;udk

,ck erlem program wGif variable oHk;ckudk toHk;jyK xm;ygonf/ Line no. 04, 05, 06 wkdYwGif variable rsm;tm; toHk;jyK&ef aMunmxm;ygonf/ a, b ESifh c wkdYrSm variable name rsm; jzpfMujyD; ¤if;wdkY\ Data type rSm Integer jzpfyg onf/ Integer data type jzifh aMunmxm;onfh variables rsm;xJwGif udef;jynfhwefzdk;rsm;tm; rSwfom;Ekdifygonf/ Line no. 07, 08, 09 wdYk wGif variable rsm;twGi;f wefz;dk rsm; toD;oD; xnhfoGif;xm;ygonf/ Line no. 07 wGif variable ''a'' twGi;f odYk ude;f jynh* f Pef; ''5'' xnhx f m;ygonf/ Line no. 08 wGif variable ''b'' twGif;odkY udef;jynhf*Pef; ''6'' xnhfxm;ygonf/ Line no. 09 wGif variable ''a'' ESifh ''b'' wdkY\ wefzkd;rsm; aygif;v'fukd variable '' c'' twGif;odkY xnhfoGif;xm;ygonf/ Line no. 10, 11, 12 wkYd wi G f WriteLine ( ) method udk toHk;jyKí variable wefzdk;rsm;tm; Console screen ay: wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Program \ output rSm

pmaMumif;wpfaMumif;wnf; aMunmrnfqkdygu atmufyg twdkif; a&;&ygrnf/ Dim a As Integer, b As Decimal, c As String Data Type trsKd;rsKd; toHk;jyKxm;aom program tm;

qufvuf avhvmMunhfMuygrnf/ 0 1 Imports System.Console 0 2 Module Module6 03 Sub Main ( ) 04 Dim i As Integer = 7 05 06

Dim s As String = "Hello" Dim d As Decimal = 6.23D

07 Dim t As Date = #7/25/2007# 08 WriteLine(i) 09 WriteLine(s) 10 WriteLine(d) 11 WriteLine(t) 12 End Sub 1 3 End Module Program 2.5

,ck erlem program wGif variable av;cktoHk;jyKxm; onfudk awGU&ygrnf/ xkdYtjyif variable aMunmjcif;ESifh wefzkd;rsm; xnhfoGif;jcif;wdkYudk pmaMumif;wpfaMumif;wnf; jzifh a&;om;xm;ygonf/ Line no. 04 wGif Dim i As Integer = 7 [k a&;om;onfrSm variable aMunmí wefzdk; wpfcgwnf; xnhfay;vkdufjcif; jzpfygonf/ azmfjycJhjyD;aom erlem program wGif variable oHk;ck aMunm&mü pmaMumif; oHk;aMumif; a&;om;cJh&ygonf/

142

Dim i As Integer i= 7

[lí pmaMumif;ESpfaMumif; a&;om;jcif;uJhodkY jzpfygonf/

uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm Line no. 05, 06 ESihf 07 wkYdrmS vnf; Line no. 04 uJo h Ykdyif variable aMunmonfESifh wpfjydKifeufwnf; xkd variable

\ wefzkd;udk owfrSwfay;vkdufjcif; jzpfygonf/ Program wGif variable av;ckudk data type wpfrsKd;pD toH;k jyKí aMunmxm;aomaMumifh data type av;rsKd; awGU& ygrnf/ Integer data type rSm udef;jynfhwefzkd;rsm; rSwfom; Ekdifaom variable aMunm&ef jzpfygonf/ String data type rSm pmom;wefz;dk rsm; rSwo f m;&ef jzpfygonf/ Decimal data type rSm 'or*Pef;rsm; rSwfom;Edkif&eftwGufjzpfjyD; Date

data type rSm aeYpGJwefzdk;rsm; rSwfom;&ef jzpfygonf/ Data type trsKd;rsKd;udk Z,m; (1) wGif MunhfEkdifygonf/ Variable rsm;twGi;f xnho f iG ;f &ef a&;om;xm;aom wefzdk;rsm;udk Literal [k ac:ygonf/ ,ck program wGif 7, ''Hello", 6.23D ESihf #7/25/2007# wdYk rmS Literal rsm; jzpfMu ygonf/ Programming Language \ owfrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;rsm;twkdif; ¤if; Literal rsm;udk a&;om;&jcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ VB.NET Language \ Literal a&;om;yHk

tao;pdwfudkvnf; Z,m; (2) wGif MunhfEkdifygonf/

Table -1 : Visual Basic .NET Data Type Data Type

Bytes

Value

Boolean

4

True or False.

Byte

1

0 to 255.

Char

2

0 to 65, 535.

Date

8

January 1, 1 to December 31, 9999.

Decimal

12

+/-79, 228, 162, 514, 264, 337, 593,950,335 with no decimal point. +/- 7.9228162512264337593543950335 with 28 places to the right of the decimal point. The smallest nonzero number would be a 1 in the 28th position to the right of the decimal point.

Double

8

-1.797693134862231E308 to -4.94065645841247 for negative values to 4.94065645841247 to 1.797693134862231E308 for positive values.

Integer

4

-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,648.

Long

8

-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807.

Short

2

-32,768 to 32,767.

Object

4

An object can hold any variable type.

Single

4

-3.402823E38 to -1.401298E-45 for negative values to 1.401298E-45 to 3.402823E38 for positive values.

String

10+(2*Length)

0 to 2 billion Unicode characters (approximately).

User-defined type (structure)

Sum of the size of its members

Each member of the structure has a range determined by its data type and independent of the ranges of the other members.

uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

143

Table -2 : Visual Basic .NET Literals Data Type

Literal

Example

Boolean

True, False

Dim b As Boolean = False

Char

C

Dim c As Char = “X”C

Date

##

Dim d As Date = #01/01/2001#

Decimal

D

Dim d As Decimal = 6.14D

Double

Any floating point number, or R

Dim d As Double = 6.14

Integer

An integral value in the range of

Dim i As Integer = 362

type Integer

Dim i As Integer = &H6AI

(-2147483648 to 2147483647)

(hexa decimal) Dim i As Integer = &O552I (octal)

Long

An integral value outside the range of

Dim l As Long = 362L

type Integer

Dim l As Long = &H6AL

(-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to -

(hexa decimal)

2,147,483,649, or

Dim l As Long = &O553L

2,147,483,648 to

(octal)

9,223,372,036,854,775,807), or L Short

S

Dim s As Short = 362S Dim s As Short = &H6AS (hexa decimal) Dim s As Short = &O552S (octal)

Single

F

Dim s As Single = 6.14F

String

""

Dim s As String = "This is a string"

Line no. 08, 09, 10 ESifh 11 wdkYrSm variable rsm;\ wefzdk;rsm;udk Console screen ay:wGif azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ Program \ output rSm

xGe;f Zmenfausmf qufvufazmfjyygrnf/

144

uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

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165

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0if;'dk;Apfpfwm ed'gef; A PROLOGUE TO WINDOWS VISTA tydkif; (1)? tcef; (2)? The Desktop, Sidebar, and Other Windows Vista Goodies Starting and Stopping in Windows Vista Windows Vista udk pwif toHk;jyKEdkif&eftwGuf rdrduGefysLwm ay:wGif tvG,fwul ajymif;ul;,lEdkifygonf/ Vista onf tvm;tvm aumif;aumif; a0a0qmqmESihftwl screen ay:odkY tvdktavsmuf ckef ausmfvmrnf jzpfonf/ Start cvkwfudk ESdyfvdkufonfhtcg cvkwf\ xdyaf y:rS Start menu ay:xGuv f monf/ rdrd toH;k jyKvdak om y½d*k &rf\ icon udk jrifawGUygu click vkyfvdkufonfESifh Windows u tqdkyg

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uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm Lock: tqdkyg option onf rdrd\ User Account Picture udk screen ay:wGif wifay;xm;jcif; jzpf

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vufwt Ykd ñTe;f wpfcgwpf&H Windows Vista MuD;tm; zGihfvsuf uGef ysLwmudk rydwo f nft h aetxm;rsK;d &Sw d wfMuygonf/ wu,fwrf;tm;jzihf uGefysLwmMuHhcdkifa&;twGuf wpfcsdefvHk; toHk;jyKaernfhtpm; tem;ay;oihfygonf/ tenf;qHk; wpfaeYwpfMudrf tem;ay;oifhonf/ rnfodkYyif jzpfap armfew D mudk wpfaeYwmtwGi;f vkyv f ufpvkyif ef; jyD;onfEiS fh tem;ay;&ef MudK;pm; aqmif&Gufoihfygonf/

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omreftm;jzifh vlwdkif;avmuf eD;eD;u rdrd\ desktop uGefysLwmudk tvsm;vdkuf jrifuGif;taetxm;jzifh toHk;jyKavh&SdMuonf/ armfeDwm ae&m,lrItwGufjzpfap?

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Sidebar: Windows Vista pwufvmjyD; toihf jzpfonfEi S fh sidebar udk jrifawGUMu&rnf/ Desktop \ nmbuf

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168

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm Finding Visual Cues on the Taskbar Windows Vista toH;k jyKjcif;tm;jzihf ydr kv kd , G u f rl I tcGifh

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Taskbar ay:wGif yg0ifvsuf &Sdaom y½dk*&rfrsm;\ thumbnail image wpfckjzihf jyqdkrIudk Munfh&ef Figure 2.3

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vufwt Ykd ñTe;f taskbar ay:wGif

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169

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Introducing the Sidebar Clicking the taskbar's sensitive areas Figure 2-4 wGif jrifawGU&onfhtwdkif; taskbar \ nmbuf tzsm;pGef;em;wGif&Sdaom icons rsm; vdkonfh ae&m udk notification area [k rSw, f x l m;Edik yf gonf/ xd{k &d,mwGif Clock, Arrows, Speaker ESihf tjcm; icons rsm; &Sdaewwf

onf/ Clock: mouse pointer tm; clock ay:odYk xm;vdu k o f nfEiS hf windows Vista rS vuf&Sd&ufpGJESifh tcsdef twdtusudk

azmfjyay;onf/ tcsdefESihf &ufpGJ vJGrSm;aeí ajymif;,l vdkonf jzpfap? second time zone wpfck zefwD; vdkonfjzpfap clock ay:wGif double-click vkyfvdkuf vQif Windows Vista rS time/date change program udk qihfac:ay;onf/ Arrows: wpfcgwpf&H taskbar rS zHk;uG,fxm;aom t&mrsm; &Sdaeap wwfygonf/ tqdkyg arrows ao;ao;udk click vkyfvdkufvQif zHk;uG,fxm;onfh icons rsm; ab; odkY ajy;xGufvmum jyay;ygvdrhfrnf/ Speaker: Speaker icon ao;ao;av;udk click vkyfum sound card \ volume udk csdefn§d,lEdkifonf/ Double-click vkyfygu sound-mixing panel wpfckudk csay;ygvdrhfrnf/ Orher icons: tjcm; icons rsm;onf clock \ ab;wGif rMumcP ay:vmonfh tajctaersKd;rsm;vnf; &SdEdkifyg onf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf rdrdonf y&ifhxkwfaeonfqdkygpdkY/ printer icon av; tqdkyg ae&mwGif ay:aeygvdrhfrnf/ Laptop qdkygu battery-power-level gauge av; &Sdaeygvdrhfrnf/ tqdkyg icons av;rsm;udk doubleclick vkyfvdkufvQif ¤if;wdkYESifh ywfoufonfh vuf&Sd tajcjy information rsm; tao;pdwfudk Vista u xkwfjyay;rnf jzpfonf/

170

armfew D mt&G,t f pm; MuD;MuD; toH;k jyKolrsm;onf Vista \ sidebar opfudk tm;&0rf;om MudKqdkcGihf &Murnf jzpf onf/ Desktop \ nmbuftpGefwpfavQmufwGif gadgetpacked strip wpfcjk zpfonf/ armfew D mt&G,t f pm; ao;ao; toHk;jyKolrsm;taejzihfrl tqdkyg sidebar aMumifh ae&m,l xm;rIonf taESmifht,Sufwpfcktjzpf jrifaumif; jrifEdkifyg vdrhfrnf/ Sidebar ESifh ywfouforQ tm;vHk;udk jrifawGUvdkygu ab;wGif jyxm;aom blue screen icon ao;ao;av;ukd right-click vkyv f u kd &f onf/ ¤if;onf desktop ay:rS clock \ ab;wGif icon-packed area taejzihf xm;&Sdygonf/ ¤if;rS Show Sidebar udk a&G;cs,fESdyfvdkuf½Hkom &Sdonf/ Windows Vista MuD;\ built-in Gadget tpkta0;udk jrifawGU&ef Sidebar \ tay:ydkif; tzsm;em;wGif &Sdaeaom + (plus sign) av;udk click vkyfvdkuf&onf/ Window wpfck ay:xGufvmjyD; clock wpfckESifh slide-show udk cGihfjyKxm;ay;onf/ Gadget bHkqDodkY a&muf&ef Get More Gadgets Online udk click vkyf,l&onf/ Web sit wpfcku Gadgets awG trsm;tjym;&Sdum aumuf,lEdkifonf/ xdyfqHk;wGif Sudoku game gadget udk xm;vdku xm;Edkifonf/ drag vkyfí ae&ma&TUxm;Edkifonf/ Sidebar wGif&Sdaeonfh gadgets rsm;udk desktop ay:odkYyif drag vkyf a&TU,lEdkifygonf/ Gadget twGuf setting rsm;udk ajymif;vdu k ajymif;xm; Edik o f nf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rdrd slide show wGif ay:xGuv f m&ef "mwfyHkrsm; a&G;,lwmrsKd; vkyfEdkifygonf/ Gadget pointer axmufí check mark ao;ao;av;udk click ay;vdkufvQif ay:vmygvdrhfrnf/ Gadget udk vHk;vHk; z,fxkwfvdkygu X ao;ao;av;udk click vkyfvdkuf½Hkom jzpfonf/ qufvufazmfjyay;ygO;D rnf/ OD;aomif;0if; (yef;cs,&f )D

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Mo*kwv f ? 2007 ckEpS f

uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

JAVA DEVELOPER GUIDE Chapter (4)

4.6 DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORKS NyD;cJhwJh oifcef;pmawGudk ykdYcsay;pOfrSm xl;jcm;wmudk oGm;awGU&ygw,f/ tJ'guawmh t&if programming tajccH awGudk oifMum;ykdYcspOfwkef;u avhvmrI r&SdcJhbJeJY Swing & AWT components awGukd ykYd csay;wJt h cgrSom Mum;jzwf avhvmwJholawG &Sdygw,f/ trSefuawmh b,f Language rSmrqkd tajccHupNyD;awmh avhvmrSomvQif trSefwu,f wwfajrmufrSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u awmh olwYkd twGuf tqifajyr,fh tcef;u@awGuae pwif NyD;awmh avhvmaeMuygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd Mum;jzwf avhvmol awGtwGuf oufqkdif&m Chapter Index awGrSm Code_File awG a&;enf;? Save & Exit vkyfenf;? Command_Line Interface xJudk 0ifa&mufNyD;awmh DIR ajymif;enf;? NyD;awmh Compile & Run vkyfenf; pwmawGudk oufqkdif&m tcef; wkdif;rSm xnhfoGif; a&;om;cJhygw,f/ 'DtcgrSmawmh Java &JU Swing Package udk ac:,ltoH;k jyKvdkY&wJh JFrame and JWindows taMumif;udk r&Sif;vif; bJ a&maxG;aeMuwmudk awGYvm&ygw,f/ trSefuawmh uRefawmfhbufu &Sif;vif;wJhtcgrSmvnf; JFrame_Windows vdkY ac:a0: a&;om;cJhwJhtwGufygyJ/ 'gaMumifh ta&; rBuD;avmufbl;vdkY xifNyD;awmh csefvSyfxm;cJhwJh JFrame and JWindows taMumif;udk uRefawmfhtaeeJY owdxm;NyD; awmh &Sif;vif; ydkYcsay;&awmhwmygyJ/ twdtusajym&&if awmh uReaf wmft h aeeJY JFrame_Windows vkYd ac:a0:ayr,fh wu,fwrf;usawmh JFrame eJY JWindows [m vH;k 0 rwlMu ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh tvG,t f aeeJY sample programs i,fav; ESpfckudk toHk;jyKNyD;awmhrS JFrame eJY JWindows eJYudk &Sif; vif; ykdYcsay;yghr,f/

uJ t&ifqHk; Listing 4.6 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh prot&if avhvmMu&atmif/

gram udk

Listing 4.6 Demonstrate the SimpleFrame. java 1 . import javax.swing.JFrame; 2. 3 . public Class SimpleFrame extends JFrame { 4 . public SimpleFrame(){ 5 . super("Frame Title"); 6 . setSize(300,200); 7 . setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT _ON_CLOSE); 8 . setVisible(true); 9. } 10. public static void main(String args[]{ 11. SimpleFrame sf = new SimpleFrame ( ); 12. } 13. 14. }

Analysis 1/ 'D program [m omref JFrame wpfcu k kd wnfaqmufwhJ program_code line av;awGygyJ/ Complex jzpfNyD; awmh rSm;,Gif;p&m bmrQ ryg0ifygbl;/ 'D program &JU

xdyfrSmimport javax.swing.JFrame;

qkdwJh package file udk import vkyfNyD;awmh ac:,lyg w,f/ tJ'Daemuf SimpleFrame qkdwJh primary class

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uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm udk vdkif;eHygwf (3) rSm a&;om;ygw,f/ JFrame class udk extends vkyfxm;wmaemf/ owdxm;Munfhyg/ wpf enf;ajym&&ifawmh JFrame wpfcu k kd zefw;D &,lrmS jzpfvYkd JFrame class udk extends vkyfwmvdkY ajym&ifvnf; rrSm;ygbl;/ tJ'Daemuf Super ( ) method ukd toHk;cs NyD;awmh JFrame &JU title bar rSm yg0if&r,fh pmom;ukd zefwD; a&;om;ygw,f/ 'g[m JFrame class xJu constructor ( ) method udk trSjD yKNyD;awmh a&;om;xm; wmygyJ/ [kwfNyDaemf/ 2/ NyD;awmh Setsize ( ) method udk toH;k csNyD;awmh JFrame &JU Width & Height t&G,ftpm;udk zefwD; a&;om;yg w,f/ 'DtcgrSm ajymp&m&Sdwmuawmh• Set the size of the frame's windows, in pixels.

vdYk qkx d m;wmygyJ/ Width & Height udk a&;om;xm;wJh tcgrSm Pixels in Size eJY wGufcsufNyD;awmh a&;om; wmygyJ/ 'D program rSmawmh JFrame &JUt&G,t f pm;udk 300 x 100 pixels in size eJY wGufcsufNyD;awmh zefwD; xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh Setsize (300, 100) vdYk a&;om; xm;wmygyJ/ xyfrHNyD;awmh &Sif;jy&r,fh code_line uawmh SetDefault CloseOperation ( ) method ygyJ/ uJ 'gudk r&Sif;jycifrSm JFrame eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh avhvmMu& atmif/ JFrame rSmqkd&if maximize, minimize and close button awG[m title bar rSm user's control taeeJY yg0ifygw,f/ Java Language rSmawmh vuf&Sd Run aewJh Application wpfckudk Run ae&muae &yfypfcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh zefwD;xm;wJh JFrame udk SetDefaultClose Operation ( ) method eJY aygif;pyf NyD;awmh ac:,l toHk;cs&rSmygyJ/ tJ'D method &JU arguments ae&mrSm atmufyg static variables (4) ck xJu wpfckckudk ac:,l toHk;cs&rSmygyJ/ • EIXT_ON_CLOSE

• DISPOSE _ON_CLOSE

172

- Exit the program when the frame is closed. - Close the frame, dispose of the frame object, and keep running the application.

• DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE - Keep the frame open and continue running. • HIDE_ON_CLOSE - Close the frame and continue running. uJ tp&SdwJh method xJu rdrdvdktyfwJh featurtes udk ac:,l toHk;cs&rSmygyJ/ uRefawmfuawmh vuf&Sd program tygt0if program tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm EXIT_ON_CLOSE udyk J ac:,ltoH;k csxm;ygw,f/ 'g[m toH;k jyKaewJh JFrame

udk ydwfypfzdkYtwGufyJayghaemf/ 'gqkd&if &Sif;NyDaemf/ 3/ NyD;awmh setvisible (true) method udk ac:,l toHk;cs xm;ygw,f/ 'g[m JFarme udk display vkyfay;zdkY twGufygyJ/ NyD;awmh main ( ) functions udk a&;om; xm;ygw,f/ Main ( ) function xJrSm SimpleFrame sf = new SimpleFrame ( );

qkdNyD;rS tay:u zefwD;cJhwJh class udk object tjzpf ajymif;vJ ac:,l toH;k csvdu k w f mygyJ/ vdik ;f eHygwf (11) rSmyg/ uJ tck oifMum;cJw h hJ Listing 4.6 u Sample Program [m JFrame wpfck zefw;D wnfaqmufwmudk Demonstrate vkyfjyxm;wmygyJ/ tJ'D code_line awGudk Notepad xJrSm ½dkufoGif;NyD;awmh C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin &JU atmufrSm Simple-Frame. java qkdNyD;awmh File_Name ay;NyD;awmh save vkyfyg/ tJ'D save vkyfxm;yHkukd figure 4.20 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/

Figure 4.20 Write the program code_line in the Notepad, SimpleFrame.java

uJ NyD;&ifawmh Command_Line interface xJukd 0ifNyD; awmh Compile & Run vkyfMunhfMu&atmif/ Start
All programs
Accessories
Command prompt xJukd 0ifNyD;awmh Compile & Run vkyf&rSmyg/ uJ Command prompt yGifhvmNyDqkd&if atmufyg Command eJY DIR udk ajymif;yg/

uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm CD C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin

DIR [m C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;&if atmufyg command eJY clear screen vkyfyg/ CLS

[kwfNyDaemf/ tJ'DtcgrSm atmufyg command eJY program udk compile vkyfyg/ Command udk a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ javac SimpleFrame.java

compile vkyv f u kd v f Ykd error r&Sad wmhb;l qk&d if atmufyg command eJY run vkyfvkdufyg/ java SimpleFrame

tJ'DvkdrsKd; Compile & Run vkyfyHkukd Figure 4.21 taeeJY a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/

import javax.swing.JWindow;

qkw d hJ package file udk import & Declar vky&f rSmygyJ/ 'gay r,fh JFrame rSmvdkrsKd; titles, closing a window tp&SdwJh features awGuawmh JWindow rSm ryg0ifygbl;/ 'Dawmh Listing 4.23 udk a&;om;NyD;awmh oifMum;ydkYcsay;yghr,f/ Program udk run vdkuf&if window wpfck[m command_ line windows xJrSm vmNyD;awmh open vmvkyfygr,f/ tJ'D tcgrSm 10,000 integers awG[m command_line window xJrSm t&ifvmNyD; jyygvdrhfr,f/ NyD;&ifawmh zefwD;xm;wJh JWindow application [m ydwfoGm;rSmyg/ 'Dawmh JWindow eJY ywfoufwJh application wpfckudk zefwD;MunfhMu& atmifvm;/ 'Dawmh Listing 4.7 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyxm;wJh sample program udk avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/ Listing 4.7 Demonstrate the SimpleWindow. java

Figure 4.21 Compile & Run of the SimpleFrame.java

uJ [kwfNyDav/ Compile & Run vkyfvdkufvdkY error r&Sdawmhbl; qkdygpkdY/ atmufygtwkdif; SimpleFrame.java qkdwJh program [m vmNyD;awmh azmfjyay;aerSmygyJ/

1 . import javax.swing.JWindow; 2. 3 . public class simpleWindow extends JWindow{ 4 . public SimpleWindow(){ 5. super( ); 6. setBounds(250, 225, 300, 150); 7. } 8. 9 . public static xoid main (String [] arguments){ 10. SimpleWindow SW = new SimpleWindow(); 11. sw.setVisible (true); 12. for (int, i = 0, i < 1000; i + +) 13. System.out.print (i + " "); 14. sw.setVisible(false); 15. System.exit(0); 16. } 17. 18. }

Figure 4.22 Run the SimpleFrame.java

uJ 'Dawmh JFrame udk avhvmMunhfNyD;NyDqkd&if JWindoweJY ywfoufwmudk qufvuf avhvmMunh& f atmifvm;/ JWindow [m JFrame eJY tvkyfvkyfwm twlwleD;yg;ygyJ/ wlnDw,fvdkY rajymbl;aemf/ qifwlwmyg/ tJ'D JWindow [mvnf; Swing Component ygyJ/ olYukd zefwD; toHk;jyK r,fqkd&if

Analysis 1/ 'D program rSm import javax.swing.JWindow; qkNd yD; Declare vkyfxm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh SimpleWindow qkdNyD; primary class udk zefwD; a&;om;ygw,f/ a&; om;&mrSm swing package xJrSmyg0ifwJh JWindows class udk extends vkyfxm;wmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSm awmh SimpleWindow ( ) constructor function udk a&;om;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh super ( )method udk ac:,l NyD;awmh toHk;csygw,f/ tck toHk;cswJh super ( ) method [m JWindow class xJrSm yg0ifwJh super ( ) method ygyJ/ uJ NyD;awmh SetBounds ( ) method

udk ac:,lNyD;awmh toHk;csygw,f/ 'gaMumifh

uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

173

uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm SetBounds (250,



225,

300,

150,);







x y position position width Height

uJ tck a&;om;&Sif;jycJhwJh code_line awGudk Notepad xJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh ½dkufoGif;yg/ tJ'Dvkd code_line awG a&; om;xm;yHkudk atmufu Figure 4.23 rSm a&;om; azmfjyxm; ygw,f/

vdkY a&;xm;wmygyJ/ tck uRefawmf a&;jycJhovkdygyJ/ ta&SUu arguments 1 = x arguments 2 = y arguments 3 = Width arguments 4 = Height qkNd yD;rS owfrw S x f m;wm jzpfyg w,f/ pmzwfol zefwD;csifwJh JWindow t&G,t f pm;twkid ;f

zefwD;&,lvdkY &ygw,f/ Note : C & C + + programmer awGuawmh atmufyg yHkpHtwkdif; Windows &csifw,fqkd&ifayghaemf/ atmufrSm code_line av;awGeJY zefwD;&,lvdkY&Ekdifwmudk odNyD;om;jzpf

rSmyg/ avhvmMunhfyg/ #include(conio.h) main ( ) { window (20, 10, 60, 20); textbackgroundcolor(7); clrscr( ); getch ( ); }

tJ'D code_line av;udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh run vdkufr,fqkd&if aygh/ yl;wGaJ zmfjyxm;wJh figure u yHt k wkid ;f yJ command.line window xJrSm windows i,fav; vmNyD;awmh azmfjyay;ae rSmygyJ/ xm;ygawmh/ 'guawmh OyrmtaeeJY EIid ;f ,SOjf ywmyg yJ/ 'gayr,fh C & C + + Programmer awGtzkYd uvnf; EIid ;f ,SOv f Ydk &atmif a&;jywmyJ jzpfygw,f/ wu,fvYdk tck &Si;f jy aewJh Simple Window.java program xJutwkdif; For Looping ywfNyD;awmh a&;&ifvnf; &wmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh Oyrmay;NyD;awmh a&;jywmyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh aemufcH integer ude;f awGMum;rSm run vkyw f mawG ryg0ifb;l ayghaemf/ 2/ For Looping udkawmh vkdif;eHygwf (12)eJY (13)rSm a&; om;xm;ygw,f/ Int i [m 0 uaepw,f/ i [m 10,000 xufawmh i,fr,f/ i udk post fix increment order eJYwkd;r,f/ qkdNyD;awmhrS Looping ukd ywfxm;wmygyJ/ NyD;awmh SetVisible ( ) method udk ac:,l toHk;csxm; ygw,f/ Arguments udak wmh False taeeJY a&;xm;wm aemf/ NyD;awmh system.exit (0); method udk ac:,ltoH;k csNyD;awmh zefwD;xm;wJh JWindow udk exit vkyfxm;yg w,f/

174

Figure 4.23 Write the program Code_Line in Notepad, SimpleWindow.java

Notepad xJrSm code_line awG ½dkufoGif;NyD;oGm;&if C:\ j2sdk1.4.1_01\ bin atmufrSm SimpleWindow. java vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmh save vkyfyg/ tJ'Dawmh file udk save vkyfNyD;oGm;&if command_line window xJudk 0ifNyD;awmh atmufygtwkdif; DIR ajymif;yg/ CD C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin ↵ uJ DIR ajymif;oGm;NyDqkd&if atmufyg command eJY compile vkyfyg/ javac simplewindows.java ↵ uJ error r&Sdawmhbl;qkd&if atmufyg command line eJY run

vkyfyg/ java simplewindow

↵

tJ'gqkd&ifawmh atmufrSmjrif&wJhtwkdif; simplewindow. java qkdwJh program [m vmNyD;awmh run vkyfaerSmygyJ/

Figure 4.24 Compile & Run of the SimpleWindow.java

uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf

uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm uJ tckazmfjyxm;wJh Figure 4.24 u command prompt ay:rSm run jyaewmu JWindow av;ygyJ/ Swing components xJrSm yg0ifwJh features of component yJaemf/ 'Dawmh C & C + + Programmer awGtzkdYuvnf; tck oif cef;pmjzpfwJh JFrame eJY JWindow taMumif;udk avhvmwJh tcgrSm tvG,fwul compare vkyfNyD;awmh avhvmvdkY &Ekdif wmayghaemf/ C & C+ + taeeJY a&;jyxm;wJh code_line taeeJYuawmh jynhpf v kH w S ,f r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gayr,fh sample code_line taeeJY a&;jyxm;wmygyJ/ atmufrSm azmfjyxm; wJh Figure 4.25 udk avhvmMunhfvkdufygvm;/

Figure 4.25 Write the program Code_Line, Compile & Run of the C & C++ programming

uJ tck a&;om;xm;wJh program [m C & C+ + Language rSm JAVA Languagte &JU JWindow oP²mef Window wpfck zefwD;xm;wmudk a&;om; &Sif;jyxm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f/ uJ 'Dawmh qufvufNyD;awmh Chapter (5) Arranging Components on a User Interface qkdwJh oifcef;pmtydkif;udk qufvuf avhvmMunhfMuygpdkY/ JAVA Developer Guide oifcef;pm VOL-I &JU aemufq;kH Chapter jzpfwJhtwGuf Certification Practice qkdwJh tcef;u@yg yg0ifygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm avhvm ajzqkdEkdifNyDqkd&ifawmh JAVA Developer Guide Volume - II udk qufvuf avhvmzkYd tajccHaumif;awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ uJ avhvmMuygpdkY/

Microsoft Word ordi k ;f aMumif; 1975 ckESpfwGif wpfOD;csif; toHk;jyKEdkifonfh uGefysLwm i,fwpfvHk;tjzpf MITS rS Altair udk rdwfquf xkwfvkyfcJh onf/ 1976 ckESpfrS pwifum Steve Jobs ESifh Steve Wozniak wdYk onf Apple ukrP Ü u D kd wnfaxmifjcif;jzifh uGef ysLwme,fy,fodkY 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/ xdkYtwl Bill Gates ESihf Paul Allen wdYk onfvnf; rdu k u f ½dak qmhzu f rk P Ü u D kd wnf axmifcJhMuum wpfOD;csif;oHk; uGefysLwme,fy,fudk tvsif tjref wdk;wufapcJhonf/ 1978 ckESpfwGif pmpDaqmhzf0Jrsm; tjzpf WordMaster, Electric Pencil II, Apple Writer ponfwdkY ay:xGufvmcJhonf/ 1979 ckESpfwGif WordStar pmpDaqmhz0f u J kd xkwv f yk cf o hJ nf/ ¤if;onf jrefrmEdik if H uGeyf sL wme,fy,fwGif xif&Sm;cJhonfh pmpDaqmhzf0Jwpfckvnf;jzpf onf/ xdkpOfu jydKifbufaqmhzf0Jwpfckonf WordPerfect jzpfonf/ rdu k u f ½dak qmhzu f rk P Ü o D nf 0if;'d;k pfpepf aqmhz0f jJ zifh uGef ysLwme,fy,fwGif xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/ Microsoft Word onf pmpDaqmhzf0Jwpfckjzpfí rdkufu½dkaqmhzfukrÜPDrS xkwf vkyfonfh pmpDvkyfief;oHk;aqmhzf0J jzpfonf/ Word udk 1983 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif pwif a&;om;xkwfvkyfcJhjyD; xdkpOfu Multi-Tool Word trnfEi S hf jzpfonf/ 1983 ckEpS f atmufwkd bmvwGif Microsoft Word trnfodkY ajymif;í xkwfvkyf cJhNyD; Word 2, Word 3, Word 4, Word 5, Word 5.1, Word 5.5, Word 6.0 version rsm;udk 1993 ckEp S t f xd ESppf Of wd;k csJU xkwfa0cJhonf/ 1995 ckESpfwGif Word 7 udk Word for Windows 95 [k trnfopfjzifh xkwfa0cJhygonf/ xdkYtwl 1997 ckESpf Word 8 (Word 97) ? 1999 ckESpf Word 9 (Word 2000)? 2001 ckESpf Word 10 (Word 2002)? 2003 ckESpf Word 11 (Word 2003) ESifh 2006 ckESpf word 12 (Word 2007) [lí xkwf a0cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if; Word udk Microsoft Office suite taeESifh Excel, PowerPoint, Access

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KYAW ZAYAR LAY [ IT ENGINEERING ]

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