Attitudes, Values And Beliefs

Attitudes

 are the mental, moral, ethical dispositions adopted by individuals to others and the situations and environments in which they find themselves  Attitudes can be broken down into following components

Emotional:

feelings of positivity, negativity, neutrality, indifferences, rejection, jealousy, satisfaction etc etc Informational: nature and quality of information present and importance that it is given…wrong and incomplete may lead to frustration Behavioural: tendency to act in a particular way in a given situation Past Experience: memories of past affect current and future feelings Specific influences: of peer groups, individuals, superiors, colleagues, Drreligions 10/22/08 08:08 AM Ashutosh N Misal etc 1

Values

are the absolute standards by which people order their lives

Theoretical: where everything is ordered,

factual and in place Economic: making the best possible use of available resources, result oriented, people’s standard and costs of living Aesthetic: the process of seeing and perceiving beauty Social: the sharing of emotions with other people Integrity: matters of loyalty, honesty, openness, trust, honour, decency, concern 10/22/08 08:08 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 2 from truth

Values – stable, long lasting beliefs about what is important to the indidvidual

Five cross cultural values:

Individualism-collectivism:

the extent to which people value their group membership and group goals (collectivism) or value their individuality and personal goals. E.g. indebtedness, friendliness, pride, anger

Power distance:

the extent to which people accept unequal distribution of power in a society. High p d -commands, rules, regulations/ Low p d – participative management, suggestions, people network

Uncertainty avoidance:

the degree to which people tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance) or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance)

Achievement vs nurturing orientation: assertiveness, competitiveness, materialism, challenges, personal responsibility/ relationships, interaction and caring rather than competition and personal success 10/22/08 08:08 AM

Dr Ashutosh N Misal

Long vs short term orientation:

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thought more

Collectivism

Chin a Japa --- n INDIA

Germany

High Power Distance

High uncertainty Avoidance

Mexic o Franc Japa e n USA Germany

Japa n

--INDIA

German y

USA

Achieveme nt orientatio n Japa

n USA --INDIA

France

--INDIA

USA

Individualis m

Hong Kong Low Low Power Uncertainty Distance Avoidance Dr Ashutosh N Misal

Long-term orientation

China Japa --- n INDIA

Nether lands USA

Swede n Nurturing Orientatio n 10/22/08 08:08 AM

Russi a Short-term orientation 4

Attitudes and Values are affected by

 Past experience and interactions with the given person, people or situation  Continuing experiences and interactions  Perceptions and levels of general understanding  The presence of, and understanding of, the particular rules, regulations, and other limitations  Particular mental and physical aspects  Levels of identity with the others involved and with the situation 10/22/08 08:08 AM

Dr Ashutosh N Misal

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      

Attitudes and Values are affected by The extent to which people/ situation are

known or unknown Aspects of risks and uncertainties Levels of active and passive involvement Positive aspects (the extent to which something good and productive is certain or expected to come out) Negative aspects (the extent to which something negative and unproductive is certain or expected to come out) Any strong or prevailing moral, ethical or social pressures General degree of comfort (usually based on levels of knowledge and understanding

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Dr Ashutosh N Misal

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Positive Attitude • •

Negative Attitude

 Inequality of opportunity of treatment Equality of opportunity and treatment  Expediency Saying what’s meant and meaning what’s said  Victimization, scapegoating • Identifying and solving problems  Lack of clarity • Clarity of purpose  Fragmentation of purpose • Unity of purpose  Rewards based on favoritism and • Reward of achievement, loyalty and infighting commitment  Remoteness and distance management • Openness of management style style (both physical and psychological}  Standards allowed to emerge • Particular of standards set at outset  Different standards for different groups, • Absolute standards for everyone departments, divisions and individuals • High and equal value placed on all  Different levels of value placed on staff different staff • Recognition of every contribution  Lack of recognition • Pride in the organization  Lack of pride in organization • Identity with the organization  Lack/ rejection of identity • High levels of esteem and respect for  Lack of esteem and respect staff  Lack of clarity in communications • Clarity of communication  Hostility • Harmony  Low quality information • High quality information • Open personal relationships •‘Great minds’ discuss ‘Ideas’, ‘Average minds’ discuss ‘Events’ and, ‘Small minds’ discuss ‘People’ • Open operational and professional 10/22/08 08:08 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 7 relationships

Following elements can develop Positive Attitudes • Setting past experience and interactions aside and focusing on current and continuing activities • Attention to the level, nature, volume, quality and quantity of information available and the related understanding • Attention to positive rather than negative. Placing emphasis on rewards and achievements than punishments and threats • Attention to rules and regulations as they reinforce positive standards • Resolving problems as they arise. .positive relationships between subordinate and superior • Identifying and removing threatening aspects..to know what you don’t know • Gaining active rather than passive 10/22/08 08:08 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 8 involvement..people should be valued to get high

Following elements can develop Positive Attitudes Reinforcing what is said Attention to reinforcing absolute standards and quality of product, service, delivery and other factors (community development etc) Attention to prevailing moral and social pressures Attention to mutuality of interests in any given situation (win-win) Attention to clarity of purpose, clear and precise communication Attention to job and work satisfaction: pay and rewards, supervision and management style, co-workers, motivation etc Attention to basic human needs of pride, 10/22/08 08:08 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misal 9 esteem, worth, Approach to work,

Beliefs are the certainties of the world

Absolute:

based on such things as mathematical fact; , mathematics ,night follows day, mortality, taxation etc Near Absolute: based on seasonal changes, continuous development of knowledge and awareness, social and technological development etc Acts and Articles of faith: based on certainties of God, religious allegiance, vastu-, fengshui, pyracards, numerology, astrology etc etc

Other strong Ethical and Moral standpoints: relating to honesty, 10/22/08 08:08 AM Dr Ashutosh N Misalwrong etc trustworthiness, right and

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