Ass1.pdf

Guillermo, Denver V. BSChE-5 1. Identify at least 5 protected areas (note locations) in Cagayan Valley in the form of National Parks, Natural monuments, protected landscapes and seascapes, marine and resource reserves. Republic Act 7586 otherwise known as the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992 provides the legal framework for the establishment and management of protected areas in the Philippines. The Law defines protected areas as the identified portions of land and/or water set aside by reason of their unique physical and biological diversity and protected against destructive human exploration. The following are the protected areas in Cagayan Valley: a) Peñablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape It is formerly known as the Callao Cave National Park and is the largest protected area in the province of Cagayan in Northern Philippines. It is located in the municipality of Peñablanca and covers 118,781.582 hectares (293,515.68 acres) of the northern Sierra Madre mountain range and its adjacent Pacific coast. The Peñablanca Park is situated just 24 kilometers (15 mi) east of Cagayan's provincial capital of Tuguegarao and some 580 kilometers (360 mi) north of Manila. It is traversed by the Pinacanauan River, a major tributary of the Rio Grande de Cagayan, which supplies clean water and irrigation to surrounding communities as well as the nearby city of Tuguegarao. The park is inhabited by three indigenous groups, namely the Ibanag, Itawes and Aeta. It is also known for its archaeological relics discovered within its caves. The limestone formations found within its 300 cave systems, the most popular of which are Callao and Sierra Cave. b) Magapit Protected Landscape It is a protected area of forested limestone hills and grasslands in the Cagayan Valley of northern Luzon in the Philippines. It covers an area of 3,403.62 hectares (8,410.5 acres) in northeastern Cagayan province straddling the municipalities of Lal-lo and Gattaran. On April 23, 2000, the park was predesignated as a protected landscape area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act through Proclamation No. 285 signed by President Joseph Estrada. The park is a component of the Northeastern Cagayan Key Biodiversity Area and also contains the Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens, a proposed World Heritage Site.

The park is located some 80 kilometers (50 mi) north of Tuguegarao, Cagayan's capital and largest city and some 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) south of San Mariano, Lal-lo where the Northern Cagayan International Airport is being constructed. It is accessible via the Santa Ana Road from the Port of San Vicente in Santa Ana in the north and from the Pan-Philippine Highway (AH26) from the west through the Magapit Suspension Bridge.\ c) Fuyot Springs National Park It is a protected area of the Philippines located in the mountain slopes of Barangay Santa Victoria in Ilagan, Isabela 405 kilometers northeast from Manila. The park, which also contains the Ilagan Sanctuary, is 819 hectares in area and extends to the nearby municipality of Tumauini in the Cagayan Valley. It was established in 1938 through Proclamation No. 327. The park is a popular draw for hikers, mountaineers, spelunkers and birdwatchers who come to explore its mountain trails, caves, odd rock formations and aviary. Adjacent to the park lies the larger Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park which contains even more diverse wildlife. The Pinzal Falls is another major draw inside the park and provides relaxation to visitors aside from the park's many natural mountain springs. d) Batanes Protected Landscapes and Seascapes Batanes group of islands consist of 10 small islands bounded by the Eashi Channel on the north, by the Pacific Ocean on the east, by the South China Sea on the west and the Balintang Channel on the south. It is one of the last remaining areas in the Philippines having unique natural physiographic features (wave-cut cliffs, cave-like outcrops, secluded white sand beaches) resulting from its position where strong winds and fast currents have etched out its distinct morphology. It is an important flyaway for many migratory bird species, and the deeper portions of the marine environment are the few remaining sites where pink and red corals (Corallum sp.) are found. The site is the only area in the Philippines where traditional architecture is of stone in response to the wind and monsoon stresses rather than of the more typical, tropical, impermanent materials (wood, bamboo, and thatch) commonly used in village architecture. Due to its isolation from the rest of the country, the traditional culture of the area has likewise remained intact. e) Salinas Natural Monument The Salinas Natural Monument is a natural monument comprising saline springs and forested mountains in southern Cagayan Valley in the Philippines. It is one of four protected areas in the landlocked province of Nueva Vizcaya spanning an area of 6,675.56 hectares

(16,495.7 acres) in the municipalities of Bambang, Kayapa and Aritao. The park was established on 18 May 1914 as the Salinas Forest Reserve covering the Salinas Salt Springs and surrounding forest through Executive Order No. 44 signed by Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison. In 1926, through amendments made in Proclamation No. 53 by GovernorGeneral Leonard Wood, the forest reserve was re-established as the Salinas Deer Refuge. Salinas was finally declared a natural monument in 2000 under the National Integrated Protected Areas System through Proclamation No. 275 by President Joseph Estrada.

2. What are the latest fuel specs/ standards that are set in the market? Fuel Quality Standards Development (Gasoline) GASOLINE (E10) CLEAN AIR ACT Property Distillation Temperature, 0 °C at: 10% recovered, max 50% recovered 90% recovered, max End point, max Residue, % vol., max Hydrocarbons: Alcohols (C2 to C4), % vol., max.b Aromatics, %vol., max. Benzene, %vol., max Ethers (e.g. MTBE), %vol., max. Lead Content, g/L., max Octane Rating, min. Research Octane Number (RON) Anti-Knock Index (AKI) Vapor Pressure, @ 37.80°C, kPa, max. Sulfur, %mass, max. a

E-GASOLINE (E10)

PROTECTED CLEAN AIR ACT

BIOFUELS ACT E10 EURO 4-PH 2009 2012

2000

2001a

2003

2005

2009

2006

70 75-121 180 221 2

70 75-121 180 221 2

70 75-121 180 221 2

70 75-121 180 221 2

70 75-121 180 221 2

70 70-110 180 215 2

70 70-110 180 215 2

70 70-110 180 215 2

70 70-110 180 215 2

10 45 4 10 0.013

10 45 4 10 0.013

10 35 2 10 0.013

10 35 2 2c 0.005

0.4 35 2 2c 0.005

9.5-10 35 2

9.0-10 35 2

0.005

0.005

9.0-10 35 2 2c 0.005

9.0-10 35 2 2c 0.005

81/87/ 93/95 87.5 85/62 0.2/0.1

81/87/ 93/95 87.5 85/62 0.2/0.1

81/93/ 95 87.5 85/62 0.05

81/93/ 95 87.5 85/62 0.05

93

93/95

87.5 62 0.5

87.5 62 0.05

93 87.5 62 0.10

91/93/ 95 87.5 68/62 0.05

91/95/97 87.5 68/62 0.005

b c multi-grade gasoline ethanol allowable contamination tolerance only. International addition not permitted for both imported and locally-produced gasoline. Notes: E10 standards also provide minimum reference specifications for base gasoline.

Fuel Quality Standards Development (Automotive Diesel) CLEAN AIR ACT DIESEL OILS 2000 Property Calculated cetane index min. Or Centane number, min. Or Derived centane number, min. Carbon Residue on 10% Distillation residue, %mass, max.

2003

ADO 48 48

IDO

0.15

0.35

0.15 2.5 max. No. 1

0.35 5.0 min. No. 1

0.8650

0.880

0.8600

0.880

375

Report

370

Report

52 2.0-4.5

52 2.0-4.5

55 2.0-4.5

55 1.7-5.5

2007(B1) ADO IDO

IDO

15

Color, ASTM Copper strip corrosion, 3h at 50 °C, max Density at 15 °C, kg/L Distillation, 90% recovered, °C, min FAMEa, content, %volume. Flash point, Pensky-Martens, °C, min. Kinematic viscosity, mm2/s at 40° C Lubricity, (HREF), wear scar dia. @ 60 °C, micron, max. Methyl Laurate (C12 ME), % mass, min Sulfur, % mass max Water, % volume, maxb Water and sediment, %volume, max.

ADO

50

0.15 2.5 max. No. 1 0.8200.860 370 0.7-1.2 55 2.0-4.5

460

0.10

0.10

50

0.35 5.0 min. No. 1 0.880max. Report 0.7-1.2 55 1.7-5.5

460

0.05

0.03

0.10

0.10

0.4 0.05 0.05 0.10

BIOFUELS ACT FAME BLENDED DIESEL OIL 2009(B2) ADO IDO ADO

0.15 2.5 max. No. 1 0.8200.860 370 1.7-2.2 55 2.0-4.5

50 0.35 5.0 min. No. 1 0.880max. Report 1.7-2.2 55 1.7-5.5

460 0.4 0.30 0.10

0.8 0.05 0.05 0.10

2012(B2) IDO EURO 4-PH

0.15 2.5 max. No. 1 0.8200.860 370 1.7-2.2 55 2.0-4.5

50 0.35 5.0 min. No. 1 0.880max. Report 1.7-2.2 55 1.7-5.5

460 0.8 0.30 0.10

0.8 0.05 0.05 0.10

460 0.8 0.30 0.10

Note: FAME blended diesel oils also provide minimum reference applications for base diesel.

FUEL QUALITY STANDARDS DEVELOPED A. Biofuels and Blends PNS/DOE QS 008:2012 PNS/DOE QS 004:2012 PNS/DOE QS 007:2014 PNS/DOE QS 002:2015 PNS/DOE QS 010:2015

E-Gasoline (E10) FAME-Blended Diesel Oils (B2) Anhydrous Bioethanol & Bioethanol Fuel (E100 E98) Coconut Methyl Ester (B100) High FAME-Blended Diesel Oils (B5)

B. Conventional Petroleum, etc. PNS/DOE QS 001:2009 PNS/DOE QS 003:2003 PNS/DOE QS 005:2016 PNS/DOE QS 012:2016 PNS/DOE QS 006:2005 PNS/DOE QS 009:2007 PNS/DOE ASTM D 910:2010

Unleaded Motor Gasoline Two-stroke (2T) Lubricating Oils LPG as Non-Motor Fuel LPG as Motor Fuel Fuel Oils (Bunker) Kerosene AvGas Grade 100

0.15 2.5 max. No. 1 0.8200.860 370 1.7-2.2 55 2.0-4.5

0.8 0.005 0.05 0.10