Articles-69376 Cai Asia

Sustainable Urban Transportation: Integrating Cycling and Walking in Urban Transport Planning Cornie Huizenga

Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities, Interface for Cycling Expertise (I-CE) Netherlands and Geetam Tiwari of Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 06 September 2005 Manila, Philippines

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CAI-Asia Goals The Clean Air Initiative promotes and demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air quality of Asian Cities through sharing experiences and building partnerships

• Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality management • Capacity building • Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the regional level • Assisting cities in formulating and implementing integrated air quality management systems • Piloting projects to encourage innovation “Creating an Air Quality Management Community in Asia”

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CAI-Asia Membership CITIES

Bangkok,Thailand Chiang Mai,Thailand Chengdu,PRC Chittagong,Bangladesh Chongqing,PRC Colombo,Sri Lanka Dhaka, Bangladesh Guangzhou,PRC Haiphong, Viet Nam Hangzhou,PRC Hanoi,Viet Nam Harbin,PRC Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Hyderabad, India Islamabad,Pakistan Jakarta, Indonesia Kathmandu,Nepal Lahore, Pakistan Makati,Philippines Metro Manila, Philippines Mumbai, India Naga,Philippines Phnom Penh,Cambodia Pune, India Singapore, (NEA) Surabaya,Indonesia Tianjin,PRC Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Yogyakarta,Indonesia

GAs

Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, India Australia Department of Environment and Heritage Balochistan EPA, Pakistan Central Pollution Control Board, India Department of Environment, Bangladesh Department of Forests, Ecology and Env’t, Karnataka State, India Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines Department of Energy, Philippines Department of Transportation and Communications, Philippines Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of Environment, Japan Environment Protection Department, Hong Kong, SAR Environmental Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan Ministry of Environment, Cambodia Ministry of Environment, Indonesia Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India Pollution Control Department, Thailand State Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point) Viet Nam Register, Viet Nam

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development Bank German Agency for Technical Cooperation The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation The World Conservation Union United States-Asia Environmental Partnership Sida World Bank

54 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region

FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Ford Motor Co. Shell Clean Diesel Tech. Inc.

ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR Member AVL DEKRA Cerulean MAHA

Corning Johnson ACFA Matthey IPIECA SGS 3

The Often Overlooked Importance of Cycling and Walking … • Cycling and walking improves the quality and functionality of cities • Cycling and walking is part of advanced transport systems in highly-motorized countries • Cycling and walking is an important feeder for public transport • Cycling and walking has major environmental benefits • The economic benefits of cycling, as well as walking, are high • Personal health effects of cycling and walking are high 4

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What is Happening to Cycling and Walking in Asia?

• Before ….. many people walked and cycled because everyone else was doing so and alternatives were scarce • Now, in most of the cities NMT share is going down rapidly • Policy-making is car biased and transport financing is also biased towards motorized transport

India

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A Need for a Paradigm Shift…

Manila, Philippines Source: Huizenga

Tokyo, Japan

Source: Huizenga

Beijing, China

Source: Huizenga

Manila, Philippines Source: Huizenga

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Uplifting human dignity…

Chengdu, China Source: GTZ

Bogota ,Colombia, Source: Wijnen, I-Ce

Marikina, Philippines Source: GTZ

Singapore Source: GTZ

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Integrating Urban, Transport, and LandUse Planning

Bangkok, Thailand

Utrecht, The Netherlands Source: Wittink, I-Ce

“Cycling and walking need to be included in the planning of cities and transport systems” 8

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Integrating Urban, Transport, and LandUse Planning

Bogotá – After…

Bogotá – Before…

Source: Penalosa

Source: Penalosa

“It is possible to redesign existing land-use and transport systems”

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Cost Benefit Analyses: Bogotá, Colombia million US$ in 10 years

C/B 1 : 7

50% 23%

Source: Economic Significance of Cycling, Published by I-ce

13%

Time savings

-

User costs

Road safety

Bicycle theft

-

-

Health

Pollution

Congestion

Infrastructure

5% 9%

Costs

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 -200

Costs Benefits

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European Approach to Promoting Cycling and Walking: Master Plans • • • •

From corridors to a network Connecting Origins and Destinations Safe crossings and Short cuts Feeding public transport and rationalising motorised transport The Dutch Case • 16 mln people • own 16 mln bicycles, • ride 16 mln bicycle trips/day

The Case of Berlin • Cycling network 900 km • 10% share of all trips • 250.000 demonstrators to claim more

Germany

The Netherlands

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Quality criteria for successful cycling and walking interventions: Directness Short routes for cyclists Two way cycle traffic on all roads Reducing delays

Ways to achieve this: -

A finely meshed cycle network Cycling is allowed on all roads Short cuts wherever possible Straight cycle tracks and lanes Favourable signalling No detours

Pisa, Italy

Source: Wittink

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Quality criteria for successful cycling and walking interventions: Coherence The cycling infrastructure forms a coherent unit and links with all departure points and destinations of cyclists

Houten, The Netherlands

Source: Wittink

This requires: - Consistent in quality (recognizable layout) - Continuous (few changes in layout or width) - Complete routes (no interruptions) - Proper signposting

Shanghai, China

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Quality criteria for successful cycling and walking interventions: Safety Safety is one of the most important and complex requirements Measures to restore the balance between motorised and nonmotorised traffic do not only improve the safety of cycling and walking, but also the safety of motorised modes The Netherlands: from 1980 – 1998: 30% more cycling, 50% more car km; 54% less fatal cycling accidents Germany: from 1975 – 1998: Share of cycling from 8 – 12%, 66% less fatal cycling accidents

Utrecht, The Netherlands Source: Wittink

Bogota, Colombia Source: Wittink, I-ce

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Quality criteria for successful cycling and walking interventions: Comfort The cycling infrastructure provides a smooth surface, allows manoeuvrability and limits the need to come to standstill Ways to achieve this: - Few stoppages for cyclists by providing right of way and favourable signalling - A good, flat and smooth road surface - Wide cycle tracks and lanes - Shelter from wind, sun and rain - No necessity to dismount 15

Quality criteria for successful cycling and walking interventions: Attractiveness The NMT infrastructure is designed and fit into the surroundings in such a way that cycling and walking is attractive Ways to achieve this: - Cycle routes pass through attractive and varied surroundings - Cycle routes coincide as little as possible with car corridors - Provide a socially secure road or environment

Piacenza, Italy Source: Wittink

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Quality criteria for successful cycling and walking interventions: Institutional set-up • A joint vision on the contribution of cycling and walking to sustainable transport among stakeholders Cycling and Walkway • ClearInstitutionalizing targets on NMT which Facilities are backed by sound financial mechanisms • Strong legislation and regulations defining the role of NMT • Broad national and local resource base to support research on NMT and the Shanghai, China planning and implementation of NMT programs

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Asian examples: Delhi, current situation

18 Source: Tiwari, TRIPP-IIT

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Delhi, proposed traffic management

19 Source: Tiwari, TRIPP-IIT

Delhi: Costs and benefits Investments for Proposed Non-Motorized and Bus Priority Lane

• Estimated cost of 1km of NMV and bus priority lane = ~US$ 680,000 to US$ 1.1 Million - (460 km possible) • Estimated cost of 1km of metro = ~US$45 to 68 Million - (41 km underground, 86 surface planned) • 1 flyover = US$ 68,000 to 224,000 - (21 under construction, 50 planned) • 1 bus shelter/bay = US$6,500

Avoided costs due to investments in NMT /PT infrastructure • • • • • •

Capacity improvement 19-23% with exclusive NMT lane Capacity improvement 56-73% with high capacity bus system 46% reduction in safety costs on a typical Delhi arterial 80% reduction in junction delays 28% reduction in fuel consumption 29% reduction in health costs

Source: Tiwari, TRIPP-IIT

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Pakistan- maintain the bazaars

Lahore, Pakistan

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China- Give way to the cyclists and pedestrians

Suzhou, China 22

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China- Bicycle parking

Beijing, China

Beijing, China

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Seoul- Asia’s Big Dig

The Six-Lane Cheonggyecheon Highway will soon be transformed into a riverscape

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Space for NMT

Chengdu, China

Bangkok, Thailand Source: GTZ

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Finally --- cycling is fun!!! Beijing, China

Huahin, Thai

Yangshou, China

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