Apush (through Reconstruction) Notes

U.S. History Europe England: •

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Economics – enclosure o Economy began to revive o Enclosure: property owners fence off land for grazing  Squatters kicked off Hiof land => landless population o Colonies = solution for landless peoples Merchant capitalism o Merchants in look for investment opportunities  Development of joint-stock companies Nationalism o Spain = Britain’s greatest rival o Defeat of Spanish Armada o Belief that Britain could compete with Spain Mercantilism o Economic theory o Increase nation’s wealth at expense of other countries  Export more  Import less o Colonies to provide raw materials nonexistent in mother-country o Colonies = increased consumers o Colonies seen as subservient to mother-country Religion: Protestant Reformation, Henry VIII o Henry VIII married to Catharine of Aragon  Birth of Mary Tudor o Impregnates Anne Boleyn  Demands annulment from Pope  Pope refuses o Henry VIII breaks away from Catholic church  Forms Catholic Church  Himself as head o Anne Boleyn gives birth to girl  Elizabeth I  Anne Boleyn beheaded o Marries Jane Seymour  Gives birth to boy • Edward  Jane Seymour dies shortly after birth o Marries Catherine Howard  Commits adultery  Beheaded o Marries Catherine Parr Page 1 of 34

U.S. History  Protestant ideals o Throne inherited by Edward  Dies before adulthood o Throne left to Mary Tudor and Elizabeth  Mary Tudor becomes queen • Replaces Anglican church with Catholic church • Allowed persecution of protestants • Marries Philip II of Spain • Dies from growth in stomach  Elizabeth I becomes queen • Replaces Catholic church with Anglican Church • Intense persecution of Catholics Ireland: • •

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First English Colony Native population = Catholic o Intense/brutal struggle o Overwhelmed Irish with military force o Continual struggle over centuries Image of Indians o ‘Once a savage, always a savage’ o Fierce discrimination o Persecution o Extremely anti-Catholic o Rationales for colonization  Indians do not use the land the way it is intended  ‘Savages’ to be saved from eternal damnation  Land won’t be ‘taken away’, but shared

Colonial America The Chesapeake: •

Virginia o Roanoke  Vanished Colony  Assumed Indian ambush o Jamestown  John Smith o Tobacco  Economic salvation  Needed cheap labor  Needed land o Indentured Servants Page 2 of 34

U.S. History

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 Temporary solution to cheap labor needs  ‘indentured’ for a certain number of years  Both male and female  ‘buy-outs’ of servant term if married to rich spouse o Headright system  50 acre land grant per person brought to colonies  Not for servants, but for those who pay for passage o Legislature developed  House of Burgesses o Indian conflict  Demand for land  Bankrupts Virginia Company => leads to establishment of Royal government  Indians seen as obstacles o Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)  Against the elite by followers who wanted expansion  Recognized problems of white indentured servants  Alternative labor system needed • African Slavery Maryland o Proprietary  Under control of a lord-proprietor o Catholics  Established as safe haven for Catholics (at beginning)  Later, persecution of Catholics begins

New England: •

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Puritans o Purify church and society  Make society better o Work ethic  Key to glorification of God  Served his purpose o Congregation and salvation o Responsibility for unconverted Separatists-Puritans o Went to Holland o Attained charter to settle in New World  Settle in Plymouth o Built the Mayflower o Mayflower compact o  Rules by which they would live Page 3 of 34

U.S. History •

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Massachusetts Bay Colony o Larger Puritan migration  Much more successful o American exceptionalism: “city on a hill”  John Winthrop’s ‘model community’/utopian society o No diversity of opinion  Diversity of opinion allows people to become confused and develop radical new ideas o Good of the community  Paramount  Individual sacrifice for the greater good o Government by church members o Leaders o Families o Education o Problems: land, Indians, dissent Connecticut o Very rich soil o More liberal, more voting Rhode Island – Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson o Claimed that many ministers were not part of the Elect o Started bible-study meetings  Worried ministers o Claimed direct connection to God  Put on trial for heresy Indians o Problems  Land disputes o King Philip’s war  Philip himself was killed  Many killed on both sides  English colonists felt extremely threatened New England Life o Growing population  Even mixture of genders o Women played important roles  Produce better food, everyday necessities  Midwives o Family economy  All members support family in whole o Food Production  Large gardens Page 4 of 34

U.S. History Domestic livestock • Women took care of livestock preparation  Food preservation for winter o Town life  Intra-town trading for needed goods 

Restoration Colonies: •

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English Civil War o Charles I  Beheaded o Oliver Cromwell  Established Puritan dictatorship o Charles II  Rewarded royalists • Land in colonial America Dutch Colonies o New York  Already center of great ethnic diversity before arrival of English o New Jersey Carolinas o North and South Carolinas  Originally thought of as one colony  Esteemed by planters • Especially southern portion  Rice  Tidewater = coastal area  Piedmont = mesa-like inland area  Appalachians to the west • Barrier to expansion  Scots-Irish peoples Pennsylvania o Quakers  Considered to be ‘dangerously radical’  Society of Friends  Doctrine of inward light • Light of God present in everyone o Even in slaves and Indians o First ‘abolitionists’  Pacifism • Did not believe in any form of violence  Civil disobedience  Women • Championed women’s rights Page 5 of 34

U.S. History

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• Equality o William Penn  Receives charter from king  Advertises colonies/land in Europe  Offers freedom of religion o Immigration  Germans • Experiencing religious discrimination in Europe • Known as ‘Pennsylvania Deutsch’  Scots-Irish  Swedes o Conditions  Fertile land  Healthy climate o Life  Best relationship with Indians out of all colonies  Immigrants = successful farmers  Very liberal Georgia o Last colony to be established (1733) o General Oglethorpe  Ruled with heavy hand o Purpose  Established as military buffer-zone against Spaniards in Florida o Immigrants  Convicts/criminals  Fewest English colonists  Largest Jewish population • Extremely strong anti-Semitic sentiments o Life  Colonists demand more land  General Oglethorpe replaced by royal rule

Maturing Colonial Society: •

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Population Boom o More women, larger families o Mortality rates drop o Very few immigrants actually attained dreams of wealth and property Interior o France wanted to keep English from expanding west o Spain wanted to keep English from expanding south Farming Society in the North o Land ownership Page 6 of 34

U.S. History

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 Higher ownership  Smaller income gap between rich and poor  Division of land amongst sons o Farm size and fertility  Division of land = smaller farms per person  Land becomes less and less fertile • Due to over-farming o New values  More materialistic  More individualistic  Less spiritual  Concerns that younger generation is losing focus o Women  Acted as business-partners for husbands o More diversified economy Plantation South o Improvements o Tobacco coast  Gentry lifestyle (culture of leisure) • To be a gentleman o Gentleman of leisure o Do not work for a living o Negative association with work o Higher education o Arts o Government service o ‘Grand Tour’ of Europe o Plantations  Large working farms  Fairly isolated o Rice coast  Very rank/class-conscious society  Tobacco and rice = main crops o Economic problems  Surplus of rice = lower prices  Ups and downs Witchcraft International Conflict o European wars  Indians hired as mercenaries  Problems in North East (New England) due to Indian wars Slavery o Beginnings Page 7 of 34

U.S. History

o o

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 Labor shortage for labor-intensive crop agriculture Slave labor in the South – change Slavery and the North  Dependent on slave trade • Production of slave ships • Rum trade (Caribbean sugar) • Sold fish to Caribbean plantations Change in nature of slavery  Black slavery • First association of skin color and caste  Forced labor  Pattern of relationships  Slave codes • Degradation of slaves into property • Stripped of right to marriage Culture  North • Adapted faster to European culture • Worked as servants (butlers, maids)  Resistance/Rebellion • Rebellion was not actually a major issue • Resistance = major story for enslaved slaves  Religion • Traditional African religion • Intense expressions of faith  Family • Fictive kin network o Because blood-relations almost always separated • Interracial sexual relationships • Mixed race o (mulatto) o White slave owners, black women • Slavery inherited by mother o Therefore, mulattos = slaves

Witch Trials: •

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Origins o Family/class rivalries o Hysteria/superstition o Lack of understanding o Fear led to scapegoating Witchcraft tests o Usually defied logical sense Page 8 of 34

U.S. History o o o o

Usually unable to be rationally proven Tests eventually seen as fallacies But belief in witches still existed ‘guilty’ tended to be older, less attractive women (the vulnerable)

Instability: •

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Revival of Mercantilism o Colonies begin to trade with many other countries other than Britain o Britain begins to unify empire o Navigation Acts  Taxes on trade  Customs house in ever port to enforce trade rules and taxes  Colonies begin to evade these regulations Dominion of New England o Revoke charter of Massachusetts o Under royal rule o Colonies lost constitutional assemblies o Unified all colonies of New England Glorious Revolution (1688) o Rise of parliamentary power in England o James II’s child accused of being ‘smuggled’  In reality, he was legitimate o Son was baptized Roman Catholic  Religious motives to prevent inheritance of throne  Royal family forced to flee o William and Mary of Orange = new rulers of England  Appointed by parliament Urban growth o Political and economic importance  Centers of social and political exchange  Exchange of new ideas Enlightenment o Contributed to revolutionary mindset o Reason and self-thinking o Potential for improvement Great Awakening 1720-1760 o Individual responsibility o Religious pluralism o Separation of church and state  Established church = official church of the state o Rehearsal for revolution  Idea of being in charge of one’s own life  Vastly empowering Page 9 of 34

U.S. History •

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Political life o Colonial government  Balanced interests  Composition  Voting and office-holding • Women do not vote • Indians do not vote • Most blacks do not vote  Representation: actual/virtual • Colonists = actual o Elected representatives truly represent the local voter • British = virtual o Elected representatives represent the whole of Britain o Legislative assemblies  Power to initiate legislation • Ability to make laws themselves  Power of the purse • Control of money o Local politics o Political protest tradition  Colonists believed that political protest was absolutely normal and right  English believed complete opposite  Freedom of expression Political Ideas o Republicanism  People rule through elected representatives o People retain sovereignty  Political authority o Government derives powers from people  Leaders answer to the people  Not God alone o Government based on Locke’s social contract  Life  Liberty  Property  Government must be given consent by people o Tyranny, slavery, liberty, virtue (virtuous citizen)  Hobbes v. Locke  Debate over whether human nature is evil or virtuous Seven Years War/French & Indian War Page 10 of 34

U.S. History

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o France & England, Indian allies  For control of continent o Trade  English tried to control colonial trade o Colonial revenue, cooperation  War was extremely expensive o Importance of Indians  Good as allies or neutral o Colonial military experience  George Washington = horrible general o Results  British win, France lose o Proclamation of 1763 – West of the Appalachians for Indians  Stated that land west of Appalachians were reserved for Indians  Colonists realized that British intentions were bad for ALL colonists Aftermath o Mercantilism  Sugar Act  Courts  Stamp Act • Everyone is affected • Everyday needs taxed o Concern about economic problems & need for self-government o Stamp act protests, boycotts, Sons of Liberty  Groups to organize protests of British policies o Repeal of Stamp Act, passage of Declaratory Act  Complete parliamentary authority over colonies o Townshend Acts  Duties on English goods  Suspension of NY assembly • Too many protests Boston Massacre o British soldiers  Fired upon crowd  Massacre (became rallying point for protestors) o Protest at customs house  Boston had been suffering very severely after French & Indian War Committees of Correspondence o Tea Controversy  Benefits to British company excused from tax  Boycott Page 11 of 34

U.S. History

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 Boston Tea Party Coercive/Intolerable Acts – Massachusetts o Aftermath of Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress (Sept. 1774) o Philadelphia  Met not to revolt, but to voice grievances only o Galloway Plan  Power to veto parliamentary legislation for colonies  Rejected as ‘too conservative’ o Declaration of rights & resolves o Non-importation, non-exportation, non-consumption association  Hurts British  Boycott of all British goods o Military defense in Massachusetts  British begin to get angry Lexington & Concord o Opening battles of American Revolution o Engaged in military contest with British

Second Continental Congress •

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Decision for independence o Cost of war  British = most militarily powerful nation  Momentum of spent money and lives o Reaction against British recruitment  British recruit Indians  British recruit slaves with promise of freedom  British recruit foreign mercenaries • Germans (Hessians) from Hesse  Feelings of betrayal o Prohibitory Act  Closed America to overseas trade  To bring economy down o Common Sense – Thomas Paine  Considered most powerful political literature  Pamphlet Declaration of Independence o Thomas Jefferson  Assigned to draft declaration o Natural rights  Stemming from enlightenment and republicanism o Locke contract theory  Violation of contract by king Page 12 of 34

U.S. History o Crimes of king  List of grievances o Public relations document  To secure foreign support  Clarify causes for break  “all men are created equal” • ‘Men’ = white property owners  “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” • Locke’s ‘property’ changed to ‘pursuit of happiness’ American Revolutionary War: • •

3 phases Revolution in North o British troops from Canada/Nova Scotia o Boston taken o George Washington  Great leader  Much experience  Weak military strategies o Treaty of Paris  Ends war

America Revolutionary Effects: •

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Loyalists, slaves, Indians o Loyalists lost property/money/sometimes everything o Slaves moved around o Western expansion begins Women: army, rights o English common law – coverture  All of common law abolished except for coverture • Applied to married women • Women ‘covered’ by husband’s identity • Husbands own everything including body o Physical discipline ok o Loss of dower rights  Dower rights: right to 1/3 of INCOME of husband’s property o Republican motherhood  To instill patriotism in children  Therefore, historical/patriotic education of women Economic change o Shipping, domestic manufacturing Page 13 of 34

U.S. History  

No more English provision of goods Importation of industrial technology from England

States: • • • •

Republican government & property owners o Power rests with people o Written constitutions Ideals v. reality o Elected officials instead of appointed State constitutions o Constitutions put in place before government can be formed o Many critical of state constitutions due to lack of uniformity Slavery – eliminated in North o Slave trade ended in South  Outlawed o Problems with elimination of slavery  Racism  Investment • Invested in slaves/trade  Alternatives needed for dependent people • Labor shortage

Congress and Confederation: • •

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Articles of Confederation (1781) Powers o War o Foreign relations o Borrow & issue money No power to tax, regulate trade o Stemming from disagreements with British during revolution o Taxation  Requests to states  Must be unanimous  Each state had 1 vote in congress Problems o Diplomacy/border problems: Britain, Spain  Britain refused to pull out all military • Restricted expansion/trade • Stirred up Indian trouble  Spain closed Mississippi river to travel • New Orleans = important trade port o Trade: British restriction Page 14 of 34

U.S. History

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 Economy in stranglehold o Revenue  States in debt  No money anywhere o Congress  Unsuccessful in decisions Success o Land policy  States ceded lands to Congress  Ordinance of 1784 • Process of statehood  Ordinance of 1785 • Grid system for land allocation • Public school in every township section 16  Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Established Northwest Territory north of Ohio River o Religious freedom o Jury trial o No slavery  Pressure on Indians for Treaties • Wayne o Military commander • Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Economic Problems: •

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Shays’ Rebellion o Massachusetts o Debt relief o Daniel Shays Depression and debt State debt and taxation o To counter debts Poor farmer resistance & demand for paper money o Increased printing of money = inflation

The Constitution: •

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Demands o Propertied interests o Creditors o Manufacturers o Soldiers Annapolis Convention (1786) Page 15 of 34

U.S. History

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o Colonial representatives o Discuss trade o Only five states attended o No quorum Shays’ Rebellion o Unified states in recognition of problem and need for solution Constitutional Convention (1787) o Key decisions  Washington • Presides over convention  Secrecy • Convention to be held in complete secrecy • No leaks at all • Wanted freedom from public pressure/political repercussions • James Madison (father of constitution)  Madison’s Virginia Plan • Based on population • Two house Congress • Proportional representation (population) New Jersey Plan o 1 house congress o Equal sate representation Great Compromise o Lower house  Population o Upper house  Equal state representation elected by state legislatures o 3/5 clause for representation & taxation o Slave trade to continue for 20 years o Fugitive slave provision  Provides for return of escaped slaves in North 3 Branches, new powers, checks & balances o Power to tax, regulate commerce, etc. o Necessary & proper clause  Congress can do what is within their power to fulfill constitution o Solved revenue problem  Nation no longer dependent on state decisions for money No definition of citizenship, protected rights Federalism o Solved problems of sovereignty  Both states and fed. Government derived power from people  Federal Government can tax in addition to state Page 16 of 34

U.S. History Solved problem of concentrated authority • Checks & balances: 3 branches o Federalism:  The division of power between the states and national government Ratification & Federalist papers o Nine states needed for ratification o Federalists believed that separation of power = safer 

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Establishing the New Government: • • •

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George Washington John Adams o 1st vice president Executive branch o State  Thomas Jefferson = Secretary of State o Treasury  Alexander Hamilton = Secretary of the Treasury o War Judiciary Act of 1789 o Set up federal court system (lower) Bill of Rights o First 10 amendments to Constitution  1 • Freedom of religion • Freedom of speech • Freedom of press • Fight to petition • Peaceful assembly  2 • Right to bear arms  3 • Quartering of soldiers  4 • Search without warrant  5 • Capital crime by grand jury • Cannot be forced to testify against yourself • Can’t be tried twice for same conviction (double jeopardy) • Due process of law • Eminent domain o Compensation for public usage of property Page 17 of 34

U.S. History 

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Speedy and public trial Right to witnesses Informed of nature of crime Right to have a lawyer

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Jury for civil trials

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No excessive bail No cruel or unusual punishment

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Existence of people’s other rights not mentioned

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Additional powers not mentioned left to the states/people (implied powers) necessary powers can be followed through by Congress

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Political Parties: • • •

George Washington did not want to see parties “factions” develop 2 parties: Federalists and Republicans Alexander Hamilton & Federalists o Objectives  Centralized government  Promote economic growth • Domestic manufacturing • International commerce  Promote commercial alliance with British o Actions  Creates government bonds, sells back to war creditors  Relieves all states of all war debts  Formation of national bank  Excise taxes • Placed on goods • Most famous = whiskey tax o Whiskey rebellion (1794)  Western Pennsylvania  Class conflict • Farmers vs. rich men  Excise tax • Tax placed on whiskey hurts small farmers • Rebelled  George Washington personally rides out to Pennsylvania  Military force exercised Page 18 of 34

U.S. History •

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Jeffersonian Republicans o French Revolution  French asks America for help o Genet Affair  Frenchman criticizes Washington o 1796 Adams Vs. Jefferson o Quasi War o France  High tensions between America and France o XYZ Affair  French agents ask for bribes before negotiations o Alien and Sedition Acts  Alien act: president has power to expel, imprison aliens without trial  Sedition act: crime to express any ideas that criticizes/disrespects government  Brings government into disrepute o Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions 1789/99 nullification  Jefferson suggested that states have right to determine constitutionality of federal laws  Nullification: right to pick and choose which laws to enforce  No supporters, but provoked much discussion on alien and sedition acts, and the course of country • Strong federal powers or more power to people o Revolution of 1800  Election of 1800 • Thomas Jefferson elected • More open, more liberal direction o Judiciary Act of 1801 & Midnight Appts.  Passed by congress under Madison Marbury Vs. Madison (1803) o Marbury = suing judge o John Marshall  Member of supreme court  Made many important rulings  Rules that Marbury is entitled to court commission, BUT decides Judiciary Act of 1789’s Writ of Mandamus unconstitutional o Judicial review  Power of judicial branch to review/deem laws unconstitutional McCulloch Vs. Maryland (1819) o Implied powers  Government has powers to do what is deemed ‘necessary and proper’ Page 19 of 34

U.S. History Jeffersonian Era: •

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Limited Government o Supported by Jefferson o Did not think that government had/needed much power  Only needed foreign affairs, land management, etc.  Focus should be at state level  Wanted to reduce national debt Agrarian Republic o Political liberty  In order to have true political liberty, equal distribution of political power (equality)  Broad wealth distribution  Believed political equality lay in farming society o Independent yeoman farmer  Independent, self-sustaining farmer  Concerned with public good (virtuous citizen)  Has investment in community  Need land for such society o Benefits of expansion  Secure borders  More living room  Sale of public lands = reduce national debt Louisiana Purchase o Lewis & Clark Expedition  Searched for water-route to Pacific  Collected information on flora and fauna  Retuned home with animals and plant samples o Indians  Hostile, and docile groups Foreign Affairs and Neutral Rights o Trade: Britain & France  Both countries try to prevent American trade with the other • Violation of American rights as neutral country o Impressment  British practice  Captured American/Frenchmen and forced them into service  Brutal conditions/discipline  Seized American merchant ships (claimed desertion) • British did not recognize ‘naturalization’ of French immigrants  Violation of American rights as neutral country  H.M.S. Leopard Vs. U.S.S. Chesapeake Page 20 of 34

U.S. History •

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American demands of reparations and end of impressments • Only demands of reparations met o Non-importation and Embargo  In response to impressments  Prohibited U.S. ships to dock at foreign ports  Much too harsh, caused depression o Non-intercourse act  Limited embargo • Hurt England • Convinced them to repeal blockade Frontier Problems o Western conflict – Tecumseh  Head of Indian resistance  Tried to unite tribes  British influence to stir up trouble with Indians o Florida and Spain  Spanish control  Blocked access to gulf ports War Hawks o Advocated war, tired of suppression o Clay  Elected youngest speaker of the house  Pressured for war o Calhoun  Nationalistic War of 1812 o Canadian Invasion  Ended in failure  Lack of sufficient military forces o British blockade  Damages economy o Great Lakes o Jackson V. Indians/Spanish  Southeast  Invades Indian villages  Invades Spanish Florida o Burning of Washington  Invasion of east coast by British o Battle of New Orleans  War technically over, but word had not arrived to battlefront  Jackson’s force • Including African Americans/Pirates/Indians Page 21 of 34

U.S. History

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• 8 American dead, 13 wounded - American • 700 dead, 1400 wounded – British • Trench warfare by Americans • Jackson becomes national hero Hartford Convention o New Englanders/Federalists fed up with war o Believed to be “Madison’s war” o Wanted to ‘nullify’ war o Extremely desperate to revive trade  Willing to secede from Union  Considered treason o Tainted Federalist part  Convention = death blow to Federalists  Fades away Treaty of Ghent 1814 o Ended fighting o Issues of impressments, Indians, trade, etc. not resolved

Development and Nationalism: •

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Effects of War o Nationalism o Economic growth, manufacturing, tariffs  Tariffs = taxes on imported goods  Importation of manufacturing technologies  Hurts south, who had always imported goods o Expansion  Indians  Transportation • Steamboat • Railways  West • Opening of western land • Land speculation increase Era of Good Feelings o After War of 1812 o President Monroe tours all of country o Only one political party Panic of 1819 o Economic depression o Began in land speculation  Easy credit policies  Bad loans  Foreclosures Page 22 of 34

U.S. History

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o 6-year long depression o Divisions in Republican party  Questions about national growth Missouri Compromise o Missouri appeals for admission to Union (1819) o Wants to enter as slave state o Also known as the Compromise of 1820 o Three parts  Enter as slave state  Slave/free state balance to be equalized by creation of state of Maine  36⁰ 30’ line of latitude • Slavery below, none above Election of 1824 o National Republicans  Later known as Whigs  John Quincy Adams • Son of John Adams  Clay • Speaker of the house  Crawford  Jackson • Wins plurality vote • Most votes of all candidates, but not majority • Accuses Clay and Adams of corrupt bargaining o Democratic Republicans  Jeffersonian Republican descent  Later called Democrats o “Corrupt bargain” Election of 1828 o Jacksonian Democracy  Believed in Jeffersonian Republic • Farming society  Believed that every man entitled to right to rise in society and to vote o Mass Politics  Expansion of suffrage • Extended vote to every white man landed or unlanded o Way to expand power of government and the common white man  New political styles and parties • Engaged in mass voter-conversion campaigns • Needed to reach thousands of new voters Page 23 of 34

U.S. History •

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Required national, state, local party organizations o Rallies o Parades o Picnics • Relied more on popular emotion/flavor of the month issues  Patronage • Vast amounts of money needed to campaign for office o Washington Politics  Sex Scandals • Election of 1828 o Polygamy committed by Rachel Jackson o Partially true (occurred much too long ago to be relevant) • Eaton Affair o Secretary of War John Eaton  Margaret Eaton = mistress Tariff of Abominations o South Carolina Exposition of 1828  Pamphlet that opposed Tariff  Written anonymously by Calhoun (Vice President)  Cited Jefferson in view of nullification • Believed that Tariff was unconstitutional o 1828 = Highest tariff ever o Differences between North and South Webster-Hayne Debate o Webster – North o Hayne – South o Calhoun’s Compact Theory (supported by Hayne)  Idea that states forged Constitution union  If states made union, they have power to break it o Permanent union (supported by Webster)  People of America created union, so no group of people/states has right to destroy this union  Sectionalism = extremely dangerous  Considered the best political speaker of time Jefferson Birthday Dinner o Annual Democratic party o Jefferson announces support of Permanent union o Calhoun disagrees “Union NEXT to liberty” Nullification Crisis 1832-33 o Calhoun leads nullification effort in South Carolina of Tariff o Force Bill passed by Congress for Andrew Jackson to use force Page 24 of 34

U.S. History

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o Henry Clay – Compromise  Tariff would be gradually decreased Indian Removal o Trail of Tears  Removal of Indians from Southeastern land/territory  Relocated to present day Oklahoma • Cherokee – No resistance • Seminoles – Swamp Guerilla • Chickasaw – Tried to move in luxury, but taken advantage of by white settlers Bank War o Jefferson believed that the National Bank would turn US into manufacturing country o Replaced National Bank with his own  Complete failure  Economic disaster o Later replaced by new plan

Economic Growth: •

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Economic Expansion o Great population increase  Both natural and by immigration • Immigrants = cheap labor o Transportation  Roads, canals, railroads o Government sponsorship for economic growth  Court-supported property laws  Innovation  New businesses  Emphasis on education • Free public education North – Agriculture South – Cotton Manufacturing o Mainly in north o Industrial manufacturing Capitalism o Economic policies (capitalism) of Adam Smith o Economic competition  Free market  Based on supply and demand/competition

The South: Page 25 of 34

U.S. History •

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Cotton o Brokers/factors as bankers  Advances/lends money to planters for growing season o Lack of transportation  Planters did not need/build means of transportation o Profitability of cotton  Bulk of southern economy  Due to northern textile mill growth o Investment in land and slaves o Values  Culture of leisure • Did not believe in actual work  Gentry lifestyle • Frowned upon factory management Society o ¼ slave owners  ¼ of whites  Majority owned 5 or fewer slaves o Planter class – new rich  20 slaves = requirement to enter Planter class o Risky business, instability  Cycles of prosperity and inflation o Determination to defend status o Avoid ‘work’, admiration of military o Honor – dignity and authority, manhood o Lady – right of protection, duty to obey, active producers, little education Poor Whites o Yeoman farmer, no education  Unable to break in to planting  Lived near cotton terrain, tried to set aside some land to move up to cotton  Supported planters by ginning and other small jobs o Hill people and subsistence agriculture  Small family farmers  Lived in mountainous terrain  ‘Hillbillies’  Just enough income to feed family o Isolated from commercial cotton economy  Lack of education and status  Nowhere to go  Stuck in their class o Other small farmers dependent on planters  Gins  Markets Page 26 of 34

U.S. History

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 Credit o Household economy Free Blacks

Reform: • • • •

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Cycles of history Foundations of reform o Areas that need improvement become noticed Second Great Awakening o Emphasis on personal responsibility o Idea of universal salvation Poverty, Women, Slavery o Women play more active role in charity organizations o Human equality before God  Churches come to believe that slavery is morally wrong Most significant reform movements & why? o Abolition  Many believed transition should be gradual rather than immediate • Compensation for owners? • Sudden loss of labor • Colonization of Africans in Africa was possible solution o Present day Liberia – African colonization effort o Temperance (anti-alcohol)  Seen as • Religious reform • Pro-family • Pro-children  Problems of domestic violence  Squandering of family wage by men • Drinking • Gambling at the saloons • Prostitution o Venereal diseases o Women’s Rights  Closely allied with abolitionist movement  Lack of suffrage seen as main problem • Women had no political clout  Large convention at Seneca Falls • Wide array of issues/grievances  Later on, women seen as tool to gather more votes • To further men’s own agendas • (slavery, temperance, etc.) Page 27 of 34

U.S. History o Education  Growth of public schools  Growth of colleges  Standardization of curriculum  Webster’s dictionary o Prisons  Old prisons modeled on European system  Limits on who could be jailed (no debtors, etc.)  Emphasis shift from punishment to more rehabilitation Sectionalism: • •

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Manifest Destiny o Idea that America’s cultural and ideological superiority gave us right and duty to expand to rest of continent Texas o Alamo  Major defeat  Mexican general Santana overwhelms Fort Alamo  Americans fight to the death • Martyrs o San Jacinto  American Victory  Texas established as the ‘Lone Star’ • Wants to join the union as state • Turned down because of upset of free-slave state balance James Polk o Wanted territory o Sends negotiators to Mexico  Wants to purchase California and Mexican territories The Mexican War o Motivation  Expansion  Territorial greed o War  American army stationed along border  Mexicans => Pre-emptive attack o Objections  Northerners opposed to war • Saw war as a Southern war for expansion of slavery o Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo  U.S. receives 1/3 of Mexican land • Includes land all the way to entire western seaboard Development of Sectionalism Page 28 of 34

U.S. History •

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Wilmot Proviso & Compromise of 1850 o Wilmot Proviso  Slavery debated instead of as economic issue, but as moral issue o Compromise of 1850  Aggregate of many little compromises  Extremely controversial  Sets stage for sectional divisions/conflicts and secession crisis o Compromises that formed the Compromise of 1850  California • Admission to state would upset free-slave state balance  Utah & New Mexico • Popular sovereignty o Advocated by Steven Douglas of Illinois o States should decide for themselves whether to enter as slave or free state  District of Columbia • Northerners did not want slavery in the capitol • Compromise stated that slave trade would stop, but slavery would continue  Fugitive Slave Act • Organized special courts for slave trials o Testimony by slaves not allowed o No jury o Any northerner could be requested to help capture slave o Helpers of fugitive slaves subject to prison and fines  Outcomes Uncle Tom’s Cabin Kansas-Nebraska Act o Repealed Missouri Democrats o Formed Republican party Republican Party Bleeding Kansas and Caning of Sumner

Civil War: • • •

Union strategy o Split Confederacy down Mississippi  Capture of Louisiana successful Confederate strategy o Based on defense (easier) Policy and politics o Foreign policy Page 29 of 34

U.S. History South looked for ally in British • Lincoln alarmed • Due to British need of cotton for textiles • Alliance never occurs due to British focus on other colonization efforts • British had growing anti-slavery movement Finance  Raise taxes • Temporary income tax o First time o Small  Borrow money  Print more money Northern Draft  New York City Draft Riot • Immigrants revolt against unfair draft policies • Policies favored certain classes • Believe policies are discriminatory  Draft substitutes policy • Hiring of people to serve your term in military • Generally only benefit rich Southern Draft  Draft policy • Every 20 slaves owned could exempt 1 white man • ‘20’ slaves is magic number to qualify as ‘planter elite’ • Extremely discriminatory o Small farmers can least afford to be away o Caused great class resentment throughout war Unpopularity of leadership  President Lincoln • Seemingly inept generals • Has no personal war experience • Accused of cowardice • Radicals believe that Lincoln is weak • Conservatives believe that Lincoln is a ‘tyrant’ o Suspends rights of habeas corpus  Border states  In order to prevent border states from seceding  Claimed violation in order to preserve union  President Davis • Blame falls upon president for military defeats • Cold and removed personality 

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U.S. History

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• Extremely uncompromising Emancipation Proclamation o Announced after Battle of Antietam o Military measure o Southern states would be freed if Southern states do not cease fighting  Only Southern states, border states untouched • In order to keep border states with union o Hurts Confederacy  States see hope  Production slows  Slaves escape o African American men can volunteer for military service  Border state slave enlistment = high  African American enlistment = 1/8 of all troops  Extremely critical for war, reconstruction, rights movements 1863-1863 Union Gains o Battle of Gettysburg o Civil war considered ‘first modern war’  Large casualty rates due to technological improvements  Desertion rates increase Successful Union generals o Grant  Eastern front o Sherman  Rips through deep south  Appropriation of any supplies that could support South  Reaches Savannah near Christmas, plows on through North Carolina Appomatox o Lee surrenders o ‘healing peace’  No harsh feelings o Lincoln assassinated 5 days later by John Wilkes Booth  Ford’s Theatre  First presidential assassination  National shock o 618,000 men dead Aftermath o Mass loss of middle-aged men o Women in workforce o Kids must grow fast o Injured men must continue work/business o Heavy economic costs Page 31 of 34

U.S. History

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 20 billion dollars property/monetary loss o Andrew Johnson unprepared for sudden assumption of office Unresolved questions o Status of slaves  Reconstruction gives slaves more rights o Status of South After the war o Lincoln  Gettysburg address • Talks about goals, purposes • ‘ultimate test of republican government’ o Freedmen  Reunite families  Own private land o White south  Feel a terrible injustice has been had  Black codes • Enforce racism o Outlawed interracial marriage o Segregation laws

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Johnson o Restoration of property rights o Full pardon o Amnesty Congress o Civil Rights Act o Fourteenth Amendment  Citizenship  Due process  Suffrage  Office holding  Compensation Moderate Republicans & 15th Amendment o Race o Politics o Gender Johnson Congress o Civil Rights Act o Fourteenth Amendment  Citizenship Page 32 of 34

U.S. History

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 Due process  Suffrage  Officeholding  Compensation Moderate Republicans & 15th Amendment o Race o Politics o Gender Southern Economics o Crop lien system (sharecropping)  Farmers (both black and white)  Provides a degree of independence compared to contract laboring  Farmland rented out • Share of crop at end of harvest • Equipment/supplies lent out on credit o High interest o Perpetual debt o Vicious cycle o Provided cheap labor force for landowning class o Scapegoat of blacks to prevent a united laboring class o Black Self-Help  African Americans take things into their own hands • Black public schools • Black colleges • Creation of black middle class o Leads others through transition • Jim Crow segregation o Banks, stores, restaurants, etc. • Black banks o Created opportunities o Supported black communities • Black Insurance o Because white insurance companies would not serve blacks o State Reconstruction  Carpetbaggers • Northern republicans (many former Northern soldiers) • Detested by Southerners • Looked for business opportunities  Scalawags • ‘scoundrels’ that betrayed the South by cooperating with North Page 33 of 34

U.S. History • Former Southern Whigs (opposed secession) • Business men who wanted economic growth and reform • Poor whites looking for change/schools  Middle class moderate blacks • Worked for public education • Advancement of black society  White Supremacist organizations • KKK o Nightriders • Knights of the White Camellia o Politically focused o End of Reconstruction  1872 Financial Panic • Depressions were called ‘panics’  Democrats receive power for first time after Civil War  Compromise of 1877 • Republicans agree to remove troops from South • Republicans continue to give economic aid • Republicans will not enforce 14th and 15th amendments o No civil rights o No voting rights  1965 Voting rights act • Truly enforces 14th amendment

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