Anat-211-004w Part Two

Skeletal System and Interactions By: Sciartia Windisch ANAT-211-004W Part II/II

Labeled muscular system [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2018, from https://bestwishesinc.com/muscle-anatomy/

The Skeletal System

• Very important for framework, support and protection • Connected to every part of the body • Interacts closely with the Muscular System and Nervous System • The skeletal System is quite amazing as viewed within part one of this slideshow, however many individuals don’t realize the skeletal system actually interacts with many other major systems to work and in turn help them properly function. The skeletal system interacts closely with the muscular system and nervous system. The nervous system tells muscles when and what skeletal structure to move to make the body or specific region to move. It’s a process between the systems that makes it work.

Andrew, Warren. “Human Skeletal System.” Britannica, www.britannica.com/science/human-skeletal-system.

Skeletal System in regard to the Muscular System • Interactions are necessary with the muscular system • Tendons • Ligaments • Levers • Joints • Movements • Interactions are not only necessary but inevitable as they sit on top of the skeletal system! Tendons are the muscles composed of dense regular connective tissue, they are found surrounding the joints but are not apart of the joint itself. They attach muscle to bone and sometime can even limit the range or movement of a joint! Ligaments are the muscles that attach bone to other bone. It is a flexible fibrous connective tissue! Levers within the body are elongated objects that rotate towards a fixed point or the fulcrum. Levers are in the body because muscle can only pull and they cannot push. So they can pull the bone or other muscle up or around but cannot push them around! Joints are made up of bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments and need muscles to move or rotate.

Muscular system [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2018, from http://www.medguidance.com/thread/muscularsystem-functions.html

Basics of the Muscular System and understanding interactions with the Skeletal

• Types of Muscle • • • •

Labeled muscular system [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2018, from https://bestwishesinc.com/muscle-anatomy/

Cardiac- Involuntary and striated. Smooth-Involuntary and non-striated. Skeletal-Voluntary, striated and consciously controlled by the nervous system. There are three types of muscles found within the human body, they all hold special jobs and are made of slightly different compounds. Cardiac muscles as given by the context clue, are muscles found within and around the heart. These muscles are involuntary and striated. They keep the heart pumping and does so by specialized cells within the body called pacemaker cells, controlling contractions within the heart. This is why an older individual may have what is called a pacemaker, it helps pump the heart! Smooth muscles are also involuntary, they are found in the walls of your stomach and intestines. They do all of the upkeep on the body and help with a variety of tasks including helping pregnant women push out their babies! Finally, skeletal muscle is voluntary striated and the reason this is voluntary is that we do most of this everyday, we consciously move our muscles within this category when we lift a hand up in class or run on the treadmill.

Types of Movement conducted by muscular system and skeletal system • Adduction • Abduction

• Rotation • Pronation • Elevation • Flexion • Movements are controlled by the skeletal system, the muscular system and the nervous system but for the sake of this slide lets dig into the relation between movements, bones and muscles. Adduction is movement by the medial plane done by muscles within the body working with a point of focus or a bone to move these parts. For example the pectoralis major, coracobrachialis or teres major. All of which are involved with shoulder adduction and work closely with the humorous, radius and ulna. Abduction is movement away from the body which is also done by the pectoralis major. Rotation is the movement of rotating around a center, the arm again for example have anterior deltoid muscles to help with rotation. Pronation is to turn down there are bones within the hand along with muscles that allow for this and supination ( the downwards turning of the palm) to occur. The Forearm, pronator teres and brachii all work to move these in various directions, again along with the radius, ulna, and humorous.

Pronation and supination. [Digital image]. (2014, November 14). Retrieved December 6, 2018.

How the Nervous System commands these actions • • • • • •

Chemical Synapses Action Potential Messages Senses Reacts The Nervous system also functions and interacts with the skeletal system and in addition, the muscular system. You are able to move your body when your mind want to move is translated by the brain. The chemical and electrical impulses, through contractions of your skeletal muscles, result in the movement of your body. You receive a sensation or trigger that tells the mind what to do and how you react is voluntary after that! Sensory nervous system [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2018, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiPiS5jI3fAhUojVQKHQobD08Qjhx6BAgBEAM&url=https://healthjade.com/sensory-nervoussystem/&psig=AOvVaw3av1cOHCMkyd_lVVBOj98x&ust=1544250728923831

Sensory nervous system [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2018, from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiPiS5jI3fAhUojVQKHQobD08Qjhx6BAgBEAM&url=https://healthjade.com/sensory-nervoussystem/&psig=AOvVaw3av1cOHCMkyd_lVVBOj98x&ust=1544250728923831

Basics of the Nervous System

• Central Nervous System • Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System • • •

Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System The Nervous system is divided by two primary categories. The Central Nervous System is the system in which all of the structures are encased within bone. (The brain and spinal cord) this helps control and perceptions of senses. The peripheral nervous system is the system in which the parts are not encased in bone this system includes the cranial and spinal nerves this helps communication between the central nervous system and the whole body. The peripheral nervous system include two other subcategories including the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls motor functions and sends impulses from central nervous system to the heart, smooth muscles and glands. The somatic nervous system is apart of the conscious control such as skeletal muscles and sending impulses from the central nervous to the skeletal muscles.

Human Brain model [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2018, from https://www.alamy.com/stockphoto-structure-of-human-brainillustration-35715005.html

The Brains Role • Site of all intake and information processing •

Sensory information is transmitted from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system. A structure of the brain called the thalamus receives most sensory signals and passes them along to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex to be processed.

• Automatic Senses • An intention to move is translated by the brain into neurochemicals and electrical impulses. The chemical and electrical impulses, through contractions of your skeletal muscles, result in the movement of your body however the perception and reaction of these reflexes and senses is all processed within the brain. The brain allows you to think about your actions and carry them out, it acts as an interpreter for all the senses and information.

Putting it all together! Muscles move on the command of the brain, whatever the brain tells the muscles to do, it does. Nerve cells or motor neurons located within the spinal cord is the way that the brain connects and contacts the muscles. When fired, the impulse travels down the axon and a chemical is released. The chemical tells the muscles to contract and get shorter and the muscles are attached by tendons that attach the muscles to the bone at a point of connection the bone(s) at the connection point is then pulled up by the lever system due to the contraction of the muscles and tendons that are connected to the bone. The muscles and bone will go back to the resting state as soon as the nerve impulses stop! Nervous system-Muscular system-Skeletal system!

The human body [Digital image]. (2018). Retrieved December 6, 2018, from https://www.britannica.com/science/humanbody

Conclusion • All systems must be fully intact in order for the body to work and be controlled properly. • Important to understand all functions of the human body and how they interact. • All systems interact with one another to maintain everyday functions and maintain homeostasis in some cases. • All in all, the human body is amazing and I hope this presentation helped get a new perspective on the human body and its interactions with all of its complex systems with empathies on the skeletal system and more specifically how it interacts with the muscular and nervous system.

The human body [Digital image]. (2018). Retrieved December 6, 2018, from https://www.britannica.com/science/human-body

Citations (Images have citations under) • Cummings, S. W., Wood, B., Crompton, R. H., & Tangen, C. (2018, April 26). Human muscle system. Retrieved December 6, 2018, from https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system • Sanmita Inc. (2015, November 28). How does your body move? Does the brain send it messages? Retrieved December 4, 2018, from http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/faqs/how-does-your-body-move-doesthe-brain-send-it-messages/ • Zimmermann, K. A. (2018, February 14). Nervous System: Facts, Function & Diseases. Retrieved December 1, 2018, from https://www.livescience.com/22665-nervous-system.html