Akhilesh Kumar.docx

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS PROJECT ON ROLE OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING IN IMPROVING LIFE CONDITIONS IN URBAN SLUMS

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO: AKHILESH KUMAR (2K17/SE/014) MR. MAND KUMAR SE-A1

HOW SOFTWARE ENGINEERES HELP THESE SOCIETY Some applications of technology harm society. For instance, software can facilitate forms of illegal activity or be used in military applications that end up harming humans. The good and bad don’t lie with the technology. Technology is like a mechanical lever - it increases the abilities of humans beyond what they could accomplish alone. And as long as we have more people doing good things with technology it will continue to offer a net benefit. Society pretty much can’t function at all without software. Virtually everything uses software now — your car, stoplights, trains, airplanes, buses, hotel reservations, your phone, computer, thermostat, tv, security systems, robots that do most of the world’s manufacturing, shipping and logistics, retailers, steel mills, schools, banks, etc. The software engineer works on the development of the software's. The software's are making the life easier (everybody knows!). It have reduced the load on the common man and also make the things easily available. Think of some of the examples like for the speed post, you are being able to track the post online, for passport application is online, online ticket booking, online bill payment and may more. If we were not having the technology, just think how much we were just spoiling in the queues.

Mobile banking improves access to water:Before the mobile banking system was introduced in India, water was scarce for people living in the slums on thecity's outskirts. They'd often have to wait in long lines at the bank and then hunt around to find water they could buy.

But the introduction of mobile banking several years ago changed that, according to a Newsweek report. Because people could pay for water service with their phones, the local water company was willing to connect the neighbourhood to its system. This new initiative has really changed their lives. They can now request and pay their bills through their own mobile phones instead of queuing at the banking halls.

Data collection and GPS empower slum residents:A network of grassroots organizations -- Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI) – is promoting community-based data collection in slums around the world so that residents are not overlooked in the provision of basic services or development of housing alternatives. SDI introduced a standardized data collection method that residents complete with help from community activists, detailing current conditions, number of residents, history, community life, etc. Residents are taught to use digital GPS devices to document facilities in their neighbourhoods, according to research by Diana Mitlin on the D+C Development and Cooperation website. Thousands of slum profiles have been created to date, making it possible for urban planners to better assess citywide living conditions and slum residents to more effectively lobby to get their needs met.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? Sustainability is development that satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being. Sustainable development is a concept that appeared for the first time in 1987 with the publication of the Brundtland Report, warning of the negative environmental consequences of economic growth and globalization, which tried to find possible solutions to the problems caused by industrialization and population growth.

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY:At the environmental level, sustainability prevents nature from being used as an inexhaustible source of resources and ensures its protection and rational use. Aspects such as environmental conservation, investment in renewable energies, saving water, supporting sustainable mobility, and innovation in sustainable construction and architecture, contribute to achieving this environmental sustainability on several fronts.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY:At the social level, sustainability can foster the development of people, communities and cultures to help achieve reasonable and fairlydistributed quality of life, healthcare and education across the globe. The fight for gender equality, especially in developing countries, is another aspect which in coming years will form the basis of social sustainability.

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY:Sustainability focusses on equal economic growth, that generates wealth for all, without harming the environment.

Investment and an equal distribution of the economic resources will strengthen the other pillars of sustainability for a complete development. “MANY OF THE CHALLENGES FACING HUMANKIND, SUCH AS CLIMATE CHANGE, WATER SCARCITY, INEQUALITY AND HUNGER, CAN ONLY BE RESOLVED AT A GLOBAL LEVEL AND BY PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.”

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were born at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012. The objective was to produce a set of universal goals that meet the urgent environmental, political and economic challenges facing our world. The SDGs replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which started a global effort in 2000 to tackle the indignity of poverty. The MDGs established measurable, universally-agreed objectives for tackling extreme poverty and hunger, preventing deadly diseases, and expanding primary education to all children, among other development priorities. For 15 years, the MDGs drove progress in several important areas: reducing income poverty, providing much needed access to water and sanitation, driving down child mortality and drastically improving maternal health. They also kick-started a global movement for free primary education, inspiring countries to invest in their future generations. Most significantly, the MDGs made huge strides in combatting HIV/AIDS and other treatable diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. India, as the fastest growing economy, is undergoing this dilemma of sustainable development too. India’s immediate priority is to provide livelihoods and employment to its population besides creating sustainable economic opportunities at both- micro & macro – levels to keep its promises to take the GDP growth of the country to an ambitious double-digit target of 10 percent. India has to provide houses to millions, ensure food & nutritional security, and make health services accessible & affordable. For the sustainable inclusive growth, jobs have to be created. In order to tackle its developmental challenges, and to push the economic growth further, India, apart from conventional development programs, plans to set up smart cities, construction of roads, railways, and other large infrastructure projects. Under ‘Make in India’ mission, it lays emphasis on manufacturing sector which will help create jobs. But, all these actions put together will increase India’s cumulative as well as per capita Co2 emission rate which will potentially weaken India’s global position on responses to climate change. India‘s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets to lower the

emissions intensity of GDP by 33%–35% by 2030 below 2005 levels, to increase the share of non-fossil based power generation capacity to 40 percent of installed electric power capacity by 2030, and to create an additional (cumulative) carbon sink of 2.5–3 GtCO2e through additional forest and tree cover by 2030. Sustainable Development is, therefore, a historic opportunity for the world communities to deliver inclusive growth, eliminate poverty and reduce the risk of climate change by changing perspectives and approaches to economic development. It entails everyone to participate in making efforts to achieve sustainable development. So, while well-thought out policies will make growth and climate objectives mutually reinforcing in the short and long term, businesses will be required to make investments in the drive to low carbon economy. And, we as individuals also have to grow into responsible consumers by committing to a changed lifestyle. If we do not act now, we will be delayed to reverse the impact.

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in India The global community, after dedicated and consistent efforts over the last year, has developed an agenda that promises to address the concerns of human development for all while ensuring the health of the planet and its ecosystems. The Post 2015 UN Development Agenda is a unique participatory exercise that has led to the design of a Sustainable Development framework consisting of 17 Goals that address the key concerns of humanity and 169 interlinked Targets within these Goals that reflect the complex and interrelated nature of social, economic and ecological well-being parameters. In September 2015, the post 2015 UN Development Agenda, comprising of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will be adopted, replacing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These ambitious and aspirational SDGs call for significant rethinking in development processes across the world. They also call for significant resources to be dedicated and invested in priority areas as identified in the framework of Goals and Targets for each member state.

Role of SDGS in India India has, over the past years, directed its development pathway to meet its priorities of employment, economic growth, food, water and energy security, disaster resilience and poverty alleviation. India has also aimed to restore itsnatural capital and adopt transparent and robust governance along democratic lines. However, emerging challenges of climate change impacts, increasinginequities, and lagging human development indices are well recognised by both the citizens as well as the government. The post 2015 UN Sustainable Development Agenda framework provides an opportunity to renew and integrate efforts in order to meet, to a significant degree, national and global aspirations in a defined time frame.

HOW CAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BE ACHIEVED? Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: • the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and • the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs." Can sustainable development be achieved? Maybe, but it is very difficult. Due to a number of factors, including lack of regulation, lack of widespread political support (e.g. developing countries want to grow economically) and economic support (e.g. big multi-national corporations don't want environmental regulations--calls it unnecessary bureaucracy). But all is not doom and gloom. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) developed the millennium development goals in the Millennium Summit in 2000 which comprised of 8 goals that were to be achieved by 2015. These were: 1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. To achieve universal primary education 3. To promote gender equality 4. To reduce child mortality 5. To improve maternal health 6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. To ensure environmental sustainability 8. To develop a global partnership for development While many of the goals were addressed, there were some shortfall and a new Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) was establish in 2015 for the next 15 years that due to the expiry of the Millennium Development Goals in 2015. The

SDG was officially adopted on the UN Sustainable Development Summit in New York on Sept 25-27, 2015. The new SDG targets will be reviewed in 2030 when that will expire. The SD Goals are the following: 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation 10. Reduce innovation within and among countries 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

So, as you can see, targets are being achieved but at a very slow level. It is mainly the UN who has initiated the sustainable development goals. But without the cooperative support of those with power like governments of both developed and developing countries, businesses that generate a lot of money and services and the civil society and NGOs. It will be difficult to achieve complete sustainable development often due to overlapping national, political and economic interests. But luckily now major economies like the US, China, India, Brazil, European Union, etc. are working towards addressing one of the major impediments to sustainable development which is CLIMATE CHANGE due to the severe risk it produces to food security, marine and land biodiversity, as well as the economy. I suppose there needs to be a similar approach to sustainable development goals from countries to achieve the goals. Just like how CLIMATE CHANGE is viewed by many governments as serious problem that needs urgent solution. Sustainable Development Goals also need the same urgency to have them addressed.

HOW OUR BRANCH AFFECTING PEOPLES LIVING IN SLUMS Technology, today, runs not only our lives but everything around us. Whether it’s in the way we communicate with one another, do research, or even shopping, technology has claimed the centre of it all. Things that once took hours to complete can now be done in seconds, all thanks to the power of technology. Through social media and the 21st century methods of communication, the once unreachable world has now been placed in the palm of our hands. While many in the world are experiencing, benefitting, and utilizing from all the privileges that technology provides, there are also many who are not able to gain access to such privileges. The digital divide affects poverty and people living in poverty by limiting the access to achieve enhancement of both social and cultural capital. According to Poverty & Wealth, an article written by Louise May, the author states: the skills that are needed in the workforce— today—are becoming those associated with information provided by technology rather than the industrial skills of the 19th and 20th centuries. It is becoming more increasingly important to have these skills in order to gain employment, and to earn adequate incomes. For those that can neither afford nor keep up with our ever-advancing world of technology, their state of poverty only worsens. The growing importance of information technology means that those on the non-access side of the divide risk experiencing another kind of marginalization. Where once upon a time majority of the news came in the form of paper (newspapers, magazines, etc) which allowed almost anyone to gain access to information, newspaper businesses are now being wiped away due to the internet. Supporting this claim, Newsweek wrote “The past decade is the era in which the Internet ruined everything. Just look at the industries that have been damaged by the

rise of the Web: Newspapers, Magazines, Books, TV, Movies, Music, etc.” In addition to the many industries that the Internet has damaged, it’s birth has also affected the lives of many among us living in poverty. According to recent studies reported by Journalist Charlie S., which focused on the importance of technology in education, it was found that “students who cannot attend colleges due to financial reasons can sit at home and study using the online learning methods.” Sure, that suggests an option for lower class citizens, but what options are there for those that cannot neither afford school nor the internet? It seems as though the people in the lowest level of the totem pole aren’t given any resources whatsoever. Studies show that the internet is revolutionizing the way people of our world live, as well as the growth of our societies. Therefore, people living in poverty are being pulled further and further apart from the rest of the advancing world. Some of today’s basic requirements for obtaining a job is the basic knowledge of using a computer; emails, Microsoft Word, Outlet, Excel, social media and etc. As this shouldn’t be a problem for majority of Americans who, from a young age start practicing the use of a computer, it is a completely different story for those who grow up without the proper resources for obtaining such “skills”. The importance of technology/internet can be utilized to improve life in the healthcare, business, education, and social aspects of living. In other words, technology/internet drastically alters and improves our very lives. They say that children are our future, but what does the future hold for those children who lack the very necessity of surviving in our technologically driven world. How can one understand the media culture, education, or even obtain a job when the one thing they all have in common is the very thing many fail to gain access to?

VARIOUS PROGRAMS FOR SLUM DWELLERS INTRODUCTION According to the Global Report on Human Settlements 2003, Slums represent the worst of urban poverty and inequality. Without integrated efforts of municipal authorities, national Governments, civil society actors and the international community, the number of slum inhabitants is likely to increase in most developing countries. And if no serious action is taken, the number of slum dwellers worldwide is projected to rise over the next 30 years to about 2 million. 22 One in three people in cities, in the developing world, live in slum. And the problems of urban poor are different to that of Rural Poor. According to Harsh Mander (2009) Urban Poor have unique problems. The following problems are mentioned by him – a) Urban migrants from the countryside have been cut from their community. b) The social security systems, both formal and informal, which survive in the rural areas, are not well developed in the urban areas. c) The cost of living in urban areas is many times higher than in the rural areas. d) The rural economy is still not fully monetized, where as in urban areas for everything one has to pay. e) The physical environment in which the majority of the urban poor are forced to live is very unhygienic, degraded and violent. f) Almost all the efforts for shelter and livelihood of urban poor are illegalized. Their equal citizenship is always challenged. g) Many of the rural poor have some land or cattle or any other asset which urban poor lack. Their only security of livelihood is their labour power. Although conditions vary, research shows that women and girls often suffer the worst effects of slum life, such as poor access to clean drinking water, inadequate sanitation, unemployment, insecurity of tenure and gender-based violence. Their problems are not only worsened at home by stressful and overcrowded living 61 conditions, but they are also insecure when in public areas due to poor security and eviction threats

NATIONAL INITIATIVES FOR SLUM DEVELOPMENT Urban Poverty is posing a great challenge for Government of India. It is a matter of grave concern that 39% of total world’s urban poor live in India. Over 62 million people live in slum settlements without basic amenities. The vision of urban India in 2021 is to make every Indian urban settlement safe, healthy, productive and sustainable place in which every family has adequate shelter and basic services and every individual has a socially desirable minimum quality of life. Slums are the products of the growing industrialisation and exploding urbanisation. Government of India is leaving no stone unturned for alleviation of Urban Poverty and Slum Development. Several policies and programmes have been initiated from time to time to achieve the desired results. The different programmes implemented for the slum development are – 1. The first formal attempt to experiment with community development approach in cities was the Urban Community Development (UCD) pilot project which was started in 1958 and followed by a series of UCD pilot projects based on an area oriented approach. Subsequently, Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS) was identified as a basic need of slum population in the Fifth Five Year Plan and consequently, the Scheme of EIUS was started in 1972 at the Central level to provide basic physical facilities to urban poor like safe drinking water, sewerage, storm water drains, community baths and latrines, street lighting, etc. This Scheme was later on transferred to State Governments for onward implementation in 1974.26 Urban Basic Services Scheme was initiated in 1986 with the support of UNICEF and State Governments for the provision of basic social services and physical amenities in Urban Slums. During 1990-91 UBS scheme was revised and became a new scheme known as Urban Basic Services for the poor. UBSP emphasized community based management. Importance was given to women and setting up of Neighborhood level Development committees. UBSB has eventually absorbed into Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana. Nehru Rozgar Yojana was a 63 centrally sponsored scheme

launched in 1989 to provide employment to the unemployed and underemployed urban poor. NRY consisted of three schemes. They are i) The scheme of Urban-Micro Enterprise (SUME) ii) The Scheme of Urban Wage Employment(SUWE), iii) The Scheme of Housing and Shelter (SHASHU). Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Programme (PMIUPEP) is the first integrated poverty reduction programme, launched in 1995. This programme’s main objective was to address urban poverty problems of small towns. It aimed at skill development, provide basic physical amenities etc. PMIUEP was merged with SJSRY after two years . 2. Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) was launched in December 1997 to provide employment to the urban unemployed or underemployed by encouraging setting up of Self-employment ventures or provision of wage employment. Earlier three Programmes UBSP, NRY, PMIUPEP were merged in this programme. SJSRY consists of two components i) The Urban Self-Employment Programme (USEP) ii) The Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP). A subcomponent of USEP is the Development of Women and Children in Urban areas (DWCUA). DWCUA’s objective is to make women to take up selfemployment activities. UWEP aims to provide wage employment to beneficiaries living below poverty line within the jurisdiction of urban local bodies for construction of socially and economically useful assets. 3. National Slum Development Programme (NSDP)’s main objective is up gradation of urban slums by providing physical amenities. The focus is also on Community infrastructure, provision of shelter, empowerment of urban poor women, training, skill up gradation, etc. 4. The primary aim of Valmiki Ambedkar awas Yojana (VAMBAY) which was launched in 2001 was to facilitate the construction and up gradation of dwelling units for people living below poverty line in urban slums and who do not possess adequate shelter. It also aimed to provide health services and an enabling urban environment through community toilets under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyaan, a component of the scheme.

5. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)’s objectives are to Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to the urban poor. Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation,ensuring delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission 1. The Mission Mission Statement The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified cities. Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ Parastatal agencies towards citizens. 2. Objectives of the Mission (1) The objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban sector; (a) Focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered under the Mission;. (b) Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and assetmanagement through a slew of reforms for long-term project sustainability;. (c) Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;. (d) Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanisation;. (e) Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to the urban poor;. (f ) Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion; and (g) Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security. 3. Scope of the Mission The Mission shall comprise two Sub- Missions, namely:

(1) Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance: This will be administered by the Ministry of Urban Development through the SubMission Directorate for Urban Infrastructure and Governance. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission will be on infrastructure projects relating to water supply and sanitation, sewerage, solid waste management, road network, urban transport and redevelopment of old city areas with a view to upgrading infrastructure therein, shifting industrial and commercial establishments to conforming areas, etc. (2) Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor: This will be administered by the Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation through the Sub-Mission Directorate for Basic Services to the Urban Poor. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission will be on integrated development of slums through projects for providing shelter, basic services and other related civic amenities with a view to providing utilities to the urban poor. 4. Strategy of the Mission The objectives of the Mission shall be met through the adoption of the following strategy: (1) Preparing City Development Plan: Every city will be expected to formulate a City Development Plan (CDP) indicating policies, programmes and strategies, and financing plans. (2) Preparing Projects: The CDP would facilitate identification of projects. The Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) / parastatal agencies will be required to prepare Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for undertaking projects in the identified spheres. It is essential that projects are planned in a manner that optimises the life-cycle cost of projects. The life-cycle cost of a project would cover the capital outlays and the attendant O&M costs to ensure that assets are in good working condition. A revolving fund would be created to meet the O&M requirements of assets created, over the planning horizon. In order to seek JNNURM assistance, projects would need to be developed in a manner that would ensure and demonstrate optimisation of the life-cycle costs over the planning horizon of the project. (3) Release and Leveraging of Funds: It is expected that the JNNURM assistance would serve to catalyse the flow of investment into the urban

infrastructure sector across the country. Funds from the Central and State Government will flow directly to the nodal agency designated by the State, as grants-in-aid. The funds for identified projects across cities would be disbursed to the ULB/Parastatal agency through the designated State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) as soft loan or grant-cumloan or grant. The SLNA / ULBs in turn would leverage additional resources from other sources. (4) Incorporating Private Sector Efficiencies: In order to optimise the life-cycle costs over the planning horizon, private sector efficiencies can be inducted in development, management, implementation and financing of projects, through Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements. 5. Duration of the Mission The duration of the Mission would be seven years beginning from the year 2005-06. Evaluation of the experience of implementation of the Mission would be undertaken before the commencement of Eleventh Five Year Plan and if necessary, the program calibrated suitably 6. Expected Outcomes of the JNNURM On completion of the Mission period, it is expected that ULBs and parastatal agencies will have achieved the following: (1) Modern and transparent budgeting, accounting, financial management systems, designed and adopted for all urban service and governance functions (2) City-wide framework for planning and governance will be established and become operational (3) All urban residents will be able to obtain access to a basic level of urban services (4) Financially self-sustaining agencies for urban governance and service delivery will be established, through reforms to major revenue instruments (5) Local services and governance will be conducted in a manner that is transparent and accountable to citizens (6) E-governance applications will be introduced in core functions of ULBs/Parastatal resulting in reduced cost and time of service delivery processes.

CONCLUSION The government project have limited effect on the of slum dwellers. Moreover the rate of the government facilities reaching the poor is very slow as compared to the rate of new slums being created. However , there has been few improvements , take a look at the report by delhi govt.

Works Cited 1. URBAN SLUMS IN DELHI - NSS SURVEY 2. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION REPORT

REFERENCES • http://ravinitesh.blogspot.com/2012/03/visit-to-slum-area-indelhi. html • https://www.slideshare.net/kaushalkataria1/economics-project46519749 • https://understandmedia.com/journals-a-publications/studentjournalof-media-literacy-education/51-sjmle-vol-4-spring2012/229-how-does-the-digital-divide-affect-poverty-and-peoplelivingin-poverty • https://opinion.inquirer.net/107865/technology-worsen-poverty • https://www.quora.com/How-will-future-technology-affect-thepoor • https://www.richardvanhooijdonk.com/en/blog/technologicaladvancescausing-increased-poverty-inequality/ • http://www.digitalresponsibility.org/digital-divide-thetechnologygap-between-rich-and-poor/