Ae Lecture - 1

Automobile Engineering By A.Prasanna

Introduction Mobile or motive is the one which can move. Automobile is the one which can move by itself.  An automobile is a self-propelled vehicle.  It is driven by an internal combustion engine (also called as prime mover) 

Cont

The modern automobile is used for transporting equipment unit.  The power from the engine is supplied to the wheels by the transmission system through the clutch of fluid coupling.  It is used for transport of goods and passengers on ground. 

The different names of Automobile are;      

Auto Automobile Autocar Autobuggy Car Motor

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Motor car Motor vehicle Motor coach Motor Wagon Horseless coach

Auto buggy

Motor Car

Motor Coach

Motor wagon

Horseless cars

Brief History Of Automobile 1769 - French Engineer Captain Nicholas Cugnot

1801 - First steam carriage built by Richard Trevithick in England

1804 – US Inventor Oliver Evans built the finest American Self propelled steam vehicle.

1827 – Onesiphere Pacqueur of France Invented First Differential

1854 – First Three Speed Patented by W.H. James in England

1885 – Karl Friedrich Benz in Germany developed tricycle propelled by an internal combustion engine

1886 – First Gasoline Engine Powered Automobiles by Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler of Germany

1887 – Tatra Prasident, The first car of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy

1895 – First Motor Car Race Held

1902 – Fiat 12hp with varnished wooden bodywork could manage 45mph with 3.4 liter 4 cylinder engine

An early African motorcar driven by proud Zulu warriors

1906 – 22hp speedster formed by Giovanni Ceirano at Turin

1908 – Ford ‘T’ model Car was produced in America by Ford Motor

1911 – First Electric Self Starter installed in the Automobile

1920 –Automobile design by David Buick

1930 –Automobile design by Hibbard and Darrin

1940 – Chevrolet model

1950 – Chevrolet model

1960 – Mercedes model

1970 – Volvo model

1980 – Mercedes model

1990 – Mercedes model

2000 – Mercedes model

2008 – Mercedes model

Germany is the birth place of the automobiles.  The list of German Pioneers is a long one as follows:  Nicholas Cugnot  August Otto  Carl Benz  Gottlieb Daimler  Wilhelm Maybach  Rudolf Diesel …..  Ferdinand Posche  Felin Wankel 

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The design and development in cars of recent years has provided the owners with; Safer Easier to drive Comfortable More reliable.

Automobile in India  

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The first car appeared in 1897. For 50 Years from 1897, India was an Importer of automobiles. The late Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvaraya made an automobile in India, but the government did not approve the plan. In 1943 and 1944 two automobile factories were set up in India namely; Hindustan Motors Limited, Calcutta, Premier Automobiles Limited, Bombay.

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The sacrifice of German Engineer Rudolf Diesel is memorable in Automobile and I.C. engine history.

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He got very seriously injured when he successfully exploded coal dust as fuel.

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In 1913 although he invented Diesel engine using liquid fuel ‘Diesel’ but he committed suicide as he could not get financial co-operation from his friend for his research and development.

Classification Of Automobiles

Classification of Automobiles 1. 

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Based on Purpose Passenger Carriers - Car, Jeep, Bus, Station wagon, etc Goods Carriers - Truck, Pick up,. Special purpose - Ambulance, Fire engine, Army vehicles, Concrete mixer, etc,.

2. Based on Fuel Used Petrol Vehicle - Motor cycles, Scooters, Cars, Station wagons.  Diesel Vehicle - Trucks, Buses, etc..  Gas Vehicle - Coal gas turbine  Electric - Using storage batteries  Steam - Using steam engine 

3. Based on Capacity HTV (Heavy Transport Vehicles) or HMV (Heavy Motor Vehicles) - Trucks, Buses, Dumpers…  LTV (Light Transport Vehicles) - Pick up, Station Wagon  LMV (Light Motor Vehicles) - Jeep, Cars,…  Medium Vehicle - Tempo, Minibus, Small trucks,…. 

4. Based on Construction  Single

Unit Vehicle  Articulated Vehicles and Tractors.

5. Based on Drive Left hand drive -Steering wheel fitted on left hand side  Right hand drive -Steering wheel fitted on right hand side Fluid drive - Vehicle employing torque converter, fluid flywheel or hydramatic transmission. 

6. Based on wheel and axle Two Wheeler - Auto cycle, Mopped, Scooter, Motor cycle  Three Wheeler - Three Wheel scooter, Auto rickshaw, Tempo.  Four wheeler (4x2) and (4x4) - Cars, Jeep, Station wagon, Pick up, Trucks, Buses.  Six Wheeler (6x2) and (6x4) (Note: The first figure indicates number of wheels and second figure indicates number of drives) 

7. Based on suspension system  Conventional

- Leaf spring  Independent - Coil spring, Torsion bar, Pneumatic.

8. Based on body and number of doors Sedan - Two and four door types  Convertible - Jeep, some imported cars  Station wagon  Delivery van/pick ups  Special purpose vehicles - Ambulance, milk van, mobile workshop, mobile hospital, etc.. 

9. Based on Transmission  Conventional

- All Indian vehicle  Semi-automatic - Most of British and Japanese vehicles  Automatic - Most of the American vehicles

Classification Of Automobile Engines

A)

Type of fuel used

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Petrol or Gasoline engine Diesel Engine Gas Engine

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B) Cycle Of Operation   

Otto cycle engine Diesel cycle engine Dual combination cycle or semi-diesel engine

C) Type of Ignition used  Spark ignition engine  Hot-spot ignition engine  Compression ignition engine D) Method of fuel admission  Carburetor engine (Petrol)  Air injection engine (Diesel)  Airless or solid injection engine (Diesel)

E) Number Of Strokes per cycle  Four stroke engine  Two stroke engine F) Arrangement of cylinders  Vertical engine  Horizontal engine  Radial engine  V – engine  Opposed cylinder engine

G) Valve location  Overhead valve engine  Side valve engine H) Type of cooling engine  Air cooled engine  Water cooled engine

I) Lubrication Systems  Wet sump  Dry sump  Pressurized J) Speed  Slow Speed engine  Medium Speed engine  High Speed engine

K) Method of Governing  Hit and miss governed engine  Qualitatively governed engine  Quantitatively governed engine L) Application  Stationary engine  Automotive engine  Marine engine  Locomotive engine

Vehicle Construction

Components of Four Wheeler Automobile Chassis  Body  Frame  Power unit Transmission system 

Chassis

An automobile is made of two main units namely;  Body  Chassis  A vehicle arrangement without body is called Chassis.  The chassis supports the body, engine and transmission system. 

The Chassis includes the following components;        

 Frame Front Suspension  Steering Mechanism Radiator  Engine, Clutch,  Gear box  Propeller Shaft Rear Springs Road Wheels

Differential, Half Shaft, Universal Joint Brakes and Braking System Storage battery Silencer Shock absorbers, fuel tank, petrol, hydraulic pipe cables and some means of mounting these components

Classification Of Chassis

I. According to the fitting of engine (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

Full Forward Semi Forward Bus Chassis Engine at back Engine at centre

Type of Chassis

Location of Engine

Examples

Full Forward Outside the driver cabin or seat

Cars, Mahindra jeeps

Semi Forward

Tata SE series of vehicles

One half is exactly in the drivers cabin and the other half in the front but outside the drivers cabin Bus Chassis Totally in the driver cabin which provides increase in floor area

Buses, Trucks

Cont

Type of Chassis Engine at back

Location of Engine

Examples

Back portion of the chassis

Engine at centre

Centre of the chassis

Volkswagen cars, Leyland bus of England Royal tiger world master buses of Delhi transport

II. According to Number of Wheels fitted in the vehicles and the Number of driving wheels. Type of Chassis

No. of Wheels

No. of Driving Wheels

4X2 drive chassis

4

2

4X4 drive chassis

4

4

6X2 drive chassis

6

2

6X4 drive chassis

6

4

Characteristics of good Chassis      

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Fast pickup Safety Dependability Quietness Power accessibility Low centre of gravity Load clearance Good springing

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Strength Durability Ease of control Speed Economy of operation Stability Braking ability Simplicity of lubrication