Adaptations Of Plants
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ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS WITH ADAPTATIONS
Guide: Prof. A. Vora LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
INTRODUCTION Plant Ecology is the study of relationships between plants and their physical environment. •The term ‘Oekologie’ was coined by Ernst Haekel for study of habitat of a species of community of species.
The functional arrangement of plants and surrounding environment with regular interaction and interdependence is ECOSYSTEM.
For purpose of description & ecological studies, plant communities are classified into units like: Formation Fully developed plant community in a given climatic zone. It is a major unit comprising of climax communities of an area, and uniform in major physiognomic features. It is said to be a closed formation as plants are very close together. Association is a major sub-division of formation. Formation may have one or more associations, depending upon the sub-climates. Each association has uniform physiognomy and floristic constitution. Consociation
is a smaller unit having a single dominant species.
Faciation
is a unit having several dominants.
Society is a part of association, consociation or faciation having one or more sub-dominant species. Lower storey & ground cover constitute society.
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Plants are usually classified into ecological units based on the characteristics evolved in order to survive in a particular ecosystem. This is known as ecological classification. The basic classification is based on water requirement and plants are classified as hydrophytes, hygrophytes, mesophytes & xerophytes. The suffix -phyte is used primarily as a tool in botany to form words used for categorizing plants based on their evolutionary origin, life-history, growth-form or ecological preferences. The suffix has been used in particular to form names of subdivisions of the plants and algae and to name the life-form groupings of the Raunkiær system.
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Shores •An actophyte is a plant found growing on rocky shorelines •An aigiaphyte is a plant found growing on beaches or strandlines
Mountains •An acrophyte is an alpine plant •A chasmophyte is a plant tolerant of or adapted to growing on vertical cliff faces •A coniferophyte is a conifer •An orophyte is a plant inhabiting hills and mountains •A lithophyte is a plant growing on rock or on rocky soil
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Sand •An amathophyte is a plant found growing on sand-plains •An ammochthophyte is a plant found growing on sand-banks •An anemophyte is a "blow-out" plant i.e. a plant found growing in hollows created by wind in sand-dunes •A xerophyte is a plant adapted to survive in very dry situations •A tropophyte is a plant adapted to climatic conditions in which periods of heavy rainfall alternate with periods of drought Salt •A glycophyte is a plant adapted to nonsaline soil •A drimyphyte is a salt-plant •A halophyte is a plant which is tolerant of saline conditions, or adapted to a saline soil or soil influenced by salt water LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Sun •A sciophyte is a plant which thrives in or tolerates shade •A heliophyte is a plant which thrives in or tolerates full sunlight •The term ombrophyte has two meanings: 1. a plant which thrives in or tolerates shade 2. a plant capable of withstanding a lot of rain Human •An agrophyte is an agricultural plant •An anecophyte is a plant found only in human-created habitats throughout its rangemany arable weeds fall into this category •An apophyte is a native plant that has invaded abandoned fields
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Minerals •A calciphyte is a plant which thrives in, or is adapted to living in soils rich in calcium carbonate •A cuprophyte is a plant which is adapted to living in, or tolerant of, soils with high copper levels •A pseudometallophyte is a plant which can tolerate (but does not require) a substrate with a high metal content •A metallophyte is a plant which is tolerant of substrates with a high metal content •A gypsophyte is a plant adapted to chalk or limestone
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Raunkier •A chamaephyte is a low-growing perennial plant whose living structures are therefore visible all year round and whose dormant overwintering buds are borne at or just above the surface of the ground •A chamerophyte is a herbaceous or woody plant which has its overwintering buds at or just above the soil surface •A cryptophyte is a plant in which the buds are covered with soil or water (geophytes, helophytes and hydrophytes are all classes of cryptophyte). Cryptophyte also refers to the cryptomonads, a group of single-celled algae •A hemicryptophyte is a herbaceous plant which has its wintering buds at or just above the soil surface •A therophyte is a plant which survives between favourable seasons in the form of a seed
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
Water
CLASSIFICATION
•The term hydrophyte has two meanings: o a free-floating water plant o
a plant adapted to high moisture levels
•An amphiphyte is an amphibious plant •An ancophyte is a canyon plant •A benthophyte is a plant living at the bottom of a body of water or in the bed of a river •A benthopheustophyte is any large plant resting freely on the floor of a lake but capable of drifting slowly with the lake's currents •A hydrogeophyte is a geophyte which grows in aquatic environments (e.g. water lilies) •A plotophyte is a floating plant, with stomata on its upper leaf surface only •An oceanophyte is a plant growing in the ocean •A helophyte is a marsh plant •A hydrotherophyte is an aquatic therophyte LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Soil •An oxyphyte is a plant growing in soil which lacks oxygen •An oxylophyte is a plant adapted to acid soils •A phreatophyte is a deep-rooted plant that obtains water from a permanent ground supply or from the water table (or soil above it) •A hygrophyte is a plant which thrives in very wet soil and/or is more or less restricted to moist sites •An aerophyte is a plant which obtains all of its nourishment from the air
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Other •A mesohydrophyte is a plant whose tolerance to moisture is intermediate between that of a mesophyte (q.v.) and a hydrophyte •A mesophyte is a plant adapted to medium moisture levels (c.f. hydrophyte, xerophyte) •A mesoxerophyte is a plant whose tolerance to moisture is intermediate between that of a mesophyte (q.v.) and a xerophyte •An aiphyllophyte is a plant found growing in evergreen forests •An aithalophyte is a plant found growing in evergreen thickets •An alsophyte is a grove plant •A bathyphyte is a plant found typically or exclusively in lowlands •A dissophyte - not to be confused with dyssophyte - is a plant whose shoots are xerophytic (q.v.), but whose roots are mesophytic •A dyssophyte - not to be confused with dissophyte - is a plant which can behave either as a hydrophyte (q.v.) or an epiphyte (q.v.) LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
HYDROPHYTE •Aquatic plants — also called hydrophytes — are plants that have adapted to living in or on aquatic environments. •Because living on or under the water surface requires numerous special adaptations, aquatic plants can only grow in water or permanently saturated soil. •Aquatic vascular plants can be ferns or angiosperms (from both monocot and dicot families). Seaweeds are not vascular plants but multicellular marine algae, and therefore not typically included in the category, "aquatic plants." •As opposed to plants types such as mesophytes and xerophytes, hydrophytes do not have a problem in retaining water due to the abundance of water in its environment. This means the plant has less need to regulate transpiration.
Victoria regina the Royal water lily - the massive globular protruding riblike structures (the major veins of the leaf) support the otherwise huge, thin leaf blade.
•Remaining afloat is one of the major problems in an hydrophytes life - gaseous exchange too, is important, In order to facilitate these functions, hydrophytes tend to develop large intercellular spaces, which may be subdivided to prevent free movement of large air bubbles, by forming complexes of cells, which become effective bubble barriers. Elodea has a large proportion of the stem occupied by structured airspaces, which are separated from one another by nodal plates. LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
Aerenchyma help the plant to stay float
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
HYDROPHYTE Hydrophytes share several survival characteristics: •A thin (or no) cuticle. The primary function of cuticles is to prevent water loss, thus most hydrophytes have no need for cuticles. •Stomata that are open most of time: water is abundant. This means that guard cells on the stomata are generally inactive. •An increased number of stomata, that can be on either side of leaves. •A less rigid structure: water pressure supports them. •Large flat leaves on surface plants for flotation. •Air sacs for flotation. •Smaller roots: water can diffuse directly into leaves. •Feathery roots: no need to support the plant.
The submerged aquatic leaf is simple, (upper diagram) and only three cells thick, whilst the floating leaf (lower diagram) contains numerous intercellular airspaces and has a columnar mesophyll arrangement.
•Specialized roots designed to take in oxygen. •Large intercellular spaces to reduce weight. LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
MESOPHYTE •Mesophytes are plants that have an adequate water supply. •Such plants have some xeromorphic features in order that they should conserve enough water such as a cuticle, stomata with regulable diameter, and a greater number of stomata on the undersides of leaves, but lack others, meaning they do not retain too much water. Because of their lack of particular adaptation, when they are exposed to extreme conditions they do not survive well. •Mesophytes have to contend with a number of issues which will directly and indirectly exert effects upon their physiology. •For example, high light intensities, diurnal temperature ranges, water stress and nutrient status are perhaps some of the most important. •Light intensity, temperature and water availability will govern the day to day life of the plant and will affect the structure (morphology and anatomy) of the plant itself. •The vascular system has to become well developed in order to ensure survival.
Tropical Wood has large-diameter vessels
Temperate Wood tends more towards smaller diameter conducting elements, and some may show seasonal size change (large in spring, smaller in autumn).
•Vascular development is various and in some instances, very complex. •Wood formation for example, is governed by the climate prevailing where the specimen grows. LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
MESOPHYTE •In hot weather they may overheat and suffer from temperature stress. They have no specific adaptations to overcome this, but, if there is enough water in the soil to allow this, they can increase their rate of transpiration by opening their stomata, thus meaning some heat is removed by the exiting water. •In dry weather they may suffer from water stress (losing more water via transpiration than can be gained from the soil). Again they have no specific adaptations to overcome this, and can only respond by closing their stomata to prevent further dehydration. Their cells are thus likely to lose turgidity. This may cause the plants cells to become plasmolysed, prompting wilting. Wilting does actually have some benefits as it reduces the leaf surface area exposed to the atmosphere, meaning it reduces transpiration, and that exposed to solar radiation, meaning temperature stress is reduced. Although mesophytes often recover from such wilting, prolonged periods of it can lead to permanent wilting or cell plasmolysis and subsequently death. •Aerial parts like leaves & stem have cuticle to reduce water loss & protect internal tissues from heat.
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
HYGROPHYTE •Plants growing in persistent moist conditions are hygrophytes. •Eg. Deep water courses, shaded depressions of hills •They exhibit poor development of roots & vascular tissues. •Leaves are large, green, shining and fully expanded with numerous stomata in order to make fullest use of available sunlight, which is less in shady places. •Eg. Ferns.
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
REFERENCES •Kumar Ashok, Botany in forestry & environment, Kumar Media 2001 •Vartapetian Boris et al, Plant Adaptations to Anaerobic Stress, Review •www.wikipedia.com •www.envfor.nic.in •www.gujaratforest.nic.in •www.forest.ap.nic.in •www.anubis.ru.ac.za •www.desertmuseum.org •www.desertusa.com •www.natureserve.org
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
Guide: Prof. A. Vora LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
INTRODUCTION Plant Ecology is the study of relationships between plants and their physical environment. •The term ‘Oekologie’ was coined by Ernst Haekel for study of habitat of a species of community of species.
The functional arrangement of plants and surrounding environment with regular interaction and interdependence is ECOSYSTEM.
For purpose of description & ecological studies, plant communities are classified into units like: Formation Fully developed plant community in a given climatic zone. It is a major unit comprising of climax communities of an area, and uniform in major physiognomic features. It is said to be a closed formation as plants are very close together. Association is a major sub-division of formation. Formation may have one or more associations, depending upon the sub-climates. Each association has uniform physiognomy and floristic constitution. Consociation
is a smaller unit having a single dominant species.
Faciation
is a unit having several dominants.
Society is a part of association, consociation or faciation having one or more sub-dominant species. Lower storey & ground cover constitute society.
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Plants are usually classified into ecological units based on the characteristics evolved in order to survive in a particular ecosystem. This is known as ecological classification. The basic classification is based on water requirement and plants are classified as hydrophytes, hygrophytes, mesophytes & xerophytes. The suffix -phyte is used primarily as a tool in botany to form words used for categorizing plants based on their evolutionary origin, life-history, growth-form or ecological preferences. The suffix has been used in particular to form names of subdivisions of the plants and algae and to name the life-form groupings of the Raunkiær system.
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Shores •An actophyte is a plant found growing on rocky shorelines •An aigiaphyte is a plant found growing on beaches or strandlines
Mountains •An acrophyte is an alpine plant •A chasmophyte is a plant tolerant of or adapted to growing on vertical cliff faces •A coniferophyte is a conifer •An orophyte is a plant inhabiting hills and mountains •A lithophyte is a plant growing on rock or on rocky soil
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Sand •An amathophyte is a plant found growing on sand-plains •An ammochthophyte is a plant found growing on sand-banks •An anemophyte is a "blow-out" plant i.e. a plant found growing in hollows created by wind in sand-dunes •A xerophyte is a plant adapted to survive in very dry situations •A tropophyte is a plant adapted to climatic conditions in which periods of heavy rainfall alternate with periods of drought Salt •A glycophyte is a plant adapted to nonsaline soil •A drimyphyte is a salt-plant •A halophyte is a plant which is tolerant of saline conditions, or adapted to a saline soil or soil influenced by salt water LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Sun •A sciophyte is a plant which thrives in or tolerates shade •A heliophyte is a plant which thrives in or tolerates full sunlight •The term ombrophyte has two meanings: 1. a plant which thrives in or tolerates shade 2. a plant capable of withstanding a lot of rain Human •An agrophyte is an agricultural plant •An anecophyte is a plant found only in human-created habitats throughout its rangemany arable weeds fall into this category •An apophyte is a native plant that has invaded abandoned fields
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Minerals •A calciphyte is a plant which thrives in, or is adapted to living in soils rich in calcium carbonate •A cuprophyte is a plant which is adapted to living in, or tolerant of, soils with high copper levels •A pseudometallophyte is a plant which can tolerate (but does not require) a substrate with a high metal content •A metallophyte is a plant which is tolerant of substrates with a high metal content •A gypsophyte is a plant adapted to chalk or limestone
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Raunkier •A chamaephyte is a low-growing perennial plant whose living structures are therefore visible all year round and whose dormant overwintering buds are borne at or just above the surface of the ground •A chamerophyte is a herbaceous or woody plant which has its overwintering buds at or just above the soil surface •A cryptophyte is a plant in which the buds are covered with soil or water (geophytes, helophytes and hydrophytes are all classes of cryptophyte). Cryptophyte also refers to the cryptomonads, a group of single-celled algae •A hemicryptophyte is a herbaceous plant which has its wintering buds at or just above the soil surface •A therophyte is a plant which survives between favourable seasons in the form of a seed
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
Water
CLASSIFICATION
•The term hydrophyte has two meanings: o a free-floating water plant o
a plant adapted to high moisture levels
•An amphiphyte is an amphibious plant •An ancophyte is a canyon plant •A benthophyte is a plant living at the bottom of a body of water or in the bed of a river •A benthopheustophyte is any large plant resting freely on the floor of a lake but capable of drifting slowly with the lake's currents •A hydrogeophyte is a geophyte which grows in aquatic environments (e.g. water lilies) •A plotophyte is a floating plant, with stomata on its upper leaf surface only •An oceanophyte is a plant growing in the ocean •A helophyte is a marsh plant •A hydrotherophyte is an aquatic therophyte LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Soil •An oxyphyte is a plant growing in soil which lacks oxygen •An oxylophyte is a plant adapted to acid soils •A phreatophyte is a deep-rooted plant that obtains water from a permanent ground supply or from the water table (or soil above it) •A hygrophyte is a plant which thrives in very wet soil and/or is more or less restricted to moist sites •An aerophyte is a plant which obtains all of its nourishment from the air
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
CLASSIFICATION Other •A mesohydrophyte is a plant whose tolerance to moisture is intermediate between that of a mesophyte (q.v.) and a hydrophyte •A mesophyte is a plant adapted to medium moisture levels (c.f. hydrophyte, xerophyte) •A mesoxerophyte is a plant whose tolerance to moisture is intermediate between that of a mesophyte (q.v.) and a xerophyte •An aiphyllophyte is a plant found growing in evergreen forests •An aithalophyte is a plant found growing in evergreen thickets •An alsophyte is a grove plant •A bathyphyte is a plant found typically or exclusively in lowlands •A dissophyte - not to be confused with dyssophyte - is a plant whose shoots are xerophytic (q.v.), but whose roots are mesophytic •A dyssophyte - not to be confused with dissophyte - is a plant which can behave either as a hydrophyte (q.v.) or an epiphyte (q.v.) LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
HYDROPHYTE •Aquatic plants — also called hydrophytes — are plants that have adapted to living in or on aquatic environments. •Because living on or under the water surface requires numerous special adaptations, aquatic plants can only grow in water or permanently saturated soil. •Aquatic vascular plants can be ferns or angiosperms (from both monocot and dicot families). Seaweeds are not vascular plants but multicellular marine algae, and therefore not typically included in the category, "aquatic plants." •As opposed to plants types such as mesophytes and xerophytes, hydrophytes do not have a problem in retaining water due to the abundance of water in its environment. This means the plant has less need to regulate transpiration.
Victoria regina the Royal water lily - the massive globular protruding riblike structures (the major veins of the leaf) support the otherwise huge, thin leaf blade.
•Remaining afloat is one of the major problems in an hydrophytes life - gaseous exchange too, is important, In order to facilitate these functions, hydrophytes tend to develop large intercellular spaces, which may be subdivided to prevent free movement of large air bubbles, by forming complexes of cells, which become effective bubble barriers. Elodea has a large proportion of the stem occupied by structured airspaces, which are separated from one another by nodal plates. LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
Aerenchyma help the plant to stay float
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
HYDROPHYTE Hydrophytes share several survival characteristics: •A thin (or no) cuticle. The primary function of cuticles is to prevent water loss, thus most hydrophytes have no need for cuticles. •Stomata that are open most of time: water is abundant. This means that guard cells on the stomata are generally inactive. •An increased number of stomata, that can be on either side of leaves. •A less rigid structure: water pressure supports them. •Large flat leaves on surface plants for flotation. •Air sacs for flotation. •Smaller roots: water can diffuse directly into leaves. •Feathery roots: no need to support the plant.
The submerged aquatic leaf is simple, (upper diagram) and only three cells thick, whilst the floating leaf (lower diagram) contains numerous intercellular airspaces and has a columnar mesophyll arrangement.
•Specialized roots designed to take in oxygen. •Large intercellular spaces to reduce weight. LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
MESOPHYTE •Mesophytes are plants that have an adequate water supply. •Such plants have some xeromorphic features in order that they should conserve enough water such as a cuticle, stomata with regulable diameter, and a greater number of stomata on the undersides of leaves, but lack others, meaning they do not retain too much water. Because of their lack of particular adaptation, when they are exposed to extreme conditions they do not survive well. •Mesophytes have to contend with a number of issues which will directly and indirectly exert effects upon their physiology. •For example, high light intensities, diurnal temperature ranges, water stress and nutrient status are perhaps some of the most important. •Light intensity, temperature and water availability will govern the day to day life of the plant and will affect the structure (morphology and anatomy) of the plant itself. •The vascular system has to become well developed in order to ensure survival.
Tropical Wood has large-diameter vessels
Temperate Wood tends more towards smaller diameter conducting elements, and some may show seasonal size change (large in spring, smaller in autumn).
•Vascular development is various and in some instances, very complex. •Wood formation for example, is governed by the climate prevailing where the specimen grows. LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
MESOPHYTE •In hot weather they may overheat and suffer from temperature stress. They have no specific adaptations to overcome this, but, if there is enough water in the soil to allow this, they can increase their rate of transpiration by opening their stomata, thus meaning some heat is removed by the exiting water. •In dry weather they may suffer from water stress (losing more water via transpiration than can be gained from the soil). Again they have no specific adaptations to overcome this, and can only respond by closing their stomata to prevent further dehydration. Their cells are thus likely to lose turgidity. This may cause the plants cells to become plasmolysed, prompting wilting. Wilting does actually have some benefits as it reduces the leaf surface area exposed to the atmosphere, meaning it reduces transpiration, and that exposed to solar radiation, meaning temperature stress is reduced. Although mesophytes often recover from such wilting, prolonged periods of it can lead to permanent wilting or cell plasmolysis and subsequently death. •Aerial parts like leaves & stem have cuticle to reduce water loss & protect internal tissues from heat.
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
HYGROPHYTE •Plants growing in persistent moist conditions are hygrophytes. •Eg. Deep water courses, shaded depressions of hills •They exhibit poor development of roots & vascular tissues. •Leaves are large, green, shining and fully expanded with numerous stomata in order to make fullest use of available sunlight, which is less in shady places. •Eg. Ferns.
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
REFERENCES •Kumar Ashok, Botany in forestry & environment, Kumar Media 2001 •Vartapetian Boris et al, Plant Adaptations to Anaerobic Stress, Review •www.wikipedia.com •www.envfor.nic.in •www.gujaratforest.nic.in •www.forest.ap.nic.in •www.anubis.ru.ac.za •www.desertmuseum.org •www.desertusa.com •www.natureserve.org
LA – 8106 ARJUN SHARMA
LA – 9106 SANDIP PATIL
ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -BOTANY
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