COOP 2009 Clinical Human Anatomy November 21, 2005 1:002:00 Dr. Krippendorf
Autonomic Nervous System Overview
This lecture was an overview of the autonomic innervations we discussed throughout the course. Dr. Krippendorf’s objective was to provide an overview of the autonomic nervous system, innervations of specific organs, and to discuss the vagus nerve in more detail then in block 2. Her handout is very well organized and has most of the information that she talked about in class. These notes are extra comments she made and some clarifications. General Information: Key: the autonomic nervous system is not an on or off system. Rather, it is a less or more system. Dr. Krippendorf compared it to driving a car with your foot on both the break and gas. The sympathetic nervous system is like your foot being primarily on the gas. The parasympathetic nervous system is like having your foot on the break. The sympathetic nervous system is described as the thoracolumbar outflow because it originates from T1L2. The parasympathetic nervous system is referred to as craniosacral because it originates with cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10 and at levels S2S4. It’s important to keep in mind that the autonomic nervous system is a twoneuron pathway. Sympathetic nervous system: These neurons can synapse in the sympathetic trunk. These neurons can synapse at its level of origin, or it can travel up or down the sympathetic trunk and synapse at a different level. Sympathetic neurons may also pass by the trunk and synapse in other ganglion. An example of this are splanchnic nerves, they travel to prevertebral ganglion like the celiac or superior mesenteric ganglion. (See netter plates 205, 308, 125). Dr. Krippendorf stressed the importance of reviewing the ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, and submandibular ganglions. Parasympathetic nervous system:
The parasympathetic nervous system has long preganglionic neurons and they synapse in the wall of an organ (refer to netter 316). This plate shows that organs have intrinsic ganglion. If you strip away the layers of the gut there are ganglion in the muscular or submucosal layers. The parasympathetic nervous system has ganglia in the target organ, so they have short postsynaptic neurons. Refer to netter plate 205 to review where the pulmonary and cardiac plexuses are. Review of Vagus nerve: Functions of the vagus: General Somatic Afferent: from pharynx, larynx, skin of the external ear, and meninges of the posterior cranial fossa. General Visceral Afferent: from chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and stretch receptors in the walls of viscera, this is perceived at nausea. Vagus provides taste to the epiglottis. The superior laryngeal nerve has both motor and sensory functions. Internal Laryngeal nerve: provides sensory innervation to laryngeal mucosa superior to the vocal folds. External Laryngeal nerve: innervates inferior constrictor m. and cricothyroid m. Recurrent Laryngeal nerve: provides motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid m. It also innervates the laryngeal mucosa inferior to the vocal folds (Please refer to Dr. Krippendorf’s lecture on September 30, 2005, and her cranial nerve lecture, also netter plate 120). Heart: netter 223 Clinical Comments: Referred pain: You get referred pain from the heart because sensory fibers for pain travel with the sympathetics. They enter the spinal cord at the same level and sensory fibers from the body wall (T1T5). There are two theories as to how referred pain happens. The first theory is that the cell bodies in the dorsal horn spinal cord grey matter cross talk with other sensory fibers, this causes the brain to think the pain is from the arm, anterior body wall, or jaw. Another theory is that there is one common pathway for the fibers and the brain gets confused and doesn’t know where the pain is coming from. Lungs: netter 206 She wants us to remember that the primary effect of the parasympathetic system is to induce secretion from the bronchial glands. Also, that the sympathetic system causes bronchial smooth muscle to bronchodialate.
Clinical Comments: Ling and viscera pleura are insensitive to pain. General Visceral Afferent fibers travel with the vagus nerve e.g. cough receptor and inflation receptor, (cough reflex happens if irritation is sensed). In asthma bronchospasms may be treated with drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system because they facilitate bronchodialation. Colon: Hirschprung’s Disease This is usually a congenital absence of parasympathetic ganglia in the wall of the gut. Therefore no peristalsis occurs, there is a distention of the proximal part of the colon. An infant with this disease may have severe constipation and explosive diarrhea. The feces becomes backed up which enlarges the proximal part of the colon causing “megacolon.” This disease can be acquired later in life by using narcotics or having diseases such as Parkinson’s. Treatment for this includes surgically attaching the normal colon to the rectum. Urinary Bladder: Males have an internal urethral sphincter, which is also referred to as preprostatic or proximal urethral sphincter. This is a build up of extra smooth muscle. Reproductive Organs (female): Refer to netter 395; pay special attention of the division of pain in the uterus and vagina. Pain sensation from the uterine fundus and body sympathetic lumbar splanchnic n. Pain from cervix and upper vagina parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic n. Pain from lower part of the vagina pudendal n, somatic fibers. Note: Pelvic splanchnic nerves are parasympathetic. The thoracic, lumbar, and sacral splanchnic nerves are sympathetic. Reproductive Organs (male): Clinical Comments: These clinical comments pertain mostly to if a male has a spinal cord injury. Autonomic Dysreflexia is an acute syndrome involving massively disordered autonomic responses. This is a sudden act of sympathetic afferent neurons. This sudden act causes headaches, hypertension, bradycardia (slowed heart rate), piloerection, and pallor. An individual will become pale below where their spinal cord injury is. There is vasoconstriction, and slowed heart rate. You would think that the heart rate would be faster because this is a disorder of the sympathetic nervous system, however, the thought
is that the vagus nerve slows the heart rate. The goal with this syndrome is to prevent episodes. Also, these individuals need to be put on hypertension medication and to have bowel and bladder training. Urinary Dysfunction can also happen this is neurogenic bladder or spontaneous emptying of the bladder. Sexual Dysfunction reflex or spontaneous erections can happen. The sympathetic nervous system causes muscle contraction and if the smooth muscle around the internal urethral sphincter is not contracting then reflex can happen into the bladder.