712cdeab-aaa3-4e7f-92b8-0f4b71a427c4-150520123542-lva1-app6892.pdf

OOAC Open Online Academy

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Northeast Pacific May to November. A peak in late August/early September

Atlantic and Caribbean Sea Officially, the season spans from early July to the end of November. Peak activity is first half September

Southeeast Indian basin From late October to May. Peak season mid-January to mid-February

North Indian basin From late October to May. January to mid-February

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Southeast Indian basin From late October to May, Peak season mid-January to mid-February

Southwest Pacific Begins late October or early November until May. Peak in February and March

Northwest Pacific All year round, but main season goes from July to November with a peak between August and September

INDIANA UNITED STATES

The Philippines country is where the Parasyut Design Team focused their studies. The country is also knowed as the Republic of the Philippines and it’s located in the Pacific Ocean in South-east of Asia. This particular archipelago has more than 7,100 islands of territory.

AZORES PORTUGAL MADEIRA PORTUGAL

PHILIPPINES 7

Tropic of Cancer

Hurricanes

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Equator

Pacific Ocean

Typhoons

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4 Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean

5 3 6 Tropic of Capricorn

Cyclones

img 2:World map of Ciclone Basins

HOW HIGH IS THE RISK TO BECOME A VICTIM OF NATURAL DISASTER? Nowadays everyone is in risk of becoming a natural disaster victim, but there are those who are in fact in more risk than others. Areas like South-east Asia and North America are the most affected areas in the world by Earthquakes, Typhoons, Floodings, Tsunamis, Landslides, and Volcano Eruptions.

Thesis Statement Architecture for the PEOPLE

Buildings are a second layer to our fragile bodies. They shelter us from the great dangers of the outside world. But what Parasyut Design Team really wants to understand is: Why do our buildings fail to meet their primary and most essential function in the face of a horrendous event such as a Typhoon? And how does a person, a city, or even a whole country, recover from the trail of destruction left behind when natural and political disasters are combined? Our goal is to show that properly applied Architecture can simplify and solve some of the greatest barriers to resilience, while unifying local and international communities. We chose to work in the Philippines not only because of its location in the western Pacific Ocean, an area hit by an average of 20 typhoons or tropical storms every year, but also because the Filipino spirit is not easily broken and we have much to learn from their resilient culture. In the following weeks we will be looking at different construction methods and materials, from the past, to the future.

PARASYUT DESIGN TEAM Open Online Academy | Resilient Architecture Research Course

FUNCHAL MADEIRA | PORTUGAL

TEAM members Carla Pereira | Architect [email protected]

TERCEIRA AZORES | PORTUGAL

Rita L. Borges | Architect [email protected]

BLOOMINGTON INDIANA | UNITED STATES

Giovanna Araujo | Designer [email protected]

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IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS What happened? .meteorological phenomenon .thunderstorms .rains, landfalls .wind, pressure .tropical cyclone .storm .coastal areas - waves - floods .climate change

CLIMATE

.Tarpaulins for emergency shelter

The Philippines are well knowned for there tropical maritime climate that is usually characterized by relatevely high temperature, oppressive humidity and plenty of rainfall.1

.Water purification systems to areas where drinking water is necessary

In fact climate is one of the main reasons for this occurences. In the Philippines territory it’s possible to identify three types of climate change. They are described as:

.physical and natural destruction .death

What do we NEED? .INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR TRANSPORT, ELECTRICITY, WATER SUPPLIES AND SANITATION .ECONOMIC SECTOR AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES, FOOD SECURITY, TRADE, INDUSTRY, SERVICES .SOCIAL SECTOR EDUCATION, HEALTH AND NUTRITION, HOUSING AND SHELTER

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What to do AFTER the TYPHOON?

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How to REBUILD?

.Safe and dignified shelter is a basic human right and in a post-disaster scenario it’s more than just putting a new roof over people’s heads and providing emergency shelter. It’s about fit-out-purpose rebuilds thar address the local culture, environment and economy. .Housing must improve on what went before and incorporate future risk mitigation in the design.

Legend: Type I. Two pronouced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Type II. No dry season with a pronouced rainfall from November to January. Type III. Seasons are not very pronouced, relatively dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year.

What are the MAIN obstacules? . Damaged roads

Type IV. Rainfall is more less evenly distributed throughout the year.

img 4:Climate variations map

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.Fallen trees and debris interfering with the communication systems

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“Climate of the Philippines”

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines

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typhoons MASSIVE DESTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES OVER THE YEARS BECAUSE OF THESE DISASTERS

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img 11. Philippines map, showing the which areas are in higher risk of being affected by Typhoons. Source: http://vm.observatory.ph/findings.html

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Typhoons Formation and Developement: How a typhoon is formed? Typhoons, or tropical cyclones, start like giant engines, porwered by warm and moist air rising over the ocean waters near to the equator, according to the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration.2 So Typhoons are formed by: .Sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, .High humidity in the lower to middle levels of the Troposphere, .Enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressurecenter, .A pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, low vertical wind shear. The areas most affected are Southeast Asia and North America. In the Philippines, particularly, people are affected like 20 times a year by a typhoon or tropical strom.

MATERIALS and CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES used in Filipino vernacular architecture:

BAHAY KUBO 4

Rectangular, cubic shape Stilt houses of wood, bamboo or other native material Easily repaired or rebuilt in case of natural disaster Provides a natural flow of ventilation.

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Bamboo

Anahaw

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Connection between construction elements Legend: 1 Ground posts 2 Stair entrance 3 End floor joist 4 Grass cover 5 Wall board 6 Girder

Legend: 1 Warm air rises 2 Rain water runoff 3 Stilts 4 Cool air 5 Storage 6 Entry stairs 7 Shaded area

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7 Shelf 8 Lower tie beam 9 Upper tie beam 10 Queen post 11 Bamboo and organic material 12 Top tie beam

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IVATAN HOUSE IFUGAO HOUSE 1st level stone pavement 2nd level room frame,walls, floor 3rd level pyramidal hopped roof

TAUSUG HOUSE

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img 20 - Ifugao Floor

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The Ifugao house withstand in a square form floor. This particular building is built to survive floods, that’s why the house is elevated from the ground.

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SITE AND TOPOGRAPHY

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FLAT, SLOPE, WATER

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ARCHITECTURAL FORMS

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RECTANGULAR FLOOR

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Forms, Geometry and Grounds

KALINGA HOUSE

Vernacular, from the Latin “vernaculus”, means native. Vernacular architecture refers to the grammar, syntax, and diction in expressing buildings in a locale, while signifying the diverse range of buildings traditions in a region.1

Supported by 12 post, 4 of them at each corner support the hipped roof made of bamboo Floor: reed mat

Philippines Vernacular Architecture

Vernacular architecture of Philippines can address the most common of structural problems with its simplicity and logical arrangement of elements, space and materials. The houses are built with a simple structure of bamboo and wood, covered by a thatched roof, that protect the large windows from sunlight and rain, with vented soffits to assist in dissipating the hot air upwards moderating the temperature inside. Vernacular Architecture of Philippines promotes natural ventilation, fast and economic construction with local and organic materials, simple structure and climate concerns. Book.“Arkitekturang Filipino. A History of Architecture and Urbanism in the Philippines” Chapter 2 “Philippine Vernacular Architecture and its Austronesian Ancestry”.

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img 26 Kalinga Floor Plan 1 Food storage 2 Cooking area 3 Entrance 4 Bed 5 Storage 6 Bamboo sticks and organic roof material 7 Ground posts 8 Stair entrance

Guiuan National High School Project Architects: MAT-TER Location: Guiuan, Philippines Architects In Charge: Christin To, Hugo Martinez Social And Feasibility Research/Development: Charles Dhinakaran, Javi Muriel Santurino Type: Education /Disaster Relief Year: 2014 This project conceived and designed by MATTER, is due to be constructed in the Philippines. Guiuan National High School project, focused it study and design in for key characteristics of the geometry resilience,Modular Diversity, Internal Grid Web-Network Structure, Scalability and Boundary Unification; with an unique form structure, the architects applied these elements with the intentio of creating a compact and aerodynamic building that serves primodly as a school, but also as a community center and mass shelter in case of a natural disaster. Overhall The form responds to climate, context and typology needs.

ARCHITECTURAL FORMS SQUARE FLOOR

RECTANGULAR FLOOR

CIRCLE FLOOR

Forms, Geometry and Grounds Contemporary Architecture

Contemporary emergency architecture todas, seeks to respond the needs of the population that constatly experience natural hazards; and also seeks to respond climatic and environmental requirements that many live in. With a simples base design, like square, rectangular and circle floor, for the examples that we’ve present, the goal beyond the multifunctional spaces, the architecture re-uses or re-invent local construction techniques and materials.

School for 1000 Students - 10,000sqm

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Proposed School Size for Guiuan

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img 28 - Site Plan

BB Home Project

img 29 - Program Morphogenisis for School

S-House 2 Project

Architects: H&P Architects Location: Hanoi, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam Area: 44 sqm Year: 2013 Contractor: H&P Architects The BB (Blooming Bamboo) Home project, was conceived and designed especially for the Vietnam, but like any resilient architecture, this project can also be built in different countries, the importance is that it adapts to the environment where it’s going to be built. In the Vietnam, the natural hazards are frequent and severe, storms, floods, sweeping floods, landslides, drought, Etc...are also a constante in this area and over the years have been damaging the country, it takes away about 500 percent persons and 1.2% - GDP - equally assets and reduces the involved areas’ development.

Architects: Vo Trong Nghia Architects Location: Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Area: 31.0 sqm Year: 2014 The S-House 2 its’s project that has been developed over the year, and till now there have been 2 forms of this house. First there was a more fragile struture, fully covered by synthetic roof and walls. And now we have a concrete frame struture covered with nipa palms panels. The main object for this project was too quickly response to the urgent need of low-cost housing. In the Vietnam people are frequently threatened by natural hazards, and this particular construction it’s prepared to resist tropical stroms, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes , despite the look this house it’s well anchored to the needs of this area and people.

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img 39 img 36 Sleeping Area

Living Space + Dinning Area

Legend:

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1. Living room 2. Worship 3. Bedroom 4. Bathroom (with WC) 5. Kitchen 6. Staircase to indoor terrace 7. Laundry + Drying 8. Outdoor Terrace 9. Indoor Terrace (Sleeping+learning) 10. Top sapce for relax (also exit in emergencies) 11. Oil tanks (recycled) 12. Anchoring steel piles (when floating)

Natural Ventilation during the high temperatures

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Silong - floor Kisame - living area Babungan - Roof

Structure and Materials Vernacular Architecture: Case of study

Vernacular architecture is a pure response to a person’s or society’s building needs, as it is crafted by individuals, the main goal is to be re- sistant and tailored to what that individual particular needs. The building construction methods are considered tested trough tri- aland-error until they achieve perfection over time with concernings regarding climatic, functional and social needs. img 43

The Bahay Kubo is an example of a traditional cube house of the Philippines. It has a simple structure of bamboo with anahaw thatching material for the roof and besides the evolution with modern times regarding materials and technology, it maintains its raised structure on stilts and thatched steeped roof.

BAHAY KUBO

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IDGE POLE

Silong - floor

RAFTER

Buffer area for rising waters during floods and prevent pests Used for storage, may be fenced off or not Constructed with wood and bamboo img 44

PURLIN

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A SHINGLES

POST

URLIN FTER GIRT

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NIPA SHING ROOF

WALL OF NIPA SHINGLES WINDOW SILL

POST NIPA SHINGLES

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HORIZONTAL STUD

Tall and steeply pitched - collling effect - water flow down quickly - limited space to move around the house

HORIZON DO JAM

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Let in fresh air and natural light The cube shape - is easiest to pre-build the walls Windows - large awning held by a wooden rod or sliding

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IRDER

HORIZO

FLOOR VERTICA JOIST STUD IRDER

FLOO

BAMBOO S

POST

Babungan - Roof

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Source: www.asiafinest.com

img 52 Source: pixshark.com

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S-HOUSE 2 Project

MATERIALS:

Legend: 1. Steel Plate Joint (img 58) 2. Covering Joint by Mortar (img 59) 3. Installing the Wood furring (img 60) 4. Making the Nipa Parm Panels (img 61) 5. PC Foundation (img 62) 6. Installing the Nipa Parm Panels (img 63) 7. Roofing Cement Board (img 64)

In this project the materials are: .Concrete frame structure .Nipa Palm Panels .Corrugated Cement Boards .Concrete Foundations .Steel Door and Window

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The ultimate goal of S-House 2 Project was to promote the low-cost housing, that’s why the building is built we local and pre-fabricated materials.

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BB HOME Project 4 2

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Bamboo Roof

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Rope

Bamboo of 8-10 Diameter

Vertical Garden

Nylon Sheet (rain shield) img 68

Leave Roof

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Wall Materials Polycarbonate Sheet

Vertical Garden

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Bamboo Pile - Beam Connection

Door Materials and door shapes

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Structure and Materials

What are the MATERIALS? In this project the materials are, BAMBOO in most of the construction, STEEL ANCHORS, OIL TANKS and LEAVES. This is a more modern approach to this situations, a shelter with a vernacular design but a contemporary concept.

Contemporary Architecture: Case of study

200 L Oil tank 4 V-Shaped Steel bars (welded to make a cross > Ting Pile Moving direction of ting pile Two U-Shape steel bars (10cmx5cm - welded to make steel box of 10 cm >Holding pile for up and down shifting Steel Slab (fixed into the ground using screws) Bamboo of 8-10 Diameter

Rope Axo Building OPEN and CLOSED when necessary

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What are we looking for? An architecture for the people, conceived, designed and constructed by the people. Following this idea, a architecture for the people needs to responde culture and tradition needs, but also needs to responde local and territory needs. In this areas what are the problems? First of all, lack of constructive efficiency, meaning, the are many construction techniques that once have answered local needs, nowadys, if climate changes and environmental transformation this techniques new to be reinforced and improved. Seconde, the materials that are use, it’s a fact that they are local and most likely they are low-cost for the population, but today they are not so effective. Natural hazards are becoming more and more intensive and destructive, therefore materials should be heavier and more resistant rather than light and weak.

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FACADES

ROOFS

The facade of a building is one of its most important elements, not only for the aesthetics but also and mainly for energy efficiency matters. Using vernacular elements like bamboo and stone is possible to readapt construction systems from the past to present, turning them more resilient facing natural disasters and durability of construction. Stone, wood and bamboo facades are more energy efficient and more economic. These materials have less primary energy requirements, they promote natural ventilation and require cheaper maintenance costs.

The roof is the most importante protection of our house from the rain and the wind. The most common type of roofing designs are the Hip Roof and Gable-End Roof.

The roof is regarded as the most important element in Filipino architecture. Traditional Philippine dwellings have a teep slope for easily shedding rain, with means for capturing and storing rainwater. The steep slope also helps draw hot indoor air upwards to the top of the roof and away from the living areas. Deep overhangs protect the large windows from harsh sunlight and rain, with vented sofftis to further assist in dissipating the hot air and moderating the temperature inside the roof structure, and consequently, the living spaces bellow.

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HIP ROOF

GABLE-END ROOF

“Quatro aguas” is a Spanish architectural term meaning, a roof with 4 sides instead of just the two-sided A-frame design. This type of roof is more aerodynamic and more wind resistant compared to the gable, which is a double pitched roof. The wind flows smoothly over a hip roof, whichever direction it comes from.

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STONE WALLS B img 84 img 73

WOOD | PALISADE WALLS

Bamboo Facade and Walls

A Bahay Kubo house ROOFING SYSTEM

BAMBOO CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

img 85 maytuab (hip roof) A img 76

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In the Ivatan homes, roofs are built with bamboo structure and covered up with a net system and cogon. This houses are classified according to there roof configuration, meaning, we identify two types of roofs, the maytuab (hip roof) and sinadumparan (gable roof); both are built with the same materials.

sinadumparan (gable roof)

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Ivatan houses, Batanes Province

img 86 Cogon roof

img 87 Roof net Bamboo structure

OPENINGS Bayanihan: “A Filipino word derived from the word bayan meaning town, nation, or community in general. ‘Bayanihan’ literally means, ‘being a bayan,’ and is thus used to refer to a spirit of communal unity and cooperation.

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Building Enclosures Vernacular Architecture: Case of study

The windows in traditional Filipino homes can take up ore than 50% surface in proportion to the walls. Maximizinf daylight and cross-ventilation are prioritized in the vernacular filipino design, including two different components: one layer of sliding panels fitted with translucent windowpane (“capiz”), and a second layer of manually operable wooden louvers. However the cheap glass used for the windows especially in the Filipino slums, cannot withstand 200km/ winds and are also very suscepitble to beig hit by flying debris. This causes the glass to break, leav-

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ing the entire structure of the house even more vulnerable to destruction.

Solutions to resist typhoons

Typhoon and Hurricane shutters can provide protection from such failures during the storm. Shutters are often constructed of steel or aluminum, but ply-wood and local materials are low-cost alternatives. The shutters are attached to the outside of the building using screws, clips, or a track system. In addition to this, another way to prevent from wind invasion is by choosing sliding doors over hinged ones, once it makes ir harder for the door to be blown in by the swinging. Z-shaped rods are a great option to strengthen doors and windows that are made of bamboo, mats, and/or timber planks (without frames), or by being precisely nailed.

img 91 Hurricane Shutters: Made of steel, aluminum, ply-wood or local materials

Impact Resistant Glass

Vernacular architecture it’s a way how people reflect their culture and traditions. In the Philippines, architecture has it’s own way of telling the story of how this particular population live their lives. A great influence in the way people build their homes and public spaces, is the climate. In the philippines the we have three different types of climates, and in each and everyone we identify high temperatures, strong winds and also rain. That’s why, constructions are built with light and local materials. During our research we’ve realized that the Filipino architecture is most likely built with wood, timber, bamboo and other local materials. Only in the late 20th century, concrete construction start to appear, but today people maintain the wooden structures as the perfect construction technique. The images above, show us how building enclosures are built during the years.

FACADES

ROOFS

This dome building is constructed 90% of wood, which is a very stable material (once that does not dilate or explode do to hight temperatures) and promotes fire resistant because if large sections of glugam are used in the framework of this house, it will be more resistant to fire (the charcoal surface inhibits the oxygen penetration and slows the combustion). The characteristic of being a 360º shaped building allows to maximize the amount of sunlight absorbed and the big windows promote interior spaces with light. This project example intends to bean ecologic, confortable, healthy, protector, modular and mainly, an economic project for housing using wood as main constrcution material.

In a more modern approach, we’ve found two different types of roofing systems, and more importantly resistant to any natural hazard that occure in this areas.

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BB Home project, it’s an inspired Bahay Kubo house. This bamboo structure it’s ready and prepared to nateural disasters, most likely Typhoons and other tropical storms, floods and earthquakes. The structure itself closes when it’s necessary, so we are talking about strong winds or even rain. The roofing materials are BAMBOO for the structure and cover up of the roof.

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Simple shape for minimized wind exposure

Ability to float in case of flood

Ting for solid structure

The images above, shows us the building transformation during a natural hazards.

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img 105 Clapboard Timber

Timber Frame

Wattle and Daub

Plaster and lath interior lining and exterior board sheating, rosin and clapboards.

Stave construction, timber four-sided frame with vertical exterior weatherboards.

Tar coated exposed frame with an early pre-evolutionary version of exterior stucco.

TIMBER FRAME

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S House project, is a design prepared for strong winds and earthquakes. The constructive system is concrete and them Nipa Plam panels. First we have a concrete frame, which is the all body of the house, it’s what supports the all house. For the facade we have Nipa Palm Panels, that prevent the house from strong winds.

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OPENINGS

Building Enclosures

Contemporary Architecture: Case of study

For the contemporary architecture, we’ve tried to understand what has been done around the world to resolve the problems resulting from the natural hazards. For the facades we’ve look for light structures most likely made by light steel and timber frames. The roofs systems, in the examples we have the use of wooden materials, such us, bamboo; and also theirs the corrugated steel sheets, which we believe it’s the strongest and resistant material to apply in case of natural hazards. Finaly for the openings, according to the vernacular architecture, and we have some inteligent interventions, windows and doors should have a shutter system. This way the people inside the house are protected from strong winds and others situations. Knowing this, the example that we present is shutter system made with polycarbonate windows and steel frames.

Wind moves faster at greater heights, an advantage of tall buildings, which are more effective when it comes to cross ventilation and stack ventilation. If a building has windows only on one side, natural ventilation will not reach further than two times the floor to ceiling height, and if the building has windows on both sides, natural ventilation will reach a limit of less than five times the floor to ceiling height. The most ventilation is achieved when buildings are oriented so that the shorter axis aligns with prevailing winds, while orientation perpendicular to the axis will limit passive ventilation. Structural elements and internal spaces can channel air through the building in many directions in those cases.

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Open and Closed Window

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Building Systems Energy Optimization: Vernacular Architecture

Energy Production and Consumption in the Philippines

Geothermal Energy

A significant share of the Filipino electricity generation comes from renewable energy sources such as Geothermal and Hydropower, but the country also produces small volumes of oil, natural gas, and coal. The country exports nearly all of the crude oil it produces. Out of the total roughly 1.3 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) consumed by the Philippines in 2011, oil constituted roughly 41%, coal 22%, biomass 19%, and 18% from natural gas and various renewable energy sources. Petron Corporation supplies 40% of the oil needs in the country.

How it works?

img 114 Image Source: http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/

Energy Use and Source Energy Energy Use Intensity (EUI) measures energy use by floor area, which is great to set consumption targets. But when it comes to environmental impacts the ficus needs to be the source energy and what end-uses take the most energy.

Building Evelope and Energy Efficiency In dynamic climates, the effects of heat storage in the envelope assemble become more complex than in steady-state conditions, once the temperature swings that would otherwise occur end up being moderated by thermal resistance from the tehermal mass. High thermal mass materials conduct a considerable amount of energy deep throughout the material. Each materials has a heat storage property, which determinates its capacity to gain or release energy.

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Passive and Active Systems Passive systems can reduce the energy demand or meet it naturally, while active systems move heat and moisture using gas or electricity. Active systems take more energy to meet heating loads than to meet cooling loads, because heating systems covert chemical energy (fuel) into heat which is 75% to 95% efficient, while cooling systems move heat in and out of the building rather than converting energy, and are not measured in a percentage. img 117 img 116

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1. Cows: Manure can be broken down and burnt, producing energy that can generate electricity with a much lower CO2 emission than burning coal. img 118

Building Systems

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Energy Optimization: Vernacular Architecture

6 Innovative ways to produce electricity for typhoon emergency Energy Efficient Design for the Philippines 2. Lemons: Acidic fruits and vegetables, when in large quantities, can work as batteries by inserting two different metallic objects into them. The chemical change in the metal produces the energy.

The climate of the Philippines is Tropical, with high temperatures and oppressive humidity. For the building envelope in this climate, keeping the sun off and maximizing ventilation are priorities. Reflective insulated light colored roofs, and walls that pass breeze but not rain with open eaves and porous with low-mass to prevent condensation that causes mold growth, are essential.

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3. Roads: Dark asphalt absorbs heat from sunlight reaching temperatures of 113 degrees Fahrenheit (45 degrees Celsius). Water pipes embedded in the asphalt can collect that energy.

5. Trees: Wires attached to tree trunks by nails and connected to conductors in the ground can produce a faint amount of electricity, due to the imbalance in pH between the soil and the tree. img 122

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4. Humans: The human body can give off the same amount of energy as a light bulb, 60 to 100 Watts. This generates heat which can be collected for electricity.

6. Rain: A single falling raindrop produces vibrations that can be converted by sensors into electricity. An average raindrop from one to five millimeters in diameter can produce 12 milliwatts of energy.

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE: STARTING POINT img 124

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In Philippines they have successfully mastered the ravages of the seasonal typhoons with a long history of struggle and adaptation. With local resources, cost efficiency and locally skills and materials, self sufficiency was achieved transforming vernacular architecture into a vernacular (but more) sustainable and contemporary approach.

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CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE A Modern Bahay Kubo Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050

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Legend: 1 Warm air rises 2 Rain water runoff 3 Stilts 4 Cool air 5 Storage 6 Entry stairs 7 Shaded area

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Modular building Lower construction and flexibility

costs

Open porches close down to protect the house during tropical storms

images source: http://www.homedesignfind. com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartmentcomplex-for-2050/i img 126

HOW TO TRANSFORM A BUILDING INTO A RESILIENT BUILDING? FROM ZERO img 131

Building Systems

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Water Management: From Vernacular to Contemporary Architecture

RESILIENCE: The capacity of a system – be it a landscape, a coastal area or a city – to deal with change and continue to develop. This means the capacity to withstand shocks and disturbances such as a financial crisis or use such an event to catalyse renewal and innovation. (www. stockholmresilience.su.se.) The main characteristics of traditional building systems are ecology and sustainability, thermal isolation, time of construction, costs, security, durability, soundproofing, quality of finishings, esthetics, functionallity and its environment. The main characteristics of a Resilient building systems, besides those mentioned above, are: Economize water and energy, ensure healthy buildings, maximize buildings life, use of eco-efficient materials, low mass construction, minimize waste production and economics. A resilient building which seeks sustainability, it is intended to meet the needs of the present generation without endangering the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Prefabricated house completely self-sufficient Ability to operate independently, without the need for any external utility or waste disposal ZERO HOUSE connections. READAPT AND OLD BUILDING

ROOF INSULATION RAINWATER COLLECTION RAINWATER CASCADE SYSTEM EXPOSED PERVASIVE BUILDING ECOSYSTEM

SUSPENDED LED LIGHTING INTERNAL GREEN WALLS RADIANT FLOOR PANEL

LOW VOLTAGE NETWORK IRRIGATION TRELLIS DECENTRALIZED HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATION DECENTRALIZED SEASONAL HEAT STORAGE AND PUMPS

RAINWATER CASCADE EFFLUENT

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BIOSWALE WITH DIVERSE WATER AND EDGE PLANTING

Flat | Water | Slope

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CENTURY

CISTERNS

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FOUNTAINS

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Building Systems

Water carriers in Philippines

WELLS

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Water Management: Vernacular Architecture

Populations have always had a need to establish themselves near water sources to ensure their survival. As it was not always possible to establish near these water sources, it was necessary to create infrastructure for water, as the case of aqueducts that carried water to the communities. Other important infrastructure to obtain water were the wells, fountains and cisterns, that guaranteed the rainwater storage utilization. However, other systems were designed for surviving issues, such as those used in the Philippines rice terraces, a complex system of articulation of native materials and construction techniques.

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TERRACE WATER SYSTEM These terraces are fed by an ancient irrigation system of dams, sluices, channels and bamboo pipes, which drain into a stream at the bottom of the valley. img 139

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BAMBOO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS These terraces are fed by an ancient irrigation system of dams, sluices, channels and bamboo pipes, which drain into a stream at the bottom of the valley.

Bamboo pipe water flow from one field to another

Bamboo drip irrigation system

Images source: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas

SMALL PONDS FOR WATER COLLECTION Water collection in small reservoirs - used for irrigating crops and drinking purposes.

Stone support

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img 141

img 143 Image source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm#sources%20 of%20irrigation%20water

RAINWATER COLLECTION FOR GROWING CROPS

RAINWATER HARVESTING AND COLLECTION img 149

img 150

Source:http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-bahay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final

img 144 img 145

ABLE TO SUSTAIN BASIC NEEDS WATER | FOOD

In this examples of contemporary SH bahay kubo’s there is an integrated water system. From a rainwater collection system on each terrace to a water slowing system, that stores rainwater in a cistern below the deck, the goal is use and reuse the maximun amount of water. This water is later used as toilet water or for landscaping the area.

Water Management Systems:

WINDMIL L Power+ Water

img 152 Solar

WATER COLLECTION PODS FOR RE-USE BLACKWATER/GREYWATER SYSTEMS TREATMENT TANK GREYWATER STORAGE TANK POTABLE WATER TANK WATER EVAPORATOR/AIR CONDENSER HUMAN WASTE WATER EXTRACTOR

panel s

WOOD WITH COCONU T Insulatio n

Rainwater collection permits the use of vertical gardens in the facades img 146 img 151

RAINWATER SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT Instant irrigation or store water under the houses Modern approach to collect rainwater Resilient approach to collect rain water

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Building Systems

Water Management: Contemporary Architecture

Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines are characterized by achivements and challenges. In Philippines they have successfully mastered the ravages of the seasonal typhoons with a long history of struggle and adaptation. With local resources, cost efficiency and locally skills and materials, self sufficiency was achieved transforming vernacular architecture into a vernacular (but more) sustainable and contemporary building.

1 WOODEN

2 CONCRETE

In the Philippines territory, wooden materials like, timber beams, bamboo, wooden doors and others are the materials that we’ve identified in large amounts. Most of the Filipino houses are built with wooden materials.

The concrete it’s a more contemporary material and it’s also found in this disaster areas. From these areas it’s possible to collect, concrete walls, sidewalks and foundation.

Deconstruction Opportunity

Timber Beams

3 METALS

4 FURNITURE

Materilas like corrugated steel sheets can be applied for the construction of new roofs. This material. There are also the metal structures that can serve for other building structures.

5 PLASTICS

Plastic nowadys it’s a material that can be transformed in anything. It’s possible to collected, plastic bottles and containers, mostly; and with theses products we can create a foundation based in water containers. Another example is the use of plastic bottles to create light inside and outside a shelter.

The pieces of furniture, are also a object found in disaster areas, it’s possible to find furniture in good condition, in this cases, the response it’s simple, recycle then into new and improved objects.

6 OTHERS Porcelain tiles, glass, and other materials, are the most dificult materials to reuse, but it’s possible to reuse then, but most likely they are recycle.

Wooden Doors

1

Deconstruction Opportunity Plywood Sheets

Corrugated Steel Sheets Concrete Walls Porcelain Tile Walls Plastic Sheets

Bamboo

Furniture

Bricks

Stones

Plastic Containers

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Building Systems

Waste Management and Recycling Process: Introduction WHAT MEANS? Recycling is the most important of the three R’s, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.3 Along the years, the amount of waste, industrial or domestic, has been increasing. Any product as it’s own ‘time to live and to die’, the importance of recycling it’s exactly to change this cicle of any industrial product that has been manufacture, meaning recycling a product mean giving another change or another life to any debris or waste that we find. RECYCLING HISTORY History says that recycling started long before the concept was even created. The population needs obligated then to reuse the materials that were already put a side and did not had any use to the daily activities.1 But the reuse of things came more important

during the World War II, all products and objects were important for war instruments. Without a concrete idea, people started doing recycling even before the green movement were invented, people understood the importance of recycling. “The History of Recycling” Source: http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/historyofrecycling/ 1

All materials can be recycled, but there are those that are suited for the process. Suited for recycling means that are some materials that spend more energy to recycle than others, and recycling also means reducing the energy waste on manufacturing and also air and water polution.3 There is so much that we can do to prevent the massive destruction of the environment. “The History of Recycling” Source: http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/historyofrecycling/ 2 “The History of Recycling” Source: http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/historyofrecycling/ 3 ”Materials Best Suited to Recycling” 1

Source: https://suite.io/laurence-o-sullivan/yd720y

1 COGON ROOF

The Cogon it’s a fragile material and not resistant to Typhoons or any tropical storm. The roof is protected with fishing nets or bambo trellis, and the system usually last more than a decade. img 158

img 159

2 STONE WALLS

The stone walls are already prepared for Typhoon and earthquakes, but there’s a way to make them more resistant to any disaster. img 164

LIMESTONE WALLS Construction of the Congon roof is made at least by 20 Wood trusses for cogon roof. The man. The image above, representes how do they built thatch, usually is 30 centimeters this particular roof. thick.

HOW 2 1

can we make the roof more resistant to Typhoons?

3 4

Cross Section

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img 160

To prevent the destruction of the Ivatan House, instead of building the cogon roof, they’ve reinforce the roofs with materials like corrugated steel sheats and concrete slabs. With these changes these houses are capable to survive natural hazards.

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These stone walls are the brand of this area. The Batanes province is featured by this stone walls, that’s is why many people agree that new and contemporary materials have to be carefully introduced in order to not destroy the architectural landscape.

HOW

can we make the roof more resistant to Typhoons?

There are many new constructing that are been built in Batanes. For some this is the perfect intervention for the construction of a resistant home. But for others this concrete massive img 167

img 163

img 166

constructions are the wrong path to prevent the destruction of the Batanes homes. In the Ivatan house, are being constructed with mortar and cobbles, walls have one meter more of thickness. img 168

Legend: a. Concrete Walls b. Limestone and Concrete Walls img 169

b

a

img 170 Roof System, Rope

Cogon Roof

Cogon Roof

Roof System, Structure Eleme t

Roof System

Roof Net, Structure Element

Roof System

1

ructure, Bamboo Trusses

Roof Net, Structure Element

Bunghalo Roof Structure, Trusses Cogon Roof Stone Wall

Stone Walls

Wood Bars

Window Wood Structure

3 Wood Door

Window Wood Structure

3

Wood Window Stone Stairs

Building Systems

Waste Management and Recycling Process

IVATAN HOUSE, Batane Province: Case Study The Ivatan people are unique human beings. According to William Agsunod, the mayor of Mahatao, a town in Batan, tge archioelago’s largest island, Nature and Human beings are as one, - “We understand nature. Nature cannot live with us. We have to live with nature”.1 Form their simplicity of life and activities they are a population capable of surviving from any natural disaster. The houses of Ivatan are constructed and repaired through a cooperative system called kayvayvanaan or kamanyiduan. The Ivatan House is a UNIQUE vernacular architecture. This structure is divided into four houses, first we have the main house with the sleeping areas, then there’s the cooking house that during the cold seasons are used as sleeping quarters, and also there’s the toilet area and bathhouse. The houses is open in three walls and the fourth wall since it’s in direction to the strongest typhoon winds it’s fully closed.

Waste Management Recycling After a typhoon, as we can se in the image above, we identify a lot of potencial materials that can be used to repaired the houses that survived the natural hazard. For the Ivatan house, the materials that are found for recycling are wood, cogon leaves and limestones. For a better and resistant house, recycling materials means using materials like wood and limestones. The cogon leaves are a fragile materials and for that reason they are not useful. And finaly to complete the stage of repairing the Ivatan houses concrete is also an important material to use and reuse.

2 Window Wood Structure

Structure Bamboo Trusses

Wood Floor Flooring Structure

oof Structure, Bamboo Trusses

3 OPENINGS img 171

img 172

oring Structure

img 173

Stone Foundation

No Ivatan home is ever built facing north, the direction from which the wind typically roars strongest. The Windows, equipped with tough wooden shutters, face the oceans at the east or west.2

HOW

can we make the roof more resistant to Typhoons?

Doors and windows, are made with hardwood planks, and exceptionally narrow and short compared with those of standard houses. For bolting doors and windows, hardwood bars are used.

img 174

img 178

TYPHOON RESISTANT HOME WHAT SHOULD A TYPHOON READY HOME HAVE? Contemporary architecture is now conceived and design to resist an intensive disaster, it doesn’t matter what’s the hazard the importance is that the building characteristics respond to it very well and with the minimun damage possible. With this thesis, we want to know mostly how can we prevent the massive destruction and how can we make a already built home resistant to natural hazards, most likely, Typhoons.

img 176 img 175

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35º

2

4 side slope roof with an angle of 30° to 45° to prevent it being lifted off by the wind.

1

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Reinforce the bracing in the structure.

Trees Around the house to prevent strong winds

Stilts can serve as a basis for flood-resistant and storm surge-resistant homes.

img 181

To avoid wide roof overhangs, separate the diverse structure elements from the house (balcony).

img 182

3

img 183

Analysis

Resilient Architecture Research: Typhoon in the Philippines _ Easy to build and the structure is detachable - can be relocated _ Highly replicable - Modular construction _ Uses durable and local materials _ Organic materials provide natural ventilation _ The mature bamboo when properly dried is stronger _ A safe, elevated location when possible is prefered _ Revise building standards _ The space under the house can be used to store water and food

WHAT ARE THE MATERIALS THAT CAN SURVIVE A TYPHOON? _ CONCRETE Walls, Frames Strutcture or Foundations. _ METALS Corrugated Steel Panels and Metal Structure, it’s important to reinforce roofs and structure of the buildings that continuosly keep survive natural disaster. _ STONES But not only industrial materials can survive typhoons, Stones are a local materials and quite abundant in the Philippines that all over this year with the Ivatan Houses, proved that is not only the contemporary techniques that are capable of resisting the worlds natural hazards. _ BAMBOO It a fact that bamboo it’s a plant resistant enough to survive this situations. Bamboo it’s like the metal structures from our ancestry. Bamboo it’s use more in structures and as coverering up material.

Foundations Are constructed with heavy materials, most likely concrete. This concrete foundations are anchored to the ground allowing the house to resist andy natural hazards.

4

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Walls Reinforced the walls, it’s possible to use local materials, what matters is to have a heavy and anchored frame structure.

Fixations Walls, and roof structure should be firmly fixed together. Storm Shutters installing storm shutters over windows and doors protects from rain and wind.

Posts; strapped on concrete footing. The entire house is detachable from the footing (relocation).

Legend:

img 185

1. Structure System: Bamboo Structure and Metallic Structures 2. Roofing System: Concrete Slabs and Corrugated Steel Sheets 3. Walls Systems: Stone and Concrete, and Concrete Walls 4. Foundations Systems: anchored Concrete Foundations

typhoon yolanda destruction img 186

Resilient Architecture Research: Typhoon in the Philippines

The phenomenon of observing nature in search for answers that will bring us closer to technological advancement and scientific innovation is becoming increasingly talked about each day. Mimicking those natural processes to solve current challenges is an ecologic and pertinent strategy. In vernacular Architecture, it is necessary to adapt primordial construction concepts and techniques to contemporary materials, promoting modern Architecture and historic preservation at the same time. The Architect must resort to endogenous materials, but also add innovative knowledge and construction methods to obtain a more successful result from this inter-relation, while asking the right questions towards safeguard when it comes to, in the case of our research, Typhoon resilience. This integration should result in sustainable, ecological, and economical Architecture with the ability to resist natural disasters that are becoming ever more frequent due to climate change. This is not only crucial to prevent from catastrophic destruction of buildings, but also to solve and rebuild post disaster.

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BOOKS | ARTICLES . n.d. “How to build a safer shelter - 10 principles of storm-resilient constructions”, ICRC-PRC shelter response in Davao Oriental, ICRC Water and Habitat . n.d. “Disaster Vulnerability & Donor Opportunities in South & Southeast Asia”, Give2Asia, IIR, . n.d. World Bank. 2014. “Recovery and Reconstruction Planning In the Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), Summary of Knowledge Briefs”, World Bank Group, GFDRR - Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Washington, DC. October. . World Bank. 2013. “Philippines: Timely Reconstruction to Lessen Impact of Typhoon Yolanda—World Bank.” Press release. December 6. . DPWH (Philippine Department of Public Works and Highways) and World Bank. 2014a. Field Investigation Report on the Impact of the Bohol Earthquake and Typhoon Yolanda on Buildings. Washington, DC: World Bank. . 2014b. Guidelines for Earthquake and Wind Strengthening and Reconstruction of Public and Cultural Heritage Buildings: Findings from the Bohol Earthquake and Typhoon Yolanda Assessment. Washington, DC: World Bank. . Klasse, W. 1986 “Architecture in the Philippines, Filipino building in a cross-cultural context”, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines . Arancon, R. 1997. “Asia-Pacific Forestry sector outlook study: focus on coconut wood”, Forestry Policy and Planning Division, Rome, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, October 1997. . NEDA. 2013. “Reconstruction Assistance on Yolanda, Build Back Better”, National Economic and Development Authority, Prtigas Center, Pasig City, ISSN:22437576 . Article: Reconstruction Assistance on Yolanda: Build Back Better, by Republic of the Philippines, 16 December 2013 . Article: Recovery and Reconstruction Planning in the Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda): Summary of Knowledge Briefs, by World Bank Group, October 2014 - October 2014, Washington, DC 20433, USA. “Recovery and Reconstruction Planing, In the Aftermath of Typhoon Haitan (Yolanda)”, Summary of Knowledge Briefs, The Internacional Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

IMAGES INDEX _TITLE PAGE - Chapter 1, NASA image courtesy LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Mike Carlowicz - October 2014, Washington, DC 20433, USA. “Recovery and Reconstruction Planing, In the Aftermath of Typhoon Haitan (Yolanda)”, Summary of Knowledge Briefs, The Internacional Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

[page 2] _img 2 - “The science of typhoons”; “Map of cyclone basins “, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/ _img 3 - World Map, http://www.handyandy.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/map-20.png, http://www.handyandy.org.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/map-20.png _img 4 - “Types of Climates in the Philippines Territory”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines _img 5 - “Getting Aid to Victims Of Typhoon Haiyan”, A surivor walks among the debris of houses destroyed by Super Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban. http://www.chiangraitimes.com/ getting-aid-to-victims-of-typhoon-haiyan-videos.html _img 6 - Typhoon Destruction, “People walk through an area devastated by Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban November 23, 2013. Typhoon Haiyan smashed through the country on November 8, laying waste to just about everything in its path, and killing more than 4,000 people.” http://blogs.blouinnews.com/blouinbeatbusiness/files/2013/11/2013-1123T080106Z_2002487810_GM1E9BN18DQ01_RTRMADP_3_PHILIPPINES_img 7 - Typhoon Destruction, http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/the_world_/2013/11/14/the_economic_impact_of_a_typhoon_can_be_worse_than_the_ storm/187947754.jpg.CROP.promovar-mediumlarge.jpg, http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/the_world_/2013/11/14/the_economic_impact_of_a_typhoon_can_be_ worse_than_the_storm/187947754.jpg.CROP.promovar-mediumlarge.jpg _img 8 - Typhoon Destruction, http://filipinofreethinkers.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Typhoon-Ondoy.jpg, http://filipinofreethinkers.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/ _img 9 - Typhoon Destruction, http://www.goeringo.com/wp-content/uploads/Project-PEARLS-photo.jpg, http://www.goeringo.com/wp-content/uploads/Project-PEARLS-photo.jpg _img 10 - Typhoon Destruction, http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02735/typhoon_2735976b.jpg, http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02735/typhoon_2735976b. jpg _img 11 - Risk of Typhoon Map in the Philippines, http://vm.observatory.ph/images/CW_hires/risk_typhoon.jpg, http://vm.observatory.ph/images/CW_hires/risk_typhoon.jpg _img 12 - In the eye of a storm, “The science of typhoons”, “How Typhoon is formed?”, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/ _img 13 - In the eye of a storm, “The science of typhoons”, “How Typhoon is formed?”, http://multimedia.scmp.com/typhoons/

[page 3] _img 14 to 27 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html

[page 4] _img 28 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines “, http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cb1dc07a80e280000060_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_13-jpg/ _img 29 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines “, http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cae5c07a80e28000005e_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_08-jpg/ _img 30 - “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cb0bc07a802de1000057_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_11-jpg/ _img 31 - A view of one of the interior courtyards, “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cabac07a80f0d900005d_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_04-jpg/ _img 32 - The School Gardens, “MAT-TER Designs Storm-Resistant School for the Philippines” , http://www.archdaily.com/502896/mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines/5361cab6c07a802de1000054_mat-ter-designs-storm-resistant-school-for-the-philippines_mat-ter_resilient_school_03-jpg/ _img 33 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-04.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-04.jpg _img 34 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-03.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-03.jpg _img 35 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg _img 36 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg _img 37 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-05.jpg _img 38 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 39 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 40 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 41 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 42 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/

[page 5] _img 43 to 50 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html _img 51 - “Bahay Kubo House, vernacular architecture”, www.asiafinest.com _img 52 - “Bahay Kubo House, vernacular architecture”, pixshark.com

[page 6]

_img 93 - http://inhabitat.com/solaleya-domespace-homes/attachment/15216/?extend=1) _img 94 - http://inhabitat.com/solaleya-domespace-homes/attachment/15216/?extend=1) _img 95 - Light Steel Frame, http://www.mepsengenharia.com.br/blog/2013/04/05/light-steel-framing-e-suas-novas-possibilidades-para-a-arquitetura/ _img 96 - Timber Frame, http://cariboucreekloghomes.com/timber-frame-construction/ _img 97 - Timber Frame, http://www.fermacell.co.uk/en/content/timber_frame_1169.php _img 98 - Clapboard Timber, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution _img 99 - Timber Frame, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution _img 100 - Wattle and Daub, http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-033-evolution _img 101 - Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/ wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg _img 102 -Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/ wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg _img 103 -Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/ wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg _img 104 -Blooming Bamboo home, BB Home Project H&P Architects, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/ wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-07.jpg _img 105 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 106 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 107 _img 108 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 109 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 110 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 111 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/

[page 9]

_img 112 - Geothermal Energy Filds in the Philippines, http://www.energy.com.ph/our-projects/geothermal/ _img 113 - Geothermal Energy Filds in the Philippines, Map localization, http://www.energy.com.ph/our-projects/geothermal/ _img 114 -Geothermal house, http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/AusGeothermalHouse1.jpg, http://www.ausgeothermalhvac.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/AusGeothermalHouse1.jpg _img 115 - Energy Efficiency homes _img 116 - Energy Efficiency homes _img 117 - Energy Efficiency homes

[page 10]

_img 118 - “10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity _img 119 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity _img 120 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity _img 121 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity _img 122 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity _img 123 -“10 weird ways to produce electricity”, http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/energy/?1944/10-weird-ways-to-produce-electricity

[page 11] _img 124 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html _img 125 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html _img 126 - History of Vernacular architecture, http://historyofarchitecture.weebly.com/vernacular-houses.html _img 127 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/ _img 128 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/ _img 129 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/ _img 130 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/ _img 131 - Zero House, http://zerohouse.net/wordpress/ _img 132 - Zero House, http://www.decorreport.com/inline/home/en/4ba89d1d5dc8822f998564e64be7864f.jpg _img 133 - Sustainable renovation of TU Delft Architecture Faculty, http://www.except.nl/en/projects/65-bkcity-slim-refurbishment

[page 12]

_img 134 - Building Systems, Water management, www.vilasarboretum.org _img 135 - Building Systems, Water management, buildnative.com _img 136 - Building Systems, Water management, https://tmanoukian.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/a-weekend-in-siena-italy-il-duomo-la-fontebranda-medicea-fortress-and-palazzo-publicco/ _img 137 - Building Systems, Water management, www.wisegeek.com _img 138 - Building Systems, Water management, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos _img 139 - Building Systems, Water management, http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas _img 140 - Building Systems, Water management, http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrozais_em_terraços_das_Cordilheiras_das_Filipinas _img 141 - Building Systems, Water management, http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0cdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-help---00-01-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL4.135&d=HASH083af43596dbe513371221>=2 _img 142 - Building Systems, Water management, http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm

_img 53 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 54 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 55 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/52422bb1e8e44e67bf000015_bb-home-h-p-architects_-c-_doan_thanh_ha_-__-7--1000x666.jpg, http://www.archdaily.com/431271/bb-home-h-and-p-architects/52422bb1e8e44e67bf000015_bb-home-h-p-architects_-c-_doan_thanh_ ha_-__-7-jpg/ _img 56 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “The house during night light”, http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/52422e13e8e44e67bf00001c_bb-home-h-parchitects_-c-_doan_thanh_ha__portada.jpg _img 57 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 58 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 59 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 60 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 61 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 62 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 63 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 64 - “Vo Trong Nghia Architects develops prefabricated dwellings for vietnam”, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/vo-trong-nghia-s-house-prototype-long-an-vietnam-09-16-2014/ _img 65 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “List of materials used in the BB HOME project”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o. homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg _img 66 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Prototype closed and open depending on the necessity”, http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2013/09/dezeen_Blooming-Bamboo-Homeby-HP-Architects_15.jpg, http://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/25/blooming-bamboo-house-by-h-and-p-architects/ _img 67 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, Axo of the project, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-08.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-08.jpg _img 68 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Wall Materials”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg _img 69 - Blooming Bamboo by H&P Architects, “Wall Materials”, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg, http://o.homedsgn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blooming-Bamboo-10.jpg

[page 7]

_img 70 - Stone Walls, www.buildingscience.com _img 71 - Stone Wall detail, http://www.cornerhardware.com/articles/art59.html _img 72 - Bamboo Facade Walls, mdgroover.iweb.bsu.edu _img 73 - Bamboo Facade Wall detail, http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-94494472/stock-photo-the-vernacular-architecture-a-wooden-house-of-a-farmer-in-the-countryside-of-chiang-maiprovince.html _img 74 - Bamboo construction walls, https://www.flickr.com/photos/takashi_hirato/2097939666 _img 75 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red crescent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh _img 76 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red crescent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh _img 77 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red crescent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh _img 78 - Bamboo construction walls, (1999). Haq, B., Battling the storm, study on cyclone resistant housing - community based disaster preparedness programme bangladesh red crescent society/german, German Red Cross, Dhaka, Bangladesh _img 79 - “HIP ROOF”, Example of the best and more resistant roofs to natural hazards, http://www.contractortalk.com/attachments/f14/28472d1265434077-help-hip-roof-supports-garden-shed.jpg _img 80 - “DROPPED GABBLED ROOF”, Example of the best and more resistant roofs to natural hazards, http://hitec.ca/images/droppedGable.gif, http://hitec.ca/images/droppedGable. gif _img 81 - “BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4dff1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426 _img 82 -“BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4dff1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426 _img 83 -“BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4dff1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426 _img 84 -“BAHAY KUBO house section”, https://fbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/v/t34.0-12/11146093_10153925591315200_1825992716_n.jpg?oh=8227975edfab4dff1a9d52de2883a025&oe=552B3E72&__gda__=1428902098_829f09d2c7023b8ca5bb3fc870523bc2&dl=1, https://www.facebook.com/messages/conversation-627720024026426 _img 85 - Ivatan House, example of house a hip roof and a gabble roof looks _img 86 - “Sample step-by-step diagrams of construction methods”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf _img 87 - “Sample step-by-step diagrams of construction methods”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf _img 88 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm _img 89 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm _img 90 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm _img 91 - Who windows are made in the Philippines Vernacular Architecture, http://construction.about.com/od/Doors-And-Windows/a/Storm-Windows-Impact-Resistant-Windows.htm

[page 8] _img 92 - http://inhabitat.com/solaleya-domespace-homes/attachment/15216/?extend=1)

_img 143- Building Systems, Water management, http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5672e/x5672e03.htm

[page 13] _img 144 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, http://www.asla.org/2010studentawards/134.html _img 145 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, venicethefuture.com _img 146 - Rainwater Collection for growing crops, venicethefuture.com _img 147 - Rainwater management systems, modern way of how people can collect and then use rainwater, http://www.houzz.com/water-storage _img 148 - Resilient approach to collect rain water, http://www.houzz.com/water-storage _img 149 - Bahay Kubo Contemporary Architecture version, http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-bahay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final _img 150 - Bahay Kubo Contemporary Architecture version, http://www.cgpinoy.org/t4055p15-jadamat-bahay-kubo-of-the-future_spinning-cube-final _img 151 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/ _img 152 - A Modular Tropical Apartment Complex for 2050, http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/a-modular-tropical-apartment-complex-for-2050/

[page 14]

_img 153 - Potencial Materials that can be used for future building constructions, http://media.msf.org/Docs/MSF/Media/TR1/a/4/b/9/MSB5313.jpg, http://media.msf.org/Docs/MSF/Media/ TR1/a/4/b/9/MSB5313.jpg _img 154 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://www.lpwalliance.com/storage/Publications/HowphotoChangedTime/66e6092e605c028e1fc6a7be6770176e.jpg _img 155 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/The_Home_Front_in_Britain_during_ the_Second_World_War_HU36196.jpg _img 156 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://cdn.static.ovimg.com/episode/1613351.jpg _img 157 - History of Recycling, the World Wars was the starting point for the recycling process, http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2014/02/25/ap160730063_custom-444aed211f80a4ae0892c6c81b66f3596bc20f10-s1100-c15.jpg

[page 15]

_img 158 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf _img 159 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf _img 160 - “Cross Section” from a roof system after a Typhoon, Ivatan houses new roofing systems, http://tenminutes.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/trusses.jpg, http://tenminutes.ph/ wp-content/uploads/2014/12/trusses.jpg _img 161 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf _img 162 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf _img 163 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf _img 164 - Damaged Ivatan House, http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5521/10819971603_ed9d9cab62_m.jpg, http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5521/10819971603_ed9d9cab62_m.jpg _img 165 - Ivatan Houses, https://beyondwildimaginings.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/batanes-8.jpg, https://beyondwildimaginings.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/batanes-8.jpg _img 166 - Openings from the Ivatan Houses, http://opinion.inquirer.net/files/2014/01/Batanes04-262x224.jpg, http://opinion.inquirer.net/68827/batanes-model-for-storm-readiness _img 167 - New construction in the Batanes Province, Concrete housing, Ivatan Houses, http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-fGx2wDrdVc/S8nKUV3GztI/AAAAAAAAGTA/nVopKJagYWc/s1600/ P1320575.jpg, http://www.icomosphilippines.com/2010/04/new-concrete-batanes-houses-with-doors.html _img 168 -New construction in the Batanes Province, Concrete housing, Ivatan Houses, http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-fGx2wDrdVc/S8nKUV3GztI/AAAAAAAAGTA/nVopKJagYWc/s1600/ P1320575.jpg, http://www.icomosphilippines.com/2010/04/new-concrete-batanes-houses-with-doors.html _img 169 - Stone and Concrete walls Ivatan House, and example of how to built or reconstructed a resistant typhoon house, https://m1.behance.net/rendition/modules/107566631/disp/0d2643cc46011630c4e182376dc5b31e.jpg _img 170 - “Heritage Architecture of Batanes Island in the Philippines: A survey of different house types and their evolution”, http://aboutphilippines.ph/filer/toledo-cebu/cmhb2004-01.pdf _img 171 - Ivatan House Openings, https://socsyturvy.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/ivatan-house3.jpg, https://socsyturvy.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/ivatan-house3.jpg _img 172 - Ivatan House Openings, http://www.geocities.ws/kitnaldo/pic_15.jpg, http://www.geocities.ws/kitnaldo/pic_15.jpg _img 173 - Ivatan House Door Opening, http://static.rappler.com/images/batanes-16.JPG, http://static.rappler.com/images/batanes-16.JPG

[page 16] _img 174 - Structure systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Steel Building Structure, http://www.skcthailand.com/wp-content/uploads/photo-gallery/Steel%20Buildings/SKC%20Steel%20Buildings%20001.jpg _img 175 - Structure systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Building built with Earth and Bamboo, http://constructpix.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/bamboo-structure1-960x633.jpg _img 176 -Roofing systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Corrugated steel sheets, http://vancouverwaroofing.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/2-1-2Corrugated-Panel.jpg _img 177 - Roofing systems resistant to natural hazards, like, typhoons, hurricanes and earthquakes, Concrete Roof, http://www.tornadoproofhouses.com/images/pitched-roof-shoring.png _img 178 - Hip Roof, 4 aguas roof, “8 features of a typhoon-resistant house”, http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-yolanda/44283-features-typhoon-resistant-house _img 179 - Build the roof at an angle of 30° to 45° to prevent it being lifted off by the wind, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/en/content/ ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction _img 180 -Reinforce the bracing in the structure; strengthen walls and joints/ junctions to increase stiffness, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/ en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction _img 181 - Avoid wide roof overhangs; separate the veranda structure from the house, “The ten key principles of cyclone resistant construction”, http://www.dwf.org/en/content/ten-key-principles-cyclone-resistant-construction _img 182 - Representative Model of a house resistant to Typhoons _img 183 - Wall construction system, Concrete with Stones, http://www.freshpalace.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Home-Chamoson-Switzerland-Exposed-Concrete-Stone-Walls.jpg _img 184 - Foundations system, Concrete foundation, http://blog.buildllc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/BUILD-LLC-01.jpg _img 185 - Concrete posts used anchored the house to ground. _img 186 - Typhoon Yolanda destruction, http://l1.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/GjeQmBKmjLhqgeZSJIi4EQ--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7Zmk9aW5zZXQ7aD00MjA7cT03NTt3PTYzMA--/http:// media.zenfs.com/en_sg/News/AFP/184bfdd795d06202a1c7d60e8970f2adf7384748.jpg