35. Forbiddend Glimpses Of Shan State Burmese

wm;jrpfxm;aom jrifuGif;rsm;

±Sr;f trsKd ;orD;a&;&m qufo, G v f y+ ±f mS ;aqmif±u G af &; toif; (SWAN)

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

39

10/11/2009, 17:32

Tpmtkyw f iG yf g¶Sad omae&ma'orsm; pmtkyw f iG ;f rS !Ge;f jyxm;aom ajryHrk sm; . ....................................................................................... 3 oifomG ;Ekid af om ae&m . .......................................................................................................... 4 ¶Sr;f a[mfeef;awmfrsm; . ........................................................................................................... 7 trnfemr. t"dyg` ,f . .......................................................................................................... 20 Ak'b < mom bk&m;ykx;kd ausmif;uefrsm; .......................................................................................... 21 txdr;f trSwaf usmufwikd rf sm; . ................................................................................................. 24 _cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&aom obm0¶+cif;rsm; . ...................................................................................... 32 tusO;f axmifrsm; . ............................................................................................................... 35

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

40

10/11/2009, 17:32

SWAN .

trSmpum;

jref r mEd k i f i H o d k @ urB m h v S n f h c &D ; onf r sm; oG m ;a&muf vnfywfjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmppftpd;k &tm; w&m;0ifrE_ iS hf aiGa=u;axmufyo hH uJo h @kd jzpfapaoma=umifh urBmv h n S hf c&D;onfrsm; oGm;a&mufvnfywfoifh roifEh iS hf ywfouf I tjyif ; txef tjiif ; tcH k r sm; quf v uf j zpf a eqJ jzpfonf? rdrdwdk@taejzifh xdktjiif;tcHkrsm; ykdrkdòrdifqkdif oGm;ap&ef urBmv h n S chf &D;onfrsm; oGm;a&mufvnfywf cGifhr&dSaom a'orsm;wGif ppftpdk;&wyfzGJ@rsm;. vdif t=urf;zufr_/ !Sif;yef;ESdyfpufr_/ owfjzwfr_rsm; ponfh tEdik u f sihf csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk az:xkwI f ppftpd;k & twGuf axmuf c H r _ y H k p H t m;vH k ; tm; jiif ; y,f & ef w d k u f w G e f ; xm;onf? ,ckwifjyaeonfh wcsed w f nf;rSmyif ppftpd;k & . tEkid u f sichf sKd ;azmufrr_ sm;rSm &Sr;f jynfe,fY qufvuf jzpfay:aeqJ jzpfonf? rdrw d @kd taejzifh &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f ppftpd;k &. odraf rG@pmG zdEydS cf sKyfcs,af er_rsm;- txl;ojzif, h Ofaus;r_EiS hf qufE, G f I zd E S d y f r _ r sm;ES i f h y wf o uf I vl o d e nf ; vS o nf u d k aumif;pGm od&adS yonf? jrefrmEkid if o H @kd Ekid if jH cm;c&D;oGm; rsm;vma&mufvnfywfjcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm a'oqdkif&m “avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk awG@óuHcHpm; vdkjcif;jzpfonf? odk@a=umifh ppftpdk;&u &Srf;jynfe,f. ,Ofaus;r_/ bmomw&m;ESifh ordkif;tpOftvmrsm;udk arS;rdSefap&ef/ yaysmufoGm;ap&eftwGuf rnfokd@rnfyHk

1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567

1

vkyaf qmifaejcif;rsm;tjyif/ ppftpd;k &rlyikd yf pkH cH s tppf[ef zefw;D xm;aom “jrefrm,Ofaus;r_”jzifh wpp rnfuo hJ @kd tpm;xdk; aeonfudkaz:xkwf&ef ta&;}uD;a=umif; rdrdwdk@,lqonf? ,ckpmtkyfyg ,Ofaus;r_u¾ESifhoufqdkifaom tcsuftvuftrsm;pkonf omrefc&D;oGm;{nfhonfwOD;twGuf rodaom t&mrsm;jzpfonf? rdrw d @kd u &Sr;f ,Ofaus;r_ukd tm&Hpk u kd f az: jyxm;aomfvnf; &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f &daS om tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_rsm;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH. tjcm;a'orsm;wGif&dSaom wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_ rsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wl,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m zdESdyfcsdK;azmufr_rsm;&dSaea=umif; today;vdkygonf? TpmtkyfwGif EkdifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm; oGm;a&mufcGifhr&dSaom &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; a'orsm;. om,m&_arm zG,ftvSty "gwfyHkrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;az: jyxm;onf? odk@yifaomfjim; r=umrDtcsdeftwGif; xdktvSty rsm;onfvnf; w&kwfESifhxdkif; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHolrsm; axmufyHhay;xm;onf t&if;tESD;ppftpdk;&. zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&; pDrHudef;rsm;a=umifh xm0&aysmufuG,foGm;Edkifygonf? aemufqHk;taejzifh vlolreD; &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd tusOf;axmif rsm;wGif tcsKyfaESmifcaH e=u&aom jrefrmEdik if t H v,fyikd ;f rS vlord sm;/ xif&mS ;onfh t"duEdik if aH &; tusO;f om;tcsKd @. owif;tcsuftvufudkvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf? olwdk@tm; EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm; udk,fxifudk,fus _ rawG@jrifEikd af omfvnf;/ olw@kd . wnf&aSd er_u ,ae@jrefrmjynft0Sr;f ESihf &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f ppftpd;k &. &ufpufzEd ydS rf . o&kyfoueftm;vHk;udk rdrdwdk@tm;vHk; trSwf&aeap&ef t+rJwap owday;csufjzpfonf? ,ckpmtkyftwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh "gwfyHkrsm;udk apwem&ufa&mpGmjzifh ay;ydk@ay;aom jrefrmEkid if H Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;ulnaD pmifah &Smufa&;toif; tygt0if jynfwiG ;f / jynfy&Sd rdwaf qGrsm;tm;vH;k tm; rdrdwdk@ txl;aus;Zl;Oyum& wif&dSygonf?

2

pmtkyw f iG ;f rS !Ge;f jyxm;aom ajryHrk sm;

3

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

3

10/11/2009, 17:31

oifomG ;a&mufEidk af om ae&mrsm;= ¶Srf;jynfe,f. ae&mtrsm;pkrSm EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm; oGm;a&mufvnfywfcGifh r&aom ae&mrsm; jzpfayonf? ppftpd;k &rS urBmv h n S chf &D;onfrsm;tm; ¶Sr;f jynfe,f. ae&ma'ooH;k ck od@k om oGm;a&mufvnfywfciG ðhf yonf? xdak e&ma'orsm;rSm ¶Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f ¶Sd vm;¶d;_ vrf;a=umif;/ ¶Sr;f jynftaemufawmifzuf¶dS awmif}u;D -tif;av;a'oESihf ¶Sr;f jynfta¶SŒydik ;f ¶Sd wmcsv D w d rf S udsKif;;wkH ESihf rdik ;f vm; vrf;a=umif;wav#mufomjzpfonf?

ppftpd;k &u oift h m; rjrifawGŒapvdak om t&mrsm; 1

a'ocHjynfov l x l u k kd ppfa&;t&xde;f csKyfxm;Edik &f efEiS hf a'owGi;f aygºuG,0f aom obm0 t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; tjrwfxkwf&eftwGuf ¶Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;wGif jrefrmppftpdk;&. wyfajcvsif wyf&if;aygif; 150 ausmf wyfpx JG m;jcif;?

2

xdw k yfz@JG rsm;udk ‚if;wyfpx JG m;&ma'otwGi;f ajr,m odrf;,ljcif;/ ¶Gmom;rsm;tay: aiGn‡pfjcif;/ tcGef twkwfaumufjcif;ESifh tcrJhvkyftm;awmif;cHjcif; pojzifh vkypf m;cGihf ay;xm;jcif;?

4

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

4

10/11/2009, 17:31

3

rsm;jym;vSaom wdik ;f &if;om;tkypf rk sm;onf ‚if;wd@k jynforl sm;twGuf w&m;r#w+yD;/ wef;wltcGit hf a&;rsm; &¶daS &;ar#mv f ifch sujf zifh ppftpd;k &udk awmfveS pf pfqifEv J$ #u¶f o Sd nf? ppftpd;k &u ‚if;tkypf rk sm;ESihf t"dyg` ,jf ynf0h aomEdkifiHa&;awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyf&ef t+rJwapjiif;qefum tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;&ef aomif;usef;ol qef@usiaf &; ppfqifa&;}uD;rsm;udo k m vkyaf qmifv#u¶f jSd cif;?

4

1996 ckEpS f rS 1998 ckEpS t f wGi;f ¶Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f ESihf tv,fyikd ;f rsm;rS aus;¶Gmol-om; oH;k ode;f ausmu f kd aomif;use;f ol qef@usiaf &; ppfqifa&;tm;jzifh aoewfjzifh +cdr;f ajcmufum ‚if;wd@k td;k tdrrf sm;/ ajr,mrsm;rS k csed rf pS I trsm;pkonf xdik ;f Edik if t H wGi;f od@k 'kuo Q nftjzpf xGuaf jy;vmcJh twif;t=uyfarmif;xkwcf o hJ nf? xdt onf? ppfom;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk axmufyHhol[k ouFmruif;olrsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD;cGifh/ n‡i;f yef;ESyd pf ufciG /hf rk'rd ;f usichf iG Ehf iS hf owfjzwfciG u hf kd ,ae@tcsed u f mvtxdyif &¶dx S m;qJjzpfonf?

5

¶Sr;f jynfe,f. om,m¶_armzG,f awmrsm;/ awmifwef;rsm;ESihf jrpfrsm;onfvnf; ppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;.taygi;f yg rsm;. txdef;tuGwfrJh t&if;tjrpfxkwf,loHk;pGJaejcif;a=umifh jrefjrefqefqefyif tzsufqD;cH&I npfnrf; ysupf ;D ukecf ef;aeonf?

6

ppftpdk;&u rl;,pfaq;0g;xkwfvkyfr_udk atmifatmifjrifjrifjzifh avsmhcsEdkifcJhonf[k ajymqdkaeaomfvnf; rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fr_udk tm;ay;aeqJ/ ,if;tay:rS tjrwftpGef;&aeqJjzpfonf? jynfe,ftESH@tjym; bde;f pdu k yf sKd ;r_Ee_ ;f onf rxifrw S zf , G f jrifw h ufvmaeonf? Ô

5

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

5

10/11/2009, 17:31

a[mfeef;.yv†i† af y: Y xdik af eaom ude;f wke. f aemufq;kH apmfbmG ; 6

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

6

10/11/2009, 17:31

¶Sr;f a[mfeef;rsm;. uH-urRm = ¶Sr;f ordik ;f tm; acszsufjcif; ,ae@¶rS ;f jynfe,f[k vltrsm;od=uaom Ta'orSm &mpkEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGm=um ¶Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;pGm tkypf ;kd aom a'orsm;jzifh pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? e,fajrwckpw D iG f rdbeef;pOfeef;quf tkycf sKyfrr_ S qif;oufvmaom rif;om;rsm; (od@k r[kw)f “aumif;uifocif” [k t"dyg` ,&f aom apmfbmG ;rsm;u tkycf sKyfonf? apmfbmG ;rsm;. ordik ;f wav#muf trsm;pkwGif ‚if;tkyfcsKyf&ma'orsm;onf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&dScJh+yD; 1880 ckESpfrsm;twGif; +Adwdefu jrefrmEkdifiHudk odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemufydkif; +Adwdeftpdk;&. tapmifha¶SmufcHe,fajrwcktjzpfESifhyif apmfbGm;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@udk,fydkif jynfe,frsm;udk qufvufprD t H yk cf sKyfEikd cf o hJ nf? +Adwo d #xrH S vGwv f yfa&;&t+yD; jrefrmjynfrESihf awmifwef;ylaygi;f vdu k af om q,fEpS t f =um 1959 ckEpS w f iG rf S ¶Sr;f apmfbmG ; 34 OD; (od@k r[kw)f t}u;D tuJrsm;u a¶G;aumufcH ¶Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &xHo@kd ‚if;wd@k . eef;pOfeef;quftyk cf sKyfru _ kd tyfESif;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf tcsdK@apmfbGm;rsm;rSm tpdk;&ydkif;wm0efrsm;wGif qufvufyg0ifcJh=u+yD; wdkif;&if;om; k wef;wltcGit hf a&;&&dES ikd rf nfh z,f'&,fpepftpd;k & w&yfjzpfay:a&;OD;wnfaom tajccH jynfe,frsm;udk jrefrmjynfrESihf ydI Oya' jyefvnfjyifqifa&;wGif t"duusorl sm; jzpfco hJ nf? 1947 ckEpS f tajccHOya'wGif cGx J u G cf iG Ohf ya'udk jyXmef;a&;qGJ xm;aomfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om; acgi;f aqmifrsm;u cGx J u G af &;udk rawmif;qdck ahJ y? od@k aomf tajccHOya'jyefvnfjyifqifa&;/ ‚if;wd@k .tm;xkwcf surf mS 1962 ckEpS f rwfvwGif Adv k cf sKyf}u;D ae0if; ppfwyftm%modr;f &eftwGuf t"du ta=umif;jycsuf wckjzpfvmcJo h nf? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H wppDòyduyJG supf ;D rnft h a&;rS umuG,[ f ef@wm;&eftwGuf Ekid if aH wmftm%mudk odr;f ,l&efvt kd yfonf[k tckid t f rmajymqdck o hJ nf? apmfbmG ;trsm;pkonf ‚if;wd@k tyk cf sKyfaepOfumvtwGi;f crf;em;x,f0gaom/ vSycef@nm;aom a[mfeef;rsm;wGif aexdik cf =hJ uonf? ¶Sr;f bmomjzifh “a[mf” [kac:aom xdak [mfeef;awmfrsm;onf wrlx;l jcm;aom vufrt _ Ekynmjzifh cs,o f xm;aom taqmuftODrsm;jzpfonf? ‚if;ordik ;f 0if taqmuftODtcsKd @ 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f AH;k }uJc&H I ysupf ;D cJo h nf? od@k aomf jrefrmppfwyftm%m odr;f ,lvu kd o f nft h csed rf pS I urBmppfrS rysurf pD;use&f pfcahJ om taqmuftOD tcsdK@onf xdef;odrf;rGrf;rHjcif;r¶dSyJ/ òzdcszsufqD;jcif;cHcJh&onf? jrefrmppftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u a¶S;jrefrmbk&ifrsm;. eef;awmftysut f pD;rsm;udk jyifqifrrG ;f rHjcif;/ topfjyefvnfwnfaqmuf&mwGif aiGa=u;tajrmuftrsm;&if;ES;D oH;k pGaJ e onft h csuu f ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;tm; ‚if;wd@k .¶d;k &mtarGtESprf sm;udk ppftpd;k &u tumtuG,af y;&ef ysuu f u G rf a_ ejcif; tay: pdwcf jH yif;r_rsm; }uD;rm;vmapcJo h nf? Ô 7

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

7

10/11/2009, 17:31

,Ofaus;r+ zsufq;D a&; vkyif ef;= udef;wkef (usdKif;wHk) a[mfeef;udk òzdcszsufqD;vdkufjcif; apmfbmG ; Kawn Kiao Intaleng u 1903 ckEpS f wnfaqmufcahJ om ude;f wkef a[mfeef;onf ¶Sr;f a[mfeef;rsm;teufrS crf;nm;txnf0gq;kH a[mfeef; wckjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifyh if ¶Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm; tkycf sKyf&ma'rsm;twGi;f Y ude;f wkeu f kd t}uD;rm;qH;k a'owckowfrSwfxm;um oHvGifjrpfta¶S@zuf pwk&ef;rdkiftus,fywfvnf waomif;ESpaf xmif (12000) ausmt f xd us,jf yef@onf? ausmufw;kH }uD;rsm;jzifh tdE, dN yHpk aH qmufvyk x f m;aom ,if;taqmuftODonf us,af jymvSaom c&dik f wckv;kH . tkycf sKyfa&;Xmewck jzpfouJo h @kd apmfbmG ;. ZeD; (6) a,muf/ om;orD; (19) OD;ESihf twlaexdik cf ahJ om tdraf wmf,mvnf;jzpfco hJ nf? ol. ajr;awmfol rif;om; p0fpikd ;f vHk (Sao Sai Long) onf ¶Sr;f jynfe,f tpd;k &xHo@kd a[mfeef;udk rv$aJ jymif;ay;cif 1959 ckEpS f txd a[mfeef;. aemufq;kH ydik &f iS jf zpfco hJ nf? 1962 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmppftpk;d & tm%modr;f cJah omtcgwiG f ppfwyfu p0fpikd ;f vHk (Sao Sai Long) ESihf [email protected] zpfot l m; tjcm;¶Sr;f apmfbmG ;rif;om; rsm;ESit hf wlzrf;qD;cHc+hJ y;D &efuek t f if;pdeaf xmifwiG f ajcmufEpS w f m xde;f odr;f csKyfaESmif xm;cJo h nf? ‚if;jyefvw G v f maomtcgY ude;f wkew f iG f aexdik cf iG rhf ðyawmhbJ a'ocH ppfwyftm%mydkifrsm;u xdka[mfeef;tm; tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;¶Hk;tjzpf ajymif;vJ toH;k ðycJ=h uonf? &efuek rf S wdu k &f u kd t f rde@f &¶d+S y;D onhaf emuf 1991 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv 9 &ufae@ wGif a[mfeef;udk pwifòzdcszsuq f ;D cJo h nf? a'ocHoC H mawmfrsm;u arwWm&yfcH awmif;yefjcif;ESifh jynfolrsm;u òrd@twGif;qef@usifuef@uGufaom vufurf;pm apmifrsm;jzef@a0cJ=h uaomfvnf; ppftpd;k &u ‚if;wd@k .òzdcszsuq f ;D jcif;udk pwifvyk f aqmifco hJ nf? 8

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

8

10/11/2009, 17:31

a[mfeef;ay:u vGiphf Ofysuu f svmaom ausmufw;kH rsm;u ude;f wkeòf rd@tES@H vrf;rrsm;ay:wGif jyef@uso J mG ;cJo h nf? ajcaxmufudk vl@cE<mudk,f. tedrfhusqHk;tydkif;[k ,lqowfrSwfxm;aom ,Ofaus;r_wckwGif ,ckuJhodk@ordkif;0if taqmufttHw k ck. tydik ;f tprsm;tm; vltrsm;ajccs&mae&matmufo@kd xm;¶Sv d u kd jf cif;u ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm; wefb;kd xm;onfh ordik ;f tarGtESpu f kd ajymifajymifwif;wif; apmfum;vdu k jf cif;yif jzpfonf? 1994 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmh[w kd ,fEiS chf &D;oGm;vma&;0ef}uD;Xmeu a[mfeef;ae&ma[mif;wGif usKd if;wH[ k w dk ,f[k trnfay;um acwfraDS [mfw,fwckukd pwifwnfaqmufco hJ nf? 1996 ckEpS w f iG f t+yD;owfwnfaqmufc+hJ yD; ukeu f s p&dwfusyfaiG oef; 500 ukefuscJhonf? wap>ajcmufonf[laom aumv[mvowif;rsm;a=umifh [dkw,fwckvHk; wnf;cdo k u l if;rJv h #u¶f o Sd nf?

k w kd ,f used ;f wkeaf [mfeef;tm; rzsuq f ;D rDyEkH iS hf ,aeΠusKd if;wH[ 9

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

9

10/11/2009, 17:31

wrif OyuQmðyjcif;= qDaygh (oDayg) . a[mfeef; qDayghonf ¶Srf;apmfbGm;tkyfcsKyf&ma'orsm;teuf OpPmaygtºuG,f0qHk;ESifh =oZmwuUdrt&dSqHk;e,fajr wckjzpfonf? rl&if;a[mfeef;onf ‚if;.cHn h m;xnf0gra_ =umifh vlord sm;ausm=f um;cJo h nf? a[mfeef;.xD;yv†icf ef;raqmif udk rE Wav;eef;awmfyHkpHtwkdif; wnfaqmufxm;cJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; a[mfeef;ysufpD;cJh+yD;onfhaemufwGif hJ nf? apmfbmG ;rdom;pkonf +Adwo d #pt H rd rf sKd ;uJo h @kd aqmufvyk x f m;aom ta¶Se• ef;aqmif ac: tdraf wmfY aexdik cf o qDayg. h aemufq;kH rif;om;wyg;jzpfol apmfbmG ;p0f=umqdik f ESi‚hf if;. ZeD; =opwD;,m;vlrsKd ; Inge Sargent wd@k onf 1962 ckEpS f jrefrmppfwyf tm%m odr;f ,lco hJ nft h csed t f xd xdak [mfeef;awmfwiG f aexdik cf o hJ nf? ynmwwf wOD;jzpf+yD; wd;k wufaomtjrifjzift h yk cf sKyfol p0f=umqdik t f m; jrefrmppf tpd;k &ppfwyfrS zrf;qD;cJo h nft h csed rf pS I ol@tm;aemufxyf rnfonft h cgrS rawG@&awmhay? rdom;pkyikd t f jzpf 2005 ckEpS t f xd wnf¶cSd ahJ om ta¶Se• ef; aqmifwiG f aemufq;kH aecJo h l p0f=umqdik . f wljzpfol pdik ;f OD;=umonf a[mfeef; od@k urBmv h n S chf &D;oGm;{nfo h nfrsm;udk zdwaf c:cJo h nf? od@k aomf,if;ESpw f iG yf if ppftpd;k &ua[mfeef;twGi;f urBmv h n S chf &D;oGm;{nfo h nfrsm;ESihf w&m;r0if awG@qo kH nf[al ompGcJ sujf zifh pdik ;f OD;=umudk zrf;qD;cJu h m rE aW v;axmifwiG f apmfbmG ;p0f-umqdik f ESihf ‚if;. ZeD; Inge Sargent axmif 13ESpu f sc&H efjypf'%fcsrw S cf +hJ yD;/ r=umao;rDurS vGw+f idr;f csr;f om cGijhf zifh v$waf y;cJo h nf? ,ae@tcsed Yf ta¶Se• ef;awmfaqmiftm; oGm;a&mufvnfywfEikd jf cif; tvsi;f r¶Sad wmhyg? qDaygah pmfbmG ; rdom;pk aEG&moD tyef;ajz&eftwGuf ausmufròJ rdŒteD; awmifuek ;f rsm;. awmifapmif;ay:wGif 1900 tapmydik ;f ESprf sm;twGi;f qDaygrh if;om; qmp0fcJ (Sir Sao Khe) aqmufvyk cf ahJ om pcef;om aEG&moDpeH ef;rSmvnf; vH;k 0ysupf ;D oGm;+yD jzpfonf? *syef®rŒodr;f wyfz@JG rsm;a=umifh pHeef;.b,fzufjcrf; rD;pGaJ vmifomG ;cJah omfvnf; use¶f aSd omtydik ;f rSm rysurf pD; taumif; yuwd wnf¶cSd o hJ nf? aemufq;kH oDaygapmfbmG ; (rif;om;) u taqmuftODukd jyefvnfjyifqif&ef pDpOfco hJ nf? xdek ef;awmf udk p0f=umqdik . f ZeD; (r[ma'0D) u Tod@k yHak z:ajymjycJo h nf? “Ed@k EpS af &mifxaewJh a¶S;a[mif; *E 0W if taqmuftOD;[m ajrmufyikd ;f tDwvD awmifuek ;f wckay:wGif ¶Sad eovdk x,fx,f0g0g¶v dS yS gw,f? pHeef;&JŒ cef;rtv,fukd OD;wnfxm;wJh 10

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

10

10/11/2009, 17:31

tjzLa&mifpusifausmufjym;avSum;rsm;u ajrxJyifv,fa'ouae o,f,lvmwJh ausmufjym;awGjzpf=uw,f? tifrwef}uD;rm;wJh jywif;aygu}f uD;awG/ ajzmifw h ef;aeaom wdik v f ;kH }uD;awGe@J ausmufjym;cif;xm;aom tuGuaf ygi;f rsm;pGmu pHeef;wckv;kH udk tvif;a&mifawGe@J v$r;f òcHay;xm;ygw,f?” od@k aomf ,ae@wiG f xdpk cef;oma[mfeef;rSm vH;k 0ysupf ;D ae+yD; tpGe@f ypfcx H m;&onf? ‚if;pHeef;onf urBmv h n S hf c&D;oGm;rsm;toHk;ðyaom vrf;r}uD;.rvSrf;ra0; awmifapmif;ay:wGif ¶dSaeaomfjim;vnf; urBmvSnfh c&D;oGm; vrf;!¸erf sm;wGif az: jyxm;jcif; tvsi;f r¶daS wmhay?

pcef;om aEG&moDa[mfeef;yHk = 1900 tapmydik ;f ESprf sm; twGi;f u qDayghapmfbmG ; qmp0fcJ (Sir Sao Khe) rS aqmufvyk cf jhJ yD; ,cktcg vH;k 0ysupf ;D oGm;_yDjzpfonf? urBmvSnchf &D;oGm;rsm; toH;k ðyaomvrf;r}u;D rS rvSr;f ra0; awmifapmif;ay:wGif jzwfoef;olrsm;owdrxm;rdbw J nf¶adS eonf? 11

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

11

10/11/2009, 17:31

a[mfeef; rS Ak'0< ifjywdu k f odŒk = a,mifa[G a[mfeef; (anmifa¶$) ¶Sr;f jynfe,f. xifay:ausm=f um;aom tif;av;uefteD;wnf¶aSd om a,mifa[Ga[mfeef;onf use¶f aSd eaom ¶Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;. a[mfeef;rsm;teuf tcHn h m;tx,f0gq;kH a[mfeef; wckjzpfonf? rE aW v;eef;awmf.yHpk u H kd erlem ,lxm;aom opfom;/ ausmufw;kH rsm;jzifh aqmufvyk x f m;onfh xdak [mfeef;udk (1920) ckEpS rf sm;wGif wnfaqmufco hJ nf? a,mifa[Ga[mftm; aemufq;kH tkycf sKyfaexdik cf ahJ om apmfbmG ;rSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if . H yxrOD;qH;k orRwjzpfcahJ om kd f jzpfonf? p0fa¶$ou

12

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

12

10/11/2009, 17:31

jrefrmppfwyfu tm%modrf;onfh 1962 ckESpf rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif &efukef¶dS p0fa¶$ou kd . f aetdru f kd ppfwyfu0dik ;f &Honfh wcsed w f nf;rSmyif/ a[mfeef;tm; aoewfrsm; h nf? jzifyh pfc&hJ m orRwa[mif;.om;jzpfol touf (17) ESpf t¶G,f p0frD aoqH;k cJo ouf}uD; }uD;&ifah ejyDjzpfaom apmbGm;}uD;p0fa¶$ou kd f tzrf;cHc&hJ +yD;/ tif;pdeaf xmifwiG f tusOf;cscHcJh&um/ ‚if;ESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif ouFmruif;zG,f tajctaersm;a=umifh axmifwiG ;f Yyif toufq;kH ¶H;_ cJ&h onf? vGecf ahJ om q,fEpS cf ef@u a[mfeef;tm;jywdu k w f cktjzpf w&m;0ifajymif;vJvu kd u f m anmifa¶$,Ofaus;r_jywdkuf (apmfbGm;}uD;rsm;jywdkuf [kvnf;vlodrsm;onf) [k ac:a0:cJo h nf? urBmvSnchf &D;oGm;{nfo h nfrsm;twGuf zGiv hf pS cf +hJ yD; eef;awmfyw JG uf t0wftpm;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;xm;cJo h nf? xdu k mvtwGi;f UNESCO u taqmuf tODjyifqif&efESifh jyefvnfrGrf;rH&eftwGuf tar&duefa':vm oHk;aomif; (30000) axmufyahH y;cJah omfvnf; ppftm%mydik rf sm;u rnfonfh jyifqifjcif;rsKd ;rS rvkyaf qmifc&hJ w kH ifru/ ¶kwcf sn;f 2006 ckEpS Yf a[mfeef;&dS tEkynmvuf&m ypPn;f tm;vH;k udk òrd@awmfopf aejynfawmfo@kd yd@k aqmifay;&rnf[o l nfh ,Ofaus;r_0ef}uD; XmerS trde@f pmwapmif xkwcf o hJ nf? 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif jynfolvlxk k t f jzpf jyef =unf¶h &_ eftwGuf a[mfeef;tm; Ak'0< ifjywdu vnfziG v hf pS cf o hJ nf? a[mfeef;. twGi;f zufrmS Avmusi;f aeonf? usKd ufx;D ¶d;k / a¶$w*d kH ESihf r[mjrwfrek d paom {&mrbk&m;"gwfyHk}uD;rsm;udk ,cifxD;yv†ifcef;raqmif eH&w H iG f csw d q f x JG m;onf? jywdu k w f iG f jyxm;aom tcif; tusi;f rsm;u TtaqmuftODonf ,cifu a[mfeef; awmfwck jzpfco hJ nf[o l nfh ordik ;f tcsut f vuf vH;k 0 az: jyxm;jcif;r¶daS y? txuf = a,mifa[Gtm; aemufq;kH tkycf sKyfcahJ om apmfbmG ;}uD; p0fa¶$ou kd f ,cif nDvmcH cef;r}uD; 13

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

13

10/11/2009, 17:31

qJe0f D (odE)DM a[mfeef; q,fpEk pS rf sm;pGm ppfwyf. odr;f ydu k x f m;r+ òrd@. A[dck surf awmifuek ;f xufwiG w f nf&u Sd m cHn h m; 0ifx h ,faom u|e;f om; taqmuftOD jzpfonfh qJe0f D a[mfeef; onf p0f[def;crf; arG;zGm;cJhonfh ae&mjzpfcJhonf? olronf jrefrmEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;orRw a,mifa[GapmfbGm;}uD; p0fa¶$ou kd . f ZeD;vnf;jzpfonf? tusO;f axmifxw J iG f apmfbmG ; }uD; qH;k yg;oGm;+yD;onfah emuf olronf jynfyod@k xGuv f mcJ+h yD; 1960 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f ¶Sr;f awmfveS af &;v_y¶f mS ;rsm;r_ukd OD;aqmif OD;¶Guðf ycJo h jl zpfonf?

,aeΠa[mfeef; tysuf yHk

,k, d iG ;f ysupf ;D aeaom a[mfeef;udk rnfonft h cgrS jyefvnfðyjyifwnf aqmufjcif;r¶dScJhay? 1962 ppfwyfrStm%modrf;+yD;aemuf jrefrmppfwyfonf a[mfeef;y&0k%t f wGi;f ppfpcef;wck wnfaqmufco hJ nf? a'ocHjynfov l x l u k xkv d yk &f yftay: tvGet f rif; rausreyfjzpfco hJ nf? txl;ojzifh ‚if;tm; usL;ausmf odrf;ydkufxm;aom ppfwyfrsm;u a'ocHjynfolxktay: rw&m;t=urf;zuf owfjzwfr_rsm; usL;vGefjcif;rsm;tay: ydkItrsufa'goxGufcJh=uonf? 1960 tv,fyikd ;f ckEpS rf sm;u vlox d if&mS ;aom jzpf&yfwck jzpfymG ;cJo h nf? ,if;rSm a'ocH ppftpd;k &. wyfr;ª wOD;jzpfaom trnfajymiftm;jzifh Adv k [ f akd [muf (Adv k af cgi;f jzL) u ¶Srf;awmfvSefa&;tm; axmufcHonf[k ouFmruif;jzpfol &Gmom;wOD;udk acgif;jzwfI ol. OD;acgif;udk a[mfeef;teD; wdkifwwdkifwGif pdkufxm;cJhonf? xdjk zpf&yfa=umifh a'ocHjynfot l rsm;tjym;u a'goxGupf mG jzifh ¶Sr;f awmfveS af &; od@k cdv k y_H g0ifc=hJ uonf? p0f[ed ;f crf;

14

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

14

10/11/2009, 17:31

r=umao;rDumvrSyif jrefrmppfwyfrsm; a[mfeef;ae&mrS xGucf mG oGm;cJo h nf? ‚if;a[mfeef;ae&mrSm tysut f pD; yHkrsm;jzifh AvbGjzpfaeum opfyifrsm;tkyfrdk;um awmxaeygonf? a'ocHrsm;u aemufwzef xyfrHodrf;ydkufjcif; f om; rSww f ikd f rjzpfapvdak oma=umifh ¶Sr;f ,Ofaus;r_toif; uruxjyKI xdak [mfeef;ae&mtm; ordik ;f 0if ae&mtrSwt pdu k x f x l m;ygonf?

rl&if; qJe0f D a[mfeef;. yHk

15

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

15

10/11/2009, 17:31

¶d;k &mtarGtESpu f kd tumtuG,af y;aeaom jynfov l x l rk sm; ¶Sr;f jynftv,fyikd ;f &dS vdik ;f cgh (vJcsm;) ESihf a*;pD; (aus;oD;) òr@d rsm;rSm Edik if jH cm;c&D;oGm;{nfo h nfrsm;ukd oGm;vmcGirhf ðy/ wif;wif;usyu f syyf w d yf ifxm;aom ae&mrsm;jzpf=uonf? ,cifu atmifjrifcahJ om pdu k yf sKd ;a&;twGuf tcsut f csm usco hJ nfah 'oonf ppftpd;k &ppfwyfrsm;. xyfcgwvJvv J yk af om ajrvSepf pfqifa&;rsm;a=umifh vlO;D a&enf;yg;vmum aus;vufa'o w0du k af 'orsm;rSmvnf; tvGeq f if;&JraJG wvmcJ&h onf? rl&if; a[mfeef;rsm;. trSww f &tjzpf = Tbke;f }uD;ausmif; ESpaf usmif;pvH;k ,cktcg a[mfeef; bke;f }uD;ausmif; [k trnf wGio f nf

a*;pD; (aus;oD;) a[mfeef; 1962 ckEpS f tm%modr;f +yD; aemuf a*;pD;a[mfeef;udk jrefrmppfwyfu odr;f ,lco hJ nf? vGecf ahJ om q,fEpS u f tm%mydik rf sm;xHo@kd tzefwvJvaJ rwWm&yfccH ahJ oma=umifh aemufq;kH wGif rl&if;ydik ¶f iS x f o H @kd jyefvnfvaJ$ jymif;ay;cJo h nf? od@k aomf a[mfeef;. taqmifta,miftm;vH;k tvk,cl cH &hJ onf? aemufxyford ;f ,lr_ (od@k r[kw)f zsuq f ;D cH&r_ukd umuG,&f eftwGuf taqmuftODyikd ¶f iS rf S bke;f }uD;ausmif;tjzpftoH;k ðy&ef a'ocHvx l o k @kd v–'ge;f cJo h nf? 16

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

16

10/11/2009, 17:31

rl&if; a[mfeef;rsm;. trSww f &tjzpf = Tbke;f }uD;ausmif; ESpaf usmif;pvH;k ,cktcg a[mfeef; bke;f }uD;ausmif; [k trnf wGio f nf

vkid ;f cgh (vJcsm;) a[mfeef; 1991 ckEpS w f iG f ude;f wkef a[mfeef;udk zsuq f ;D ypfvu kd +f y;D aemufvikd ;f cgòh rŒd ol/ òrŒd om;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . a[mfeef;tm; tzsuq f ;D cH&rnfukd pd;k &dryf yl efvmcJo h nf? ude;f wkef a[mfeef;uJo h @kd yif vdik ;f cgah [mfeef;onfvnf; ppftpd;k &.odr;f ydu k jf cif;udk cHc&hJ +yD; b%ftjzpf ajymif;vJtoH;k ðy cHc&hJ onf? tu,fI xkt d aqmuftODtm; bmoma&;twGuf toH;k ðyrnfqykd gu zsuq f ;D cHEikd &f rnft h E &W m,fenf;yg;Ekid o f nf[k ,H=k unfum a'ocHacgi;f aqmifrsm;u xdt k aqmuftODtm; bke;f }u;D ausmif; tjzpf toH;k ðycGiahf y;&ef arwWm&yfcw H ifjycJ&h m ‚if;awmif;qdck suu f kd cGiðhf yay;cJo h nf?

17

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

17

10/11/2009, 17:31

jrefrmhrif;/ jrefrmheef;rsm;tm; jyefvnfxlaxmifaejcif; jrefrmppftpd;k &onf ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;. xD;rleef;rlordik ;f . tºuGi;f tuserf sm;udk wufºupG mG azsmufzsuyf pfaeonfw h csed w f nf;rSmwGif ppftpd;k & onf jrefrmEkid if t H v,fyikd ;f ¶dS a¶S;a[mif; jrefrmeef;awmfrsm;udk topf jyefvnfwnfaqmufae=uonf? jrefrmoufO;D qHyikd af [mif;rsm;udk *k%ðf y aomtm;jzifh r[mAsL[mtcsut f csm=uaom ae&mrsm;Y txdr;f trSwf ausmufwikd rf sm;/ ¶kyx f rk sm;udk pdu k x f v l maeonf?

wmcDvw d ;f (wmcsDvw d )f rS bk&ifah emif¶yk w f k bk&ifhaemifonf 16 &mpkESpfu tkyfpkd;cJhaom jrefrmbk&ifwyg; jzpf+yD;/ 1556 ckEpS w f iG f ¶Sr;f jynfe,fukd odr;f ydu k t f yk cf sKyfc+hJ yD;/ 1564 ckEpS f ESihf 1569 ckESpfrsm;wGif xdkif;aejynfawmf t,k'Q,tm; ESpf}udrfwdkifwkdif odr;f ydu k cf o hJ jl zpfonf? ¶Sr;f jynfta¶Sy• ikd ;f e,fpyfòrŒd jzpfaom wmcDvw d ;f ðrŒd wGif bk&ifah emif. ¶kyw f u k kd 1995 ckEpS f yxrOD;qH;k pwifwnfaqmufc&hJ m xdw k vwnf;wGiyf if ¶Sr;f awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;u wmcDvw d ;f òrd@tm; t}uD;tus,f xd;k ppf qifc+hJ yD; jrefrmppfwyfu jyefvnfrwdu k x f w k cf iftxd ò[email protected] f ydik ;f wckuo kd rd ;f ,lEidk cf o hJ nf? xdb k &k ifah emif¶yk w f u k kd jrefrmvufry_ nmonfrsm;u jrefrmEdik if H tv,fyikd ;f wGif xkvyk cf +hJ yD; ¶Sr;f jynfta¶Sy• ikd ;f od@k o,f,v l mcJI h 1996 ckEpS f arv 6 &ufae@wGifusif;yaom w&m;0if zGifhyGJtcrf;tem;odk@ xkdpOfu twGif;a&;rª; (1) AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!$ef@ wufa&mufcJhonf? xDrxifaom rsufESmay;ESifh vufydkufum xdkif;EdkifiHbufodk@ rsufESmrl=unfhaeaom vlw&yft¶G,t f pm;¶daS om a=u;oGe;f ¶kyw f o k nf xdik ;f e,fpyfrS rDwmwpf&m ESp&f m tuGmcef@wiG ¶f o Sd nf?

18

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

18

10/11/2009, 17:32

2003 ckESpfwGif xkd¶kyfxktm; AHk;wvHk;jzifhypfcGJvdkufojzifh ajcaxmufESifh vufwzuf ysupf ;D oGm;cJo h nf? csujf cif;yif tm%mydik rf sm;u¶kyx f u k kd tvsit f jref jyefvnfjyifqifvu kd +f yD; xdt k csed rf pS I ¶kyx f u k kd +cHpnf;&d;k cwf/ tapmift h =uyfrsm;jzifh teD;uyf apmif=h uyfco hJ nf?

tavmif;bk&m; trnf tpGðJ yxm;aom ude;f wkef . opfwyifawmifuek ;f vGecf ahJ om 10 ESpcf ef@u ude;f wkew f iG f xGuaf y: vmaom qdik ;f bkww f ckEiS yhf wfoufI a'ocHjynforl sm; Za0Z0gjzpfomG ;cJo h nf? xdq k ikd ;f bkwu f qdo k nfrmS òrd@awmifzufjcrf;¶dS opfwyifawmifuek ;f ay:¶Sd vlord sm; xif¶mS ;aom ordik ;f 0if txifu& trSwt f om;jzpf onfh ayaygi;f 218 ayjrifah omopfyif}uD; (unifjzLyif) tm; tavmif;bk&m;u 1744 ckEpS w f iG f pdu k cf o hJ nf [kjzpfonf? tavmif;bk&m;onf xif¶mS ;aom jrefrmbk&ifrsm;teuf wyg;tygt0ifjzpfonf? trSepf ifppf/ tavmif;bk&m;onf ude;f wkef od@k wcgryS if ra&mufz;l cJah y?

1990 ckEpS Yf yJc;l jrdKŒ (jrefrmjynfr) Y bk&ifah emif. eef;awmftm; topfjyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef ppftpd;k & u trdeŒf ay;cJo h nf? ‚if;eef;awmfrmS 2003 ckEpS Yf aqmufvyk _f yD;pD;cJo h nf?

19

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

19

10/11/2009, 17:32

trnfemr. t"dyg` ,f ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k u, kd ‚f if;wd@k “wdik ;f ” [k ac:a0: =uonf? ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;. bmompum;onf xdik ;f bmompum; jzifh tvGeq f ifwal omfvnf; tuQ&m ta&;tom;url jrefrm bmomESihf yHo k ¾mefwo l nf? ¶Sr;f pmudk t"dutm;jzifh bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;wGif &mpkEpS f tqufquf oif=um;ydk@cscJhonf? +Adwdo#tkyfpdk;onfhacwfwGif bke;f }uD;ausmif;ynma&;pepf pmoifausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifjcif; vm;¶d;+ òrdŒt0if0 rkXOf ;D jrefrmt"dyg` ,frmS “vm;jyyG”J ? ¶Sr;f bmomjzifh t"dyg` ,frmS r&dcS ahJ y? od@k aomf ¶d;k pif;aom acwfay:¶Sr;f tuQ&mESihf aumif;rGef “vif;,kefiSufrsm;pGmaexdkifaom awmifESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifòrdŒ” jzpfonf? vGefcJhaom aom ¶Sr;f jyXmef;pmtkyrf sm;r¶dcS jhJ cif;u xdpk moifausmif;rsm;wGif ESpftenf;i,fu òrdŒt0if0 rkXfOD;wdkifay:wGif azgif;ºuGyHkazmfxm;aom ¶Srf;¶dk;&mtdk;pnfyHkrsm;tm; zsuIf pyg;ESyH rkH sm;jzifh tpm;xd;k cJo h nf ¶Sr;f bmompum;udk w&m;0ifoif=um;&eftwGuf t[ef@twm; jzpfapcJo h nf? 1950 ckEpS rf sm;wGif acwfay:tuQ&mwckukd az:xkwf cJjh cif;/ jyXmef; pmtkyrf sm; pwifðypkxw k af 0cJah omfvnf; pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ¶Sr;f bmompum;udk w&m;0ifbmomw&yftjzpf rdwq f ufay;&ef }udK;pm;tm;xkwrf r_ mS 1962 ckEpS f ppfwyftm%modr;f r_a=umifh w0ufwysujf zifh &yfc&hJ onf? xdt k csed rf pS I ¶Sr;f jynf _ mompum;tjzpf toH;k ðyvm&onf? e,f¶Sd tpd;k &pmoifausmif; tm;vH;k wGif jrefrmbmompum;udk roifrae& oif=um;yd@k csrb ,ae@umvY ¶Sr;f pmay toufqufvuf ¶Sio f efaeap&ef oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf t"dutm;jzifh aEG&moDtm;vyfcsed v f rsm;wGif apwemh0efxrf;q&m/ q&mrrsm;u ¶Sr;f pmayoifwef;rsm; zGiv hf pS o f if=um;ay;vsu¶f o dS nf? od@k aomfjim;vnf; Tod@k vkyaf qmifjcif; rsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm;u roFumzG,v f yk if ef;rsm;tjzpf owfrw S x f m;wwf+yD; q&m/ q&mrrsm;rSmvnf; tzrf;cH&Edik b f , G &f m¶So d nf? ¶Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f ¶dS trsm;jrifomaom a=unmqdik ;f bkwrf sm;tm;vH;k eD;yg;udk jrefrmpmjzifh a&;om;xm;onf? ¶Sr;f bmomESihf jrefrmbmomt=um; tajccHuv JG cJG surf sm;¶djS cif;a=umifh ¶Sr;f òrd@trnfrsm;udk jrefrmbmomod@k wdu k ¶f u kd jf yefqjkd cif;u rl&if;toHxu G rf S t+rJuGJvGJ oGm;wwfonf? trnfrsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmomodk@ w&m;0ifwkduf¶dkufjyefqdkxm;onfh trnfrsm;onfvnf; jrefrmr_ðy xm;aom wdu k ¶f u kd b f momjyefcsurf sm;rS jzpfonf? xk@d tjyif a,mifa[G (qefpyg;aygºuG,0f aomawmif=um;) [laom ¶Sr;f a'otrnfonf jrefrmbmompum;jzifh anmifa¶$ (a¶$csxm;aom anmifyif) [k jzpfvmcJo h nf? Txufq;kd onfrmS wdu k ¶f u kd b f momjyefrt _ m;vH;k onf uAsmqefqefawmhr[kwv f aS y? Oyrmtm;jzifh ¶Sr;f bmompum;jzifh ®[email protected] “rlid ;f ” jzpfI/ jrefrmbmomjzifh wdu k ¶f u kd jf yefqakd om tcgwiG f AH;k [k t"dyg` ,&f aom “rdik ;f ” jzpfomG ;aoma=umifh ¶Sr;f ®rŒrsm;pGmonf r*Fvmr¶Sd vSaom jrefrmtrnfrsm; &¶do S mG ;=uawmhonf? Ô 20

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

20

10/11/2009, 17:32

vm;¶d+;¶Sd a¶$wd*Hk yHkwl

Ak'b < momtaqmuftODrsm; tm%mjyjcif;. oauFwrsm; ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;wGif ax&0g'Ak'b < momESiyhf wfoufI tvGe¶f n S v f sm;aom ordik ;f a=umif; ¶do S nf? ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m yGJvrf;obifrsm;onf Ak'
21

10/11/2009, 17:32

a¶$w*d kH yHw k l apwDrsm; vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; jrefrmppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;onf &efukefòrd@. txifu& a¶$wd*Hkbk&m;.yHkwl rsm;pGmudk ¶Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; wnfaqmufaeonf? ‚if;a¶$a&mifapwDrsm;onf omrefurBmvSnfhc&D;oGm;{nfhonf wOD;tzd@k pGaJ qmifz, G jf zpfEidk af omfvnf; a'ocHwnf&rSd u _ kd ESrd cfh sjcif;ESihf r[mAsL[mt& ta&;ygaom wnfae&mrsm;wGif wnfaqmufxm;jcif;a=umifh a'ocHrsm;u }uD;pGmrausreyfjzpfaeonf? 1995 ckEpS t f apmydik ;f wGif ppftpd;k &onf ude;f wkef ajrmufzuf w&kwEf ikd if eH ,fpyf¶Sd rdil ;f vm;òrd@wiG f a¶$w*d kH yHw k u l kd pwifwnfxm;cJo h nf? 1989 ckEpS f typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlncD suaf tmufwiG f xdak 'oonf ppftm%mjzifh xde;f csKyfcx H m;&aom a'ojzpfco hJ nf? Typftcwf&yfpaJ &; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk =um;cHaqmif¶u G af y;cJah om jrefrm axmufvrS ;f a&;rª;csKyf cif!e$ @f u bk&m;wnfaqmufa&;twGuf uruxvkyaf y;cJo h nf? 1997 ckEpS w f iG f bk&m;tm; a&pufcsco hJ nf? typftcwf &yfpJ a&;rsm;t+yD;wGif a'owGi;f ºuG,0f r_EiS hf zG@H òzd;wd;k wufvmatmif aqmif &Guaf y;rnf[k ppftpd;k & uwdu0wfðycJah omfvnf; bk&m;yHw k x l ufyI kd rnfonfht&mrS jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmufay;cJhonfr[kwfay? typf tcwf&yfp+J yD; ESpaf ygi;f 20 ausm=f umaomtcgwiG f rdil ;f vm;òrdŒonf w¶kwaf vmif;upm;ae&mwcktjzpfom trnfq;kd jzifh ausm=f um;vm cJo h nf? 1995 ckESpf Edkif0ifbmvwGif jrefrmppftpdk;&ppfwyfonf xdkif;EdkifiHajrmufydkif; e,fpyfwGifwnf¶dSaom ¶Srf;jynfta¶›Szufjcrf; wmcDvw d ;f òrd@tjyifzufwiG f a¶$w*d ykH w kH u l kd pwifwnfaqmufco hJ nf? ¶Sr;f awmfveS af &;wyfrsm;u xdòk rd@uw kd u kd cf u kd I f jrefrmppfwyfu ckccH hJ aomESpf wESpw f nf;Yyifjzpfonf? xdek ,fpyfa'oudk jrefrmppfwyfu xde;f csKyfxm;a=umif; jyoonft h rSwo f auFwwcktjzpf Tbk&m;yHw k l tm; wnfaqmufcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? wmcsDvdwf¶Sd a¶$wd*Hk yHkwl 22

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

22

10/11/2009, 17:32

bk&m;yHw k l wnfaqmufrt _ m;vH;k udk jrefrmjynftv,fyikd ;f rS vufr_ ynmonfrsm;ESihf tvkyo f rm;rsm;u wm0ef,w l nfaqmufco hJ nf? bk&m;. atmufajcwGif "gwaf wmfXmyemðyI bk&m;pwif wnfaqmufaom tcrf; tem;ESihf bk&m;. iSurf suef m;awmfwiG f "gwaf wmfwifjcif; ESihf xD;awmfwifjcif; rsm;aqmif¶Gufonfh bk&m;wnfaqmufjcif;+yD;qHk;aom 1998 ckESpfwGif usi;f yonfh tcrf;tem;ESpcf v k ;kH udk jrefrmppfwyft&m¶drS sm;omwufa&mufI bmoma&; "avhx;Hk wrf;rsm;udk aqmif¶u G =f uonf? xH;k wrf;tpOftvmt& qkdygu oHCmawmfrsm;uom bmoma&;"avhxHk;wrf;udk oifhawmf&m qkawmif;arwWmyd@k jcif;rsm;jzifh aqmif¶u G &f onf? od@k aomf a'ocHoC H mawmf rsm;udk xH;k wrf;t&t"duvkyaf qmifr_ tqifq h if+h yD;rSom yifzh w d cf o hJ nf? 1997 ckEpS w f iG f a'ocHppfwyf wyf&if;rª;rsm;u uGe[ f id ;f (uGe[ f ed ;f )wGif a¶$w*d ykH w kH u l kd pwifwnfxm;cJo h nf? uGe[ f id ;f òrd@onf ¶Sr;f jynftv,fyikd ;f òrd@e,f rsm;teuf xif&mS ;aomòrdŒe,fwckjzpf+yD; ¶Sr;f awmfveS af &;wyfrsm;udk wdu k cf u kd f aomaomif;usef;olqef@usifa&;ppfqifa&;}uD;wck. wpdwfwa'otjzpf ¶Srf;jynf vlxkoHk;odef;ausmfudk ppftpdk;&u twif;t=uyfajymif;a¶$ŒcJhaom òrŒd e,fwck vnf;jzpfco hJ nf? bk&m;.trnfrmS r[muarBmZjynf+ird ;f at;bk&m; jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;u tkXfjrpfcsyGJtcrf;tem;udk uruxvkyfay; cJo h nf? xdt k crf;tem;udk jyuQ'ed . f 9 v 9 &uf 9 em&DwiG f usi;f ycJo h nf? 9 *%ef;onf ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf twdwfaumif;onf[k ,lqonfh *%ef; wckjzpfonf? "avhx;kH wrf;tpOftvmt& oHCmawmfrsm;/ a'ocH aus;¶Gmom;rsm;u tkwjf rpfcstcrf;tem;twGi;f bk&m;.atmufajcod@k wefb;kd ¶daS omypPn;f rsm; Xmyem&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; ‚if;wd@k tm;vH;k tm; ab; z,fxm;I ppfwyft&m¶drS sm;uom tkXjf rpfcsc=hJ uonf? tcrf;tem;+yD;onfh aemufwiG rf S uav;oli,frsm;tygt0if a'ocH¶mG om;rsm;udk twif;t=uyf t"rRvyk t f m;ay; bk&m;wnfaqmufcikd ;f cJo h nf?

ppftpd;k &acgif;aqmif Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD; oef;a¶$ ESihf tjcm;ppfacgif;aqmif t&m¶Sdrsm; Ak'
23

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

23

10/11/2009, 17:32

yefvkH ¶Sd a¶$w*d kH yHw k l = ordik ;f 0if yefvpkH mcsKyfcsKyfonfh txdr;f trSwaf usmufwikd . f rsuEf mS pmY wnf¶dS

24

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

24

10/11/2009, 17:32

aemufxyf a¶$wd*HkyHkwlwqludk 2000 ckESpf ZGefvwGif rdlif;¶dkif (rdik ;f &,f) wGif wnfxm;cJo h nf? rdil ;f ¶dik o f nf ¶Sr;f jynfe,f.A[dt k v,f h ;kH awmifxyd f vGKd ifvif; teD;wGif wnfw h nfYh ¶d+S yD; ¶Sr;f jynfe,f. tjrifq wnf¶o Sd nf? 2001 ckEpS w f iG f aemufxyfa¶$w*d kH yHw k w l qlukd rdil ;f yef (rdik ;f yef) wGipf wifwnfxm;cJo h nf? rdil ;f yefonf ¶Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f ¶dS jrefrmppfwyf . AsL[muGyu f aJ &;XmecsKyfjzpf+yD; xkid ;f e,fpyfwav#muf¶Sd ¶Sr;f awmfveS f a&;wyfrsm;tm; wdkufcdkufaomppfqifa&;rsm;tm;vHk;udk }uD;=uyfuGyfuJ onf? ®rŒ.taemufzuf awmifukef;ay:¶Sd ,cif¶Srf;bkef;}uD;ausmif;tdk wpfausmif;tm; tjcm;ae&mod@k twif;t=uyfa¶$Œajymif;cdik ;f I ‚if;wnf ae&mY a¶$w*d ykH w kH b l &k m;udk wnfjcif;jzpfonf? twif;ta¶$ŒcHc&hJ onfh bke;f }uD;ausmif;jyefaqmuf&eftwGuf {u 300 ¶Sd v,fajrwckukd ausmif; y&0k%f tjzpford ;f ,lco hJ nf? Om%fawmf 108 ay (1 š 8 ] 9) tjrif¶h aSd om r[mawZm"dywdbk&m; (pGrf;tifwefckd;jynfhpHkaombk&m;[k t"dy`g,f& 25

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

25

10/11/2009, 17:32

onf) udk 2003 ckEpS f t+yD;owfwnfaqmufxm;cJo h nf? ppfwyftm%mydik rf sm;onf ,ae@tcsed x f d a'ocH¶mG om; rsm;tm; bk&m;vHòk cHa&;tjzpf tvSnu hf suif;apmifch ikd ;f onft h jyif ESppf Ofx;kH wrf;tpOftvm ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;. ¶Siðf yyGu J v kd nf; Tbk&m;ae&mwGif vma&mufusi;f ycdik ;f onf? 2002 ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;oef;a¶$.trdef@t& ppftpdk;&onf yefvHk (yifvHk) wGif a¶$wd*HkyHkwlwqludk pwifwnfaqmufco hJ nf? yefvòkH rdŒonf 1947 ckEpS w f iG f jAdwo d #xrH S vGwv f yfa&;awmif;qd&k mY jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if H wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; vufwyJG g0ifonfh ordik ;f 0ifoabmwlncD suf pmcsKyfcsKyfqakd omòrdŒjzpfonf? Om%fawmftjrifh 135 ay (1š3 š5 ] 9) ¶d S a om bk & m;. trnf r S m r[m&Ïmbd o mr*~ D a pwD a wmf “Rahtarbhithamaggi” (}uD;us,cf ef;em;aom Edik if aH wmfpnf;vH;k nD!w $ rf [ _ t k "dyg` ,)f jzpfonf? bk&m;udk yefvpkH mcsKyfcsKyfqckd ahJ omae&mwGif pdu k x f x l m;aom txdr;f trSwaf usmufwikd af e&m. ta¶Sw › nfw h nfw h iG f wnfaqmufxm;aoma=umif/h yifvkH ausmufwikd f .txifu&jzpfru _ kd arS;rSed af tmifvyk o f nft h jyif/ ppftpd;k &. }uD;pd;k r_tm; jyoaeonf? bk&m;topfo@kd oGm;onfh vrf;azmuf&eftwGuf òrdŒ.av;yHyk kH wyHck ef@rmS twif;t=uyf a¶$Œajymif;cHc&hJ onf? yHw k b l &k m;udk 2006 ckEpS w f iG f t+yD;owf wnfxm;cJo h nf? 2003 ckEpS f ZEM0g&v D wGif ¶Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufzuf 0 typftcwf&yfpaJ &;a'o. òrdŒawmf jzpfaom yefqef;wGif aemufxyf yHkwlwql wnfaqmuf+yD;pD;cJhonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;yGJpm; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!$ef@u tcrf;tem;udk OD;pD;OD;¶Guðf ycJo h nf? 2006 ckESpfwGif &efwkdif;atmifqkawmif;jynfh (&efwumudk acsr_ef;onfh qkawmif;jynfh[k t"dy`g,f&) [k trnf&aom Om%fawmftjrifh 135 ay (1š3 š5 ] 9) &dSonfh a¶$wd*Hkbk&m;yHkwludk vmo#dKò[email protected] wnfaqmufxm;cJhonf? vmo#dKonf ppftpdk;&. ta¶S•ajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf tajcpkduf&mòrd@vnf;jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;oef;a¶$u, kd w f ikd f uruxvkyf wnfaqmufaom bk&m;jzpfonf? a'ocH¶rS ;f vlrsKd ;rsm;u xkb d &k m;udk a¶Smifz,f =uaomfvnf; ¶Sr;f ESpo f pfu;l yGaJ wmfukd xdb k &k m;ae&mwGio f musi;f y&ef tm%mydik rf sm;u zdtm;ay;cJo h nf? Ô

26

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

26

10/11/2009, 17:32

ude;f wkef ¶dS &yfawmfrb l &k m; Om%fawmftjrifhay 60 ausmf¶dSaom &yfawmfrlbk&m;wqludk vdGKifZGrfqwf (Loi Jom Sak) awmifukef;ay: Y 1998 ckESpfwGif t+yD;owf wnfaqmufcJhonf? xdkawmifukef;onf udef;wkefòrd@. tjrifhqHk;ae&mjzpf+yD; aemifwek u f ef. taemufzufjcrf;wGif ¶do S nf? bk&m;¶kyx f o k nf ta¶Sz• ufo@kd rsuEf mS rlxm;um nmzufvufukd qef@wef;I òrd@zufqo D @kd vuf!;_d xd;k xm;onf? toGirf wl trde@f ay;[efayguaf eonfh bk&m;¶kyx f jk zpfI a'ocHrsm;u oHo, jzpfae=uonf? xdb k &k m;udk a¶$}wd*w H ikd ;f rª;Adv k cf sKyfoed ;f pdef (,ck0ef}uD;csKyf) . trde@f t& wnfaqmufcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? a'ocH vufry_ nmonfrsm;udt k oH;k rðybJ rE aW v;rS jrefrmvufry_ nmonfrsm;udk ac:aqmifvmI ‚if;wd@k u òrd@wiG w f yfpx JG m;aom jrefrmppfom;rsm;tm; bk&m;wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf iSm;&rf;cJo h nf? aqmufvyk f aepOfumvtwGi;f xdak e&mod@k a'ocHvx l rk sm;udk 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmcGirhf &dS ydwyf if xm;cJo h nf? ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;. "avhx;kH wrf;pOfvmt& bk&m;¶kyyf mG ;awmfwql wnf aqmuf&mwGif oHCmawmfrsm;/ &Gmom;rsm;u ¶kyyf mG ;awmf. ESv;kH om;ae&m wGif tzdk;xdkufwefI jrifhjrwfonfh &wemypPnf;rsm; XmyemxnfhoGif;=uonfh txl;yGaJ wmfwckukd usi;f yavh¶o Sd nf? od@k aomf ‚if;Ak'< qif;wkawmf wnfaqmuf onfu h mvtwGi;f rnfonfah 'ocHjynfou l rkd S xdt k crf;tem;od@k zdw=f um;jcif; r&dcS o hJ jzifh bk&m;¶kyx f t k wGi;f xnfo h iG ;f xm;aomt&mrsm;ESihf ywfoufI a'ocH jynforl sm;t=um; oHo, jzpfae=u&onf? bk&m;¶kyx f k wnfaqmuft+yD;wGif bk&m;. ajcawmf&if;¶dS bke;f }uD;ausmif;udk ausmif;xdik &f eftwGuf &efuek rf S jrefrm oHCm ESpyf g;udk yifzh w d I f ausmif;xdik af pcJo h nf?

27

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

27

10/11/2009, 17:32

a'ocHrsm;u xdkbk&m;¶kyfxkonf ‚if;wdk@twGuf raumif;aom twdwfedrdwfrsm; o,faqmifvmonf[k ,H=k unf=uojzifh oGm;a&mufuefawmh&ef a¶Smif¶mS ;=uonf? reufcif;aps;ok@d aps;a&mif;toGm;wGif xd&k yfawmfral ¶Sr• S jzwfav#mufomG ;+yD; armf=unfrh yd gu bmwckrS a&mif;r&[k aps;onfrsm;uajym=uonf? xd@k a=umifh aps;onfrsm;onf xdb k &k m;. atmufajcod@k jzwfroGm;vdo k jzifh wjcm;vrf;rSauG@a¶SmifI a0;vHpmG oGm;=uonf? ewfa'0grsm;u bk&m; ¶kyfxktm; rESpfòrdŒ=u[laom oufaoom"ursm;¶dSonf[k a'ocHrsm;u ajymqdk=uonf? OyrmwckrSmxdk&yfawmfrlbk&m; wnfaqmuft+yD; 6 vt=umwGif taESmifht,SufjzpfbG,f qef@wef;xm;aomvuftm; rd;k óu;d ypfcsojzifh vufnK‡d ;jywfomG ;um/ rl&if;jrefrmAdou k mynm¶Siw f OD;tm; csucf si;f ac:,lI tvsit f jref jyefvnfjyifqif cJo h nf[k od¶&dS onf?

28

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

28

10/11/2009, 17:32

qDayg‹ (oDayg) òrdŒteD;¶dS abmfóudb&k m;tm; jyefvnfðyjyifjcif; abmfóudb&k m;onf vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f 2000 cef@uwnf;uwnfxm;cJo h nf[ck ef@reS ;f &aom a¶S;a[mif; bk&m; wqljzpfonf? 1995-1996 ckEpS t f wGi;f 'kw, d AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!$ef@. trdef@t& abmfóudbk&m;tm; t}uD;tus,f jyefvnfjyifqifco hJ nf? jrefrmppfwyfu jyefvnfðyjyif&ef trde@f ay;cJ+h yD; òrdŒrdòrdŒzrsm;yg0ifaom ,cifb&k m;a*gyu tzG@J a[mif;udk òrd@e,ftqifh jrefrmt&m¶dSrsm;yg0ifaomaumfrwDESifh jyefvnftpm;xd;k I bk&m;ðyjyifa&; vkyif ef;ud}k uD;=uyf&ef cef@tyfco hJ nf? ,cif ESifh ,ckabmfóudbk&m;}uD;

29

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

29

10/11/2009, 17:32

bk&m;ykx;kd udk tvGet f rif; a¶$a&mifaq;okwx f m;&m ,cif¶rS ;f tv–&iS rf sm;. ajc&mvuf&m rsm;ruseaf tmif zsux f m;onf? jrefrmppfAv kd cf sKyf}uD;rsm;u Tabmfóudb&k m;tm; rnfo@kd rnfykH jyefvnfðyjyifco hJ nfukd jrefrmbmomjzifh k x f x l m;onf? urŠn;f wifxm;aom ausmufpmwdik rf sm;udk pdu a'ocHjynfolvlxktrsm; twif;t"rRae&m ajymif;a¶$ŒcH&aoma-umifh = apwDyx k ;kd rsm;rSm tpGeŒf y,fcH&_yD;/ vHk;0ysufpD;aeyHk

jrefrmppftpd;k & ppfom;rsm;rS t¶Suu f if;rJph mG jzifh olwdkŒzsufqD;xm;aom bkef;}uD;ausmif;Y ‚if;wdkŒ. ajcvsiw f yf&if;eHygwfrsm; a&;xd;k rSwo f m;xm;yHk

bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;rS bk&m;pifrsm;ESihf yk&yd'k rf sm; wdu k cf u kd f tvk,ufcaH e&yHk 30

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

30

10/11/2009, 17:32

a'ocH apwDyx k ;kd bke;f }uD;ausmif;rsm;tm; zsufq;D ypfjcif; jrefrmppfwyfacgif;aqmifrsm; ¶Srf;jynfe,fodk@vma&mufvnfywf=upOfwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;onf Ak'
For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

31

10/11/2009, 17:32

oHviG fjrpftxufykid ;f wGif wnfaqmufrnfh uGefvkH a&umwmpDru H ed f; ae&m

_cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&aom ¶Sr;f jynfe,f¶dS ¶+cif;oma'orsm; urBmhvSnfhc&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm;onf ¶Srf;jynfe,f. om,m¶_armzG,ftjzpfqHk; a'oawmfawmfrsm;rsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfciG u hf kd vH;k 0r&&daS y? xdak 'orsm;onf w¶kwEf iS x hf idk ;f &if;ES;D ðryfEo HS rl sm;. aiGa=u;taxmuftyH&h aom ppftpd;k &. a&tm;v#ypf pfxw k f zG@H òzd;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;a=umifh +cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&onf? ¶Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;twGuf tvSyqH;k / 32

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

32

10/11/2009, 17:32

ude;f awmif;a&wHceG f

txifu& trSwt f om;wckjzpfaom ude;f awmif; a&wHceG o f nf vuf&w Sd nfaqmufaeonfh a&v$pJ epfprD u H ed ;f a=umifh ysupf ;D &rnfu h ed ;f qdu k af eonf? {&mra&umwm}uD;ESpcf u k kd ¶Sr;f jynfe,f. A[dck surf udk jzwfIqif;aeaom aoG;a=umr}uD; wckjzpfonfh oHviG jf rpfay:wGif wnfaqmuf&efvnf; pDpOfaeaoma=umifh jrpf!mtxufyikd ;f ajrae&mrsm;rSm a&umwm a=umifh a&zH;k v$r;f cH&awmhrnfjzpfonf? ,ck 2009 ckEpS w f iG v f nf; jrefrmjynfrS w¶kwjf ynfo@kd o,f,yl @kd aqmifrnfh a&eHEiS o hf bm0 "gwaf iG@yu kd v f ikd ;f rsm; wnfaqmuf&ef pDrHudef;&mxm;onf? xkdydkufvdkif;rsm;onf/ ¶Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; wydkif;vHk;tm;ausmfjzwf aqmuf vkyfrnfjzpfI ydkufvdkif;aqmufvkyfrnfh e,fajra'owav#muf¶Sd obm0ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m wnfae&mrsm; ysuo f ek ;f awmh&rnf tEœ&m,fjzifh +cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&onf? Ô 33

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

33

10/11/2009, 17:32

34

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

34

10/11/2009, 17:32

tusOf;axmifrsm; jrefrmEdik if . H vlord sm;txif&mS ;qH;k Ekid if aH &; twdu k t f cH tcsKd @onf ‚if;wd@k aetdrrf S rdik af ygi;f &mcsD a0;vHaom ¶Srf;jynfe,f¶dS tusOf;axmifrsm;wGif axmif'%fwoufwu|ef; uscHae&onf? xdktusOf;axmifrsm;teuf tcsKd @tusO;f axmifrsm;onf Ekid if jH cm;c&D;oGm;{nfo h nfrsm; r=umc% jzwfoef;oGm;vmaom vrf;rsm;wav#mufwiG f wnf¶o dS nf? ,cifEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;u Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;udk n‡i;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif;twGuf trnfq;kd jzifx h if¶mS ; ausm=f um;aom ppftpd;k &onf vGecf o hJ nfEh pS t f enf;i,ftwGi;f wGif twdu k t f cHrsm;udk vl@oufwrf;xufyrkd sm;aom axmif'%frsm; qufwu kd cf srw S jf cif;ESihf vlreD;olreD;tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif axmifoiG ;f csxm;jcif;rsm; ponfh pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt& n‡i;f yef;ESyd pf ufry_ pkH t H opfukd toH;k ðyvmcJo h nf? 2007 ckESpf a¶$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifqENjyolrsm;ESifh 88 rsdK;qufausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ppftpdk;&u 2008 ckESpfY,kwdWrwef ESpf¶Snfaxmif'%frsm;csrSwfI &efukefòrdŒrS tvGefa0;vHaom vlolreD; tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif axmif'%fus cHapcJo h nf? txif¶mS ;tausm=f um;qH;k Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;teuf tusO;f om; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ¶Sr;f jynfe,f¶Sd tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k yd@k co hJ nf? jrefrmjynftv,fyidk ;f ¶dS ‚if;wd@k t;kd tdrrf sm;rS a0;uGm aejcif;u aqG;rsKd ;rsm; axmif0ifpmawG@&eftwGuf aiGa=u;ukeu f sp&dw}f uD;jcif;ponfh tcuftcJrsm;pGmudk awG@óuHaponf? &moDOwk tvGeaf t;aoma=umifh emruse;f jzpf&ef ydI k vG,u f al ponf? 2005 ckEpS w f iG f ¶Sr;f Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif 8 OD;tay: ppftpd;k &. &ufpufaom qufqyH rHk sm;u xdt k csuu f kd ydI k f xd xif¶mS ;apcJo h nf? ‚if;acgi;f aqmif 8 OD;onf ¶Sr;f jynfe,frS a0;vHaomtusO;f axmifrsm;wGif axmif'%f 106 ESpt jypf'%fcsrw S cf o hJ nf? 1990 a¶G;aumufyw JG iG f ¶Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f trwfae&mtrsm;qH;k tEdik &f ¶dcS ahJ om ¶Sr;f trsKd ;om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf. acgi;f aqmif OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf? xde;f odr;f csKyfaESmifc&H olrsm;. jypfrq _ o kd nfrmS Edik if aH &;tajymif;tvJrsm; ðyvky&f eftwGuf +idr;f csr;f pGm ¶d;k ¶d;k pif;pif;awmif;qdck jhJ cif;om jzpfonf? xde;f odr;f cH&olrsm;teuf &cdik jf ynfe,f/ oHwJG tusO;f axmifwiG f axmif'%f 79 ESpf uscaH eaom OD;jrifo h ef;onf 2006 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf?

35

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

35

10/11/2009, 17:32

ude;f wkef tusO;f axmif t0if0 *dwf

ude;f wkef tusOf;axmif. 0if;wHcg; aemufu, G w f iG f rif;udEk idk t f m; tcef;usO;f av; wckwnf;wGif wdu k yf w d cf sKyfaESmifxm;+y;D wdu k t f jyifo@kd xGucf iG rhf ðy/ avhusichf ef;yif vkyfcGifhrðyacs? axmiftpm;tpmonf tvGefnHhzsif;aoma=umifh tusOf;om;rdom;pktrsm;pkonf aumif;rGefaom tpm;tpm&¶dS&eftwGuf rdom;pkaxmif0ifpmudkom tm;udk;&onf? rif;udkEdkif.rdom;pkonf &efukef¶dSol.tdrfESifh tvGeaf 0;uGmaoma=umifh olxo H @kd axmif0ifpm =um=umrSwpfcg awG@ Ekid o f nf? ,cifxed ;f odr;f csKyfaESmifxm;pOftwGi;f }udrzf efrsm;pGm n‡i;f yef;ESyd pf ufc&H jcif;a=umifh use;f rma&;,d, k iG ;f ae+yD; rif;udEk ikd o f nf tm¶Hak =umrsm; tm;enf;jcif;/ tjrif tm¶Hrk sm; ,d, k iG ;f vmjcif;ESihf ajczaemifYh t¶d;k tan‡mufxu G o f nfah 0'emrsm; cHpm;ae&+yD; aq;0g;ukor_yyD jD yifjyif r&¶daS y? 36

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

36

10/11/2009, 17:32

atmufaz: jyygonf r*Fvmr¶Sad om trnf om"utcsdK‹jzpfonf ¶Sr;f trnf Mong Pan

¶Sr;f t"dyg` ,f

wdu k ¶f u kd jf refrmjyefqkd onft h rnf

erfyh efacsmif;trnfpI GJ ac:aomòrd@

Mine Pan

rdil ;f umif

jrif;uke;f ES;D xkwaf omòrdŒ

Mine Kaing

rdil ;f aemif

a&uefeaH b;uòrdŒ

Mine Naung rdi k ;f aemif

vif;,keif u S rf sm;pGmaexdik f aomawmifEiS hf rsuEf mS csi;f qdik òf rd@

Lashio

prf;a&OD;xGuaf omòrd@

Ho Pong

rdil ;f yef

Mong Kerng

Mong Nawng Lashio vmo#Kd

Ho Pong

[dk0fykif;

rdik ;f yef rdik ;f udik f

vm;¶_;d

jrefrmbmomt"dyg` ,f AH;k yefqifxm;onf AH;k udik x f m;onf AH;k aemifawmf (tud}k uD;) vm;jyyGJ

[dkyHk;

[dk (tJ')D yH;k

ae&ma'otrnfrsm;ukd pmrsuEf mS 20 wGi=f unf¶h &_ ef

37

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

37

10/11/2009, 17:32

For Biddendraft Bur.pmd

38

10/11/2009, 17:32