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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

3

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

5

TOP 10 TECH CARS

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CHRYSLER 300 C 6

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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Chevrolet Tahoe ESihf GMC Yukon wdt Yk m;

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Detroit monitoring center

onf vlodtrsm;qHk;jzpfonf/ ,cktcg GM onf armf awmf,mOftoHk;jyK&ef quf

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5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

CHEVROLET TAHOE/ GMC YUKON

¤if;wkdYESifhtwl yg&Sdvmaom txkyftydk;rsm;udkvnf; o,f aqmifomG ;Ekid o f nf/ tu,fí 3500 uDvkd*&rf av;aom ,mOf wpfpD;pD;udk qGJoGm;ap vQifyif vkyfaqmifEkdifaom pGrf;tm;&Sdonf/ Tahoes ESihf Yukons ESpfrsKd;vHk;wGif acwf trDqHk; tqifhjrifhenf;ynm rsm;udk oHk;xm;onf/ Oyrm wpfct k aejzifh qd&k vQif ¤if;wkYd wGiyf g&Sad om On Star trnf&dS ESpfvrf;quf BudK;rJhqufoG,f a&;pepf wyfqifxm;rIukd nTe;f qdEk idk o f nf/ GM qdyk gu xde;f csKyfrIESifh csdwfqufxm;onfh tvdktavsmuf qufoG,fa&; pepf wyfqifrIudk 1995 ckESpf uwnf;u pwif aqmif&u G cf hJ onf/ xdkodkY jyKvkyfay;onfh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;teuf

2007

Oa&myxk w f um;rsm; teuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; xGuf ay:vmcJ\ h / aemuf0if½;kd rsm;rSm t&Sifjzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif oHk; xm;onfh V8 tif*sifrmS vGecf hJ aom 10 ESpfu 'DZkdif;udk jyKjyif oifhonfrsm; jyKjyifum versions topftjzpf toHk;cs xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif toH;k jyKxm;aom sport-utilities rsm;rSm *syefEi dk if H odYkr[kwf Oa&myEkid if rH sm;wGif toH;k jyKae Muonfh c&D;onfwifum;rsm; xufyif BuD;rm; av;vHaeyg onf/ *syefEidk if t H wGuf pyg,f &S,f xkwfvkyfcJhaom ]uJtd} um;rsm;uJhodkY oD;jcm; 'DZkdif; wpfcjk zifh wnfaqmufay;xm; onf/ ]uJtd} qkdonfh *syef pmvHk;\ t"dyÜm,frSm EkdifiH wpfEkdifiHwnf;twGuf oD;jcm; aqmif&u G x f m;onfo h abmudk aqmifygonf/ tqkdygum;rsm;wGif vl &Spfa,mufcefY pD;Ekdifrnfhtjyif

7

TOP 10 TECH CARS 2006

SUBARU R2 TYPE S

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2007 MERCEDES

Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaf yk cf hJ ru ESihf Suzuki wkYd rS xkwv

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R2 type S onf

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- BENZ E 320 BLUETEC

tar&duefEkdifiHwGif Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; toHk;jyK&aom um;rsm;twGuf 'DZ,ftif*sifrsm;udk toHk;jyKMuonf/ ta0;ajy; vrf;rBuD;rsm;wGif 18 bD;wyf,mOfrsm;udk toHk;jyKaeMuqJjzpfonf/ odkYaomf 'DZ,ftif*sifrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;aMumifh rD;cdk;rsm;pGm xGufapygonf/ 1980 jynfhESpf 0ef;usif xkwf um;yHkpHrsm;onf tqdk; qH;k jzpf\/ Oa&myEkid if rH sm;wGif qd k y gu c&D ; onf w if u m; xuf0ufausmrf mS 'DZ,ftif*sif rsm;udkom toHk;jyKxm;onf/ odYk &mwGif tar&duefEidk if H wGif avxknpfnrf;rIudk xdef; csKyfay;aomtaejzifh tvGef oefY&Sif;aom 'DZ,fqDrsm;udk toHk;jyKaponf/ Oa&myEkdifiH rsm;wGifawmh tvm;wl'DZ,f ta&mif;qkdifrsKd; rxm;Ekdifao; ay/ txl;ojzifh xdkodkY pyg,f &S,f xkwfvkyfxm;onfh oefY &Sif; 'DZ,fqDrsm;udk jynfe,f 8

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

udk wyfxm; onf/ omreftm;jzifh CVT pepfwdkY rnfonfhtif*sif\ tjrefEIef;xm;udk *D,mtcsKd; tpm;jzifh tvdktavsmuf jr§ifh wif , l a ompepf jzpf o nf / odkYaomf ,ck Subaru R2 wGif

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45 ckü toifh&SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ t"d u tm;jzif h MercedesBenz,Volkswagen ESifh *spf um;rsm;twG u f jzpf o nf / jynfe,f 5 ckrSm ,aeYwkdif r& ao;ay/ umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f ESifh e,l;a,mufNrdKUBuD;wdkYwGif avxknpfnrf;rI wm;jrpfcsuf tjrifhrm;qHk;? twif;usyfqHk; jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf cHhcHhxnf xnf pD;Ekdifrnfhtjyif tqdkyg pHcsdefpHnTef;jzifh ukdufnDaprnfh E-320 Bluetec udk Mercede uk r Ü P D r S xk w f v k y f c J h o nf / Bluetec 'D Z ,f t if * sif o nf 'DZ,frD;cdk;rsm;udk z,fxkwf ypfEidk rf nfh catalytic converters oHk;rsKd; wyfqifay;xm; onf / urÇ m ay:wG i f rD ; cd k ;

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5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

9

TOP 10 TECH CARS Lexus

[lonft h rnfukd

aqmifEkdifonf/ rdrd &yfem; vdkaomae&mudk navigation system wGif jyqdv k u dk f onfESifh tvdktavsmuf vk y f u d k i f a y;ygvd r f h r nf / a&SUaemufuifr&mrsm;jzifh vnf ; aumif ; ? vQyf p pf yg0gpwD,m&ifjzifhvnf; aumif; "drive -by-wire" [k trnf a y;xm;onf h tDvufx&Gefepf qDydwfzGifh ay;,l r I pepf j zif h v nf ; aumif; aumif;rGefacsmarm pGm aqmif&Guf,lygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh Intelligent Parking Assist System udk toHk;csonf[kvnf; qdkEkdif onf/ tvm;wlpepfjzifh Toyota \ Priuses wGif *syefEkdifiH &Sd a':vm 2000 jzifhvnf; aumif;? NAdwdefEkdifiHwGif pwm vifaygif700 jzifv h nf;aumif; ESpfESpfMumumvtwGif; wyf qif toHk;jyKcJhMuao;onf/ odkYaomf armif;ESifolonf csdef

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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LEXUS LS 460

10

2007

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Luxury

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ckjzifh pDpOfay;xm;onf/ tqkd yg pyD u mrsm;onf Mark Levinson rS wDxGif xkwfvkyf cJ h j cif ; jzpf \ / Navigation uGeyf sLwmyg&Su d m vuf&dS vrf; aMumif; tajcjypepfyg wyf qifxm;onf/ xdkYtwl &moD Owk tajctaersm;udkvnf; wifjyay;Ekid o f nf/ tcef;wGi;f tylcsed u f v kd nf; pD;eif; vku d yf g ol\ udk,ftylcsdefESifh tqif ajyrnfh taetxm;txd tvdk tavsmuf csdefnd§ aqmif&Guf ay;Ekdifygonf/

2006 VOLKSWAGEN

PASSAT

ESpf odyfrMumao;rDu tvwfpm; qD'ifarmf',frsKd;rsm;onf 0ifh0ifh
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wyfqifay;xm;onf/ aemufbuf ab;ESpfzufwGif vnf ; thorax protectors wyfqifvydk gu oD;jcm;rSmMum; Ekdifygao;onf/ xdkifcHkcg;ywf rsm;uvnf; aemufqHk;ay: enf;pepfrsm;jzifh wyfqif yg&Sd vmonf/ b&dwfpepf\ vIyf &Sm;rItay:cg;ywf\pnf;aESmif rItajctae tvdktavsmuf ajymif;oGm;apygonf/ yg0g pwD,m&if pepf onf auGYaomaMumifh 'D*&D twGufomru tif*siftjref EIef;ESifh tjcm; tajccHtcsuf rsm;ay:wGifvnf; rlwnfí ajymif;vJay;Ekdifaponf/ um; t&Sed u f kd ravsmhenf;oGm;ap&ef txl; pDpOf aqmif&Gufxm; onf/ xdkYtjyif vl;cgrIr&Sdap &ef tv D ufx&Gepf epfjzifh armif; &Sdefay: rlwnfNyD; aqmif&Guf ay;onfh stabilization program rsm; wyfqifxm;&So d nf/ um;udk rnfonfhEIef;xm;jzifh armif;ESiaf eonfjzpfaptwGi;f cef; pD;eif; vkdufygolrsm; Nidrfh tors

anmif;rI &Sad p&ef uk, d x f nfukd xdef;csKyf aqmif&Gufay;onf/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap pyg,f&S,f oD;jcm;toGit f jyif zGYJ pnf;rIukd Oa&myEkid if t H wGuf xkwv f yk rf I ESifh tar&duefEkdifiHtwGuf xkwfvkyfrIwdkY tenf;i,f uGJ jym; jcm;em;pGm &Sdaeygonf/ ¤if ; wG i f wyf q if x m; aom bixenon headlamps rsm;rSm auGY&mwGif jrifomap &ef ab; 15 'D*&Dtxd tvif; wef; ay;xm;&ef vSnfh,lí & onf/ a&SUrD;oD;BuD;\ vm;&m udk ajymif;,lEidk rf nfh oabmjzpf onf/ xkdYtjyif a&SUrS aES;auG; pGm armif;ESifaom um;tajc taeudk od&Sd&efESifh aemufrS uyf vku d v f maomum; tajc taeudo k &d &dS ef radar sensing pepf u d k oH k ; xm;ay;onf / odkYtwGuf ta&;ay: b&dwf pepfwGif ydkrdk xda&mufvsifjref pGm ulnD yHhydk;rIudk &,lEkdifrnf jzpf\/

5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

11

TOP 10 TECH CARS

MITSUBISHI CONCEPT - CT MIEV umvDz;kd eD;,m;jynfe,f qdu k yf &yf&dS Mitsubishi Motros Design Center rS "hot wheels" [k trnf ay;avmufaom Concept - CT MIEV armf',fukd zefw;D vku d o f nf/ wHcg;udk aemufvSefzGifh aomyHkpHjzifh 3.8 rDwm t&Snf &Sdum vQyfppfarmfwmrsm;jzifh bD;rsm;udk armif;ESi, f al ponf/ bD;wpfb;D wGif vQypf pfarmfwm wpfvHk;pD&Sdaeonf/ orm;½dk; us um;rsm;uJhodkY A[dkarmfwm ESpfvHk;rS armif;ESif0if½dk;rsm;odkY ykdYay;onfhpepfyHkpHESifh rwlay/ Mitsubishi rS xkwfvkyfaom In-wheel Motor Electric Vehicle jzpfaomaMumifh twdk aumufoauFwjzifh MIEV [k

ac:qdk owfrSwfcJhonf/ tif *sifudk aemufxkdifcHk\ aemuf wGif wyfqifxm;onf/ tif *sifonf 1.0 vDwm yrmP&Sd qvif'g oHk;vHk;xdk;yHkpH jzpf onf/ um;udk,fxnftxdkif rsm;onf Nyd K if u m;yH k p H w G i f toHk;jyKouJhodkY wyfqifwnf aqmufxm;&Sdonf/ ¤if;\ yg0gx&def;t& jrif;aumifa& 134 aumiftm; &Sdonf/ tqdkyg jrif;aumifa& yrmP\ xuf0ufuykd if "mwf

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tajctaeudk rodEidk af y/ xdu k hJ vGefcJhaom oHk;ESpfcefYu rsuf odYk tajctaersm;udk ausmfvmT ; uG,fae&mrS a&muf&SdvmEkdif Ekdifap&ef Volvo ukrÜPDonf aom ,mOftm; owday;Ekdif rnfhpepfwpfckudk wDxGif zef wD;cJhMuonf/ ¤if;udk BLIS (Blind-Spot Information System) [k trnfay;xm;cJh

onf/ rMumao;rDu xkwf vkycf ahJ om S 60 ESihf S 80 qD'if trsKd;tpm;rsm;twGuf wyf qif a':vm 770 jzifh option tjzpf owfrw S f aqmif&u G af y; cJhonf/ xdkYtwl Oa&my aps; uGuf&Sd V 70 0ufuGef trsKd; tpm;ESifh XC 90 NydKifum; trsKd;tpm;rsm;twGufvnf; 12

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

rsm;rS tif*sifqDodkY ydkYay;&if; tat;cH,lygonf/ CT wGif toHk;jyKaom vQypf pfarmfwmav;vH;k udk hollow- doughnut wnfaqmuf rI pepfjzifh jyKvkyfxm; onf/ odkYtwGuf tav;csdefESifh ae&m udk ododomom avQmhcs,lxm;onf/ tu,fíom orm;½dk;us wnf aqmufrIjzifh armfwmrsm; udk toHk;jyKygu tav;csdef ESpq f yif wufomG ;Ekid af ponf/ Mitsubishi taejzifh tqkdyg MIEV enf;ynmESihf vDo, D rf bufx&D wyfqifxm;aom um;rsm;udk 2010 ckESpf a&muf rSom wGifwGif us,fus,f

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aqmufrnfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm; &Sdaeonf/ t"du jyóemrSm armif;ESifonfhbuf rsufESm csif;qkid rf aS exd;k aeygu armif; ESif&mwGif tcuftcJqHk; jzpf onf/ xdktajctaersm; ausmf vTm;,lEidk rf nfph epfrsKd;udk yxr OD;pGm OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Guf&ef tpDtpOf&Sdonf/ ,ckvuf&Sd toHk;jyKEkdif rnfh BLIS pepfudk toHk;rjyK vkduvnf; ydwfxm;Ekdifaom taetxm;&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif &yfem;xm;NyD; pwif toHk;jyK vku d o f nfEiS hf BLIS pepfwuf vmNyD; aqmif&Gufay;ygvdrfh rnf/ xdktcsdefwGifvnf; rvdk vm;ygu jyefydwfxm;&efom &Sdonf/

5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

13

TOP 10 TECH CARS

SUBARU B5 TPH (TURBO PARALLEL HYBRID) yxrqH;k [du k b f &pfpepfukd wDxiG Mf upOfu avmifpmqDukd acRwm&eftwGuf t"du &nfp;l cJMh uonf/ rMumao; aomumvupírl avmifpmqD enf;enf; toH;k jyK&if; pGr;f aqmif&nfukd ydrk akd umif;rGev f map&ef[k &nfreS ;f í 'DZikd ;f jyKchJ Mujyefonf/ rS ,cifyHkpHrsm; ESifhrwl xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tqdkyg &nf&G,fcsufESpfckvHk;aygif;pyf &ef BudK;pm;vkdufonf/ wmbdk csucf smwyfqifxm;aom "mwf qD tif*sifwiG f [ku d b f &pfvQyf ppfarmif;pepfudk aygif;xnfh vdu k í f odo k o kd yd o f yd f uspu f spf vspfvspf&Sdaom yg0gx&def;udk vkyaf qmifaponf/ odYk twGuf standard wmbdktif*sifrsm; xuf qD a vmif u Rrf ; rI 30 &mcdkifEIef; avsmhenf;oGm;awmh onf/ tqkdyg B 5 -TPH Subaru

(Turbo parallel hy brid)

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tif*sifudk oHk;xm;onf/ jrif; aumifa&tm; 256 aumif &Sd onf/ ¤if;tif*sio f nf Miller Combustion cycle yH k p H u d k toHk;csxm;onf/ t0ifAm; wpfpdwfwpfa'o yGifhaepOfrSm yif zdEydS rf v I yk if ef;pwifaponfh obm0udkt&,lum 'DZdkif;jyK vkyfxm;\/ odkYtwGuf pGrf; tifukd tavtvGihf r&Sad paom

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

enf ; jzif h toH k ; 0if o G m ;ap onf/ Miller - cycles tif*sif udk 'DZdkif;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh ukwf tm;avsmhenf;oGm;Ekdifonf/ xdkodkYaom tm;enf;csuf udk ausmfvTm;Ekdifap&ef tvdkY iSm Subaru wGif vQyfppfarmf wm *sife,fa&wmudk xnfh ay;vkdufonf/ ¤if;udk tif*sif ESifh *D,mabmuftMum; 58 rDvDrDwm txkcefYjzifh0ifqHh atmif wyfqif,l\/ vQyfppf armfwmrS tjrifhqHk; ukwftm; udk pwifvQif pwifcsif; xkwf ay;Ekdifonf/ vQyfppfarmfwm *sifea&wmonf 10 uDvdk 0yfom xkwfay;½HkrQjzifh ukwf

tm; 111 ay aygiftxd &&Sd oGm;aponf/ Subaru onf [du k b f &pf enf;ynmudk tif*siftwGuf vnf;aumif;? *D,mtwGuf vnf;aumif;? armfawmf,mOf configurations BuD;twGuf vnf;aumif; ydik Ef idk pf mG toH;k cs ,lonf/ vuf&Sd *D,mabmuf pepfBuD;xJwiG f vQypf pfarmfwm wyfqifum automatic transmission tjzpf ajymif;ay; vk d u f u m subaru ud k bD ; tm;vH;k armif;ESiaf ompepfopf tjzpfodkY a&mufoGm;aponf/ xdkodkY aqmif&Guf,ljcif;rSm avmifpmqD acRwmay;onfh

aemufqHk;rSwfpk oabmoufouf r[kwaf wmh um pGr;f aqmif&nfuydk g wpfyg wnf; jr§ifhwif,lvkdufjcif;jzpf onf/ B 5.TPH wGif yg0ifvm aom tjcm;[ku d b f &pfwpfcrk mS ¤if;wGio f ;kH xm;onfh bufx&D jzpfonf/ Fuji: Heavy Industries ESifh NEC Corp wdkY pyfwljyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ Manganese Lithium-ion buf x&D jzpfojzifh niekel-metal -hydride bufx&Drsm;xuf 50 &mckdifEIef; yg0g ydk&onfh tjyif ydkí vsifjrefpGm tm;jyef jznfhEkdifonf/ B5 TPH onf NydKifum; yHpk t H wkid ;f xdik cf EkH pS v f ;kH om yg&Sd \/ wHcg;udkvnf; aemufvSef zGifhaomyHkpH vkyfxm;onf/ tif*sio f nf um;\ ajrqGt J m; ydKG ihf atmufwiG &f adS eojzifh xde;f odrf;& vG,fulonf/ TPH yg0gx&def;udk 2007 ckESpfwGif xkwfvkyfrnfh Subaru-Legacy qD'ifum;wGif yxrqHk; jrifawGYMu&awmhrnfjzpf\/

jrif;aumifa& 1000 tm; &Sad om um;qdyk gu rnfoYkd &Sad csrnfenf;

Zdrcf u H m;qdyk gu Rolls pGrf;aqmif &nfaumif;aumif; qkd ygu Formula One um;? c&D;&Snfarmif;ESifrIqdkyg u Honda ponfjzifh armf awmf um;avmuwGif xif[yf aecJhonf/ xdkYtwl tjrefqHk; um;tjzpf armf a wmf u m; avmuwGif Bugatti Veyron 16.4 u ausmaf pmcJo h nf/ yg0g taumif;qHk;ESifh aps;tBuD;qHk; um;tjzpfvnf; tm;vH;k u od &Sdxm;Muonf/ ¤if;wGif 8 vDwm yrmP&Sd qvif'g 16 vHk; yg&Sdaom tif*sifudk wyf qifxm;\/ tif*sifrSmvnf; wmbdkcsufcsm av;vHk;txd yg&Sdonf/ ¤if;tif*sif\ tif tm;rSm rufx&pf jrif;aumif a& 1001 txd&Sdí NAdwdoQ ,lepft& jrif;aumifa& 987 &Sdaeygonf/ &yfem;xm;&mrS wpfem&DvQif 300 uDvdkrDwm EIe;f xm;txd a&muf&&dS ef 16.7 puúefYomMum\/ t&Sdef tjrifh qHk; EIef;xm;taejzifh wpfem&D vQif 408 uD v d k r D w mtxd armif;ESiEf idk yf gonf/ odYk&mwGif Veyron wpf p D ; \wef z d k ; rS m Oa&my aiG a Mu; wpf o ef ; odkYr[kwf tar&dueffa':vm 1.2 oef;txd &Sdaeygonf/ udk,fxnfwnfaqmufrI wGif umAGefzkdifbmESifh tvsL rDeD,Hrsm;udk oHk;xm;onf/ b&dwfrsm;wGif umAGefESifh a&m aESmxm;onfh a
aweD , rf o wå K ud k oH k ; xm; onf/ tif*sif\ tylcsdefudk avQmhcsEkdif&ef a&'Da&wm 10 vHk; wyfqifyg&Sd\/ um;udk ajrjyifay:wGif tawmifyHwyf í ysHoef;aponfhtvm; t&Sdef &,lrIukd zefqif;xm;onf/ tDvufx&Gefepf enf;pepfrsm; jzifh avxkuspfvspfrIudk z,f &Sm;ay;xm;jcif;aMumifh orm; ½dk;us um;rsm;xuf 0.6 q txd ajrqJGtm;udk qefYusifrI jyKay;Ekdifonf/ tu,fí wpfem&DvQif uD v d k r D w m 3750 txuf armif ; ES i f a wmh r nf q d k y gu ,mOfarmif;olonf um;udk &yf em;um pyg,f&S,fuD;wpfckudk xnfah y;&onf/ wpfcsdew f nf; rSmyif xkdifcHkcg;ywfrStp tif *sif tajctaetm;vHk;txd ppfaq;&&SdrIudkvnf; vufcH &,lEkdifonf/ tjrifhqHk; t&Sdef jr§ifh armif;ESifcJhygu ¤if;wGif wyfqifyg&Sad om qDwidk u f w D pf vHk;udk 12 rdepftwGif; tukef toHk;jyKoGm;Ekdifaponf/ tar&duefEidk if w H iG f EPA

\ EIef;xm;t& NrdKUwGif;oGm; vmrIudk wpf*gvef 9 rkdifrS 18 rkdifEIef;txdom owfrSwfxm; cJh\/ odkYaomf t&SdefrkdifEIef;udk rl 0,f,lolwkdif;u xnfhwGuf avh r&SdwwfMuay/ ¤if;um; onf wpfem&DvQif uDvdkrDwm 400 txd armif;ESif&mrS vHk;0 &yf w ef Y oG m ;onf t xd 10 puúefYomvdkonf/ jyifopfEidk if H rkid ;f &Si;f ,rf; \ Bugatti Automobiles SAS taejzifh Veyron 16.4 um;rsm;udk wpfESpfvQif pD;a& 50 om xkwv f yk &f ef vsmxm; onf/ Bugatti taejzifh 1909 ck E S p f r S 1956 ck E S p f t wG i f ; um;tpD;a&aygif; 7000 om xkwfvkyfa&mif;cscJhonf/ odkYtwGuf jrif;aumifa& 1000 tm; um;rsKd; &Sdaeyg onf/ aps;EIe;f tvGeBf uD;jrifv h S ouJo h Ykd yg0gtm;taumif;qH;k ESifh tjrefqHk;um;wpfpD;tjzpf em;vnfxm;Ekdifygvdrfhrnf/ OD;aomif;0if;(yef;cs,&f )D [Ref: Spectrum, April , 2006]

5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

15

½l;a'ghzf'DZ,f trnf&Sdolu rD;aoG;rIefY avmifpmokH; tif*sifpufwpfvHk; wnfaqmuf NyD; prf;oyf armif;ESif Munfhawmh tqifracsm tvkyfrjzpfwmeJY tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u xkwfvkyf xGuf&SdaeNyDjzpfwJh a&eHqDudk rD;aoG;rIefY tpm;xkd; okH;Munhf vdkufwJhtcg aumif;aumif; vnfywf armif;ESifEkdif cJhygw,f/ oltokH;jyKcJhwJh a&eHqDrsKd;ukdvnf; rpöwm'DZ,fudk *kPfjyKwJhtaeeJY 'DZ,fqDvkdY trnfwGif ac:a0:cJyh gw,f/

'DZ,fqq D w dk m tajccHtm;jzifh 'DZ,fqD [mvJ "mwfqD? a&eHqDwkdYvkd a&eHcsupf uf½u kH ae a&eHprd ;f ukd csufvkyfNyD; cJGxkwf a&mpyf,l &wm jzpfygw,f/ 'DZ,fqD rsm;rsm;pm;pm;xGufwJh a&eH pdrf;rsKd;&Sdovkd 'DZ,fqDenf; enf;yJygwJh a&eHpdrf; trsKd; tpm;awGvJ &Sdygw,f/ csuf vkyf&mrSm cufcJ u&duxrsm; 16

vGef;wJh AifeDZJGvm;eJY tcsKdU aom t&yf a&eH p d r f ; rsKd ; yg rusef 'DZ,fqD xkwfaeMuyg NyD/ b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf 'DaeY urÇmwpf0ef; 'DZ,fqD tokH; rsm;vmawmh 'DZ,fqD txGuf wkd;atmif csufvkyfrI enf;pOf opf a wG e J Y t&nf taoG ; aumif;rGefoxuf aumif;rGef atmif aqmif&Gufaewm jrif

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

awGYae&ygw,f/ ukefMurf;u awmh a&eHpdrf;eJY a&eHpdrf;udk csuNf yD; atmufusejf zpfwhJ a&eH acs;yJ jzpfygw,f/ tcsKdU oD;ESH awGu xkwf,l&&SdwJh qDudkvJ ukeMf urf;jyKvkyf 'DZ,fqD xkwf aewJh wufcaemfavmf*sDawG ay:aeygNyD/ 'DZ,fqu D kd tok;H jyK vnf ywfckwfarmif;aewJh pufrsKd;pkH

&S&d mrSm jrufjzwfpufavmufu pNyD; xa&mfvm*sD? ,mOfi,f? ,mOfBuD;awG? vTpufawG? xGef pufawG? 'DZ,f&xm;awG? ajr wl;ajraumfpufawG? a&eHowåK wl;azmfpufawG? "mwfrD;puf BuD;awGtjyif orÁef? armfawmf bkwu f ae yifv,fu;l oabFm BuD;awGtxd armif;ESiw f hJ 'DZ,f pufawG &SdaeygNyD/ 'DZ,fpuf awG & J U puf p G r f ; tm;eJ Y pG r f ; aqmif&nfjrifhrm;wmeJY tnD 'DZ,fpufawG? 'DZ,fum;awG tokH;rsm;vmNyDjzpfwJh jrefrm EkdifiHom;rsm;tzkdYvJ 'DZ,fqD taMumif; odxm;oifyh gw,f/ vGefcJhwJh c&pfESpf 1882 ckESpfrSm ½l;a'ghzf'DZ,f trnf&Sd olu rD;aoG;rIefY avmifpmokH; tif*sipf ufwpfv;kH wnfaqmuf NyD; prf;oyf armif;ESifMunfh awmh tqifracsm tvkyfrjzpf wmeJY tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u xkwf vkyfxGuf&SdaeNyDjzpfwJh a&eHqD udk rD;aoG;rIefY tpm;xkd; okH;

Munh f v d k u f w J h t cg aumif ; aumif; vnfywf armif;ESifEkdif cJyh gw,f/ oltok;H jyKcJw h hJ a&eH qDrsK;d ukv d J rpöwm'DZ,fukd *kPf jyKwJt h aeeJY 'DZ,fqv D Ydk trnf wGif ac:a0:cJhygw,f/ 'DZ,f tif*sif[m twGi;f avmiftm; (Inernal Combustion) enf;eJY vnfywfwJh puftrsKd;tpm; jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh "mwfqD tokH;jyK tif*sifvkd pywfyvyf rD;yGifh uav;u avmifpm "mwfqD udk rD;ul;avmifwmrsKd;r[kwf bJ BudKwif zdESdyftm;aMumifh tvGefylaewJh avyleJY tif*suf wm aemfZ,fuwpfqifh oGi;f ykYd vdkufwJh 'DZ,fqDrIefYwkdY qvif 'gxJ r S m tcsKd ; us a&maES m xdawGUNyD; rD;avmifapwm jzpf ygw,f/ aveJY avmifpmqD tcsKdU[m tzsif;qHk; (16;1) quae txufrSm &Sdw,fvdkY od&ygw,f/ "mwfqt D if*sirf mS vkd umb½kdufwm rokH;&wJh

tif*sufwmyefYudkokH;NyD; wGef; ydYk vu kd w f hJ avmifpmqD 'DZ,fqD eJY avylwkdY tcsKd;usus nD nGwfatmif a&maESm&ef ta&; BuD ; ygw,f / 'D Z ,f q D u d k v J qvif'gxJa&mufatmif oGif; ay;wJhtcgrSm enf;pOf ESpfrsKd; okH;xm;wm awGU&ygw,f/ wpfrsKd;u avmifpm 'DZ,fqD ukd wkduf½kduf qvif'gxJudk xnfo h iG ;f ay;wJh Direct Injection enf;jzpfNyD;awmh aemuf wpfenf;u Indirect Injection vkdY ac:NyD; qvif'geJY qufoG,fxm;wJh >yefvdktcef; uwpf q if h qvif ' gxJ u k d avmifpm'DZ,fqDrIefawG ydkYay; apwmjzpfygw,f/ 'DZ,f tif*sifpufykHpHeJY pGr;f aqmif&nfawG uJjG ym;ovdk 'DZ,fqDtrsKd;tpm;awGvJ jcm; em;Mur,f q k d w m od E k d i f y g w,f/ 'gayr,hf tokH;jyKrsm; wJh 'DZ,fqDtrsKd;tpm;uawmh ESpfrsKd; okH;rsKd;avmufyJ &Sdyg w,f/ 0efaygh0efav;pufvnf ywfrItaES;tjref tajymif; tvJeJY &moD at;at;ylyl puf EId;EkdifNyD; rD;ckd;xGufenf;wm? 0efaqmifcsdef MumMum? pGrf; tm; BuD;BuD;eJY ,EÅ&m;BuD;awG twGuf tokH;wnfhr,fh qD trsKd;rsm;yJ jzpfygw,f/ jrefrm Ekid if rH mS awmh jynfwiG ;f a&eHcsuf puf½HkawGu 'DZ,fqD ESpfrsKd; xkwv f yk w f ,fvYkd od&ygw,f/ vnfywfEIef;jrefwJh 'DZ,fqD awGtwGuf High Speed Diesel (HSD) ac:wJh 'DZ,f puf armif;qDeJY Light Diesel Oil (LDO) vkdYac:wJh 'DZ,fqDjzpf NyD; vnfywfEIef;aES;wJh puf rsm;twGuf jzpfygw,f/ 'DZ,f um;awG wk;d vmNyD; Ekid if jH cm;u

'DZ,fuakd wmif 0,f,l ok;H pGaJ e &NyD jzpfygw,f/ 'D Z k d i f ; opf a wG e J Y wnf aqmufvmwJh tif*sifawGtzkdY tokH;jyK&r,fh 'DZ,fqD[mvJ tokH;jyK&mrSm aumif;oxuf aumif ; &rS m jzpf w J h t wG u f 'DZ,fqD[m EkdifiHwum tod trSwfjyK csrSwfxm;wJh pHcsdefpH nTef;awGeJY udkufnDzkdY vkdtyfyg w,f/ pHcsdefpHnTef;twGif; 0if r0if qkw d mvJ (Quality Control) QC vdYk twkad umuf ac: aeMuwJh "mwfcGJ prf;oyf ppf aq;csufawGrSm qD ta&mif taoG;? odyo f nf;q? qDtyspf tusJ? a&eHtenftESpf uif; pifrI? uefY"mwfyg0ifrI? qD tcsOfaygufjcif;? rD;pGJtylcsdef? yGufyGufql taiGYjyef tylcsdef rsm;? qDcJyspfEkdifonfhtylcsdef? pDwdef;nTef;udef;? umAGefacs; jzpfay:rI? avmifpm tylprG ;f tif pwJh t&nftaoG;ppfaq;csuf rsm; yg0ifygw,f/ tJ'D t&nftaoG; pHjyK csufawG[m rdrdwkdYEkdifiH wpf Ekid if cH sif;tvdu k f owfrw S cf suf awG wpfrsKd;wpfrnf &SdaeMu ayr,fh Ekid if w H um todtrSwf jyK ASTM (American Society for Testing and

5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

17

Materials), API (American Petroleum Institue), IP (Institute of Petroleum), ISO (International Standard Organization) eJY DIN (Deutch Industries Norm)

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

twGif; &Sd&r,fvdkY pHjyKxm;yg w,f/ qDodyfonf;jcif;ukd od &SdrSom 'DZ,fqD [kwf r[kwf tMurf;zsif; cefYrSef;EkdifNyD; EkdifiH wpfEkdifiHu wpfEkdifiHudk wifykdY a&mif;cs0,f,lwJhtcg qDwef csdef rSefuefrI b,fa&GU b,frQ &Sdwmukd wGufcsuf ppfaq; EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ wcsKdUaom a&mif;0,f azmufum;olawG u qDaps;EIef;ukd pnf (yDyg) wpfvHk;aps;eJY owfrSwfMuyg w,f / jref r mEk d i f i H o m;awG todrsm;wJh yDyg tac:ta0: rSmvdk wpfyyD gvQif (46) tify;D &D;&,f *gvef 0ifqHhwJh yDygrsKd; r[k w f y gbl ; / (American Barrel) tar&d u ef p nf v d k Y ac:wJh yDygrsKd;jzpfNyD; wpfpnf vQif 35 tifyD;&D;&,f *gvefeJY nDrQjcif;vkyfNyD; tvG,fwul wGufcsufMuygw,f/ 'D Z ,f q D u d k Munf h & if t&nfjzpfayr,hf t&nf rnfrQ usJw,f? b,favmuf ap;yspf w,fqkdwm wkdif;xGmMunhfEkdif ygw,f / (Viscosity) Apf paumfpwD ac:wJh qDtusJ tyspfudk 'DZ,fqD&JU pifwD *&dwf tylcsdef 40 'D*&DrmS wkid ;f xGm awGU&Sdcsuf[m 1.5 eJY 5.6 pifwDpwkyf (Centi -stokes) twGi;f &S&d r,fvYkd pHjyKxm;wm jzpfygw,f/ qD&JU tyspftusJ rSefuefrS tif*sufwmaemfZ,f u xnfhoGif;vdkufwJh 'DZ,fqD rIefuav;awG t&G,ftpm; wpforwfwnf; &SdaeNyD; pGrf; tif j ynf h avmif p mtjzpf ajymif;vJ&&Sd&rSm jzpfygw,f/ qDtusJtyspf ApfpaumfpwD rrSefygu aveJYqD a&maESmrI rrSeaf wmhbJ tif*si&f UJ pGr;f tm; udk ,kwaf vsmah pNyD; tif*sit f yd f

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5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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23

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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5

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5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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29

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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90 100

110

*suaf v,mOfuiG ;f rS ysw H ufoH 130 dB 120 130 140

toHtedr?hf tjrifh wkecf gEeI ;f jrifw h hJ toHawGukd tjrifo h H (high sounds) vdYk ac:Ny;D wkecf gEeI ;f edrw hf hJ toHawGukd tedro hf H (low sounds) vdYk ac:w,f/ toHerd jhf rifjh zpfru I kd pitch vdYk ac: w,f/ wcsKUd owå0gawG[m vlawG rMum;Ekid w f Jh tedro hf ?H tjrifo h aH wGukd Mum;od cHpm;Ekid pf Gr;f &SMd uw,f/

0DpD (whistle) rIww f t hJ cg jzpfay:whJ toHwcsK[ Ud m vlawG&UJ em;eJY rMum;Ekid ?f rcHpm;Ekid w f hJ toHawG jzpfaewwfw,f/ vlawGu rMum;& ayr,fh acG;awGuawmh cHpm; Mum;odEkdifw,f/

qifawG[m vlrMum;Ekid w f hJ wkecf gEeI ;f edrw h f hJ toHvdIif;awG xkwfNyD; qufoG,f EkdifMuw,f/

*DwoHpOfrsm;jyKvkyfjcif; *Dwwl&, d mypön;f awGrmS wkecf gvyI &f mS ;rIjyKNy;D toHxw k f ray;Ekid w f hJ tpdwt f ydik ;f awG yg0ifaew,f/ wl&, d mypön;f wD;cwfo[ l m *DwoauFw (notes) trsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJw;D cwfjcif;jzifh toHwek cf grt I rsK;d rsK;d jzpfay: ajymif;vJ&mu *DwoHpOfawG jzpfay:vm&w,f/ wa,mxd;k wJt h cg twdk qH;k BuKd ; (shorter strings) [m wkecf grI tjrifq h ;kH jzpfay:Ny;D jrifo h aH wGukd (higherpitched notes) awGukd xkwv f w T af y;w,f/ wa,mBuKd ;udk vufacsmif;xdyu f av;awGeJY zdNy;D pdwBf uKd ut f wdt k &Snf csed q f ajymif;vJ ay;jcif;jzifh toHwek cf grI trsK;d rsK;d udk zefwD;,lNyD; *DwoHawG jzpfay:apw,f/

a0vig;awG[m avmurSm&Sw d hJ rnfonhf owå0gxufrqdk tedrq hf ;kH eJY tjrifq h ;kH toHawG jyKvyk Ef idk w f ,fvYkd odyyHÜ nm&Sif awGu avhvm awGU&Sdxm;w,f/

toHwek cf gru I kd cHpm;apEkid zf Ykd avxJu jzwfoef;vmwJh toH&JU wkecf gjzwfoef;rIukd omreftm;jzifh odyo f wd xm;rdrmS r[kwb f ;l / tck owdxm;rdatmif cHpm;MunfMh ur,f/ vdt k yfwmawG uawmh a&'D,w kd pfv;kH ? avjynfh azmif;um;aewJh abmvH;k wpfv;kH ? a&'D,ckd vkwzf iG Nhf y;D pyDumeJY rvSr;f rurf;rSm abmvH;k udk vufeJY udik x f m;/ toHwkefcgrIawGu avxJuwpfqifh abmvHk;qD ul;puf jzwfoef;vmNy;D oif&h JU vufEpS zf ufrmS wefcgrI jzpfay:vmwmudk cHpm; od&&dS vdrrhf ,f/

5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

31

yxrajrmuf or®wBu;D &JU

rsufESmudk

yHak zmfjcif; umvMumjrifph mG tHt h m; oifzh , G af umif;vSwhJ vQK0Ud u S f qef;Mu,fZmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk tajzxkwfay;&if; a*smh&Sf0g&Sif wef&JU vkvifysKdb0toGif ½kyfwkudk aorIaocif;qdkif&m rEkóaA'ynm&SifwpfOD;u topfwpfzef jyefvnfwnf aqmufxm;ygw,f/ ausmif;oifcef;pmawGxJ u a*smh&Sf0g&Sifwef&JU taMumif; t&meJY ywfoufNyD; uRefawmf pGJrSwfaerdwJh taMumif;t&m tenf;pk xJrSmawmh vkvifysKd a*smh&Sf0g&Sifwefu cs,f&DyifBuD;udk ckwfvSJaeyHkvnf; ygw,f/

32

NyD;awmh olu olYzcif twG u f aumif ; usKd ; aqmif r,fvdkY wkdifwnfcJhao;w,f/ olt&G,f&vmawmh opfom; tHuwfwyfqifxm;wJt h aMumif; vnf; ygao;w,f/ rMumcif umvwke;f u a*smh&Sf0g&Sifwef taMumif;udk rqdpk avmuf ydrk kd avhvm jzpfcJhw,f/ tJ'Dvkd avhvmrdawmhrS ,cifo&d x dS m; yHkawG vSnfhajymif;ukefw,f/ ol[m b,fwkef;urQ cs,f&D yifudk ckwfvSJorI rjyKcJhbl;vdkY qdkvmw,f/ opfom;tHuyf vnf; wyfqifrxm;bl;wJh/ 'gayr,fh tJ'DtcsufawG[m tHhtm;oifhzG,fjzpfp&m tenf; qHk; udpaö wGyJ/

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvidk f 2006

olY&UJ ausmMf um;xif&mS ;wJh yHw k al wGeYJ ½kyw f &k UJ t&G,rf wkid f rD tcsdefu yxrqHk; tar&d uef or®w a*smh&Sf0g&Sifwef&JU ysKd&G,fpOfumv½kyfoGifudk jyef vnfzefwD;ay;a&;qdkwJh arQmf vifhrxm;wJh zdwfac:rIwpf&yf udk uRefawmfhxH ay;ydkYcJhMu w,f/ a':vm aiGpuúLay:u EIwfcrf;yg;yg; t&G,f&ifh&ifheJY EkdifiHawmf acgif;aqmifwpfOD; ½kyfoGifeJY tawmfhudk jcm;em;wJh ½kyfoGifudk csOf;uyfavhvmEkdif r,f r[kwfbl;/ a*smh&Sf0g&Sif wef & J U pH t d r f a wmf j zpf w J h ]armifhAmEGef} jywkduf&JU trI aqmif'g½dkufwm ]*sdrf;pfpD;&D;pf} u 1732 ckESpfrSm zGm;jrifcJhNyD;

1799 ckESpfrSm uG,fvGefcJhol a*sm&h 0fS g&Siw f ef&UJ b0wpfouf wmudk ta&;tBuD;qHk;½Iaxmifh tjrif 3 &yfeJY yHkazmfEkdifygh rvm;&,f v k d Y uRef a wmh f u d k awmif;qdkvmwJh tcsdefrSmawmh uRefawmf[m tar&dueforkid ;f udk ½kww f &uf wkdufyGJqifETJrI awG pwif c J h & w,f / 2006 ckESpfukefrSm pwifzGifhvSpfr,fh ]armifhAmEGef} &Sd ynma&;A[dk jycef;opftwGuf a*smh&Sf0g&Sif wef&JU ouf&SdcE¨mudk,f t&G,f tpm;twkdif; ½kyfwk 3 ckudk ]&D;pf} u tvkd&Sdaew,f/ pGefYpm;a&;orm;eJY ajr wkdif;olwpfOD;tjzpf usifvnf cJ h p Of umvtwG i f ; 1751

5 Zlvidk f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

33

ckESpfrSm 19 ESpfom;t&G,f a*smh&Sf 0g&Sifwef&JU yHkwludk zefwD;&rSm jzpfw,f/ ]zDvm'J zD;&m;} NrdKUawmfudk odrf;ydkuf xm;wJ h NAd w d o Qwyf a wG u d k wkdufckdufzdkY tcGifhaumif;apmifh aewJh ]azmh&Sf} awmifMum;&Sd aMumufrufzG,f aqmif;&moD twG i f ; 1777 ck E S p f u olYwyfzGJYawGeJY twl&SdaewJh touf 45 ESpft&G,f a*smh&Sf 0g&Sifwef&JU ½kyfwkudkvnf; xm;&SdrSm jzpfw,f/ tJ'D ½kyfwk 2 cku wwd,½kyfwkudk jznfh pGufaxmufydkYay;aevdrfhr,f/ wwd,½kyfwkuawmh bk&if tjzpf cH,rl ,fh tpDtpOftpm; ola&G;cs,fwJh yxrqHk;or®w tjzpf cH,lr,fh 1789 ckESpf {NyDv 30 &ufaeYu touf 57 ESpf t&G,&f dS a*sm&h 0fS g&Siw f ef &JU or®wtjzpf usrf;opöm usdefqdkaeyHkjzpfw,f/ cE¨maA'qdkif&m rEkó aA'ynm&SifwpfOD;tjzpf uRef awmf[m a&S;acwft½dk;pkawG udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJh&w,f/ uRef a wmf w d k Y &J U a&S ; tpOf tquf or®wawGukd jyefvnf yHkazmf wnfaqmufcJhw,f/ ]yifq,faA;eD;,m;}&Sd ]tvuf a[;eD;} aus;vuf&JU aorI aocif;qkid &f m rEkóaA'ynm &SifwpfOD;taejzifh uRefawmf aqmif&u G &f r,fh vufawGY vkyf ief;pOfudk aorIaocif;½kH;u wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;atmif ulnDcJh w,f/ 'gayr,fh a*smh&Sf 0g&Sif wefeJY cRwfpGyfwlwJh ½kyfoGifudk yHkazmfa&;twGuf uRufuRuf nHaewJh pdefac:oHawGeJY ywf ouf N yD ; uRef a wmf h r S m bm jyifqifrrI Q r&Scd b hJ ;l / uRefawmf avhvmoif,x l m;wJh t&mawG 34

xJu yGJOD;xGuf od&Sdvm&wJh tcsuu f awmh olY tavmif;udk jr§KyfESHxm;wJhae&m&Sd olYt½dk;pk awGukd avhvmcGirhf jyKb;l qdw k m yJ/ t½d;k pkukd avhvmcGihf r&Sb d ;l wJ h / aorI aocif ; qk d i f & m rEkóaA'ynm&Siw f pfO;D tae jzifh vlom;&JU ½kyfoGifjyefvnf azmfxkwfa&;rSm t½dk;pkawG r&Sd ygbJeJY b,fvdk pdwful;rsKd;udk pwnf&yghrvJ/ 'gayr,fh uRef awmhf tvkyftay: pdefac:aerI u xl;jcm; qef;Mu,fvGef; ordkY jiif;qdkypfzdkY rjzpfEkdifbl;/

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oJveG pf rsm; uReaf wmfh vkyif ef;twGuf ydkifqkdifxm;wJh t&mawGxJrSm pusifausmufjzLom;eJY xkvkyf xm;wJh olY&JU wpfukd,fvHk;yHk ½kyw f u k kd ud, k w f pfyidk ;f yH½k yk w f ek YJ ouf&Sdxif&Sm;b0wkef;u olY &JU rsufEmS yHw k yl mG ;wpfcw k Ykd jzpf Muw,f/ jyifopfeef;oH;k yef;yk q&m ]*sif;tefaxmfeD a[muf 'ef}&JU vuf&mawGygyJ/ ol[m a*smh&Sf0g&Sifwef 53 ESpf t&G,f &SdNyDjzpfwJh 1785 ckESpfwkef;u ]armifhAmEGef} udk tvnftywf a&muf&SdpOfrSm pwifyHkwlyGm; xm;wJh vuf&mawG jzpfw,f/ Ä pma&;oljzpfwhJ cE¨maA'rEkóaA'ynm&Siu f kd a*sm&h fS 0g&Siw f ef ol Y &J U vl v wf y d k i f ; t&G , f e J Y &JU yHw k zl efw;D ay;zdYk awmif;qdv k mcJw h ,f/ ]armifAh mEGe}f jywku d &f dS vlBuD;ydkif;t&G,f ykHwl tenf; ynma&;A[dkjycef;opfrSm xm;&Sda&;twGuf jzpfw,f/ or®w i,fukd ajc&mcHEidk zf Ykd xyfaqmif; BuD;&JU touf 19 ESpft&G,f? 45 ESpft&G,feJY 57 t&G,f xm;w,f/ tJ'½D yk w f u k kd xkvyk f yHkwlawGudk udk,fvHk;jynfh yHkazmfay;&rSm jzpfw,f/ cJholawGuawmh ]*Jvfbmhxf Ä or®wBuD;&JU t½dk;pkudk oJvGefp cHcGifhrjyKbl;/ 0g&Sifwef&JU pwl;tm;xf}? ]csm;vfpf0Dvfqif b0 ae0ifcgeD;tcsdefrSm toHk;jyKcJhwJh? ay:aygufcJhwJh ½kyfwk? yJtm;av;}eJY olYom;jzpfol yHkwl yef;csD? ouf&SdrsufESmyHkwlyGm;? tHuyfawGeJY t0wftpm; ]&rfb&ef;xf yJtm;av;}? ]*Ref awGudk oufaocH ypönf;tjzpf pkpnf;&,lcJhMuw,f/ x½l;bwfv}f wdYk jzpfw,f/ olY Ä txl;pDrHxm;wJh okH;zufjrif yHkazmfa&; uGefysLwmtpDtpOfudk tHuyfawGuvnf; trsm;BuD; pma&;oleYJ olYvyk af zmfuikd zf ufrsm;tm; vkyaf qmifciG jhf yKcJw h ,f/ yJ/ NyD;awmh jyefYusJaeMuwJh olY olwYkd awGu ouf&b dS 0wke;f u yGm;,lcw hJ hJ yHw k l 3 ckukd ajc&mcH t0wftpm;awG/ tJ'o D ufBuD; NyD; uRrf;usifpGm aygif;pnf;zefwD;Ekdifa&;twGuf vHk;yef;cJhMu ydik ;f t&G,u f olYtoH;k taqmif w,f/

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvidk f 2006

jyefvnfyHkazmfjcif;yxrtajccH tqifhrsm; 6/ 7/ 9/

]a[muf'ef} &JU 53 ESpf t&G,f ]a[muf'ef} &JU 53 ESpf t&G,f 0g&SifwefrsufESmyHkwl yGm; 0g&Sifwefukd,fwpfykdif; ½kyfwk

rsufESmyHkwlyGm;udk yHkazmfxm;jcif;

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yHkwlyef;csDudk yHkazmfxm;jcif;

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udk,fwpfykdif;½kyfwktay:udk yHw k yl ef;cseD JY xyfwjl yK yHak zmf xm;jcif;

ukd,fwpfykdif;½kyfwkeJY yHkwl

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvidk f 2006

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvidk f 2006

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvidk f 2006

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5 Zlvidk f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvidk f 2006

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0g&Sifwef&JUyHkwlu qHyifawG [m tjzLa&mifbufvkaewJh rD;cdk;a&mif jzpfaeayvdrhfr,f/ ed*Hk;csKyftaeeJY uRefawmf ,HMk unfarQmv f ifx h m;wmuawmh tar&duefEkdifiH&JU zcifjzpfol 0g&Sifwef yHkwlyGm; 3 ck&JU yHkwl toD ; oD ; [m tar&d u ef jynfoltrsm;pktwGuf uGJjym; jcm;em;yHk ray:bJ orkdif;a&; t& ta&;ygwJh yk*dK¾ vfBuD;jzpf aewJt h jyif vlom;wpfa,muf taeeJY vlom;qefNyD; tifwu kd f tm;wkduf wuf
uawmh rwljcm;em;wJh okaw oe jyKvkyfxm;&SdcsufawGrS aygufzGm;vmMuwJh 0w¬Kaygif; csKyfawGeJY wifjycsufawGudk arTaESmuf&if; xGufay:vmMu wmjzpf w ,f / uRef a wmf e J Y uReaf wmfwYdk&UJ vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf awGu odyÜHynm? tEkynmeJY orkid ;f bmom&yfawGukd Mum;cH jyKNyD; vGecf w hJ hJ ESpaf ygif;tenf; i,fwkef;u pdwful;vdkYyifr& Ekdifatmif cJ,Of;vSwJhenf; vrf ; awG t wk d i f ; taumif txnfazmf aqmif&u G cf MhJ uwm jzpfw,f/ cifarmifaZmf Ref: Scientific American

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43

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

onfh aqmif7GufcsufrSm vlr=rjidrfoufr=rS oifcef;pmrsm;udk tar7duefjynfaxmifpk. tajccHwefzdk;rsm;jzpfonfh w7m; Oya'pdk;rdk;r=ESifh w7m;r~wr=wdk\wGif aygif;pnf; xnfhoGif; EdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ›if;. vFrf;rdk;EdkifpGrf;7Sdonfh ajzmifhrwf rSefuefr=ESifh tm0%ef;7Fifr=wdk\onf vltrsm;. trsufa'go udk tjyKoabm vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJay;EdkifcJh onf? “rmwifvlomuif;7J\ tHh-op7m tcsufu t-urf; rzuf wJh enf;vrf;eJ\ vlr=a7;ajymif;vJr=udk azmfaqmif7mrSm udk,fusifhw7m;7J\ ta7;ygr=udk em;vnf oabmaygufcJh&Hk ru tJ'Dtcsufudk taumiftxnfay:atmif vkyfaqmif EdkifcJhwmyJ jzpfw,f” [k tufwvefwm. jrdK\awmf0ef a[mif;ESifh oHwrefwpfOD;vnf;jzpfjyD; rmwifvlomuif;. ,Hk-unfudk;pm;jcif;vnf;cH7ol tef'&l; a*s/ ,ef; *sLeD,m u ajymonf? uif;onf rsdK;cspfpdwf7SdolwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa7; a-unmpmwrf;ESifh zGJ\pnf;yHk Oya'udk 7nfnFef;udk;um;vsuf ajymqdkcJhonfh vlrnf;rsm;. vGwfvyfa7;-udK;yrf;r=udP7yfonf ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh 'Drdkua7pDoRwEdkifiH ay:xGef;vma7;twGuf enf;vrf; aumif;wpfck jzpfcJhonf? ›if;azmfxkwfcJhonfh tqdkyg wefzdk;rsm;onf tar7duef jynfaxmifpk. vljzLavmuudk v=yfcwfoGm;apcJhonf? ›if;. wifjycsufrsm;udk jiif;qefEdkif7ef ydkrdkcufcJvmcJhonf? uif;. tšK_Wd a7;om;ol awvmb7ef\csf. tqdkt7 ›if;onf “rsufarSmufacwf. AdokumwpfOD;”yif jzpfonf? wwd,rsdK;quf ESpfjcif;c7pf,mef bkef;-uD;jzpfol rmwif vlomuif;onf tufwvefwm7Sd jynfhpHk-uG,f0onfh rdom;pkrS 1929 ckESpfY arG;zGm;cJhonf? i,fpOfuyif xufjrufxl;cRefol jzpfcJhjyD; txufwef; ynmtqifh ratmifjrifrD rdk;a[mufpfaumvdyfodk\ 0ifcGifh 77SdcJhonf? 1955 ckESpfwGif c7pf,mefbmom avhvma7;jzifh yDtdwfcsf'DbGJ\ r77SdrDwGif armif*dkrm7D7Sd ordkif;0if Dexter Avenue Baptist Church bk7m;ausmif;wGif 20 OD;ajrmuf c7pf,mefbkef;awmf-uD; jzpfvmcJhonf? xkdtcsdefwGif vlrsdK;a7;cGJjcm;r= jy©emtay: xm;7Sdaom tar7duef jynfaxmifpk. oabmxm;udk uif;. pum;rsm;u pwif vFrf;rdk;cJhonf? uif;onf ›if;. 7nf7G,fcsuftay: pD;yGm;a7;t7 taxmuftyHhjyKonfh tcsufrsm;udkvnf; rnfonhftcgur~ rsufjcnfrjywfcJhyg? tdNd,EdkifiHwGif qm;xkwfvkyfr=udk vuf0g;-uD; tkyfxm;onfh jAdwdo~tpdk;7. vkyf7yfudk uef\uGuf qNjy7ef jyvkyfcJhonfh *ND. yifv,fqDodk\ “qm;csDwufyGJ” onf 1963 ckESpfwGif 0g7Sifwefodk\ csDwuf qNjycJhonfh uif;. vkyf7yftwGuf t"du vH=\aqmfr= wpf7yf jzpfcJhonf? c7pf,mef

w7m;a[mq7mjzpfol uif;onf t-urf;rzufonfh qNjyr=rsm;wGif pD;yGm;a7;t7 oydwfarSmufr=rsm;udkyg yl;wGJxnhfoGif;cJhonf? vlrnf;rsm; tay: 7efvdkonfh vljzLrsm;. bwfpfum;rsm;udk rpD;eif; 7ef/ ›if;wdk\. ukefyPnf;rsm;udk r0,f,l7ef jiif;qefjcif; jzifh vlrnf;rsm;. 0,fEdkifpGrf;tm;udk pD;yGm;a7;vkyfief;rsm; u todtrSwfjyKvmapcJhonf? xdktcsdefrwdkifrDtxd ›if;wkd\ onf vlrnf;pm;oHk;olrsm;udk vspfvsL&=xm;apumrl ta7mif;t0,f aumif;aeEdkifonf[k ,lqxm;cJh-uonf? uif;onf vlrnf;rsm;. 0,f,lEdkifr= pGrf;yum;udk tav; teufjyK ajymqdkcJhonf? ›if;OD;aqmifonfh oydwfarSmufr= rsm;u cGJjcm;qufqHr=onf tjrwfaiG77Sdr=udk usqif;ap a-umif; pD;yGm;a7;vkyfief;rsm;tm; oifcef;pmay;cJhonf? “u`efawmfwdk\[m tkwfcJawG/ ykvif;uGJawG rvdkygbl;? olwdk\7J\ aps;qdkifawGqDudk oGm;jyD; bk7m;ocifu ol\ om;orD;awGtay:rSm cifAsm;wdk\ aumif;aumif;rGefrGef rqufqH-ubl;qdkwm ajymckdif;zdk\ usKyfwdk\udk vFwfvdkuf wmvdk\ ajymqdk&HkygyJ”[k 1968 ckESpfwGif ›if; vkyf-uH rcH7rDnY a[majymcJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif a0gvfpx7donf vlrnf;rsm;udk yxrqHk; b+fOU}rsm;tjzpf cef\tyfcJhjyD jzpfjyD; oRw vef'ef bD/ *`efqifonfvnf; EdkifiHom; rsm;. tcGifhta7;Oya'udk vufrSwfa7;xdk;cJhonf? rmwifvlomuif; OD;aqmif taumiftxnf azmfay;cJhonfh tajymif;tvJrsm;onf tar7duef jynfaxmifpkwpfcGifwGif ,ae\wdkif &dkufcwfaeqJjzpfjyD; wdk;wufr=rsm; qufvuf jzpfay:aeqJjzpfonfh vkyfief; wpf7yfvnf; jzpfygonf? atmif j rif x G e f ; 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234

oifh yg;pyfro S nf q&m0efqo D Ykd

eHeuf rd;k aomuf tvif;a&mufwmeJY tdy&f mx? oGm;wdu k ?f rsuEf mS opfqw kd mudk vlom;wdYk rjzpfrae vkyaf eMuqJ yg/ 'gukd tajccHvYkd puúLvdk yg;vTmwJh ud&, d muav;udk wDxiG af eMuyg w,f/ ¤if;u oifyh g;pyftwGi;f tmacgi?f oGm; ponfwu Ykd kd yGww f u kd v f u kd w f meJY ud, k w f Gi;f u a&m*grsK;d pHu k kd ppfaq;ay;yg vdrrhf ,f/ tzsm;temutp uifqmvdk a&m*g rsK;d txdyg/ ¤if;wGif a&m*gwpfcck u k kd ajc&mcHrNd yq D w kd meJY tqdyk g ud&, d muav;u oifq h Jvzf ek ;f uwpfqifh q&m0efxH tvsit f jref taMumif;Mum; ay;ygvrd rhf ,f/ 'Dvkd ud&, d mrsK;d aqmifxm;zdu Yk tcsed t f wefMum apmif&h OD;r,fqykd gw,f/ tJ'D owif;udk umvDz;kd eD;,m; wuúov kd f Sandia National Lab u "mwktif*sief , D m Anup Singh u ay;ygw,f/ 5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

45

ordkif;xJu aeU&ufrsm;

1st JULY tjzpftysurf sm; 1881 ckEpS f urÇmh yxrqH;k aom tjynfjynfqikd &f m w,fvzD ek ;f qufoG,frIudk jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;onftar&duefEikd if M H aine jynfe,f Calais NrdKUESihf uae'g EdkifiH New Brunswick jynf e,f St. Stephen NrdKUwdYktMum;

qufoG,fcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ 1963 ckEpS f tar&duefEdkifiH pmydkY vkyfief;rsm;wGif'ZIP Codes' ac: wdkif;jynf? jynfe,f? NrdKU ponfwYkdukd ude;f rsm;jzifh yHak o rSwfom;í vdyfpmtjzpf oHk; onfhpepfudk pwif aqmif&Guf cJhonf/ ¤if;udk Robert Aurand Moon qdkolu 1950 jynfhESpfuwnf;u wDxGifcJh aomfvnf; 1963 ckESpfrS oHk; Edik cf yhJ gonf/ olYuv kd nf; 'Mr. ZIP Code' [k ac:wGic fo hJ nf/ 1979 ckEpS f qdek u D rk P Ü rD S 'Walk -man' ac: c&D;aqmif uuf qufacGo;kH aw;zGiphf ufi,fukd rdwfqufxkwfvkyfcJhygonf/ tqdkyg 'Walkman' aw;zGifh

2nd JULY tjzpftysurf sm; 1850 jynfhEpS f 'Gas mask' udk rlydkifcGifhtjzpf uif;b&pfcsf wuú o d k v f r S Benjamin J. Lane u rSwfyHkwifcJhygonf/ ¤if;onf rsufESm wpfckvHk;udk

46

tumtuG,t f jzpf zH;k tkyf ay; NyD; avudk oefY&Sif;atmif ppf xkwfay;xm;onfh touf½ª ud&, d mjzpfí ppfbufEiS hf "mwf owåK &SmazGa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif toHk;0ifaom ud&d,m jzpfvm cJhygonf/ 1900 jynfhEpS f 'Zeppelin' ac: avoabFmudk ysHoef;jycJhyg onf/ ¤if;udk NrdKUpm;jzpfol Ferdinand von Zeppelin u OD;aqmif wnfaqmufcJhNyD; t&Snf 128 rDwm &dSí jrif; aumifa& 14.2 tif*sif ESpfvHk; wyfqifxm;ygonf/ tqdkyg ysHoef;jyjcif;udk *smreDEdkifiH&dS

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

pufrsm;onf pD'Drsm; rwGif us,f r D u vl o H k ; trsm;qH k ; ypönf;rsm; jzpfcJhygonf/ 2004 ckEpS f vlvdkufygoGm;jcif; r&dSonfh NASA/ESA/ASI wd k Y \ Cassino-Huygens tmumo pl;prf;,mOfonf paeN*dK[f\ N*dK[fywfvrf; aMumif;twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJh onf/

arG;zGm;jcif; 1742 ckEpS f *smrefvlrsKd; ½ly aA'ESifh odyÜH ynm&Sif Georg Christoph Lichtenberg udk arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ olonf pmoif Mum;&mwGif vufawGUypönf; ud&d,mrsm;eJY jyooifMum; jcif;udk pwifcJholvnf;jzpfí pmtkyfrsm;pGmudkvnf; jyKpk a&; om;cJhol jzpfonf/ olonf

uGe;f pwefYpaf &uefBuD;wGif jzpf í avxJwGif 18 rdepfMum ysH oef;cJhygonf/ 1937 ckEpS f tar&duefvrl sK;d av ,mOfyikd ;f avmh Amelia Earhart ESifh vrf;nTef Fred Noonan wdkY armif;ESifcJhonfh av,mOf onf tquf t oG , f jywf awmufcJhygonf/ olwdkYonf ypdzw d o f rk'&´ mudk ausmfjzwfí armif;ESipf Of jzpfysufcjhJ cif; jzpf í tDauGwmrsOf;wpfavQmufrS urÇmudk wpfywfywfí ysHoef; &ef BudK;pm;cJph Ofu jzpfygonf/ tqdkyg aysmufqHk;rItwGuf tpd;k &rS a':vm 4 oef; tukef tuscHí &SmazGcJhaomfvnf; rawGUcJhyg/ 1947 ckEpS f 'UFO' ac: yef;uef jym;ysH wpfpif;onf tar&duef

jynfaxmifpk e,l;ruúqDudk jynfe,f ½dkU0JNrdKUteD;wGif ysuf uscJhygonf/ ¤if;tjzpftysuf udk tar&duefjynfaxmifpk av wyfrS ]]¤if;onf &moDOwk cefY rSe;f &ef vTww f ifxm;onfh av abmvHk; ysufuscJhjcif; jzpf onf}} [k aMunmcJhygonf/ xdpk Ofu owif;pmrsm;rS azmfjy csufrsm;t& jynfolwdkY tvGef pdwf0ifpm;cJhonhf owif; jzpf cJhygonf/

1799 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhyg onf/ 1872 ckEpS f jyifopfvrl sKd; av aMumif;ynma&SUaqmifLouis Bleriot udk arG;zGm;cJy h gonf/ olonf tif*sifeD,mwpfOD; vnf;jzpfí ornithopter ac: iSuftawmifyHuJhodkY ysHoef; Edkifonfh pufudk wDxGifcJhol jzpfonf/ olonf 1936 ckESpf wGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/ 1929 ckEpS f tar&duefvlrsK;d ZD0

Georg C. Lichtenberg

1982 ckEpS f tar&duefEdkifiHom; Larry Walters onf [DvD,H "mwfaiGUoGif;xm;onfh abm vHk; 45 vHk;udk toHk;jyKcJhí ay 16ç000 aytxd wufa&muf ysHoef;jycJhygonf/ olonf xdkifcHkwpfckom toHk;jyKNyD; rdk; aumif;uifwGif ESpfem&DMumrQ abmvH;k o,faqmif&modYk vGihf ygcJhygonf/ arG;zGm;jcif; 1862 ckEpS f t*FvdyfvlrsKd; ½ly aA' ynm&Sif William Henry Bragg udk arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ olonf X-ray Spectrometer, X-ray diffraction wdYkukd toH;k jyKyHkESifh c&pfpw,frsm; wnf aqmufyHkwdkYudk azmfxkwfcJhol jzpfonf/ olonf 1942 ckESpf wGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/

aA' ynm&Sif Gerald Edelman udk arG;zGm;cJhonf/ ol onf ]cE¨mudk,fwGif; aoG;wGif jzpfay:onfh a&m*gumuG,f ay;onfh y#dypön;f armfvu D sL;} wdkY\ wnfaqmufyHkudk &SmazG awGU&dcS o hJ jl zpfí Edb k ,fvq f &k iS f wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygonf/ 1941 ckEpS f tar&duefvrl sK;d odyHÜ ynm&Sif Alfred G. Gilman udk arG ; zG m ;cJ h y gonf / ol o nf y½dkwif;\ rdom;pk0ifjzpfaom G-proteins udk &SmazGawGU&dc So hJ l jzpfí Edkb,fvfqk&Sif wpfOD; vnf; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg ol onf 'g;vufpf&dS wufqufpf aq;wuúodkvfwGif wuúodkvf r[mXmerSL;tjzpf wm0ef xrf; aqmifaeygonf/ aoqHk;jcif; 1971 ckEpS f t*Fvdyf vlrsKd; ½ly aA' ynm&Sif William Law-

1884 ckEpS f *smrefvrl sKd; tm½Hk aMumqdkif&m aq; ynm&Sif Alfons Maria Jakob udk arG; zGm;cJo h nf/ olonf 'neuropa -thology' ac: tm½HkaMumqdkif &m a&m*grsm;taMumif;udk ok awoejyK azmfxkwfcJhol jzpf onf/ olonf 1931 ckEpS w f iG f uG,fvGefcJhygonf/

rence Bragg uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ olonf X-ray a&mifpOf\

ta&mifjzmrI qdkif&m Oya'udk azmfxw k cf o hJ jl zpfonf/ olonf Edkb,fvf qk&Sif wpfOD;vnf; jzpfí 1890 jynfhESpfwGif arG; zGm;cJhygonf/ 2001 ckEpS f ½k&Sm;vlrsKd; ½lyaA'

1906 ckEpS f *smrefEikd if zH mG ; EsLu vD,m;qdik &f m ½lyaA' ynm&Sif Hans Bethe udkarG;zGm;cJhyg onf/ olonf 'stellar nucleosynthesis' oDtdk&Dudk azmf xkwfcJholjzpfí Edkb,fvfqk&Sif wpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf/ olonf 2005 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhyg onf/ 1946 ckEpS f tar&duefvrl sK;d odyHÜ ynm&Sif Richard Axel udk arG; zGm;cJo h nf/ olonf OD;aESmuf \ tm½HkcHpm;EdkifrIrsm;? DNA okawoejyKcsufrsm;? *sif; (genes) rsK;d pdwr f sm; taMumif; ponfwYkduakd vhvm azmfxw k cf hJ oljzpfí Edb k ,fvf qk&iS w f pfO;D vnf; jzpfonf/ aoqHk;jcif; 1621 ckEpS f t*Fvyd f vlrsK;d ocsmF

ynm&S i f Nikolay Basov uG,fvGefcJhygonf/ olonf uGrfwrftDvufx&Gefepf e,f y,fwiG f tajccHtm;jzifh tvkyf vkyfyHkrsm;udk avhvmazmfxkwf cJholjzpfí Edkb,fvf qk&Sif wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ olYudk 1922 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf/

Hans Bethe

aA'ESifh eu©wåaA' ynm&Sif Thomas Harriot uG,v f eG cf yhJ g onf/ olonf a&aMumif;qdkif &m eu©waå A'ynmudk jyKpk a&; om;oifMum;cJhí ae\ tpuf tajymufrsm;udk avhvmcJhí tvif;\ a&mifjyef½dkufcwfrI ponfwYkdukd azmfxw k cf o hJ l jzpf onf/ olYudk 1560 jynfhESpf wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/

5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

47

3rd JULY

tjzpftysurf sm; 1886 ckEpS f 'New York Tribune' owif;pmonf vifEdk wdu k f pufukd toH;k jyKí ½du k Ef ySd f xkwfa0cJhonfh yxrqHk;aom owif;pm jzpfcJhygonf/ ¤if; onf yHEk ySd pf ufwiG f vufEySd pf uf udkyg wGJzufwnfaqmufxm; NyD; rlv owåKtydwfvdkif;rsm; twGif;odkY pm½dkufrnfh pmvHk; rsm;udk yHpk aH vmif;vdu k o f uJo h Ykd aumfvH odkYr[kwf pmrsufESm tvdu k f jyKvku kd jf cif; jzpfonf/ xdkpOfu tvGef thHzG,f enf; ynmwpfck jzpfcJhygonf/ 1928 ckEpS f yxrqHk; tBudrf tjzpf a&mifpHk ½kyfjrifoHMum; xkwv f iT jhf cif;udk vef'efNrdKUwGif pwifjyKvkyfcJhonf/ ¤if;udk 'Baird Television Development/Cinema Television'

ukrÜPDrS vTifhxkwfcJhjcif;jzpfí

48

vef'efNrdKUESifh e,l;a,mufNrdKU wdYk tMum; twåvEÅw d o f rk'&´ m udk ausmfjzwfum xkwfvTifhcJh jcif; jzpfNyD; o½kyjf ycJo h nfh tpD tpOf wpfckvnf; jzpfonf/ 1938 ckEpS f a&aEG;aiGUjzifh armif; ESif&onfh tif*sifudk toHk;jyK í urÇmh tjrefEIef; pHcsdefwif jcif;udk t*FvefEikd if w H iG f jyKvkyf cJhygonf/ ¤if;wGif 'Number 4468 Mallard' [k trnfay; xm;onf h &xm;puf a cgif ; onf wpfem&DvQif 126 rdkif EIef;jzifh armif;ESifEdkifcJhygonf/ 2004 ckESpf xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H befaumufNrdKUwGif ajratmuf &xm;vrf;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfcJh onf/ ,cifu befaumufNrdKU wGif aeYpOf ,mOfaMumydwq f Ykd rI rsm; &dSaecJhygonf/

vGecf yhJ gonf/ olonf oabFm rsm;wGiv f u kd yf g&if; ocsmF ynm udk oifMum;ay;aecJhNyD;aemuf vef'efNrKd UwGif tajccsum ocsmF q&mtjzpf vkyu f ikd cf o hJ nf/ ol onf *&d pmvHk;rsm;udk ocsFm oauFwrsm;tjzpf tBuHjyK wD xGicf NhJ yD; a&aMumif;ESiyhf wfouf onfh 'A New Compendium of the Whole Art of Navigation' pmtkyfudk jyKpka&;om;

cJholvnf;jzpfygonf/ olYudk 1675 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ 1790 jynfEh pS f jyifopfvrl sK;d "mwk aA' ynm&Sif Jean Baptiste L. Rome de I'Isle uG,v f eG cf hJ onf/ olonf wGi;f xGu"f mwf owåK ynm&Siw f pfO;D vnf; jzpf í 'Essal de Cristallographic' pmtkyfudk a&;om;jyKpkcJh olvnf;jzpfonf/ olYukd 1736 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ 1935 ckEpS f jyifopf vlrsK;d armf awmf,mOfvkyfief; a&SUaqmif Andre Citroen uG,fvGefcJh ygonf/ olonf jyifopfEdkifiH armfawmf,mOfvyk if ef;wGif xif &Sm;ol wpfOD;jzpfí 'S.A. Andre Citroen' armfawmfum; ukrP Ü u D kd wnfaxmifco hJ v l nf; jzpfonf/ olYudk 1878 ckESpf arG;zGm;jcif; 1567 ckEpS f jyifopfvrl sK;d pl;prf; wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ &SmazGol c&D;onf Samuel de Champlain ud k a rG ; zG m ;cJ h y g onf/ olonf jyifopfEdkifiHrS ajrmuftar&duwdkuf a'o rsm;odYk ukeu f ;l oef; a&mif;0,f jcif;udk tpjyKcJholjzpfí 'Quebec City' udk wnfaxmifcJh olvnf;jzpfygonf/ olonf 1635 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ aoqHk;jcif; 1749 ckEpS f t*Fvyd f vlrsK;d ocsmF ynm&Sif William Jones uG,f Andre Citroen

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

4th JULY

tjzpftysurf sm; 1054 ckESpf Supernova [k trnfay;xm;onfh Mu,fBuD; udk w½kwfvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh tar&d u wdkufae tif'D;,ef; Xmae vlrsKd;wdkYu awGU&dSavhvmcJhMu ygonf/ ¤if;onf vaygif;rsm; pGm tvif;a&mifawmufyvsuf &dS&m aeYbuftcsdefrsm;wGifyif jrifEdkifygonf/ ¤if;onf 'TTauri' Mu,f\ teD;wGif wnf &dSNyD; ykpGefvHk;yHk Mu,fpk (Crab Nebula) onf ¤if;\ tpte rsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ 1837 ckEpS f t*FvefEikd if H bmrif *efNrdKUESifh vDAmyl;vfNrdKUwdkY tMum; rD;&xm;vrf; azmuf vkyfqufoG,fcJhonf/ tqdkyg

Grand Junction Railway

1934 ckEpS f [efa*&D,efE, G zf mG ; tar&duefvlrsKd; Leo Szilard onf tEkjrLAHk; jyKvkyf&mwGif tajccH vdktyfcsuf wpfckjzpf onfh 'chain-reaction design' udk rlydkifcGifhtjzpf rSwfyHkwifcJh onf/ ¤if;onf 'Manhattan Project' twGuf jzpfygonf/ 1997 ckESpf emqmrS vTwfwif vkdufcJhonfh Pathfinder tm umo pl;prf;,mOfi,fonf t*FgN*dK[f\ rsufESmjyifay:odkY qif;oufcJhonf/ arG;zGm;jcif; 1854 ckEpS f ½dkar;eD;,m;vlrsKd; tEkZD0 ydk;rTm;aA' ynm&Sif Victor Babes udkarG;zGm;cJhyg onf/ olonf acwfrD odyÜH enf;us ydk;rTm;aA'ynm&yfudk azmfxw k cf NhJ yD; rabies, leprosy, diphtheria, tuberculosis p onf ul;pufwwfaom a&m*g ESihf yd;k rTm;rsm;taMumif;udk avh vmcJholjzpfygonf/ olonf 1926 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ 1961 ckEpS f t*Fvyd fvrl sK;d AD', D kd *drf; 'DZdkif;ESifh y½dk*&rfrsm; a&;qGJol Richard Allen

Richard Garriott Garriott udkarG;zGm;cJhygonf/ olonf Apple II uGefysLwm twGuf 'Akalabeth (World of Doom)' udk pwifa&;qGJcJhNyD;

1867 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ 1977 ckEpS f ½k&Sm;vlrsKd; ½lyaA' ynm&Sif Gersh Budker uG,f vGecf o hJ nf/ olonf EsL;uvd ,m;qd k i f & m ynm&S i f v nf ; jzpfí ½k&Sm;EdkifiH\ 'Institute of Nuclear Physics' udk wnf axmifcJholvnf; jzpfonf/ olY udk 1918 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhyg onf/ 1986 ckEpS f ½k&Sm;vlrsKd; ocsFm ynm&Sif Oscar Zariski uG,f vGecf o hJ nf/ olonf algebric geometry ynm&yfESifh ywf oufí xif&Sm;cJholjzpfNyD; olY udk 1899 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhyg onf/ 1997 ckEpS f t*Fvyd f vlrsK;d owå aA' ynm&Sif John Zachary Young uG,v f eG cf yhJ gonf/ ol onf tm½HkaMumzGJUpnf;rI pepf udk odyeHÜ nf;us okawoejyKcJh oljzpfí 'The Life of Verte-

onf urÇmay:wGif yxrqHk; t&SnfqHk; rD;&xm;vrf; jzpfcJh 0if ; 'd k ; pf p epf t wG u f v nf ; ygonf/ 'City of Heroes, City of Vil1840 jynfEh pS f 'Cunard Line' ydik f lains' uJo h Ykd *dr;f y½d*k &rf trsm; opfom;jzifh jyKvkyfxm; aom tjym;udk a&;qGaJ y;aeygonf/ a&,uf (paddle) rsm; wyf aoqHk;jcif; qifxm;NyD; a&aEG;aiGU tif*sif 1934 ckEpS f ydkvefEdkifiHzGm; odyÜH jzifh armif;ESif&aom wef 700 ESifh "mwkaA' ynm&Sif Maria &dS rD;oabFm RMS Britannia Sklodwska Curie uG,v f eG cf hJ brates ', 'The Life of Mamonf t*FvefEdkifiH vDAmyl;vf ygonf/ olronf radiology mals' ponf pmtkyfrsm;udk NrdKUrS xGufcGmcJhonf/ ¤if;onf enf;ynmudk a&SUaqmif azmf vnf; jyKpka&;om;cJhol jzpfyg uae'gEdkifiH EdkAmpaumh&Sm; xkwfcJholjzpfí Edkb,fvfqk&Sif onf/ olYudk 1907 ckESpfwGif jynfe,f [,fvDzufpfNrdKUodkY wpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ olrudk arG;zGm;cJhonf/ twåvEÅdwf ork'´&mudk jzwf oef;armif;ESicf o hJ nfh yxrqH;k c&D;onfwif rD;oabFm jzpfcJh ygonf/ wpfacwfwpfcgu um;aMumfjimyHyk g 1892ckEpS f awmifypdzw d o f rk'&´ m twGif;&dS uRef;pkrsm;EdkifiHjzpf 1931 ckESpfu 'studebaker' um;aMumfjimwpfck onfh Western Samoa onf jzpfygw,f/ opfom;eJY wnfaqmufxm;NyD; International Date Line udk aygif 11ç000 av;ygw,f/ yHkrSef 'studebaker' ajymif;vJcJhonf/ xdkYtwGuf um;xuf 2 qausmf BuD;rm;NyD; vl 50 cefY tqdkyg wkdif;jynfonf ¤if;ESpf wufNyD; xdkifEdkifygw,f/ oHpHkwD;0dkif;wifNyD; wGif 367 &uf &dScJhNyD; Zlvdkifv {nfhcHcJhzl;ygw,f/ um;aMumfjimtwGufomru EdkifiHjcm;om; c&D;onfrsm;udkyg 4 &uf wevFmaeYudk ESpf&uf qGJaqmifEdkifcJhygw,f/ 1938 ckESpfrSm rD;avmifysufpD;oGm;cJhygw,f/ jzwfausmfcJh&ygonf/

enf;ynm r[kwyf g

5 Zlvikd f 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f

49

5th JULY 1996 ckESpf Dolly [k trnf ay;xm;onfh odk;uav;onf onf EdkYwdkufowå0grsm;wGif yxrqHk; cloned jzpfcJhonf/ ¤if;udk paumhwvefjynfe,f 'Roslin Institute' wGif zef wD;cJí h code-named rSm 6LL3 jzpfonf/ tqdkyg odk;uav; onf 2003 ckESpfwGif aoqHk; cJhonf/ 1998 ckEpS f t*FgN*dK[fodkY oGm; a&mufrnfh tmumo,mOfudk *syefEdkifiHrS vTwfwifcJhonf/ Bardeen, Walter Houser ¤if;udk 'nozomi' [k trnf ay; Bratain wdkYESifhtwl wDxGifcJh xm;NyD; t"dyÜm,frSm ]arQmfvifh jcif;jzpfí pDvDuGefawmifMum; jcif;} [lí jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí udk wnfaxmifcJholvnf; jzpf *syefEikd if o H nf tmumo pl;prf; onf/ avhvmonfh EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH tjzpftysurf sm; 1610 ckESpf t*F v d y f v l r sKd ; ukefonfjzpfol John Guy onf Bristol rS pwif &Guv f iT hf cJhonf/ olonf e,l;azmif vef t&yfa'oudk t*Fvdyf udkvdkeDa'otjzpf a&muf&dS ap&ef BudK;pm;cJholvnf;jzpf onf/ 1951 ckESpf NAdwdoQvlrsKd; ½ly aA' ynm&Sif William Shock -ley onf x&efppöwmudk wD xGifcJhonf/ olonf John

tjzpf tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k ½k&mS ;Edik if w H Ykd EiS hf qufo, G Ef ikd cf hJ ygonf/ arG;zGm;jcif; 1794 ckEpS f tar&duef vlrsKd; tm[m&aA' ynm&Sif Sylvester Graham udkarG;zGm;cJhyg onf/ olonf "mwkaq;rsm;

7th JULY

tjzpftysurf sm; 1915 ckEpS f International Railway Trolley rS xa&mfvD wpf pif;onf owfrSwfcsufxuf ausmv f eG u f m c&D;onf 157 OD; udk wifcJh&mrS xdcdkufrI jzpfyGm; cJh&m c&D;onf 15 OD; aoqHk;cJh ygonf/ ¤if;onf Ontario jynfe,f Queenston teD; wGif jzpfonf/ 1959 ckEpS f AD;eyf ac: aomMum 50

N*dK[fonf Regulus [k trnf ay;xm;onfh Mu,fudk zH;k uG,f cJhonf/ ¤if;onf tvGef awGU BuHKcJonfh jzpf&yfjzpfí AD;eyfpf N*dK[f\ tcsif;udk wdkif;wmEdkif ygonf/ xdkYtjyif ¤if;N*dK[f\ "mwfaiGUxkudkvnf; avhvm EdkifcJhygonf/ 2004 ckEpS f LZW (LempelZiv-Welch) [k trnfay;xm; onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk rl &if;rysuf csKHUEdkifonfh y½dk*&rf oHk;pGJcGifhonf uae'gEdkifiHwGif rlyikd cf iG hf ysujf y,fcNhJ yD; jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk 1984 ckESpfu Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv ESifh Terry Welch wdkYu a&;qGJ wnfaqmufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

arG;zGm;jcif; 1746 ckESpf tD w vD v l r sKd ; eu©waå A'ynm&Sif Giuseppe Piazzi udk arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ olonf Palermo eu©wMf unfh arQmfpifudk wnfaqmufcJhNyD; a&GUvsm;aeonfh Mu,frsm; yg 0ifaom tpkta0;udk &SmazG awGU&dScJholvnf; jzpfonf/ ol onf 1826 ckESpfwGif uG,f vGefcJhygonf/ 1752 ckEpS f jyifopfvlrsKd; wD xGifol Joseph Marie jacquard udk arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ ol onf &uf u ef ; pif r sm;wG i f taygufazmufxm;aom ]yefYcsf uwf} rsm;udk toH;k jyKí txnf rsm;udk vsifjrefpGm &ufvkyfEdkif

ryg0ifaom 'Graham bread' aygifrek Yfukd wDxiG cf NhJ yD; 'Ameri -can Vegetarian Society'

wnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifun l cD hJ ol jzpfonf/ olYudk ''father of Graham crackers' tjzpf vlodrsm;cJholvnf; jzpfonf/ ollonf 1851 ckESpfwGif uG,f

wDxGifcJhonf/ ¤if; yefYcsfuwf onf aemifwiG f uGeyf sLwmpuf rsm;twG u f toH k ; 0if o nf h enf;ynm jzpfcJhygonf/ ol onf 1834 ckESpfwGif uG,f vGefcJhonf/ 1843 ckEpS f tDwvDvlrsKd; aq; ynm&Sif Camillo Golgi udk arG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ olonf eyfAf pepfrsm;\ wnfaqmufyHkudk avhvm azmfxkwfcJholjzpfí Edkb,fvfqk&Sif wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ olonf 1926 ckESpf wGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/ 1906 ckEpS f c½dak t;&Svrl sK;d ocsmF ynm&Sif William Feller udk arG ; zG m ;cJ h y gonf / ol o nf ,cktcg vlord sm;aom 'Math -ematical Reviews' *sme,f xkwfa0jcif;udk pwifcJholjzpf NyD; ol a&;om; azmfxw k cf o hJ nfh

vGefcJhygonf/ 1891 ckEpS f tar&duefvrl sK;d ZD0 "mwkaA' ynm&Sif John Howard Northrop udk arG;zGm; cJhygonf/ olonf tifZdkif;rsm; udk oefYpifjcif;ESifh yHkaqmifcJ toGif azmfjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyf cJo h jl zpfí ola&;om;jyKpkco hJ nfh Crystalline Enzymes pmtkyf onf txl; ta&;ygcJyh gonf/ olonf Edkb,fvfqk&SifwpfOD; vnf;jzpfí 1987 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/ aoqHk;jcif; 1927 ckEpS f *smrefvrl sKd; aq; ynm&Sif Albrecht Kossel uG,fvGefcJhygonf/ ol o nf y½dkwif;? EsL;uvD;,yf tuf qpf qJvfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí okawoejyK avhvmcJhol jzpf

'Feller process, Lindbergtheorem, Feller explosion test, Feller-Brown movement, Feller property ponf

wdkYonfvnf; xif&Sm;cJhonf/ olonf 1970 jynfhESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/ 1907 ckEpS f tar&duefvrl sK;d odyHÜ pd w f u l ; ,Of 0w¬ K a&;q&m Robert A. Heinlein udk arG; zGm;cJhonf/ olonf odyÜHESifh tif*sifeD,mqdkif&m ynm&yf rsm;wGif A[kokw
NyD; Edb k ,fvq f &k iS w f pfO;D vnf; jzpfonf/ olYudk 1853 ckESpf wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ 1957 ckEpS f tar&duefEdkifiHzGm; wDxGifol ynm&Sif Charles f eG cf hJ Sherwood Noble uG,v ygonf/ olonf v,form;rsm; twGuf aps;oufomí toHk; 0ifaom v,fxeG pf uf? aumuf &dwpf ufrsm;udk wDxiG cf o hJ l jzpf onf/ 1966 ckEpS f [efa*&D,efvrl sKd; "mwkaA' ynm&Sif George de Hevesy uG,fvGefcJhy g onf/ olonf a&'D,HESifh cJ tdkifqdk wkwfrsm;\toHk;0ifyHk udk &SmazGazmfxkwfcJholjzpfí Edkb,fvf qk&SifwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ olYudk 1885 ckESpf wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/

pma&;q&mwpfO;D vnf; jzpfNyD; 0w¬K&Snf 32yk'f? 0w¬Kwdk 59 yk ' f ? vuf a &G ; pif 16 yk ' f ? ½kyf&Sif 2 um;ESifh wDAGD? a&'D,dk xkwfvTifhjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhyg onf/ olonf 1988 ckESpf wGuf uG,fvGefcJhonf/ aoqHk;jcif; 1573 ckEpS f tDwvD vlrsK;d Adok um ynm&Sif Giacomo Barozzi Vignola uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ olwnfaqmufco hJ nfh vuf&m rsm;onf a&mrNrdKUwGif txl; xif&Sm;cJhNyD; ol a&;om;jyKpkcJh onfh 'Rules of the five orders of architecture', 'Two rules of practical perspective' ponfh pmtkyfrsm;

onfvnf; Adou k mynm&yfrsm; wGif ta&;ygcJhygonf/ olYudk 1507 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo h nf/

6th JULY udk arG;zGm;cJhyg onf/ olonftdkufpvefuRef; a'orsm;odYk c&D;xGuu f m tyif rsm;udk okawoejyK avhvmcJh NyD; Oa&mywdkuf wdkif;jynfrsm; odkYvnf; a&mufcJhygonf/ ol onftvGeu f s,0f ef;aom ½ku© aA' O,smOfudkvnf; wnf aqmufcJholjzpfNyD; 1865 ckESpf wGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/ 1817 ckEpS f qGpZf mvefEikd if o H m; cE¨maA'ESihf aq;ynm&Sijf zpfol Albert von Kolliker udk arG; zGm;cJhygonf/ olonf oaE¨ om;avmif;qdik &f m ynm&yfrsm; udk avhvmazmfxkwfcJholjzpfí 1905ckEpS w f iG f u, G v f eG cf o hJ nf/ 1903 ckEpS f qDG'ifvlrsKd; odyÜH ynm&Sif Hugo Theorell udk arG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ olonf 'Nobel Institute' \ okawoe qdik &f m Ouú|wpfO;D vnf;jzpfí 'oxidation enzyme' \ tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udk &Sm azGazmfxkwfcJhol jzpfonf/ ol onf 1982 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG f cJhygonf/ aoqHk;jcif; 1476 ckEpS f *smrefvrl sK;d ocsmF ESihf eu©waå A'ynm&SifRegiomantus uG,v f eG cf yhJ gonf/ olYudk 1436 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ 1854 ckEpS f *smrefvrl sK;d ½lyaA' ynm&Sif Georg Simon Ohm uG,v f eG cf yh J gonf/ olonf vQyf pD;aMumif;qdik &f m oDt&kd u D kd azmf xkwcf o hJ jl zpfí vQypf pfe,fy,f wGif Ohm's Law udk ,aeYwikd f oHk;aeMuqJjzpfonf/ olYudk 1789 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhyg onf/ son Hooker

Louis Pasteur

tjzpftysurf sm; 1885 ckEpS f jyifopfvlrsKd; "mwk aA'ESihf tEkZ0D yd;k rTm;aA' ynm &Sif Louis Pasteur onf ol \xd;k aq;udk atmifjrifpmG prf; oyfEikd cf yhJ gonf/ ¤if;onf acG; ½l;a&m*gpGu J yfaeonfh Joseph Meister trnf & d S a om vl uav;wpfOD; jzpfonf/ 1908 ckEpS f tar&duefvlrsKd; pl; prf;&SmazGol c&D;onf Robert Peary onf tmwdwfa'oodkY pwif oGm;a&muf&ef e,l; a,mufpDwD;rS pwifxGufcGmcJh onf/ olESifh tzGJUonf 1909 ckESpf {NyDv 6 &ufwGif ajrmuf 0if½dk;pGef;a'oodkY a&mufcJhyg onf/ 1919 ckESpf NAdwdoQwdkY\ av oabF m R-34 onf e,l ; a,mufNrdKUwGif qif;oufcJh onf/ ¤if;onf twåvEÅdwf ork'´&mudkjzwfí ysHoef;rI c&D;pOf tNyD;wGif jzpfonf/ 1988 ckEpS f ajrmufyifv,fjyif wGif a&eHwGif; wl;azmfaeaom 'Piper Alpha' a&eHwi G ;f wl;pif aygufuGJ rD;avmifcJhygonf/ ¤if;rS tvkyform; 167 OD; aoqHk;cJh&ygonf/ arG;zGm;jcif; 1785 ckEpS f t*Fvdyfvrl sK;d ½ku© aA' ynm&Sif William Jack-

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51

r[wår*ED´eJY wlowJhvm; trSeaf wmhvnf; 'DtaMumif;t&mukd a&;BuD;cGiu hf s,fvyk Nf yD; ]ajymp&mrvkdwJhudp}ö vdkY oabmykdufNyD; 'Dtwkdif;aevkduf&ifawmh vnf; &om;yJAsm/ 'gayr,fh axmufjya0zefrI r&Sdav? ydktwifh &JNyD; trSm;awG ajymaeavjzpfNyD; ]igwkYd ajymrS t[kw}f vdYk xifae olrsm;udk enf;enf;av; todw&m;&oGm;atmif? qifjcifw&m; av; 0ifoGm;atmif ]ajymp&mvdkwJhudp}ö vdkY ,lqNyD; tckvdk ajym vkduf&ygw,f cifAsm/ armif''hJ ;kd wdYk jrefrmjynfBuD;udk tkycf sKyfNyD; vlxak umif;pm;a&; xlaxmifay;csifwJh &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdw,fqdkwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDwpfck &JU A[dktrsKd;orD;vkyfief;tzGJYu cgawmfrDxkwfvkdufwJh pmvTmudk zwfrd&if; tawmftHhMop&maumif;wJh tcsufawGudk awGYcJh&yg w,f/ ]]jrefrmEkdifiHtrsKd;orD;rsm;aeYonf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJY csKyf\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; a':pkMunf\ arG;aeYyifjzpfav onf}} vdkY tJ'Dpmyg wpfzufowf owfrSwfa&;om;csuf[m tawmf yk*d¾Kvfa&; tpGef;a&mufaewJh a&;om;csuftjzpf zwfrd& wJhtcg tawmfyif tHhtm;oifhcJh&ygw,f/ olwkdYqdkvdkcsuft& ]jrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;orD;rsm;aeY}udk olwdkY owfrw S w f ahJ eYtwkid ;f om jyKvyk &f r,fq&kd ifjzifh jrefrmtrsK;d orD;xk tukev f ;kH udk tJ'D NLD &JU ud, k pf m;jyK&r,fh rde;f rom;awGvYkd rsm; ,lqxm;aeMuovm;yJ/ wnfw h nfah jym&&if tJ'pD mom;udk zwf rdwmeJY trsKd;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGYJ csKyfu ygwD0ifawG[m ]wpfygwD pepf} ]wpfOD;aumif; acgif;aqmif0g'} udk oG,f0dkufpGm xlaxmif csifaewJh oabmw&m;tjzpf awGY&Sdvmjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk tpGef;xGufaewJh tawG;rsKd; &SdaeolawG tJ'DEkdifiHa&; ygwDtwGi;f rSm&Sad ejcif;[m jrefrmjynfoal wGtwGuv f nf; odum© us&m a&mufygw,f/ b,fvkdodu©musvdkYvJvdkY ar;csif&if ar;Ekdifygw,f/ ajzzdkY vnf; toifh&Sdygw,f/ ud, k v f ckd sif&mudo k m jrifNyD;? ud, k af jymcsif&momodNyD;? ud, k f jzpfcsif&mudkom a&SUaemufÓPfeJYcsdefNyD; rpOf;pm;bJ vkyfaqmif wwfwJh tpGef;a&mufwJholawGeJY zGJYpnf;xm;wJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDyg vm;vdYk jynfwiG ;f a&;udk 0ifajc½IyNf yD; tjrwfxw k cf sifaewJh jynfy u ieJawGu ydyk Nkd yD; &dyrf o d &d v dS mav? (tJ't D pGe;f a&mufoal wGu)kd ydkydkNyD; bHkajr§mufay;avav jzpfvmrSmyJ/ 'ghtjyif jrefrmjynfol awGudk tkyfcsKyfcsifol tJ'DygwD0ifawG&JU ÓPf&nfenf;rIudk jynfyu tjrwfxkwfcsifwJh yk*d¾KvfawG odvmwmeJYtrQ jrefrm jynfolawG[m udk,fhxrif; udk,fpm;&if; jynfyolpdrf;&JU tESdrfcH &r,fhudef;udk tvdkvkd qkdufoGm;Ekdifygw,fcifAsm/ 'g[m wkid ;f jynftwGuf odum© usp&m t"dutcsuf jzpfvm ygw,f/ 52

odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvikd f 2006

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jzpfcJhonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;\ ukefypönf;rsm;ESifh ywf oufí .STORE owif; pkaqmif;yHyh ;kd rItwGu?f .INFO pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&SifESifh tzGJYtpnf;rsm;twGuf? .FIRM azsmfajzrI qkdif&m twGuf? .REC ukd,fa&;udpö yk*¾vdu wpfOD;csif;rsm;twGuf .NOM ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&mrsm;twGuf .ARTS ESifh www twGif; avhvm pl;prf;rIrsm;twGuf .WEB [k toD;oD; owfrSwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ Microsoft onf Yukon [laom emrnfjzifh ukd,fykdif search engine wpfckjzifh jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ aemufqHk; tacsm oyf version udk 1998 ckESpfwGif pwif xkwfvkyfEkdifrnf[k arQmfrSef;xm;aMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ Microsoft onf Toshiba tultnDjzifh c½dkiftqifh&Sd ausmif;aygif; 50 udk zdwfac:í "Make Vision A Reality" y½dk *&rfwGif yg0ifapcJhonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh rSwfpkrsm;? oifcef;pmrsm;ESihf tdrpf mrsm;udk tqdyk g y½d*k &rfjzifh vkyu f ikd Ef idk af p onf/ tar&duefEkdifiH bD;eufrS tpdk;& uGefysL wmrsm;wGif uGefysLwm*drf;rsm;udk jzKwfxkwf a&;twG u f twnf j yKvd k u f M uonf / xdkYtjyif *drf;rsm;udk BudKwif install vkyx f m;onfh uGeyf sLwmopfrsm; r0,f,Ml u &efom wm;jrpfcJhonf/ Microsoft onf Microsoft Office 97 udk xkwfvkyfcJhí Windows 98 trnf&Sd operating system topf udk 1998 ckESpf aEGOD;aygufwGif xkwfvkyfrnf[k aMunmcJhonf/ 3Com rS U.S. Robotics pawmhrsm;udk a':vm 6.6 bDv, D jH zifh 0,f,v l u dk í f uGeyf sLwmukrP Ü rD sm;\ orkid ;f aMumif; wGif tBuD;qHk;aom consolidation tjzpf jyKvkyfvsuf&Sdonf/ Apple Computer ukrÜPDrS Macintosh OS topftjzpf Mac OS 8 udk rdwfqufay;vkdufonf/ tar&duefEkdifiH pmwkdufXmerS pmESifh ygq,frsm;twGuf electronic stamps jzifh zefwD;Ekdif&ef pDrHcsufudk a&S;½I vkyfudkifvm onf/ tar&duefEidk if &H dS rlvwef;ausmif;om;rS tqifh 12 &Sd twef;txd uGefysLwm toHk;jyKol 6.3oef;

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odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 5 Zlvidk f 2006

enf ; y&d , m,f oH k ; wJ h o l u tEkdif&oGm;wmrsm;w,f/ BudK; u a&jyifnDrSm&Sdae&if BudK; ay: ouf a &muf w J h t m;u wpfzufpDrS&SdwJh qGJtm;ouf oufyJ &Sdaeygvdrfhr,f/ ½l y aA' oabmw&m; t& urÇ m ajr&J U qG J t m;ud k xnfhoHk;Ekdif&if tm;ydk&vmrSm jzpfw,f/ a&jyifnDxuf edrfh uswJh vm;&mrsKd;eJY tm;jzpfvm &if edrfhusvmwJh tapmif;'D*&D tvdkuf urÇmajr&JU qGJtm; yg0ifvmapygw,f/ Oyrm a&jyifnaD tmuf apmif;oGm;wJh axmifh 'D*&D[m θ &Sdw,fqdk ygpdkY/ tydkaqmif;vmr,fh tm; [m g Sinθ jzpfaeygvdrrhf ,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY θ qdkwJh axmifh

'D*&DudkvdkufNyD; qGJtm;yrmP tajymif;tvJ &SdEkdifygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY aemufqHk;u ae BudK;udik w f o hJ u l twwfEidk f qHk; 0yfqif;NyD; awmifhxm;ckdif; avh&SdMuw,f/ ajrjyifay:rSm ajcaxmufeJY awmifh,lxm;wJh yGwftm;? vufuqGJxm;wJh qGJ tm;eJY urÇmajrBuD;&JU qGJtm; wpfpdwfwpfa'owdkYudk enf; pepfusus aygif;oHk;vdkuf&if tiftm;csif; rwdrf;r,drf;jzpf aewJh tzGJYudk tomav; tEkdif &Ekdifygvdrfhr,f/ Ref: Last Word