2nd Draft

Logan Leslie Eastvold 1 Historians Craft Peace Studies

The Peace Studies program at the University of North Dakota was much like those at other Universities across the country. Most have experienced more than their fair share of problems from the early stages of development and well on into the maintenance of this controversial program. Obstacles typically arise with issues such as the battle between activists and academics and choosing what topics should be a part of Peace Studies, as the theory of some educators is that students go to school to get a job, not an education.1 The University of North Dakota did have an advantage when it came to dealing with some of these problems, thanks to University President Thomas Clifford. Clifford believed there was need for some sort of response to the events going on around the world. The response began as a single symposium that would later evolve into the Center of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution.2 The creation of The Peace Studies department at the University of North Dakota began with the dream of bettering the University and the State. Despite the value and goals of the program, like so many other non-traditional programs, its survival over the years has not been easy, threatened by budget cuts and lack of administrative support. It has only been through the persistence of a single dedicated faculty member and alumni that the program still exists and continues fight for a better tomorrow.

1

Barry R. Vickrey. “Political Problems of Peace Studies Programs” May 23, 1987. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

2

“A Prospectus: The Center for Peace Studies” UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

Logan Leslie Eastvold 2 Historians Craft Peace Studies

Peace Studies programs did not make much of an appearance until the mid- 1960’s, following the creation of the first ever Center for Conflict Resolution in the United States, located at the University of Michigan. It would still take the civil rights movement and the turmoil surrounding the Vietnam War to cause universities to take a real interest in dealing with the issue of peace.3 The universities that began plans to start peace-based programs faced many problems, the most challenging of these being, as Anthony Bing points out, the lack of established curriculum in the field. Many of the programs in the early 1960’s and 70’s focused on war prevention and alternative means of settling disputes without resorting to war; as well as the lives and teaching of individuals like Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. and individual action, psychological and philosophical thought. 4 As the number of programs continued to rise, some professionals began to see the need for experience based learning. George Lopez was one of the most vocal about this need. He argued that a student can not truly learn what peace means without getting out into the world to better understand the need for peace.5 Other problems faced by universities similar to the University of North Dakota included professionalizing the discipline, dealing with the fine line that separates activism and academics, and the tragic mindset that students go to college only to get a job, not to be educated.6 These ideas are what 3

George A. Lopez. Trends in College Curricula and Programs. THE ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 504, (July 1989), pp.63

4

Anthony G. Bing. “Peace Studies as Experiential Education” THE ANNALS of The American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 504, (July 1989), pp.48-60

5

George A. Lopez. “A University Peace Studies Curriculum for the 1990s.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun. 1985), pp. 117-128; Lopez, George A. “Trends in College Curricula and Programs.” THE ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 504, (July 1989), pp.61-71

6

Gooden Barbara Mulch “Institutionalizing Peace Studies in College Life” THE ANNALS of The American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 504, (July 1989), pp.80-89; Vickrey, Barry R. “Political

Logan Leslie Eastvold 3 Historians Craft Peace Studies

has held back many programs from really taking off. A good example of this is at the University of North Dakota, where the initial attempt at approval for an accredited major was rejected on the grounds that it was a “nontraditional discipline.”7 Some universities however have been able to overcome these problems and challenges and now have very successful programs. These programs include the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota,8 Bethel College in Kansas9, McMaster University in Ontario,10 and the University of Notre Dame11, to name a few. These schools all show that Peace Studies programs are able to succeed. In the cases of the programs at McMaster University and Notre Dame, the programs have become so successful they have their own colleges within the universities. Never the less it is important to point out that even though there are a number of successful programs within the United States very little monographic or historical research has been done on what makes these programs so different the ones that were able to succeed or what makes the best Peace Studies program. Problems of Peace Studies Programs” May 23, 1987. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

7

“Center for Peace Studies: Update Report on Academic Major” December 1986. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

8

The Justice and Peace Studies program at the University of St. Thomas was founded between 1983 and 1993, no exact date could be found. “Welcome to Peace Studies.” University of St. Thomas. http://www.stthomas.edu/justpeace/default.html (accessed March 3, 2009)

9

The Kansas Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution was founded on May 3, 1985. “History of KIPCOR.” Bethel College. http://www.bethelks.edu/kipcor/about/history.php (accessed March 3, 2009)

10

The Centre for Peace Studies at McMaster University was established in 1989. “About Peace Studies” McMaster University. http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~peace/about.html(accessed March 3, 2009)

11

The Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame was established in 1986. “History & Mission” Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame http://kroc.nd.edu/aboutus/history-mission (accessed March 3, 2009)

Logan Leslie Eastvold 4 Historians Craft Peace Studies

The University of North Dakota Peace Studies program has faced many of the problems faced by other universities as well as some of their own.12 The University of North Dakota, although able to overcome the challenges with beginning a program, was not able to keep the administrative and public support to hold on to such a controversial program.13 Peace Studies coordinator Janet Moen has been the key player in not only bringing peace education to the University of North Dakota, but also keeping the program alive.14 Her knowledge of the program spans from being part of the original group of students that presented the idea to Dean Bernard O’Kelly to working as the overloaded coordinator of program. She has had contact with a great number of Peace Studies majors many who have gone on to very successful and fulfilling futures.15 Her insight has added a personal response to the national published works.

12

Gooden Barbara Mulch “Institutionalizing Peace Studies in College Life” THE ANNALS of The American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 504, (July 1989), pp.80-89; Vickrey, Barry R. “Political Problems of Peace Studies Programs” May 23, 1987. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

13

Lon LaGrave. “Taxes for peace work” Grand Forks Herald. April 17, 1989. UA # 87 Box #23 Folder #28. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

14

University Relations, “Peace Is Possible, Says UND Professor” Alumni Review, Winter 2008. ; Janet Kelly Moen. “The History of the Center for Peace Studies at UND.” (Unfinished draft).

Janet Kelly Moen, professor of sociology and coordinator of peace studies, interviewed by Logan Eastvold,

15

April 6, 2009. I would personally like to thank Dr. Janet Moen for her time and input. This paper would not have been possible without her insight.

Logan Leslie Eastvold 5 Historians Craft Peace Studies

The Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota Archives contains files relating to the Peace Studies department. The collection relating to the Peace Studies department contains twenty-three boxes and over twenty-nine linear feet of documents.16 This collection, although incomplete in nature, has allowed for the reasonable compiling of the history of the Peace Studies department. “A Prospectus: The Center for Peace Studies” lays out the early years of the Peace symposium up to the departments first attempt at the approval of an academic major in 1986.17 The December 1988 “Update Report on Academic Major” covers the time between the first unsuccessful attempt at academic approval to the preparations for the second attempt. This document also includes student totals for the classes offered during the 1986-1987 academic year.18 These class totals along with the University budget records to create a clearer picture of the enrolment and budgets associated with the Peace Studies department. The establishment Peace Studiesdepartment at the University of North Dakota set forth to advance the Universities key goal of “reaffirming its continuing commitment to important moral and intellectual leadership in North Dakota.”19 The focus of the program was to address such concerns as arms control, world hunger, poverty, economic development, refugee and

16

“Center for Peace Studies” Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections finding aid. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

17

“A Prospectus: The Center for Peace Studies” UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

18

“Center for Peace Studies: Update Report on Academic Major” December 1988. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

19

University Centennial Address by University of North Dakota President Thomas J. Clifford. May 1984.

Logan Leslie Eastvold 6 Historians Craft Peace Studies

immigration policies, human rights and conflict resolution. The Center itself focused on four main goals: 20 1) Encourage research on issues related to peace, conflict, justice,

and global security and methods for nonviolent social change and conflict resolution. 2) Encourage curricular developments that would better prepare

all students to assume the role of responsible citizens in formulating or judging public polices which bear directly on issues of peace and war. 3) Develop a program of studies at the undergraduate level for

students who wish to pursue either an academic major or minor in Peace Studies. 4) Promote informational programs to help the public to become

better informed on issues of peace and war. A wide variety of activities for both majors and the public helped to meet these goals. Students traveled to national conferences and invited speakers to come to Grand Forks and hold public talks. These speakers included Yosef Olmert from the Telaviv University, Helen Waterford, and Alfons Heck, holocaust writers, and many others.21 The students and faculty involved with the creation of the Center for Peace Studies had a driving passion to make a difference at the University of North Dakota, in the state of North Dakota, and the United States as a whole.

Janet Kelly Moen. “Conceptual Underpinnings of Peace Studies: History of an Idea in Transition”(lecture,

20

Faculty Lecture Series, December 11, 2008). 21

Janet Kelly Moen. “The History of the Center for Peace Studies at UND.” (Unfinished draft).

Logan Leslie Eastvold 7 Historians Craft Peace Studies

The curriculum of the Peace Studies program at the University of North Dakota according to Lopez was, innovative for its time.22 Of the 300 or so programs across the country, few, until more recently, had been able to successfully incorporate real life experience into their curriculum.23 The University of North Dakota program has had a six to sixteen credit internship required for majors, as well as a three to six credit Senior Project, since its inception and approval in 1988.24 Internships at the Center for Victims of Torture in Minneapolis, the United Nations in New York, the Nansen Dialogue in the Balkans or with the Grand Forks Refugee Resettlement Program were available.25 Other required courses included Introduction to Peace Studies, Contemporary Moral Issues, Conflict Management, and Nuclear Weapons and the Modern Age.26 There were also a number of courses relating to Peace Studies that were crosslisted with other departments, these class topics included environmental issues, political sociology, world geography, food patterns, religions, populations, social change, diversity, racial and ethnic relations, communication, anthropology, politics, and economics. Other courses came from student interest or by special interest of a faculty member.27 This very diverse course 22

George A. Lopez. “A University Peace Studies Curriculum for the 1990s.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 22, No. 2(Jun., 1985), pp. 117-128 ;Lopez, George A. “Trends in College Curricula and Programs.” THE ANNALS of The American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 504, (July 1989), pp.61-71

23

George A. Lopez. “Trends in College Curricula and Programs.” THE ANNALS of The American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 504, (July 1989), pp.61-71

24

Janet Kelly Moen. “The History of the Center for Peace Studies at UND.” (Unfinished draft).

25

Janet Kelly Moen. “Conceptual Underpinnings of Peace Studies: History of an Idea in Transition”(lecture, Faculty Lecture Series, December 11, 2008).

26

How to Major in Peace Studies” Two page detailed outline of course objectives and available classes. UA # 87 Box#1 Folder #1. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

27

Janet Kelly Moen. “The History of the Center for Peace Studies at UND.” (Unfinished draft).

Logan Leslie Eastvold 8 Historians Craft Peace Studies

brought along with it a very large staff. Prior to 1995 there were around sixty-nine university faculty members, working with the Peace Studies department. This faculty included professors from the Colleges of Arts and Sciences, Education, Business, Law and Medicine and Nursing.28 This combination of advanced major requirements and a very diverse faculty helped to create a program that appeared to be on the track to be a propionate part of the University of North Dakota, sadly the tide would soon change for the worst.

Janet Kelly Moen. “Conceptual Underpinnings of Peace Studies: History of an Idea in Transition”(lecture,

28

Faculty Lecture Series, December 11, 2008).

Logan Leslie Eastvold 9 Historians Craft Peace Studies

The Peace Studies department lost their most prominent ally, University President Thomas Clifford, in 1992.29 Following President Clifford’s retirement, Kendall Baker became the 10th president of the University. Not long after President Baker inauguration, the State of North Dakota asked all State Universities to prepare budgets reflecting major cuts in all state funding.30 In April of 1992 the State Board of Education approved the “University of North Dakota Reduction in Force Policy”, which allowed for the termination of any staff employee whose work load was cut due to organizational or procedural change.31 This new policy made the Peace Studies a prime target for the cuts. These cuts were possible since, Peace Studies director Kristin Sorenson was an untenured staff member. 32 In mid-March of 1995, the cut was made official in a memo from VPAA Marlene Strath to Arts and Sciences Dean O’Kelly.33 The Peace Studies staff and Dean O’Kelly made a number of attempts to try to get administration to reconsider but the administration refused to budge.34 Leaving the department in the hands of Dean O’Kelly to either find the money to support or suspend. There were available funds to continue the program for one year to make the transition and work on the development of an 29

Janet Kelly Moen. “The History of the Center for Peace Studies at UND.” (Unfinished draft).

30

University of North Dakota 1989-94 Proposed Budgets, Position Detail Report. Budgets, Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

31

“University of North Dakota Reduction in Force Policy.” UA # 43 Box#56 Folder #4. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

Janet Kelly Moen, professor of sociology and coordinator of peace studies, interviewed by Logan Eastvold,

32

April 6, 2009. 33

Dean O’Kelly from Marlene Strath “Memo – To Peace Studies Staff” March 1995 UA #87 Box #1 Folder #25. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

34

President Baker from Peace Studies “Appeal to Stop Budget cuts.” UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #25. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

Logan Leslie Eastvold 10 Historians Craft Peace Studies

Interdisciplinary Studies Program. This program would allow a number of smaller programs to continue by combining them into one department and allowed for more efficient management.35 This would also prevent other attempts at using small, underfunded programs as scapegoats for budget cuts. Since the move to Interdisciplinary studies, the Peace Studies program has been able to continue to produce a number of very successful majors. With Janet Moen serving as the programs coordinator, and only real staff member, the program has been able to hold on to its pride and continue its work. Dr. Moen set up an agreement with the American College of Norway to not only allow Norwegian students a chance to come to the University of North Dakota but also for Peace Studies majors to study in Norway, which is regarded as the center of Peace research. As part of this agreement, The American College of Norway also holds a summer session for Peace Studies majors that allow them to visit many of the major peace related sites across in Oslo including the Nobel Institute and Peace center and the Peace Research Institute.36 These opportunities have helped Peace Studies majors go on to very successful futures. This arrangement has allowed the program to seek international help and students. In the years since the program was officially cut there have been eight majors, and number of whom were not originally from the United States but had come here as refuges of the Balkans and Korea as well as regular North Dakotans who want to help make the world better in whatever way they can.37

35

Janet Kelly Moen. “The History of the Center for Peace Studies at UND.” (Unfinished draft).

36

Janet Kelly Moen. “Conceptual Underpinnings of Peace Studies: History of an Idea in Transition”(lecture, Faculty Lecture Series, December 11, 2008).

Janet Kelly Moen. “The History of the Center for Peace Studies at UND.” (Unfinished draft).

37

Logan Leslie Eastvold 11 Historians Craft Peace Studies

Two of the most successful majors to come out of the Peace Studies program since the events of 1995 are Chris Cassetta and Kong Dual.38 Chris Cassetta graduated with a major in Peace Studies in 1996, and a law degree in 2001. Since then he has been working to bring the ideas of the Peace Studies program to as many people as he can. He is currently working on creating the first American peacekeeper-training institute, which he plans to start at the University of North Dakota. The peacekeeper-training institute would provide people who join civilian peacekeeping groups, such as the Peace Corps. Cassetta is currently working with the North Dakota National Guard as well as the School of Business, the Peace Studies program and others within the university to see his plans through. He believes that the work ethic of North Dakotans and there “self-sufficiency” makes it the best place to start such a program.39 This would make the University of North Dakota the center of international peace training in the United States and would greatly benefit the Peace Studies program but the University community as a whole, a goal that has been part of the Peace Studies top four goals from the very beginning.40

38

Janet Kelly Moen. “Conceptual Underpinnings of Peace Studies: History of an Idea in Transition”(lecture, Faculty Lecture Series, December 11, 2008).

39

Amanda Hvidsten. “Keeping Peace North Dakota- on the roadmap to world peace” Alumni Review, Winter 2008.

“Center for Peace Studies: Update Report on Academic Major” December 1988. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39.

40

Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

Logan Leslie Eastvold 12 Historians Craft Peace Studies

Kong Dual, a “lost boy of Sudan,” was one of the 4000 boys accepted to come to the United States to escape the horrors of war torn Sudan. Dual was able to go to high school in Fargo and eventually come to Grand Forks where he enrolled as a Peace Studies major with the hopes of being able to one day make a difference back in his home land. Following Sudan’s peace agreement in 2005, it became clear that now was chance to help. Kong along with a number of the other “lost boys” in North Dakota created the Rupkona County Development Project. The goal of this project is to educate and build peace.41 He is also working on a way to involve the communities of Fargo and Grand Forks in the rebuilding of his homeland, by holding shoe drives for Sudanese children.42 Both of these graduates have been able to take the education they received through the Peace Studies program and apply it in ways that have, or will soon help people all across the globe. These are only two of the most propionate of the eight majors that have graduated from the program since 1995. All but one of whom have gone on to fields were the ideas instilled in them in the Peace Studies program effect many of their actions.43

41

University Relations, “UND “Lost Boy” Works Toward Improving Homeland” Alumni Review, Winter 2008.

Janet Kelly Moen, professor of sociology and coordinator of peace studies, interviewed by Logan Eastvold, April 6, 2009.

42

Janet Kelly Moen, professor of sociology and coordinator of peace studies, interviewed by Logan Eastvold, April 6, 2009.

43

Logan Leslie Eastvold 13 Historians Craft Peace Studies

The Peace Studies department at the University of North Dakota has played a small but very important role in the advancement of the goals of a liberal arts university. From its earliest start as a simple Symposium for Peace to the creation of the center to the approval of academic major, the goals have always been the same: To help encourage peace research; prepare students to be responsible citizens, to help develop the undergraduate education, and to keep the general public better informed.44 Those goals are the same today as they were then; however, sadly, the achievement of these is on a much smaller level than many of the programs supporters would like. Hopefully with the help of the programs’ excelling alumni, and Dr. Janet Moen the Peace Studies department will finally be able to grow into the program that so many along the way have hoped it would become.

Edit Bibliography A Proposal to Develop a Center for Peace Studies and Maintain a Peace Education Clearinghouse, 1984-1986. May 3, 1984. UA # 43 Box #56 Folder #4. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND “A Prospectus: The Center for Peace Studies” UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Bing, Anthony G. “Peace Studies as Experiential Education” THE ANNALS of The American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 504, (July 1989), pp.48-60 Bishop of Crookston to Dr. Vito Perrone offering support for peace studies major. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #37. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

44

Page five and six the “Four goals of the Peace Studies program.”

Logan Leslie Eastvold 14 Historians Craft Peace Studies “Center for Peace Studies” Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections finding aid. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Center for Peace Studies Principles of Governance, Approved 4/13/92. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #23. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Center For Peace Studies Request for Funding 1988-1991 Submitted to: The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND “Center for Peace Studies: Update Report on Academic Major” (Document miss dated) December 1986. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND England, Roxane. “UND Peace Symposium explained.”April 20 1986. UA # 87 Box #23 Folder #28. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Galtung, Johan. “Twenty-Five Years of Peace Research: Ten Challenges and Some Responses.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun., 1985), pp. 141-158 “How to Major In Peace Studies” Two page detailed outline of course objectives and available classes. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #1. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Hvidsten, Amanda. “Keeping Peace North Dakota- on the roadmap to world peace” Alumni Review, Winter 2008 Janet Kelly Moen. “Conceptual Underpinnings of Peace Studies: History of an Idea in Transition” (lecture, Faculty Lecture Series, December 11, 2008). Janet Kelly Moen, professor of sociology and coordinator of peace studies, interviewed by Logan Eastvold, April 6, 2009. Janet Kelly Moen. “The History of the Center for Peace Studies at UND.” (unfinished draft). Kemp, Anita. “Image of the Peace Field: An International Survey.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun, 1985), pp. 129-140 LaGrave, Lon. “Taxes for peace work” Grand Forks Herald. April 17,1989. UA # 87 Box #23 Folder #28. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Laughlin, Jody to Dr. Vito Perrone Letter from the student body president to the head of the Peace studies department offering full support for the development of a Peace studies Major. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #37. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Lopez, George A. “A University Peace Studies Curriculum for the 1990s.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun, 1985), pp. 117-128 Lopez, George A. “Trends in College Curricula and Programs.” THE ANNALS of The American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 504, (July 1989), pp.61-71 Mulch, Gooden Barbara “Institutionalizing Peace Studies in College Life” THE ANNALS of The American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol 504, (July 1989), pp.80-89 Park, No-Yong, “A New Approach to Teaching World Peace.” The Journal of Higher Education. Vol. 21, No. 9 (Dec, 1950), pp. 467-496 President Baker from Peace Studies “Appeal to Stop Budget cuts.” UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #25. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND

Logan Leslie Eastvold 15 Historians Craft Peace Studies Principles of Governance, Peace Studies Faculty. Approved 11/25/87. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #23. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Proposed New Program: B.A., Peace Studies 12/88. UA # 43 Box #56 Folder #4. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Raif, John. “I ain't Gonna Study War No More: Peace Studies Comes to Campus.” UA # 87 Box # 2 Folder # 23 Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Schmidt, Steve. “Board Oks peace studies major at UND”Grand Forks Herold December 24, 1988 UA # 87 Box #23 Folder #28. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Sinner, George A. to Dr. Vito Perrone. Letter of support for peace studies major from the Governor of North Dakota UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #37. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Sorenson, Kristin to President Baker. Appeal to President Baker for the Peace Studies department and College of Arts and Sciences, as well as attached hand written note. May 2, 1995. UA # 43 Box #56 Folder #4. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND University of North Dakota 1994-95 Proposed Budget Position Detail Report. May 31, 1994. Budgets, Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND University of North Dakota 1989-94 Proposed Budgets, Position Detail Report. Budgets, Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND “University of North Dakota Reduction in Force Policy.” UA # 43 Box#56 Folder #4. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND University of North Dakota Summary of Credit Hours Generated by College Summer 1993-Spring1994. UA # 95 Box #2 Folder #15. Elwin BRobinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND University of North Dakota Summary of Credit Hours Generated by College Summer 1995-1996. June 24, 1996. UA # 95 Box #2 Folder #15. Elwin BRobinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND University Relations, “Peace Is Possible, Says UND Professor” Alumni Review, Winter 2008. University Relations, “UND “Lost Boy” Works Toward Improving Homeland” Alumni Review, Winter 2008. Vickrey, Barry R. “Political Problems of Peace Studies Programs” May 23, 1987. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #39. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Vickrey, Barry R. to Peace Studies Faculty and Friends Memorandum. December 22 1988. UA # 87 Box #1 Folder #25. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND Willenbring, Maureen. “Center for Peace Studies continues fight for major” Dakota Student December 13 1986 UA # 87 Box #23Folder #28. Elwin B Robinson Department of Special Collections, University of North Dakota, ND