2 Electronics And Computers Trade Manual.pdf

Electronics and computers trade laboratory manual of

Workshop Practice for ECE / EEE 18 EE 1003 DEPARTMENT OF BASIC ENGINEERING SCIENCES – II

A.Y: 2018 – 19

Semester: II

Regd Id: Name of the Student:

Section:

Batch No.:

Name of the Section in charge:

KONERU LAKSHMAIAH EDUCATION FOUNDATION Deemed to be University Estd. U/s, 3 of the UGC Act, 1956. Vaddeswaram, Guntur District, A.P - 522502.

(For internal use only)

KONERU LAKSHMAIAH EDUCATION FOUNDATION Deemed to be University Estd. U/s, 3 of the UGC Act, 1956. Vaddeswaram, Guntur District, A.P - 522502. DEPARTMENT OF BASIC ENGINEERING SCIENCES - II Workshop Practice (18 EE 1003) CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ………………………………………… bearing University ID. No. ……………………………. of section ……………… studying I/IV B. Tech in the branch of ………………….…………………………………...........................has satisfactorily completed ………/……… experiments of electronics and computer trade in Workshop practice during the semester II of the academic year 2018 – 2019. Average of marks secured: …………/………….

Signature of Section in charge

Signature of course coordinator (Mr. K. Kishore kumar)

Signature of HOD (Dr. S. N. Padhi)

Index

Section: S. No.

CO

Date of completion

Name of the experiment

1

Circuit symbol & physical identification of electronic components

2

Computer parts & peripherals identification

3

Familiarization of DMM usage & decoding the values of R - L - C using colour codes

4

Assembling and disassembling of the computer system

Page No

Regd No: Obser vations (3M)

Continuous evaluation Marks Execution Inference/ Viva – Total (4M) Analysis Voce (15M) (4M) (4M)

Signature of the Experiment Instructor

Sem in exam -1 in phase -1 Interim project review 5

Soldering and de soldering techniques

6

Installation of Operating System

7

Potentiometer interfacing with the Arduino

8

Networking of computers Sem in exam -1 in phase -2 Final project review

Sem in exam -1 Mark =

Sem in exam -2 Mark =

Average mark =

Signature of the section incharge

Remarks

Regd. No.

Date:

Section:

Demonstrated by:

CIRCUIT SYMBOL AND PHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Objective: i. To identify the electrical &electronic components in the circuit diagram and as well as physically. Tools Required: S. No

Name of the Item

1

Circuit boards

2

Electrical components

3

Electronic components

Theory: Electrical and electronic circuits are virtually represented by circuit diagrams. There are some standard symbols to represent the components in a circuit. This experiment gives some of the frequently used symbols for drawing the circuits. There are many electrical and electronic schematic symbols are used to signify basic electronic or electrical device. Procedure: 1. Observe the given circuit diagram 2. Identify the components in the circuit diagram 3. Identify the components which are physically given to you and draw its circuit symbols.

Fig: Circuit diagrams

1

Fig: Types of Resistors , inductors and capacitors

2

Fig: Schematic Diagram of various electrical & electronic Components 3

4

Fig: Schematic Diagram of various electrical & electronic Components

5

Schematic Diagram of various electrical & electronic Components

6

Precautions: 1. Avoid hold/ handling any electrical/electronic components terminals with bare hands instead hold them with component casing/body. 2. Avoid mishandling of fragile components. Observations: Draw the circuit symbols for the below listed names: NPN transistor -

Resistor -

Diode -

Electrolytic capacitor -

Triac -

SCR -

LDR -

Fuse -

Ground -

Varactor diode -

UJT -

7

Regd. No.

Date:

Section:

Demonstrated by:

COMPUTER PARTS & PERIPHERALS IDENTIFICATION Objective: i. ii.

To identify the parts of computer To identify the peripherals of computer

Tools Required: S. No

Name of the Item

1

Computer parts

2

Printer, Scanner

Theory: Computer Hardware: Hardware is the physical appearance of the devices or tools. It is what which we can touch and feel. Computer Hardware consists of the Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse and all other devices connected to the computer either externally or internally. A typical computer (personal computer, PC) consists of a desktop or tower case (chassis) and the following parts: 1. CPU The central processing unit contains the heart of any computer, the processor. The processor is fitted on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board contains various components, which support the functioning of a PC.

2. System board/Motherboard which holds the Processor, Random Access Memory and other parts, and has slots for expansion cards

8

3. RAM (Random Access Memory)- is for program execution and short term data-storage, so the computer doesn't have to take the time to access the hard drive to find something. More RAM can contributes to a faster PC. Types of RAM o Dynamic RAM (DRAM) o Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) o Static RAM (SRAM)

4. Buses :PCI bus, PCI-E bus, ISA bus (outdated), USB, AGP 5. Switch mode Power Supply - a case that holds a transformer, voltage control and exhaust fan

6. Storage controllers of IDE, SCSI or other type, that control hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM and other drives; the controllers sit directly on the motherboard (on-board) or on expansion cards 9

7. Video display controller that produces the output for the computer display 8. Computer bus controllers (parallel, serial, USB, Fire wire) to connect the computer to external peripheral devices such as printers or scanners 9. Some type of a removable media writer: CD - the most common type of removable media, cheap but fragile. CD-ROM, , CD-RW, CD-R, DVD, DVD-ROM., DVD-RW, DVD-R,

11. Floppy disk

12. Tape Drive - mainly for backup and long-term storage 13. Internal storage- keeps data inside the computer for later use. 14. Hard disk- for medium-term storage of data.

10

15. Sound card - translates signals from the system board into analog voltage levels, and has terminals to plug in speakers. 16. Networking – to connect the computer to the Internet and/or other computers 17. Modem - for dial-up connections 18. Network card - for DSL/Cable internet, and/or connecting to other computers.

19. Other peripherals: In addition, hardware can include external components of a computer system. The following are either standard or very common. Standard input devices:

Keyboard

Mouse

11

Alternate input devices: Touch screens, Game controllers (joy stick), Touch pad, Trackball. Optical input devices: Barcode reader, Image scanners. Audio visual input devices: Microphones, Video input, Digital cameras Standard output devices: Printer

Mnitor Types of monitors 

CRT(cathode ray tube) monitors



LCD(liquid crystal display) monitors

Types of printers 

Impact printers: Impact printers create an image by using pins or hammers to press an inked ribbon against the paper. ex. Dot matrix printer.



Nonimpact printers: this type uses other means to create an image for example in ink jet printers tiny nozzles are used to spray droplets of ink on the page. ex: Ink jet printer.

Pictures indicating the parts of computer:

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Observations: 1. Mother board details:

2. Processor details:

3. RAM type:

4. SMPS type:

5. Monitor size and type: 23

6. List out four output devices:

7. Hard disc physical size, memory size, Data transfer rate, RPM and type:

8. List out five input devices:

9. List out names of four ports:

10. List out names of different connectors:

11. List out the names of available slots on mother board:

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Regd. No.

Date:

Section:

Demonstrated by:

Familiarization of DMM usage & decoding the values of R - L - C using colour codes Objective: i. To familiarize with the process of decoding the values of Resistor, Inductor, capacitor. ii. To acquaint with multi meter usage. Tools Required: S. No

Name of the Item

Qty

1

Multimeter

1

2

Resistors, Inductors and capacitors of different ranges

3

Theory: Resistors regulate the amount of current flowing in an electronic circuit. Resistors present a resistance or impedance to the electrical circuit and reduce the amount of current that is allowed to flow. Resistors are utilized for simple signal conditioning and to protect active electronic devices that could be damaged by receiving excess current. Resistors must be properly sized and intact to perform these functions.

Fig: R-L-C analogies A capacitor is a device for storing charge in the electro static field. An inductor resists changes in electric current passing through it. Energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coil as long as current flows. As all of us know electronic components are very small in size and printing a numerical value is futile if the value is very large, so the most viable way is to associate its value with color bands. The colour code of component is a way to identify the value and tolerance of components using a combination of coloured bands.

25

Fig: Color codes for R-L-C components 26

Fig: Color codes for R-L-C components

27

Fig: Multimeter types analogue and Digital Measurements done with multimeter The multimeter is one of the most used devices in electronics, for determination and measuring electrical quantities. With the development of integrated circuits the digital multimeter appeared. In the digital multimeter result is displayed in the liquid crystal display (LCD) instead of the pointer movement on the calibrated of analogue multimeter Measurable quantities with multimeter: Electrical resistance- measuring unit Ohm (Ω); Voltage – volt (V)  alternative voltage (~);  continuous voltage(-); Intensity of electrical current – amper (A);  direct current(-);  alternative current (~); Besides this electrical quantities, multimeters also provides the opportunity to check functionality some components. 28

Example: Resitance LDR varies with the variation in light intensity. Transistor forward current gain tells the working condition of the component. Button ON - allows to start/ close the multimeter Button HOLD - allows us to maintain the value showed on the display until pressing the button (the measurement can‟t be made with the button pressed); Working region selector- allows selecting the measurand of electrical quantities as well as the measuring range. Measurement circuits schemes using multimeter: Voltages measurement: To measure the voltage the multimeter can be connected anywhere in the circuit, the value shown represents the voltage between those two test points. Example of connection: Source

Source

+

+

-

-

Multimeter

+

+

Multimeter

-

Fig. Voltage measurement Dc voltage measurements (symbol V-) We switch the range selector on one of the positions for DC voltage measurements. The selected inscription is the maximum amount which can be measured on that scale. Connect the multimeter probe tips to the points of measurement. Read the display. If voltage value is greater than the maximum of that scale, display shows 1 then change the switching range on a scale with bigger value. AC voltage measurements V~ Switch the range selector to AC voltage measurement position and connect the multimeter probe tips to the points of measurement. Then we read the displayed value, which represents the effective value of AC voltage measured.

29

Measurement of electrical currents When measuring the electrical currents we must consider the following basic rules, before connecting the device: The multimeter must be in series. Current measurement is always made by breaking the conducting line and inserting the multimeter in the circuit.

Source

+

+

Multimeter

-

Fig. Current measurement Measurements of resistance On this scale the multimeter measures the electrical resistance between two points of the circuit or the electrical resistance of a component. With the range selector on a Ω position.The measurement of electrical resistance is made only in the absence of voltage or on separate components circuit. The measurement of a resistance placed in circuit can show the reading an erroneous value because of the electrical circuit loops.

+

Multimeter

Rx The important points to remember:  While measuring voltage or current find the nature and then place the range selector switch at maximum in the corresponding region based on the value shown choose Suitable range.  Multimeter should be connected in series for the current measurement.  Multimeter should be connected in parallel for the voltage measurement.  While measuring resistance ensure that supply is not connected from anywhere. Decoding the values from colour bands:    

Select appropriate component( R/L/C) Note down the band colours by taking the tolerance band at end as a reference. Using the colour code table identify the value of the color band. Calculate the value of the component nominal value and tolerance %.

Precautions: 1. Avoid series connection of multimeter terminals for voltage measurement. 2. Avoid parallel connection of multimeter terminals for the current measurement. 3. Resistance should be measured only when circuit is de energized and at least one of the terminals is disconnected from the circuit. 4. Avoid measuring capacitance, inductance when they are in charged condition. 30

Observations: S. No.

Name of the Parameter

Band -1 Band -2 Band -3 Band -4 Colour Colour Colour Colour

Theoretical/ Nominal value

Practical value

Other specifi cation

1. Mention the Multimeter model no and manufacturer name.

2. List out names of Possible parameters with the given multimeter:

3. Hold function is available (Yes/No):

4. Display light (Yes/No):

5. Inductance measurement is possible with the given meter (Yes/No):

6. For purchasing the resistor how many specifications needed. What are they?

7. For purchasing the capacitor how many specifications needed. What are they?

8. ___________ Digit multimeter given to you.

9. Multimeter probe tips (terminals) are away and keep the meter to resistance measurement, what value it shows? And what is the significance that?

31

Regd. No.

Date:

Section:

Demonstrated by:

ASSEMBLING AND DISASSEMBLING OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Objective:

i.

To promote awareness on Computer Assembling and Disassembling

Tools required: 1. Screwdriver (for slotted and Phillips head screws) 2. Wire cutters and strippers 3. Needle-nosed pliers 4. Utility knife 5. Small flashlight 6. Adjustable wrench 7. Small container / magnet to hold screws 8. Heat sink compound 9. Grounding Strap or Electro static discharge band Procedure: Disassembling the computer system Detach the power cable: Ensure the system shut down and then remove the power cable from electricity switchboard, and then detach the external devices from the computer system. Then remove the cable from SMPS (switch mode power supply) from the back of the CPU Cabinet. Now remove the remaining external devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer or scanner from the back of CPU cabinet. Remove the Cover: The standard way of removing tower cases used to be to undo the screws on the back of the case, slide the cover back about an inch and lift it off. The screwdrivers as per the type of screw are required to do the task. Remove the adapter cards: Make sure if the card has any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if it would be easier to remove them before or after you remove the card. Remove the screw if any that holds the card in place. Grab the card by its edges, front and back, and gently rock it lengthwise to release it. Remove the drives: Removing drives is easier. There can be possibly three types of drives present in your computer system, Hard disk drive, CD/DVD/Blue-ray drives, floppy disk drives (almost absolute now a day). They usually have a power connector and a data cable attached from the device to a controller card or a connector on the motherboard. CD/DVD/Blue Ray drive may have an analogue cable connected to the sound card for direct audio output. 32

The power may be attached using one of two connectors, a Molex connector or a Berg connector for the drive. The Molex connector may require to be wiggled slightly from side to side and apply gentle pressure outwards. The Berg connector may just pull out or it may have a small tab which has to be lifted with a screwdriver. Now pull data cables off from the drive as well as motherboard connector. The hard disk drive and CD/DVD drives have two types of data cables. IDE and SATA cables. The IDE cables need better care while being removed as it may cause the damage to drive connector pins. Gently wiggle the cable sideways and remove it. The SATA cables can be removed easily by pressing the tab and pulling the connector straight back. Now remove the screws and slide the drive out the back of the bay. Remove the memory module: Memory modules are mounted on the motherboard as the chips that can be damaged by manual force if applied improperly. Be careful and handle the chip only by the edges. SIMMs and DIMMs are removed in a different way:  

SIMM - gently push back the metal tabs while holding the SIMM chips in the socket. It will now lift out of the socket. Put SIMM in a safe place. DIMM- Plastic tabs are available on the end of the DIMM sockets. Press the tabs down and away from the socket. The DIMM will lift slightly. Now grab it by the edges and place it safely. Do not let the chips get dust at all.

Remove the power supply: The power supply is attached into tower cabinet at the top back end of the tower. Make sure the power connector is detached from the switchboard. Start removing the power connector connected to motherboard including CPU fan power connector, cabinet fan, the front panel of cabinet power buttons and all the remaining drives if not detached yet. Now remove the screws of SMPS from the back of the cabinet and the SMPS can be detached from the tower cabinet. Remove the motherboard: Before removing all the connectors from the motherboard, make sure you memorize the connectors for assembling the computer if required, as that may require connecting the connectors at its place. Remove the screws from the back of the motherboard and you will be able to detach it from the cabinet. Now remove the CPU fan from the motherboard. The heat sink will be visible now which can be removed by the pulling the tab upward. Finally, the processor is visible now, which can be removed by the releasing the lever and grab at the edges carefully otherwise pins may damage or if you touching the pins the static electricity might damage the processor functionality.

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Switch off the power supply and detach power cable | Source

Remove the CPU cabinet cover

Detach internal cables | Source

34

Uninstall internal cards

remove CD/DVD drives | Source

Remove Hard Disk Drive | Source

35

Remove RAM | Source

Remove processor

Remove the motherboard | Source

36

Assembling the computer system The assembling of the computer system is exactly the opposite of disassembling operation. Before starting assembling the computer system, make sure you have the screws and a screwdriver for those. The first step for assembling the computer system starts with mounting the processor on the processor socket of the motherboard. To mount the process, you don't need to apply any force. The special ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets are usually used to prevent any damage to the processor pins. Once the processor is mounted, the heat sink will be attached on top of the processor. The CPU fan is also attached on top of the heat sink. Now the motherboard is to be fixed vertically in the tower case and the screws are fixed from behind of the motherboard. Now line up the power supply at the top back end of the cabinet and screw it. The power connectors for motherboard power supply and CPU fan power supply are to be connected. If the cabinet cooling FAN is required then it is to be screwed at the back end grill of the cabinet and its power connector is to be connected from SMPS. Install the CD/DVD drives at the top front end of the cabinet and screw it. Install the Hard disk drive and floppy disk drive below CD/DVD drive and screw it. Make sure once screwed there is no vibration in either of the CD/DVD, Hard disk or Floppy disk drives. Now select the appropriate data cable and connect one end of the cable to its drive socket and another end at its appropriate connector on the motherboard. For SATA hard disk drive or CD/DVD drives use SATA cable and its power cable, else use IDE data cable. Do the proper jumper settings as per the usage requirement. It is time now to mount the memory modules on the motherboard by aligning the RAM to its socket on the motherboard and press it downward. Make sure the side tabs are fixed into the RAM notch. If not, you may still have to press a bit. Install the internal cards to its socket and attach the cables or power cable to it. Ensure front panel connectors are placed in correct position. Cover the tower by placing it and pressing towards front side and screw it. Connect the external devices with CPU at its appropriate socket. It includes mouse and keyboard at PS2 or USB connectors. Monitor at the video output socket. Connect the power cable to the back of tower in SMPS. Plug in the power cable to the electric board.

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38

39

40

41

42

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Precautions: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Avoid bare hand short circuiting of processor terminals. Avoid disassembling of peripherals and parts when power is connected. Avoid forcefully pushing of the cards into the slots Avoid loosely hanging the components in the cabinet.

Observations: 1. Name of the cabinet: 2. Mother board details: 3. Processor details: 4. RAM type: 5. SMPS type: 6. Monitor size and type: 7. List out four output devices: 8. Hard disc physical size, memory size, Data transfer rate, RPM and type: 9. List out five input devices: 10. List out names of four ports: 11. List out names of different connectors: 12. List out the names of available slots on mother board:

44

Regd. No.

Date:

Section:

Demonstrated by:

SOLDERING AND DE SOLDERING TECHNIQUES Objective: i.

To do practice the process of Soldering and de-soldering techniques.

Tools Required: S. No

Name of the Item

Specifications

Qty

1

Solder Iron

25W

01

2

Lead

01

3

Solder wire De-soldering pump

---

01

4

Flux

01box

5

PCB

01

6

Different electronic components

01

Theory: Soldering: Soldering is an act of unifying two pieces of similar or dissimilar metals by an alloy called Solder, the melting point of which is lower than that of the metal to be united. When two surfaces of the metal are soldered together, the solder penetrate pores of the metal and it makes firm grip with permanent electrical continuity and strength. Solder: The soldering material or solder usually employed for the purpose of joining together two or more metals at temperature below their melting point and is a fusible alloy. Solder is an alloy (i.e.mixture of tin and lead) typically 60% tin and 40% lead. It melts at a temperature of about 200°C. Coating a surface with solder is called 'tinning' because of the tin content of solder. Solder for electronics use contains tiny cores of flux, like the wires inside a mains flex. Flux: When a metal is heated in free air, it is immediately affected by oxygen. A layer of oxide is formed over the surface which is a hindrance during soldering. This layer of oxide can be removed using chemical compounds called fluxes. They are deoxidizing agents and are used to keep the surface clean from oxide, increase the fluidity of the solder and help the joints to adhere perfectly. The melting temperature of the flux is always less than that of the solder used. 45

Soldering Techniques: Soldering techniques can be broadly classified in two groups: 

Iron soldering or Manual soldering



Mass soldering or Automatic soldering

Manual soldering requires solder iron, solder wire, flux and electronic components. Solder irons are available in different temperature ranges, and available with ratings of 6 W, 12 W, 25 W, 35 W, 100 W, 150 W etc. Selection of the solder iron depends on the use. Procedure: Soldering: 1. Take one PCB, solder iron, solder wire and electronic components and give supply to solder iron. 2. Observe the terminals of the components and PCB before making soldering whether any oxidation removal required or not. 3. If required Clear the oxidized layer (i.e. Rust, green coatingon the conducting track) on the component terminal and PCB layer either with filer rod or sand paper. 4. Attach small quantity of flux where to make joints. 5. Place the iron at the angle of 45 degree with the tip solder wire to melt where the connection has to made. let the molten solder flow in and around the joints by supplying required heat through iron. 6. When the solder has successfully flowed in the lead and track, take the solder away and then remove the iron and allow it to cool. 7. Clean the pcb from flux and wastage with the help of IPA & cleaning brush. 8. Verify the continuity after making connection either by physical observation or by DMM. 9. Cut the extra length terminals by cutter if not necessary. De-soldering: To remove a joint or re-position a wire or terminals of component. There are two ways to remove the solder:  With a de-soldering pump (solder sucker)  With solder remover wick (copper braid) With a de-soldering pump (solder sucker):      

Set the pump by pushing the spring-loaded plunger down until it locks. Apply both the pump nozzle and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint. Wait a second or two for the solder to melt. Then press the button on the pump to release the plunger and suck the molten solder into the tool. Repeat if necessary to remove as much solder as possible. The pump will need emptying occasionally by unscrewing the nozzle. 46

With solder remover wick (copper braid): 

Apply both the end of the wick and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint.



As the solder melts most of it will flow onto the wick, away from the joint.



Remove the wick first, then the soldering iron.



Cut off and discard the end of the wick coated with solder. After removing most of the solder from the joint(s) we can remove the wire or component lead straight away (allow a few seconds for it to cool). If the joint will not come apart easily apply your soldering iron to melt the remaining traces of solder at the same time as pulling the joint apart.

Schematic Diagram:

Important points to remember: 1. Wear safety glasses 2. Handle the soldering iron carefully. 3. Know the location of the fire extinguisher and first aid kit before practice. 4. Prefer ventilated places for the practice. 5. Use dustbin for wastage after the soldering. Precautions: 1. Avoid breathing flux fumes. 2. Avoid mishandling of the soldering iron. 3. Avoid heating the tracks for longer duration. 4. Avoid throwing the wastage on the ground. 5. Avoid placing the soldering iron outside the stand. Observations: 1. Flux importance in making connections between component terminals with PCB

2. What is Oxidation?

3. What is the steps need for removal of oxidation? 47

4. Continuously heating the conducting track leads to _________________________

5. Waste solder of soldering iron is necessary or not?

6. What is meant dry soldering?

7. Shorted the terminals unintentionally then what action to be taken to remove?

48

Regd. No.

Date:

Section:

Demonstrated by:

INSTALLATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM Objective: i.

Windows Installation/ upgrade from Pen Drive/Flash drives or DVD/CD ROM drive.

Tools required: Bootable file of windows 7 either in pen drive or DVD Procedure: Enter your computer's BIOS: Turn off the computer that you want to install Windows on then turn it back on. When the BIOS screen appears or you are prompted to do so, press Del , Esc , F2 , F10 , or F9 (depending on your computer‟s motherboard) to enter the system BIOS. The key to enter the BIOS is usually shown on the screen. Find your BIOS's boot options menu: The boot options menu of your BIOS may vary in location or name from the illustration, but you may eventually find it if you search around. If you can't find the boot options menu, search the name of your BIOS (most likely located in the BIOS menu) online for help.

Select the CD-ROM drive as the first boot device of your computer: Although this method may vary among computers, the boot options menu is typically a menu of movable device names where you should set your CD-ROM drive as the first boot device. It can also be 49

a list of devices that you can set the order of their boot on. Consult a manual or the internet for help if you're stuck.

Save the changes of the settings: Press the button indicated on the screen or select the save option from the BIOS menu to save your configuration.

Shut off your computer: Either turn off the computer by choosing the shut-down option in your current operating system, or hold the power button until the computer powers off. Step#1 Turn ON your PC and Press „F2‟ Continuously. There will come up and option to boot through CD/DVD. Select that option. Windows will start loading its files.

50

Step#2 Now you will get the Windows Setup Window. This is the part to select Language for your windows. Select „English‟ and click Next. Also there will be a „INSTALL NOW‟ button. Click on it and proceed to next step.

Step#3 There will be a license agreement. Check on „I ACCEPT‟ and proceed to NEXT. After that there will be an option to install windows. „UPGRADE‟ and „CUSTOM‟. Right now we are installing a clean version so Click on CUSTOM.

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Step#4 In this step you will do partitioning of your drive. Be careful, this is the most important part of the Installation. In this you will allocate spaces to your drive. If you want to create a new drive, simply click on a drive and then click „NEW‟. A new drive will be created.

Step#5 When you have created the drives, Simply Select the drive in which you want to install windows. Click „Format‟, this will erase all the previous data on you that drive. Click on „NEXT‟ to proceed.

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Step#6 Now you windows will start installing its files. Grab a cup of coffee and wait for a few minutes while it install. During this process don‟t plug in or off your device. It might cause interruption and you might lose your data and have to begin the process all over again.

Step#7 Now when you files are installed. Your PC will be rebooted and now you will see is a „User Settings‟ Screen. Simply add your Name and password and proceed to „NEXT‟

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Step#8 In this step you have to activate your windows. Simply look at the back of your Windows CD/DVD cover there will be a PRODUCT KEY. Add this key into your PC and Click „NEXT‟.

Step#9 Now you have Installed you windows. Give the desired information the Windows Step guide will ask, like Time Zone, Update Timing and Your Computers location. There are three types of location. „WORK‟, „PUBLIC‟ and „HOME‟. Select on anyone of the them according to your location. It only add sharing security according to your location.

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Last Step – Congratulations:- You have installed you windows. Now you can see is your desktop. It is simple to use, setup your desktop and enjoy

Observations: 1. Which keys are needed to press to escape from normal boot sequence? 2. What is the normal boot sequence order? 3. When installing the OS boot sequence order should be? 4. How many maximum partitions possible in the Given OS installation? 5. To make exact 20GB partition how much value we need to enter at the partition stage? 6. After the OS installation Occupied memory in the hard disc drive? 55

7. What are the windows activating methods and brief them? 8. Type “DxDiag” in Run box and enter, agree and note down shown those details?

56

Regd. No.

Date:

Section:

Demonstrated by:

POTENTIOMETER INTERFACING WITH THE ARDUINO Objective: i. ii.

To understand Arduino Uno board Specification. To interface potentiometer(POT) with Arduino to measure angular displacement

Tools Required: Potentiometer with fixed protractor, DC Power Supply, Multimeter, Bread Board, Arduino Uno board. Principle: Potential Divider circuit Sensor characteristics: 1. Connect three terminals of the calibrated potentiometer onto the bread board. 2. Measure the resistance between centre terminal to any one end terminal potentiometer for different knob positions. 3. If the readings are proportional record them in the table. 4. If not take centre terminal to another end terminal of potentiometer and record them in the table. 5. Plot the graph Angle versus Resistance 6. Observe nature and find out the slope. 7. Slope is equal to the sensitivity when it is mentioned with unit. Angle measurement:

Interfacing Potentiometer with Arduino

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Procedure: 1. Connect the 3 terminals of Potentiometer to the Arduino board as per the circuit. i.e Middle/centre terminal of Potentiometer to A0 in Arduino, 5V of Arduino to potentiometer one end terminal, and GND of Arduino to another end terminal. 2. Open the Arduino console in the PC, and using the analogread() function read the potentiometer signal. 3. Copy the following CODE and verify the CODE using VERIFY option on the MENU, once the code gets verified without errors upload the CODE into the Arduino IC for processing. 4. When uploading is successful, go to TOOLs in MENU, open Serial Monitor to obtain the output of the potentiometer. 5. Place the knob of potentiometer at different places and observe the readings for increasing angle whether it showing increasing. If not interchange end terminals of the potentiometer. 6. Record the value shown on the protractor and monitor. Write the following code in the Arduino console: void setup() // Initializes serial port. Baudrate is set to 9600. { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop( ) // The main loop which Arduino runs. { val = analogRead(A0); // Means A0 input. If you use A1,then analog Pin must be 1; a=(val*5/1023); Serial.print("The angular displacement in degrees is:"); //Sends the data to serial port. Serial.print(a/5*300); // If the is 5v we need to show as maximum angle Serial.println("\n"); //Serial.println(analogRead(A0)); // Reads A0 and gets signal from middle PIN of Potentiometer. delay(2000); }

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Observations: S.No. Angle made by knob in degree

S.No.

Angle made by knob in degree

Resistance in ohm

Shown in monitor

Applications:

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the

Regd. No.

Date:

Section:

Demonstrated by:

NETWORKING OF COMPUTERS Objective: Creation of a network i. ii.

To Build a peer to peer network To Build switch based network

Tools required: Computers, Crossover Cables, straight cables, Network Switch/HUB Building a Peer to Peer network 1. Identify the proper Ethernet cable and connect the two PC‟s. Make sure that you are using the crossover cable. Turn off both the computers. Attach one end of the cable in the Network Interface Card (NIC or LAN card) of one computer and the other end in the NIC of the other computer. 2. Plug in and turn on the computers. To verify the computer connections, ensure that the link lights on both NICs are lit. 3. Be sure to record the existing IP settings of both the computers, so that you can restore them at the end of the lab. The IP setting information includes IP address, subnet mask, default gateway and the DNS server information. 4. Perform the actions in both the computers. Click Start>Control Panel> Network Connection. Select the Local Area Network Connection and click Change Settings of This Connection on the left side window. You will see a figure showing the properties related to this connection. 5. Select Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) from the list and click the properties button. 6. Set the IP address information for each of the PC. This information will be provided to you by the instructor. 7. Verify that the two computers can communicate. Use ping commands. 8. Provide the rights to access data from one computer to another. 9. Restore the actual settings of both the computers you have recorded at the start of the lab. Building a Switched based network Steps 1. Make sure that you have picked straight cables. 2. Power off all the computers and the switch. 3. Connect the computers to the switch. 4. Power On the computers and the switch.

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5. Configure each computer with IP address and subnet masks. On each of the computer apply the following settings: Computer 1: IP Address: 192.168.1.1, Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Computer 2: IP Address: 192.168.1.2, Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Computer 3: IP Address: 192.168.1.3, Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Leave the other entries blank. 6. Verify the connections to all the systems using the ping command. Observations: 1. Mention the details of Cross over cable connections?

2. Applications of cross over cables?

3. Straight through cable pin connections?

4. Applications of straight through cables?

5. How many terminals are there for RJ -45 connector ?

6. Average data transfer rates observed in peer to peer to connection through LAN cable?

7. Maximum length supported by the network switch/hub?

8. How to change the options to read only when sharing the drive?

9. What is FTP? Uses of FTP

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