1953 Us Army Wwii German Military Literature 94p.
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View 1953 Us Army Wwii German Military Literature 94p. as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 6,290
- Pages: 34
D 739 .F6713 no.P-150 c.2
Pgn MS
ENGLISH COPY
GERMAN MILITARY LITERATURE
DECLASSIFIED
HISTORICAL DIVISION HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY, EUROPE
K8f
must swHHf 01 WJWAK HIUTAIT u-raRAfoui or THI nimm J® «««MBI
at
A.P. fjua» KALUSR
i
Ml tor
t (tapt a.i. i 0*1. v.s. Hjr«
-TT-
•€
31 1"
MVWSO •? us
#
MS f 8.180
a. D. Fraat
Ms mrvny of UOTWWI military lltcrat«i» «&« coiiplotod l»y a. i.'. ilcdnrlch <*w»oh«ol»r«Dl»llag thi» 1,1 th* introSucliois the ^rtthor a^lalat th« prlaelpl»» he ahotti th«s« works from the m.-npr0}»««Miva neop* of StfmKn «lHt«rjr llt'ir^tutra.
Th» s*l*otioss ghow an ttaa?,u%ll3r profottaA knowl«dce of
llt*ratur» nx*. 1 mgrta vlth hi a ehol«««, ' r«atin< th period e-efore %'orld fear I and tfe* psriod af%*r it in two »0pamt* ohupt»r« ( the antber d^>* f* brief «wirv*y of the d«T*loj>.
of 0«cwttt wlHtajry litsratars ^Yin£ t,h« nlBOt*«ath and twontleth / (mtta*r&tta£ th« l»&dla£ Geraam euthorit and books.
Bi^iio^r^bj represent a a con«cl*ntloae 8*l»otio« fros
mill lory lltwrj*tur».
.feven In tiie eye» of th« nost unoo^proail»lng
th«sw books taw of st^rwa* ieport mc« to lh« d»»«lop««nt of military
Slgoodt
frana Kaldwr
-L-
MS * K.100 CHM THl
Tb» jNLWLiacmglqr apt>o».do4 to ta|» study oootfda* only ouch nlllt«ry
p**liea*ioa« a* ea& oo eouatoA MM** **» olat«ical unto of litoratoro. It ! Intend** to offo* * »ol*atloa of book* tlutt lnflu«ao»4 ttu» thvovy of -wwr d»el»tir*ly and hanr» %«a«wi of *r*«% eoa»0qa«ae« in tlx» ln»«ll«ct«al d«r»lop»«ot of «ltt Ownwa Anqr. Sneh « ll»t «*a fe* «Mi fur v«rl«wi p«rp»«««. In erd*r %« »&k» it «« v*r**ttl» MI p**«ibl* it h»* MMH eM^li«4 la »t*eh a fashion MI to wrro, toc*tH»r with fcM* study, A* A * *£» for lootoma om ta«tio» and o ^oration* «t Hit««7 «e&&miot «&d othor Krvio* ttfej*ets, taah. & forUfio«Uon«, t«otio« , air wurfar* mA B*T»I w&rf&r«. altl»«iii taoy pwrt of Military litoraturo, haro not IM«B iftelo4«d. by tn» Gr»At Ooaoffai Staff on iUtary hi story1 , taroatlm tlio lapoioonio <md tJa* tl«Mi ttp to iorid Va? II, h»T» oooa onittvd ao voil at a««oir« «ad oiocrapfei«« of fawouw «Hit»ry loadoro ,<eae othar ailitary .
3
loaoarawi troatiooo on front-lino oorrieo «»6 taotiet
also &ooa oaittod. Only a fov standard Itook* on opori«tim« woro iaoludod ffeoy aro a«otioa«d in my «tudy "Qtti4« to th» Study of >a«tory and Military Kiotori»er«ptoy la Oaraaay in tho ninotoonth and twwntioth ooatttry." For inntanoo lao^i^ Hgr 0«zieri»ll«at£uuit a.B. Balok, tranalatod into «a«y laausffoo «a« " lorlA lart. Bar 11 n, H*oa*olMtdtt
lxa« boon
-a.
MS * p-iao on aooomt of thoi* irtaouMi
Ma»y fffotHjMO. fonwrtjr *ho oal^oolMi of ibouMMl atooaooloa, loot thoir ^tdiifiooMO la th» U*t of tho o^poftoaooo of «ov!4 ikro I *»4 II. Hoajr «llitarj onttovo MPO fo««ott«i toA^r tiw «MV« «MO eoa»14tr«d tho 00% o»totmil,ng of tholr Uao. 3o«o of tholr «o« ooo»loto tin po*-tooo * oorttkia m««uiiBe ftw owr ago, for thor itragi^o ovor tho »o«t l^pMrtottl, MM! fwworly aswh AiooooooA, of w«om v«rf«ro. fhooo «ti%«ro efto» woro yioaoox of aow iioao «MU thorofero, thotr l«porfe«oo for
In ttu> Bikllocn^kgr ovo «ark«4 \dth * nvibw thooo *%«ad«rd voifco widelt » jrowic offtow ohottld vooA. flw oHimr %ook* wnttto»ot «ro of oooo»da«y i%ertaaao. tiaoo tho T«l«o MUI ioswrtonoo of a tetoaUfio piKUooltOtt «« only owoottjr if *ho H»o a»d oliMWMtoaooo of 1%« ofi
Othoy vo^co «ot ll«t«i im tho ItoUocvoiir hMW MW Imalttdod la tho MNMMOO of tholr volao for
mf CHAJTJS 2 U1SHUTUIIS
WOELD Wft X
XI »f
»«liK*tft*
lactaaao, th* fg»«timi
of »«»»nt/i.ft«r
would |N»
of
«* rrri«w«
vat et**f»r of
IUMI aall*&
of
of
la »f
la
Owl VM
. tin la th« la
.
St
««tft
of til t«« kind. INI lw%««r
1% mt ey
ho «rolo, , tte
of Fr^srlck XI. ftr«a«l«»o4 «»4 «fl«Dt«%od (Hl.torlc*! MA SttUM. 1907), p 309.
of
ItMort. A. taiwol
»3S
«M|iar*a wit* ma* of t&ai* f*r a»*y t«&r» that *ppa** ta 4ft* ikiiaa& aya avaa laa* a£t«* t&tp a**» laft tha tpti *&«» «* «•* Malmrto. ron Kaltkt, pupil la t«io offie«r it« h««d, «*•* amch to tola, an «*«• XrajUMffV •ven sy«yt«^-i«rl»^^i8Ti»* »«bsdtt«d to vea ««!«» a graft far th» fo*^w>rd t« th« nev edition ef T«M &• *tr«*M4 that «• o«w Cl*«*«wlt» vwfjr, rwry MMiu
1»% oaljr
Moltk* bolld M* HHttMttC on that of ClietMviti. Hit •» a tt«4y of all tit* ««n«raJ» «fao fought th* *f «t«fi«Bt tMOW of 185« and 18TKU71. on* la tha S»nwai Jurar 1*0 ««• t»«4chi«« alwftt «arfar* wfwrad 3jr or «ab««MKd0m»ljr to CI&tta*i4t», «tao« oo«q»ar*d to Mil othar aaA littl* to »«y oa «trai««r. ct tewvwr, did oat attract tha attantloa of •of tha offl*ar* «orpa aa MMfe *t wottld h*»» INNM daoiraala. Ma out fav ateol*A hftv vttfttn tharotijfliljr* Ha IMMI roa^wrawl WMM as a all!twry Aa efflttMr ca&artUjr if atr* ittollatd totmrd* tha praofeiaal »lda of 11 f» g&4. wbam laaldHf vatvartlt|r tralnta^* <••«* aat paoa»»* tha
only l*tar la 11 f*. Of 0M»rw( MM* eh«?ptara of Qlausavlt*1 ! we«k( •«p«elaliy thaa* daaltiag **th tnotieal t|a«*tlfttt** ha»» baan raadarad th» great ^MBdM ia w«rfat« terla< th» l«*t haadirad a* I taw ?ho»). B.rlin, ^ttl.r, 1»23),
(Ka» aad
Bovovor. dtfOMiftts'* tfcooiio* mi war and warfare »• w*il CM hi* en th« rel« wMoh «plrltu»X for*** i-lay ta «ajrtl»* sate hl» Hie work c«a *» precxorly «ppro<Jlrt«4 oaly «*•» it 1* re^wrded a« -m ostity.
Only th*m oaa lt» f?*ftt ?Mlo»ophioal tl«« &t >f«ll «§ 1%» «r»»t iap«rtanc« for th«
Ho lator m,the Up to th» Bddil* of tb» nlnflt«i3nth «ntm7» aillttry thinklai; In 4 V Joaiai'a id»a.§. tfeua, jsany of of
(fluiery of UMI Gr»»% War), % U»% ttw that
tm id*l. cencrurrtd vlth «i« »Jall oft iaoffir llne« aud M» ttlil
of a»ft«*bUB« H dr«w oortain conclurtoiw frwa ill* and twrswd thM A tlioory of wMTfiuro.
War*
arontt of th« Se rooo«nl£*4 only of
pri»aipl*« D^i«h tcajroel/ go furthar
neat*.
Y*%., la spU« of all. pvtnt««* tMnldn«, thus* prlaelples ««ttia aod «c«la la wurtlaw. This prorod to U* tk« and II.
?h*r*fo»*» tl» «*!«* of *1 Hi son 1 * if wtfqr «f Mo opi»lon» BO longer
?OA Moltta*'« iMmUl 4«voiopiB«Bt couUau«d la close attaeht»«nt to antll th» pupil ««tcr*w hit t-achor.
"on Moltte Intm4uo«d
Jrsa Vfe* Bw»si«a okiwf of stuff of v&rld '-t'ar IX, Schapo«ehntio»w, la hi a voolc, BM QtiAm* Ara> Armoe. (Tho 3raln of the Army) follo««d olo«oly
Yo »tr«tf do tktaftdae into *ao work of tbo 3ro«t 8o*orol Staff and froo* tt frea tito rtgi* ml«« of owl Siooatlan of %or»*iea»)» it o«a
0*HtiM o*
oo oooa Itow o3*o»»at«2? tho fioi* WarsHal draw up hit «trtt*o«io ffel* woiaiUoo io »M11 * rtoh ooweo of lnfor««*ic» for .-iayc>o.t la «tr«toito faootiono. JSootatoo of
A book ojr Oborotlowtauuit &.£. n»a Seha«rfolt» for ABA? yoov» »hl«f of tho MoXtko Mirioioa ia too UNM* Softoral Staff, (Sao Soraoa ?l«a» for Aa«t«aoiy 18H-1890), |o olopono&olo for aft og^roat&tioa of «oltk»*« nonaor of operraion und fer a oorroot JttdcHoot» aooorttac to olUtwy potato of ftov, oa th* IO«A of
for the first
vor
ttsto t& 1371.
;O»o»t ororr ?*& "«» or«r ottaaafiln« poUtlo&l *od
-Srow up now pl«:» ooMae thoa en aoadlUoao. 31* fortlliij of art ad to *lo»orjr, oa4 ho *Lmqro b*6 iwaofcbtr
1 ? S
Jarlia, Wttlwr. 1909. (ioHowor** aeto.) BorUa* mtUor. 3J&S®. Svoa ia lift YOU Molt*o lui« to 4ool wl*h a oilnMlioii a %«o>fTO&t war.
brcujit up
MS 4 P-150
.%.
leopfeolff »t M* disposal if th* aatMfftM tufci* teamM pswfa m«ieeaa*tft(l* X* «plW of kit BBswrottt publication*, voa W»ltfc» 41 d not «8t»bU«h a ajratM. In M« opittioa it «*« iap»»»lfcla %o lay 4MB «m«ral rul*« for eoaaaeteva eoaoandait tl» •olvtlcw* of tlMly t*dw. flw froVlM %• different vtuxg il»». 9 «• WM afndd, that A «taH
fSiniftaitAf ttonda
1%
ta«« * rt«i* tefttiia** llMvaitemi at «a tlm •»•«£* of &M«itfra*t*. la U* «i«r«%loa« voa Naittet oA«a foU»^* a of S»jwl«oa. Aftav TWI Moltloi'* d««th, th«r«fo», Ite to Soon this &M*r*a»ut cr»w to to tb« oa iaanr wr <mt«r lias*. 10 eondttot of varfata to a l»r«» *agr*a.
that arow «•
at to whl
SMNI aUifcuy aathor*, a* for
ln«t«aea flraf Toric vaa *f»rtoabttr*» attll ooa«ifl»raA Sapolaoa
iviaai a n»v «af <mMA m* to %• Torfc vaa w«rtaa%arc put hl« aaaa Laailgr ia a alarwr Wok, _U Cltapala oa M «lilt»ry I*»dw). Hit wortc », it »ttu affara a tiaalarlr la yvma&ae Mm
9
_.^ -
_.._.._,,,
- ..._._. . _..._.. r,*»wJ)t P
190B, Sth at.
MS
-8-
Keltke'ii ftide, I. von T»rdy <*a Ver&ole. carefully avoided taking side in the disoussioa m the dlffereno^s fcel*«*a 3«i#oleou** &&d ^ fltrate^lc isethoits.
(itodies on
In Ms fty»4l3& u»^«r de^ Ijrtfjf
"*rdy stroseos the adTtmtocss of the inn«r liaesi
ne»srthei*»«, in Ms
opinion, the concentric oper»ti«fts on outer lines require espeeially favorable prelialnaty oonditions.
?arUo«l*rI? ia the third part of Ms
studies, "Strsilecr*, he treats s rel="nofollow">«oh fittdaaeatnl problems me objoetive* of c^er tioa sad lines of operation, whtoh are still important todej. 0«n«ral wn. Seherff, one of the foremost military authors of his time, «T*oiallsed ia theory of w*r. ^esVimowa ie his 13
Theory of iTrosont fl«o Warfar*;.
%.« troAtiM w*« wwdt notiood &t th*
of UMI oonturjr and atlil HF-» *ome slpilfiosaoo. 4s 0«neral d#r InfuuU'/l... ,. ,. „. vox; 'HI use, a i'orto«r atsSstaat of Moltk», aadorotoot It,
Moltko wmtod am exact aistinction to o« rnado
¥otvooa Hapolooa** strategy «m4V.La »%\. Tori Moltko oa|>rosoed this «a follows!
"^triktofiy is at Its bo«t when It sttoooods IB
parts of th« «nqr froa different fronts 1% * short aarch to the 1
flolt MarsttsJ, took, the graatost luterost la TOE. fflwto's 14 , its tasks known taojt* (Berlla, Hit tier, 1«»1), 12 I. von ftrdy ^u Vernolc. "Operational ?»rt IT, ;
m I p-150 and Expedients), lie added ntassrous f*rsoaal notes to the draft of the first edition (1882) that influenced its final shap« to a large extent. to the third edltloo of his book^ttot author stated that von «oltke 18 did not quite keep to the axic* "Divide* »arehf united fight" * Especially during the advance on the Moselle In 1870, h© did not follow this rule. Still, Moltke generally kept to this principle, whereas Napoleon preferred to keep his f'orees together. This vm® their main divergence in the design of their battles. Some chapters of von P3uM*a classic are too meh associated with his period to excite wore than limited Interest today, yet the revo lutionary change during and subsequent to World Vter I, eould not shake the general, theaa of this eoaparthens ive work. It enlarged and aoderal«ed tlie rules of Clausewits and la a precis of Moltke's opinions on warfare. This b ok c«Qstitutea an excellent guide through the vast and complex of Bodera strategy. Oraf ;-chlleffen stressed its valw in the 19 training of higher e mrahal Coliaar rrelherr von cler Oolt» - enjoying early fame through hi* ispressive book «A iation in Araw 8, (Oas ¥olk In Ua fen), terlln, Decker 1883, 1st edition, 20 and through several other well-known studies on military history20^- also aealt with the differences In Fapo!eon*s and Moltke's strategic Methods. This book - his best - Is called "Ww and 17 "ages 302" anOG3 1P "ls\iB«vitz regarded o-peratioBuo of separate araed forces as a necessary evil wMch vowld be advisable only In case of considerable 8uy*rlorlty. 1«J See Ton der Chevallerie, General der Infanterif W« voo Blipi.Mll««4! .« Mitteiluagen, No. 3,1939. 20 €. edition 1925 revised ""ran Rgsabaeh until Jsna". (fgo Eoaafoach bla Jena). Ber 30a "• r 'Insitftnce lin Mlttler 1906 *?roia jefia untiiT'rettsSlsGn-'lylaa", van Jena bis s- :r®&ssl8cn-%'latt;lj after 1906
VB § T"-15G
" "" "
'
~9&~
Generalship*1, («ri f uad KserAjeiuruaf), Berlin, Decker 1901«
It is »asi*r
reading than r'!a,u»ewits conveying hl» ideas to the reader all the MOM Mid shows the progress !n modern varfare up to the beginning of the 20th eentary, Its value for instruction is considerable Von -ier Dolts, considers both jaethods equally valuable.
Bi bio opinion
the decision whether to ftaeeafcle separate forces b»for« a battle, car act until the actual battlefield was rsaehed depended on the amount of uncertainty in a giren eituatloa. Napoleon separated his foroee if he was sure they would co-operate properly, MoltJce preferred Joint actioia under uncertain condition*, Operating on the inner lines had become aoa*e difficult - said Freifeerr von der Colts - than In Napoleon's tiae. The battles lasted lotiger and therefore a Quick success could no aore be hor»d for,
According to his
point of view defense on th inner lines was more difficult to carry out than sirft> an enveloping attack. Be considered attacks' froa several fronts an excel lent & ans to ascertain the own superiority. The department of ntlitary history of the Great General Staff did not see any fundamental differences between Worths»« strate^r and Sapoleon*s aiBthoda. 206
20b rolmar Freiherr von der Goltzi "A nation in Aras, * Berlin, Decker, 5. edition, 1899, p.269. 20c Ber Groese Generalstab, _ ^ er,®ri.t3telb|,| (Success in" Battle^ By " What ans '" In'as It " CtotainedT" in Stiidien ..sur J^-iegSi|e8Chi^ht« «nd_ ^^i^ (Studies oo Military History and Tactics), ^Berlin, mttler, 1903), Vol 3*
KS ? I--1SO
-10.
*t&t*d ia thst 'oltka'g «trat*£? w»* foajideS on that of SapoI«Ott amd only r«ur<s««nt»«
'l?t* tnmtis** S«v»lop«d om th« part of th«
a, )»tt«r apyrdclfttion of Clanwivlti ••j^dally hip gg
(The Bul»« of
froa th* Causpv^i^?i» of i, &« wall as hit tr«at modal, aoR*i*J«r*d th*
of his r»fl*otio»». Kit .24 (fh« fow*r
has b««oa« staetd&rd work.
t, for
of .7J«rsouality in
His other Tswiic* will al*o main tad n their let.
for the present, «*j>«claliy X8,« {^f^^^^iJiJ^B^ffl) ^cri^gari^oba^ Bast* of Military :7ucae»s,
on th»
of *'ar
f^tw uos
34
^r»at«r attention was pal* to military psychology after World. ,c«r 1 S«NI 5.S«»««, 3.i J Mittl»r, 1923), F. Altrte&tW Ma ftd of th® , ia V«r I), (Swrlin, Mittl*r, 1933). (.Berlin, Mlttl«r, 1909) t 2fi »«.. Itll.
2S
(3®rliB, Kittlw, 1914).
MS
1-150
-11-
the nineteen,*!* and twentieth eeatwies), and .KrJe£jxnd Po^i («r«r «»d Politics). All of lTeyt«ie--orla4feovea t 8 "book* have be©a 3«aeral s. van 3ahllehtt»£, held is high astoMJ by Moltfcft because of Ms cleverness, agreed with freiherr voa A*r Golta in the opinion that th* inner lines Rave lost their former sapdriority yet &e d«anad» & clear distinction btttweea the two methods,
fon Scfellchtin^ pr«ferre
stratefie aethods by far, sinee Holtk«*s rola not feo eolieot fei? forces until their arrival on the actual battl«£rotmd had b«co»* decisive for the oosimand of great armies* General VOA Sehlichtln^1 • fondrjaaatal rules for co*Ka*nd stood la
ajoieon1 * principles.
Aeoo-rdiag to hi« the i»«ue of & battle, *inoe Moltlc«*«» tiae, hs4 became the i;s;afldiat« consequence of previous o>er&Uoas. He stressed this fact in Ms book falttlaoj^e |^4 str&te^^y^g ••»ritftii>.Si» itjiie d« m& Strategic i'rtaoij.ies of fodey). the plans for & b*ttl«
E*rli«r operations 4«ternrtne4
that deprived tha old Napoleonic order of
10 battle of *sy valiMi.*" " Sohli eh tine's soaewiiat narrow-ialnded rulew"
had
an influence on contemporary t&inldaf "aut
27
Se* p 1 Foota»t« 1.
.. . -. (Oeneral wen Sehlichtiiig aaA hi a Work), (B«rlia,_ Meeker, 191S) 29 (3®rli», Uittler, 18t7.f°). p 91. 30 The operations at t?lm, Jena, etc., contradict the«* «tr,te»»nt9. 31 Becnll ^ehlicbtinc> e 80->«»lled seven won
.12. VOB Sehli»ffen, In a^ftajaajat with Irtih«rr vsa dsr 'Joltse, rsfu»»d to '4 eriv« -jay Bpwaial aetiiod from HQltk* 1 * mzam«r of COR ducting a, e>rj"Ucm«. ii« voioed bis opiiiiott s.t the e*at*ttary of Holtke's "teirtlidsty, **»'«* do not. B*thod, && only tt«8i*» t ou» |J4rtitnilur »to|w s^*j>( , but a. ny of
a w*^ w&« found baok to Clan **ul tit, -«^o had ««i4, "I'h«r» t*r« no laS« of rul»« for waanuvariOfc, no «*^i0rai ..rlacipie can ,
"*2 the actica* a*c«8«j»ry. B "
v»n s«dill«ff«a first pufeli*h«d his »trat»glo td»m» in th«
of j'lttld Operations aKi Kiiltsry sci«i»fi«).
Aft*r hit d«a>t& in
^'lZ, ';-.cse Articles s^aared to«;0tucr with other ascaya in a tii«o voiw wntitled C^t^f.
iatar, t^n ^orid^od edition of this book v&
Juhlieff«& did. not v&at to tt!.;.ch tiiliii-ry history, iaspir;:tion frca it cad ao more. hictcric,J. accuracy;
'.o took Ma
He «&d .cot attach great importsaice to
his trout iao:s fiCcordin^y, **i-e not
ful to student* of militarj' history,
-he iublia&tions of the
ou the Tiirious caapmiin* offer aor« r«li«ible sources in information. .-iehitsffaii'tt principloB, alaont iaTartably r»oo«ra»ndiutf the envelop! a« attack as isolutiers,, fo«nd Htt«r anwd««.
Oraf G. vo
F, voa 3^niiarli, *ud several others chwrj,«d biw '4th iuir 32
Clauwwdita, 7^_JCrle, 377, **rh» b«lS«f i» an «2solu«iv«ly successful aetho<\ ia :» *inel plan has ulwi»ys ie
MS * IWiSO
Goaorsd TOB Schliehtin* *roa doelavod that Sshlioffoa wao aiai&i «P **» hiatorloal period* and did not derolop Woltko'* coaco^ tions %»t ehan«*d 33 thoe aooov&iim to hi* ow* idoao. Baaing hio flow* on tho outieos* of tho hattlo of Loathoa, Gr&f von Schlioffon triod to provo iahi» work, ffnmflf, that tho onrolo^eat wa* tho stronfioot and aoot offoetivo fon» of att&ok. It wao sot quite correct to ««y, *• ooao did, that Moltho taught v«r Iwt Schlioffon. » «foaifio font of w@r. In ordor to approciato Mo ido«« it lo aoeooaaxy to look at tho taokt that ho oot f^r tho conoral »taff offioora and to ooaoidor tho roporto of tho arnraal taottcal conforonoos of tho Oroat Ooneral l report* woro paali^tod a* tho IMan»twy»Qhriftoii Aon Qonar (3»rrto« MftuaU* of Hold Mars*.*! -r«f von ''chliwff«n) 0«n«r«l Staff of tho Anqr IB 1937. ftugr thow how SoMioffon «trn«Klod with the pjwfcloa of fitfhtlng •cstfluit «a mumf of laporior ttroagth. B«oauao of Oowwny1 * coograpMoal po aitIon. op«rf*Un« on Imowr liso* •o«t«d to offor tbo only ehaaoo in * H«j^it a«alii*t @A «nv»lop«ont fey a •*ip«rrior •ooaf.
Tho ia&er UBO« enablod tho voakor to prevail, at tho
crttieal opot and to OVOTOOMI %gr inoroasod w>WHty tho droadod "on tho 36 staroh* of JYodorioic II. ^dok s,ad oowjploto viotorio* woro roiialrod, howoTor, and. ia opposition to Iroihozr TOO dor Oolti, 3chlioffo& coa•idorod thoto po»*i*lo if ho fcopt .triatly to tho «xa^plo of tho battlo 33
Froihorr voa Oafli Qoftfya^ ..fffii .,?o|iAIoTOi««A Oot au« doa Jahron 189X~1©08). 35 ,:;urin« tho SOVOB Toaro War Prodoriok IX loot araoh timo by to iMat tho oaoar «*» stood on tho <mtor linoo. ttilo ho wao "on tho a»roh* hi« opponattto found opjfortunitioo to «»in
MS f F.19Q
-14.
of i*ath*n, H* ftfforit* Bod*l. of isilltary M«t»*3r*»
9t% ft* «aaa & H«a)e *tt««Jc,
ho eon«ld«r»d A #**** w^erlority in
lndl«pen*abl«. An "ordinary
To uttalli suet a daratttiU
lag victoryt Scftll*ifen •&id ( tho woonf svcuit not bo iftttjackttd. ^jy ons or two arwy oorp« tot tgr oa« or Mrorfcl &rmi»». nt
flank of
oppo»«a*
of the ea»pl« of Ul», of
tnolr thrtuit mift aot b« dlroatod
hln !!»•» of r«tr»at "In lattatloa winter cnapalgii 1907, aad of i«4«a 18*.
a?
Mao*
Th« d«»crlpfeion of la M« %•»*, __ of th« Art of Vlarf aro a« «5ohli»ffo» how to boat % auperlor
gr Political "with eta ia«d«
It aw«k0a«d In Ida th* coaoo^t of tlw dmfel* •oTolo^aont, »Alch ho late wa At took from four «ld*s.
Xt i» aot only tho
party that oaa »}>S)ly th* G»aa«* n§tAoA» for*, 1» aot «»sltt«tir*ly a «*an« for th* rlohi off*r*d a ohaao* for »ao9**«.
Th* *nv*iojf-aeat, th* «*«k*r foro* it al*o
Hov*v*r t 3chil*ff*n ooont*d & lltti* too
5chli»ff*n «»« «moh too »voad «&ad*4 aot to
that th* Idea of
. .. 38 Conna* could aot B* appli*d la *vwry tituatloaj h*
la hl« tmnks, for 26
39
-oalliwr, * ^oh^i efforts ( SeaU*f f*a*» * M«rl U4?e;, wi«3«n«2hAftlloh« Ittadsehan, 1938, p 17.
27 IM&'t .I^^Hl^ffill • &9®3>* IP 17*18.
38 Variout ooa<Wtloa» conld mmdftr tH» Cfuina« nethod ia«ff«ctiT« for *x«apl»( S-.ftCO.
3S
;l«a fh* fectlcal Conf«r*BC*u of th* U«neral staff of 1«3? and a» vail fc» th* ?.oollMr, S«hll«ff»o» ?«m««ehtoiii, • pj» 30.31, M.
MS * P-15Q
But He leapt hl« penchant for *«»«lopa«at and attack, probably ia order to train the antiy for offeottw op<*r
3f**«f%h«i*»t his twMStolng* «m»t
not fee interpreted to aean that th» ejw*loj.
Th« oo^aador't *na initiative will deter«in« tti* ehoie*
of th« toast aethod. aid not set auch «tor* in Koltke'a «q^«i«l9t«d awthod of »«p»ratioB until thw b«ginxtiBfi of th« batUo.
^th th* gr«»t
of l«ti«3r it wouid oft«i not be pos»l rel="nofollow">>l* to »%«nr*t8 th* Uie aa««aWLy or to k«aj. the* teparatod *ortB« tfewi ad,v«n soluUo* |^rop0M4 V Schliaffoa va« to *5raJS«» in iinoi a«ain*t tho m ^atl i«t Ubt protnudSac flaak» yl^ot «c*ia*t tho hottil* floak*. a«»id ;: r«',.-*turo pivotlag. «ad *« a raiult »a»» th« troop* oafor* tha enangr liao». The prlaelple* he propfigfitad mat with «qro«t attontioa.
They e,p;»«Ar*A
to K«ui/ allltaxy «ttthor» as h«rtn^ ipr««t«r praotienl TAlao than Cl«m,»awit* 1 a pointa of rt*v »tue« they wttro oonoarna* with th* queatioo of th* •tm^l* *4pai&»t a superior opponant -«. it <|a*ctt«o of «9»oi»l ia^ortane* for The operational training40 vhiah Schlioffon geev* to tha Oraat Ganaral Staff fouad a rich reward.
Doria« rferld War I it prodt*o*4 * greater
uniforadtjr of oplaion on priRcipal quautioa* of eoaaaad, at leaat the aajority of hi^er oottna&dertt, than had betm tit* ea»* during the wars of Onifie«tion. 40
^t^gft ^ur ^«|^sf«ttf^^,|e yg-d, ?ph^tit: (Stttdi*» oa Military wid Taotioa){BCTiia^ >flttl*r ,l90Cuiff14} should •!•» t» nentloned here.
-IS-
S # JC1BO
all tho work* or. aodera w-.r:fare, Sohll *££•*'• staKee. te.vmx.ic.
In a&dltioi. to Ida aw?. .?r*iherr
Cernwsdofcorst Troihefr vofc Stelte»iihftUi«a should TM> $!»•» special >*oa r->lkimhB,w,t«m ooctt|4«4 hli&celf mni&ljr with tfa» problaaw cr*x.t«d fey aodar& »«,aa &rniQ«.
wraT von ScMieffsn also wrote about thi» 41
"iCrleg la d«r lines, for lust&nce. In his »»nsar*4g' (On tlui Maaa nd e V«ber 4ie Killt«Ms««l»«r»* Jan* 1511.
la th* flr«t treat! •• ScW.leffeR ttlll fw^coned on a war of
short duration, althou^ witb longar battl*«.
the y»&eon» he gave for A
short war (higia •laaderd of «<jonoEajr, etc.) afterward*, la fact, prov«4 % t.vj&as tc continue the
»ith uc.ex,-satad, evmv«u«simite4 force.
"ou Fuliomhauswa1 * f|r*t l>uok for
ar) i^oqiudn
43
fuar daati
{ tr
the recder v4th th« ohuracterlatics of •44
nne hi a fa»K>«f5 work Ber
fheee
fi ctvifiy on %^e aoTemeat of tit. us arsde*, i» still worth His ottier two books, Il&nketibciiMigaa^ und >e»wmheare end M&at Armlec), Irl g^fuaiunang aqd .yij,»*%yai^|p| (war and Sol»ac«), n. .:Utlcrl»13, «tlll dfc.«rre thorough ntudy. The 46
the
¥«r I for prop«£p»da, aK&in*t C-crsMucy. n-.entlcn: 41
other books th« frl loving 4T
(The
42 lbi€., Jtee, 1SU. 43 (Berlla, 1903-04} a 44 {Berlin, Wittier, 1911) 3d «d. 46 (S»rlljt, Hlttler, 1911.) 46 1. v«tti Jiarnhturdl IMUI b»owie famous through his «o-c«»ll«(i Wc tr?.-t«£y ai»r.ut«" vlth /Tof»»«or -Tan« 4?
MS $ £.100
of Modem •far) and tH» oo*j>r*k*a*lv* and powerful work Yoa hguttflt*
(On K*
th«
y*ar« b«for« ^»rld Waor I, bviMTer
of
iaclud«d &4m«ral 0, iron MOMT «ad
?«t th» B«Jorlty
of ailitary loading p.«rson«aiU»i, wbo reaalaod aog«UT«. ?h«y did not
to it IB nUltsry hintory, that, in a futon w»r with It*
•xtoadod front*, flttmtioa* would iMMMM*atil]r orise
would
Oa» of th« no«t o«t*t«idijD£ of th»
H«o>»«iamda (?|aart«rlj' torlow fojf Op«r*Uon« «ad Milftaxy S«lo«oo), pabli»hod by tho 9»*at Q«a«ral Staff during th» y«ur« 1904-14. ?h* «rtlol«* w*»* of « hlgfe «tandard and offered « Y«»y «P>od outline of th« preW.«a» of tho
and it*
ttodont eaa draw from Hum aaah u««fal iafeyaatioa.
48 (Berlin, Klttlar, 191O.11 . ) 49 Th« r*f«rwur of tit* 50 Al*o to B* aoatlonod 1st a^»ehiokUloho .fiBKels f ten Oft . Kitti*r, 1684-1914) and putoll»h«d tbgr til* &r*»t CHm«ral Staff.
-IS. 3
imuraa Aim W had to tO
from ruint. fho ttroDff inflaoBoe of tho Ooaoral Staff* whieh haft divbaadod •aaawhllOt aonlA no longer »o eottato* wpoa. Tho Memoir* of tho leading general* *tirro4 vt& many critical cut si oat, eopooially on OOXMBB otratoflf daria* tho woe a»d on tho parti, eipatioa of tho General Staff at a oau*o of tho war. DoftoaTal Sri oh dorff' * hook, Molno ,^ri«
(«xo ^roao Cooamad Ifa,4-I91«i Sooaatlal Booolunoat),
a doop i&ti^it late tho *tra%ogl« idoao of hoth ««x, o*pocdally into tho diffioaltio* thoy haft to ovoroowt* AMP valxto of tho to hook* io of a historical aatwo* ItmiAu^offf^o first hoo^c io ttti^ ; is-ssjiifOd work* gytoaadap. dor ooartton Hooroolol ^nntf (2oc«a«nt» of tho la tho lattor otwdy ho oappert*i Moltic* 1 * opinioa la to far a* politico aro aaid to haw a diolaivo iafluoaeo oa tho nojtoat of «a«in&in« «nd on tho noaout of «»din« tv war. Ao for tho ro*t, tho Hold Karohal doMadod full lifcorty of aotioa for tho myrmm military oo»»aa4ar suod ^ontoa hi* to act Independently of politic*. 5 Kaiser Williao 12 oipreated the toae opinion in tho follovtnc drattio woardai "^olitioiaaa havo to shut ap in wartimo cmtll *trmtogjr alloy* thoa to talk again.* 8
(3orli&, Hittlar,
S a«j*raiob*rtt I. roa So«kt aajrt ia Mo Ooo* _______________ («.»flec«ioJ» of a SoIeUar) (L.ipal*. ioehlor, 1938, 3d «d) that "War it notidag ^ttt a eontiattatiett of for
m# lowewr, %*34 MAT S pf»T«A .tLaaaoudt* 1 * clasHeal ao&tonoo tiraoi
"aar IB tout a continuation of politio* witb otfcor tttaao.*
ifoil ti o*l factor* *ro «oro Uiport&at thaa Military ]nlnai#lot sillt&ry «wsoog*oo do not almty* oolvo th» pollHoal jirobleraaj
th«
i* the 9«rr«nt of foroign i*li«y. itill, Ludonclorff'o book «howod tlw olOM relation* !»%«••» |tolitl«« m& strategy mi troatodl thi* probl« ftrom Toriou* anglos. Lud«idorff ia D*r totale Xriog6 (Ituk itttttl aar) tt**w»d that v*r, a* a «ttt«ol war of oxtoralaatlon of tiMi »»ti«NB» iavoiirod, o ^aotlior eh!5jr»otor than In foraar tiao.
Boooaw of thlo,
prlnolplo of tho disparity of wars i» roadornd obaoleto: total my 4*MKid« ft totnlitaxlaa polifljr **•& is pO*ootl»o.
and
So olniaod,
thoroforo, th»t ailita»y end aot j oil U eel &uth0rttlo» »ho«ld tako prola wi«rttao*
0 tho chArz^tor of tot«l war * -usar 7 aoroy * «afortua«toly h*ro INMNI, fwrtflod by tho kind of
by all ttie parUoifatlog afeUoa*. Hio A»erlca« Ctnil W«r had 8
f
(Ruench«, 1936.)
Soo aloo J» Birohor m& Cla« Cxvoh^Joe&boirfi, grtoa: giyiOAo (liter without .^rcj-j (^uorlch, Scleutia, 1937,) 8 Partly aloo f&o tf«r of ladopondonoo 1T7^»1?«3, «Mcdi tttmoA a«ain«t a part of ftho nation
that tho Jva«rloan n«r of Indopoadoaoo and t)M Asorloim woz« *nytaia|? liko total war io a «ro«o «4«lnt«rpr»tntlco.)
m # F.IBO «howa aiallar foatw»»» tot Cioraaa ailit^ory vrit«r* did &ot draw tho aonolttaiOB* froa their stauiio*.
Lud«ttdorff'« rorolatioaary ldoa» on total
war and th» otrmtoty portainim<| to it not with violoat oppooitioa free tb» rmblio. Pjofaaaoy Ha*« SJolfcroook, otpocially. attaefcod i*tfa*Aorff*o •tratofflr violently aad act alw»y« fj«it« fairly.
D«11mx«ok, rotvmlni!; to of
r«pro«oh*d Ludo»A»Tff for liMtac «i
10
D«lbru«*fc's Mo*t oat»t mdiaf book, tr«aelat*oUtictd. -ilitory).
It
th»erio« of MMT and tho r«l&tiou» ootvoon «trat*«r «id politics;
y«t IB
•pito of it» ooTvrak int«ro*ti&i$ Idea*. oaJgp * hl»torl«u will think it . it« taoMBcl&turo i» boia« ssuoh contested. S. Motto, in bi» horr&
12
(On tho Spirit of Ooroun Hilitary Loik4o»»}. ex^lain^d tho {.rinoiploo
of tho «pro*t OOXWHI militflory thinkort aa,
no ao~
kcovlodgod tbo gottimo of Sfl4uwmhor«t, Cl«o«owlti, sad Holtlco, tout ho ovoro«tia%%o4 ^hlichtiag, Gulling hi» «a opponont of '>ir«f YOU Sehlioffom and * custodian of Cltnoewiti't an* Moltk«*« harit«««. f)io sdliUry quail tioo dor
. Tol If, pp 491 and 514? on tho history of ttrato^jr » ypa Sria^a. tol ?, ^apt 2.6.
10 H. ^llmMMSk Krigji; ,^4 ft>^itik ^,»14»_^. (war sad ^olitiao (Borlla, 5tllie , 19^J. SM» ftloo fowritosr t I. 3ol»rao«le, oia Fortraot. maler (Kwjit ^«lbru«o-. a Paiat«r of Fovtraltc) (Berlin. Kittlor, 1V22). 11 <-:".,
m of ffcllemhaam, Hiaftoritarg, m& IxuSmfartt «r» toHfttiMc ««umy»4 ia with SailmiSMsSK1 * vi*vo.
fh» b®«Je» howowr, ftamlahes Iny;OT%«n% k»lp In t!i©
<wr«dw»tieii of th* aajor j>w>W,»«* of wyr «n4 la •tndptttg w*r fr&m a
prter to
ofton -.tie-
X, pn»bl«m« of war
3ut net until «ft«r th» w*» ^11 4 a r«all]r ww^niMAAf* adlltary litwratuy* oa thi< fccjilc 8«n» into *xlHt«xa<. It t« aot tf tat«Tae%i«»»X inpa a« 16 tre&l«4 audjtii/ t^nuui |»robimi«.
}.
'l'h« IMUUnAaf Iwoka ovg^l to
4.
book
wa««d ant th« iafl «y.
in Oowtun la tii«
13 (Airlin,
14 (Serlla,
10
If
that they US
book,
the
of 1P06 wa» to
the
;t ;
for tho f«llw« In Frs.«»«« tit 1914 v*» often dl»mi«*»d lltor«ttir». IVoe the S«HHN>IM pobllestlon* which oom«« to atnt •«p««rlally tH« book 16
, 1S34.) *d.
I).
-2S.
4s Ms ia .*. *p la 1939.
v^«f^l«ttt»«g*t «,.&. rfilholw Gre«n*r, «R open *w5wlr«r of oadwa«tif«ly <4m SebU«£fta fo; IteM la ami&tion ntsoo^ •Rp«rl*.
In hl» work,
Q«if <8rwf SeJ>Jieff«i«« «11 a»A
to a certain
of tha «tw!y "ftMUIKi1*» -"ift of th» »rror8 of tbe Caytw
of o|»eT tioan. h*r« »9t h*
OR ••eotia* of thatr «rr»ralsh»d Ijsawguage, "•m«a®r**!
ith riol«n% 19
, #«p«ol«lly frwa tfc« leader* vhos* utttdy m «dilt«r7 oli«gr If th» former
ftf th» A9*r High Comfit, 0«««r«l dtr Iofaat*rl« -uT). ia CoNdittm) In of *|*etal i«I«rtaao« today.
fl^« V**? ifsstfcraottl* |)«W.leati»» g|v»t v^duftble hint*
for th* aoiuiion of Hi* pr»Mttt
fh*
th« i>*ri«3« of M.«m.ff«lc «&S Moltka *« ««11 a*
'!&» H»;, (ilerUa,
flitter ell
:*or!4 W«ur I, lfI4}. '( Berlin 1938)
of
-23-
US » lu
der lafaaterie a*ft» H. voa Kahl describes with aa expert pen the accomplishments of the genaril staff in peace a&d war.
ike title of
his boos is 'fler Dmtsche t^neral-Btab ^ y»rtMpitaajg| ^^ ^*re.h.faehjpua^ &§a 21 irfejtkriegea (The Oeraaa General staff ia *b» Preparatioa aad Execution of .;orlf]
&r X).
Oberstleutnaat a.I>. 't. Iberstor ia his atvdy, ^as der fljedankfl^wer^the Heatal Workshop ef the Oeaeral Staff), shoved act only the traia of thoagat ef the (Jeraan Staff but also of the Treaoh end Russian staff* before World War X aad ait tec.
axaet
of *a« problen of a twe-frea* WMF.
ia 2. correct light the achiereveata of the geaaral staff.
Beta book* 23
Gericraloberst a. VQB Seakt p«kiiea*d a avavber of well vrittea studies aad books,
"hey represented the revolt of lea* experteaee aad aatiriag Sooe of them are still north
(Mot eat f i*adership), K-« well aa 25 Oat ~~ (Germany betwecm Weat and ii»*t) aad (lafleetioBS of A Soldier), ia the last book, speakiag of the Value of i. he expreeced the opiaion that their efforts and sacrifices 21 (Berlin, 1930, 3d ed.) 32 (Berlin, Mittl*., 1921.) 23 Bu» Cteraan offieial handbook, Ser ¥eltkriag 1»14>191^. oaly cor»r» the years 1914-1017. The neoess&ry docixssnte fer the descriptioa of the year 1918 were destroyed ay aizwraide in IMf. (fee aathor it in error. The ai'torlcal Mvisioa aat discorered that the last volttae of this •eri8« itetu&lly exist* la oae oor>y ia proof page fora. A microflln of thie oae copy alee exists in the Library of Qeagress ia (B41tor's cot«) 24 (Berlin, Weiteana, 1929. ) 28 26
(Hamburg, fiaaser.ti *ohe TeTla^B»n«tal%, (£,eip«i«, ko«hl«r, 1926.)
M* * *
&ro oat of proportion to tho rooalts •»£ only load to & war of 2h« taato Voeowoo InooHi* oiUI oaa not »«»««»or My lo^er:
it
only crush.
ri.iu -4«h«rt»c, ^rofoooor *% th» Univtrottr «f Berlla, teolt ly with
, In
of its u?at*B}* aftd sonllnn^l the tr-iln of
of th« gptat
u
ta M« »tm4r JtiHD^ttaMOtti (^lUtnr
to mill tary ^
la 4o«p«r
*nd v*w>
o& tho 6ouor&l AOT ZK fan tori o n.~>. tho followia« ^Poblmoi
at
. Srfttrtfe 1ro»t«d ia hit
(1) Tho iaportaM* of nrpfioo la var in J3L1
OffroyratfffiBf |n Irtago (fte Ifanmt of Svrprioo t» V«r);
(2)
Tho ooaj.aoto
<So*tr«elion of tho oootqr la ono*«tA ^attlo m& tollQ«l&& orHnr^tloao In 28 (3)
(fletoiy lgp! AaalMlattoa, A itttfcr «• CSooporatloa of Soparato &naloo)t fteo f««toro **ioh new
33
to Idotoriosl e*woploo Irfnttti pro-rod la tho first book thut oron today farprls* lo » d»ed«lTo Atotor loir H«tory, tout with, ttia growth 28
, Kanooatlottto Verla««>Juchh,aili»K, 1936.) (Borlin, mtUar, 1»W,) Jhlo oad tho followltt« book v«ro trtoioiatod torlc^ *orld «i«r II. Hut first in tt»o Itaitod Btaftoo and tho «ooon4 i tho .;oTl«t Union. (Borllft, KiUler, 192?.) (BwrlU,
»t f K.110
of ami** and th* looker duration of -battl**, tt b»t tooox* mvi 4HLfftmlt. %• s*«md took tar*fct*d * aUdlrj- safejaet «* dl* ih* afol^tyffoLe (f«ne*ti«i la B«IU«}
yttWi»h*4 If tb* ®«rat« Ssneria fluff.
It «l«ilo*e
on i*l«h th« realisation of * lie***? 4«i>«ad» uadtv pre««nt Aay condi « f n«, As & re««it «f M* t%udd»« iSrfurl book the 4id»BRt««M «ftft flltaAvsjitoflo* «f aandl tlon«» Mtttd tlMMWIf c«noJud«« iho dl«e«t»flffiB of e subject
In th*
of th» If4®,
of to th« vowr
lrft»rth,
at any r&t*, still oo»«t4ir»A a d««ltl«m to flalsh & w«r ^dotdy, S&MNI it
ao*t to ooaalvd* * *f*
f«x>o (tfe*
by of
, In his »o«»»^i d«f«n»o vlth nil ft* p099lMliti$t.
3X ~ Use VttlawnifeUity of ccwsMnlcr^lon* by aisutaid* w»d tiie e^loltttltwi »f tit* iaA*r lln»9 la *o*!4 ^MMr II. froa th« SAB% to ItjO? In «nt«m iM3 took at l««st four w»«k« of th« aomel tia* *f tp-u day*. All r^ll *«fc#
net ow
*i
10
-€ f sn
-27-
i. * Clon**vitx, carl **m, IhiiJfriafii (On »•»). . first «6ittoft, 18 32-3..,atAth **ttioft. Milk «ft latrixhiction If Ov*f Tea SobUtffen. ____rixte*nlh •dltion, Soa», Uwl«r» 19W. * Moltk«, S«l»«th, Oraf %IVM«. i-ttkli«J X. MilttiMMrl Mil* Serr»*r If. WLttl«r.
v >p«cl«l ?«Wi«»tloa« by tfe»
(;-Hjltie» in
jfenHNttioJi of Op«r»tioit«. ImrUa.
l*r, 1904.
•Tork
.
*»rILu, mtn«r, 1@0@«
shi v) , F. IQA Two 1 Hi* parlod
OrooyiO. Staff. Military m 9*0*7).
, 1901.
Vef Jtyutl^ai
IVo Volume ».
Wltloft. (On Modtrm
Berlin,
coaUian two very «*l««r«lr« lltl» of ^ook* r oo« S &&& th* elfttr for
-28.
MS
*
(9* Tewtr of 9<M0»i fcttttoa. i»ll. 1813-1614 (The f 1813-1 ;-H;.
avw
Third
. 199S.
Works). Bwlln,
Ittlw. 1S13, Two vol.«««.
, 190S-U. MJLJtAlf W0» AffBt WCHLD KJJ!
XSff Of
II.
*ad
a Wear and Mar
Xtx, A.
, M|tU«r, 1924.
. y.
- lan for the
1S?U1WO)
(Th. » •f
Sdltioa, 1934.
(Oraf SoMl«ff«i'« ,111 Uoa, 1990. Lrd iWltlou, 1930
.
Berlla,
. B«rUa,
MS *
-19C
ftuv Peliey »n4 Ktlttavy
.
Bwrlim,
for , Slue* ifSC-
(0« th» Spirit of fi«n«r;a*fc&b 4»* H««r»*v
(fit* Moawnt of Bur>si«*
iSrfurth,
of
(B«eiston la •ah&flllah* Rttttd*eh«uv
, 1940.
I.
DECLA
Pgn MS
ENGLISH COPY
GERMAN MILITARY LITERATURE
DECLASSIFIED
HISTORICAL DIVISION HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY, EUROPE
K8f
must swHHf 01 WJWAK HIUTAIT u-raRAfoui or THI nimm J® «««MBI
at
A.P. fjua» KALUSR
i
Ml tor
t (tapt a.i. i 0*1. v.s. Hjr«
-TT-
•€
31 1"
MVWSO •? us
#
MS f 8.180
a. D. Fraat
Ms mrvny of UOTWWI military lltcrat«i» «&« coiiplotod l»y a. i.'. ilcdnrlch <*w»oh«ol»r«D
Th» s*l*otioss ghow an ttaa?,u%ll3r profottaA knowl«dce of
llt*ratur» nx*. 1 mgrta vlth hi a ehol«««, ' r«atin< th period e-efore %'orld fear I and tfe* psriod af%*r it in two »0pamt* ohupt»r« ( the antber d^>* f* brief «wirv*y of the d«T*loj>.
of 0«cwttt wlHtajry litsratars ^Yin£ t,h« nlBOt*«ath and twontleth / (mtta*r&tta£ th« l»&dla£ Geraam euthorit and books.
Bi^iio^r^bj represent a a con«cl*ntloae 8*l»otio« fros
mill lory lltwrj*tur».
.feven In tiie eye» of th« nost unoo^proail»lng
th«sw books taw of st^rwa* ieport mc« to lh« d»»«lop««nt of military
Slgoodt
frana Kaldwr
-L-
MS * K.100 CHM THl
Tb» jNLWLiacmglqr apt>o».do4 to ta|» study oootfda* only ouch nlllt«ry
p**liea*ioa« a* ea& oo eouatoA MM** **» olat«ical unto of litoratoro. It ! Intend** to offo* * »ol*atloa of book* tlutt lnflu«ao»4 ttu» thvovy of -wwr d»el»tir*ly and hanr» %«a«wi of *r*«% eoa»0qa«ae« in tlx» ln»«ll«ct«al d«r»lop»«ot of «ltt Ownwa Anqr. Sneh « ll»t «*a fe* «Mi fur v«rl«wi p«rp»«««. In erd*r %« »&k» it «« v*r**ttl» MI p**«ibl* it h»* MMH eM^li«4 la »t*eh a fashion MI to wrro, toc*tH»r with fcM* study, A* A * *£» for lootoma om ta«tio» and o ^oration* «t Hit««7 «e&&miot «&d othor Krvio* ttfej*ets, taah. & forUfio«Uon«, t«otio« , air wurfar* mA B*T»I w&rf&r«. altl»«iii taoy pwrt of Military litoraturo, haro not IM«B iftelo4«d. by tn» Gr»At Ooaoffai Staff on iUtary hi story1 , taroatlm tlio lapoioonio <md tJa* tl«Mi ttp to iorid Va? II, h»T» oooa onittvd ao voil at a««oir« «ad oiocrapfei«« of fawouw «Hit»ry loadoro ,<eae othar ailitary .
3
loaoarawi troatiooo on front-lino oorrieo «»6 taotiet
also &ooa oaittod. Only a fov standard Itook* on opori«tim« woro iaoludod ffeoy aro a«otioa«d in my «tudy "Qtti4« to th» Study of >a«tory and Military Kiotori»er«ptoy la Oaraaay in tho ninotoonth and twwntioth ooatttry." For inntanoo lao^i^ Hgr 0«zieri»ll«at£uuit a.B. Balok, tranalatod into «a«y laausffoo «a« " lorlA lart. Bar 11 n, H*oa*olMtdtt
lxa« boon
-a.
MS * p-iao on aooomt of thoi* irtaouMi
Ma»y fffotHjMO. fonwrtjr *ho oal^oolMi of ibouMMl atooaooloa, loot thoir ^tdiifiooMO la th» U*t of tho o^poftoaooo of «ov!4 ikro I *»4 II. Hoajr «llitarj onttovo MPO fo««ott«i toA^r tiw «MV« «MO eoa»14tr«d tho 00% o»totmil,ng of tholr Uao. 3o«o of tholr «o« ooo»loto tin po*-tooo * oorttkia m««uiiBe ftw owr ago, for thor itragi^o ovor tho »o«t l^pMrtottl, MM! fwworly aswh AiooooooA, of w«om v«rf«ro. fhooo «ti%«ro efto» woro yioaoox of aow iioao «MU thorofero, thotr l«porfe«oo for
In ttu> Bikllocn^kgr ovo «ark«4 \dth * nvibw thooo *%«ad«rd voifco widelt » jrowic offtow ohottld vooA. flw oHimr %ook* wnttto»ot «ro of oooo»da«y i%ertaaao. tiaoo tho T«l«o MUI ioswrtonoo of a tetoaUfio piKUooltOtt «« only owoottjr if *ho H»o a»d oliMWMtoaooo of 1%« ofi
Othoy vo^co «ot ll«t«i im tho ItoUocvoiir hMW MW Imalttdod la tho MNMMOO of tholr volao for
mf CHAJTJS 2 U1SHUTUIIS
WOELD Wft X
XI »f
»«liK*tft*
lactaaao, th* fg»«timi
of »«»»nt/i.ft«r
would |N»
of
«* rrri«w«
vat et**f»r of
IUMI aall*&
of
of
la »f
la
Owl VM
. tin la th« la
.
St
««tft
of til t«« kind. INI lw%««r
1% mt ey
ho «rolo, , tte
of Fr^srlck XI. ftr«a«l«»o4 «»4 «fl«Dt«%od (Hl.torlc*! MA SttUM. 1907), p 309.
of
ItMort. A. taiwol
»3S
«M|iar*a wit* ma* of t&ai* f*r a»*y t«&r» that *ppa** ta 4ft* ikiiaa& aya avaa laa* a£t«* t&tp a**» laft tha tpti *&«» «* «•* Malmrto. ron Kaltkt, pupil la t«io offie«r it« h««d, «*•* amch to tola, an «*«• XrajUMffV •ven sy«yt«^-i«rl»^^i8Ti»* »«bsdtt«d to vea ««!«» a graft far th» fo*^w>rd t« th« nev edition ef T«M &• *tr«*M4 that «• o«w Cl*«*«wlt» vwfjr, rwry MMiu
1»% oaljr
Moltk* bolld M* HHttMttC on that of ClietMviti. Hit •» a tt«4y of all tit* ««n«raJ» «fao fought th* *f «t«fi«Bt tMOW of 185« and 18TKU71. on* la tha S»nwai Jurar 1*0 ««• t»«4chi«« alwftt «arfar* wfwrad 3jr or «ab««MKd0m»ljr to CI&tta*i4t», «tao« oo«q»ar*d to Mil othar aaA littl* to »«y oa «trai««r. ct tewvwr, did oat attract tha attantloa of •of tha offl*ar* «orpa aa MMfe *t wottld h*»» INNM daoiraala. Ma out fav ateol*A hftv vttfttn tharotijfliljr* Ha IMMI roa^wrawl WMM as a all!twry Aa efflttMr ca&artUjr if atr* ittollatd totmrd* tha praofeiaal »lda of 11 f» g&4. wbam laaldHf vatvartlt|r tralnta^* <••«* aat paoa»»* tha
only l*tar la 11 f*. Of 0M»rw( MM* eh«?ptara of Qlausavlt*1 ! we«k( •«p«elaliy thaa* daaltiag **th tnotieal t|a«*tlfttt** ha»» baan raadarad th» great ^MBdM ia w«rfat« terla< th» l«*t haadirad a* I taw ?ho»). B.rlin, ^ttl.r, 1»23),
(Ka» aad
Bovovor. dtfOMiftts'* tfcooiio* mi war and warfare »• w*il CM hi* en th« rel« wMoh «plrltu»X for*** i-lay ta «ajrtl»* sate hl» Hie work c«a *» precxorly «ppro<Jlrt«4 oaly «*•» it 1* re^wrded a« -m ostity.
Only th*m oaa lt» f?*ftt ?Mlo»ophioal tl«« &t >f«ll «§ 1%» «r»»t iap«rtanc« for th«
Ho lator m,the Up to th» Bddil* of tb» nlnflt«i3nth «ntm7» aillttry thinklai; In 4 V Joaiai'a id»a.§. tfeua, jsany of of
(fluiery of UMI Gr»»% War), % U»% ttw that
tm id*l. cencrurrtd vlth «i« »Jall oft iaoffir llne« aud M» ttlil
of a»ft«*bUB« H dr«w oortain conclurtoiw frwa ill* and twrswd thM A tlioory of wMTfiuro.
War*
arontt of th« Se rooo«nl£*4 only of
pri»aipl*« D^i«h tcajroel/ go furthar
neat*.
Y*%., la spU« of all. pvtnt««* tMnldn«, thus* prlaelples ««ttia aod «c«la la wurtlaw. This prorod to U* tk« and II.
?h*r*fo»*» tl» «*!«* of *1 Hi son 1 * if wtfqr «f Mo opi»lon» BO longer
?OA Moltta*'« iMmUl 4«voiopiB«Bt couUau«d la close attaeht»«nt to antll th» pupil ««tcr*w hit t-achor.
"on Moltte Intm4uo«d
Jrsa Vfe* Bw»si«a okiwf of stuff of v&rld '-t'ar IX, Schapo«ehntio»w, la hi a voolc, BM QtiAm* Ara> Armoe. (Tho 3raln of the Army) follo««d olo«oly
Yo »tr«tf do tktaftdae into *ao work of tbo 3ro«t 8o*orol Staff and froo* tt frea tito rtgi* ml«« of owl Siooatlan of %or»*iea»)» it o«a
0*HtiM o*
oo oooa Itow o3*o»»at«2? tho fioi* WarsHal draw up hit «trtt*o«io ffel* woiaiUoo io »M11 * rtoh ooweo of lnfor««*ic» for .-iayc>o.t la «tr«toito faootiono. JSootatoo of
A book ojr Oborotlowtauuit &.£. n»a Seha«rfolt» for ABA? yoov» »hl«f of tho MoXtko Mirioioa ia too UNM* Softoral Staff, (Sao Soraoa ?l«a» for Aa«t«aoiy 18H-1890), |o olopono&olo for aft og^roat&tioa of «oltk»*« nonaor of operraion und fer a oorroot JttdcHoot» aooorttac to olUtwy potato of ftov, oa th* IO«A of
for the first
vor
ttsto t& 1371.
;O»o»t ororr ?*& "«» or«r ottaaafiln« poUtlo&l *od
-Srow up now pl«:» ooMae thoa en aoadlUoao. 31* fortlliij of art ad to *lo»orjr, oa4 ho *Lmqro b*6 iwaofcbtr
1 ? S
Jarlia, Wttlwr. 1909. (ioHowor** aeto.) BorUa* mtUor. 3J&S®. Svoa ia lift YOU Molt*o lui« to 4ool wl*h a oilnMlioii a %«o>fTO&t war.
brcujit up
MS 4 P-150
.%.
leopfeolff »t M* disposal if th* aatMfftM tufci* teamM pswfa m«ieeaa*tft(l* X* «plW of kit BBswrottt publication*, voa W»ltfc» 41 d not «8t»bU«h a ajratM. In M« opittioa it «*« iap»»»lfcla %o lay 4MB «m«ral rul*« for eoaaaeteva eoaoandait tl» •olvtlcw* of tlMly t*dw. flw froVlM %• different vtuxg il»». 9 «• WM afndd, that A «taH
fSiniftaitAf ttonda
1%
ta«« * rt«i* tefttiia** llMvaitemi at «a tlm •»•«£* of &M«itfra*t*. la U* «i«r«%loa« voa Naittet oA«a foU»^* a of S»jwl«oa. Aftav TWI Moltloi'* d««th, th«r«fo», Ite to Soon this &M*r*a»ut cr»w to to tb« oa iaanr wr <mt«r lias*. 10 eondttot of varfata to a l»r«» *agr*a.
that arow «•
at to whl
SMNI aUifcuy aathor*, a* for
ln«t«aea flraf Toric vaa *f»rtoabttr*» attll ooa«ifl»raA Sapolaoa
iviaai a n»v «af <mMA m* to %• Torfc vaa w«rtaa%arc put hl« aaaa Laailgr ia a alarwr Wok, _U Cltapala oa M «lilt»ry I*»dw). Hit wortc », it »ttu affara a tiaalarlr la yvma&ae Mm
9
_.^ -
_.._.._,,,
- ..._._. . _..._.. r,*»wJ)t P
190B, Sth at.
MS
-8-
Keltke'ii ftide, I. von T»rdy <*a Ver&ole. carefully avoided taking side in the disoussioa m the dlffereno^s fcel*«*a 3«i#oleou** &&d ^ fltrate^lc isethoits.
(itodies on
In Ms fty»4l3& u»^«r de^ Ijrtfjf
"*rdy stroseos the adTtmtocss of the inn«r liaesi
ne»srthei*»«, in Ms
opinion, the concentric oper»ti«fts on outer lines require espeeially favorable prelialnaty oonditions.
?arUo«l*rI? ia the third part of Ms
studies, "Strsilecr*, he treats s rel="nofollow">«oh fittdaaeatnl problems me objoetive* of c^er tioa sad lines of operation, whtoh are still important todej. 0«n«ral wn. Seherff, one of the foremost military authors of his time, «T*oiallsed ia theory of w*r. ^esVimowa ie his 13
Theory of iTrosont fl«o Warfar*;.
%.« troAtiM w*« wwdt notiood &t th*
of UMI oonturjr and atlil HF-» *ome slpilfiosaoo. 4s 0«neral d#r InfuuU'/l... ,. ,. „. vox; 'HI use, a i'orto«r atsSstaat of Moltk», aadorotoot It,
Moltko wmtod am exact aistinction to o« rnado
¥otvooa Hapolooa** strategy «m4V.La »%\. Tori Moltko oa|>rosoed this «a follows!
"^triktofiy is at Its bo«t when It sttoooods IB
parts of th« «nqr froa different fronts 1% * short aarch to the 1
flolt MarsttsJ, took, the graatost luterost la TOE. fflwto's 14 , its tasks known taojt* (Berlla, Hit tier, 1«»1), 12 I. von ftrdy ^u Vernolc. "Operational ?»rt IT, ;
m I p-150 and Expedients), lie added ntassrous f*rsoaal notes to the draft of the first edition (1882) that influenced its final shap« to a large extent. to the third edltloo of his book^ttot author stated that von «oltke 18 did not quite keep to the axic* "Divide* »arehf united fight" * Especially during the advance on the Moselle In 1870, h© did not follow this rule. Still, Moltke generally kept to this principle, whereas Napoleon preferred to keep his f'orees together. This vm® their main divergence in the design of their battles. Some chapters of von P3uM*a classic are too meh associated with his period to excite wore than limited Interest today, yet the revo lutionary change during and subsequent to World Vter I, eould not shake the general, theaa of this eoaparthens ive work. It enlarged and aoderal«ed tlie rules of Clausewits and la a precis of Moltke's opinions on warfare. This b ok c«Qstitutea an excellent guide through the vast and complex of Bodera strategy. Oraf ;-chlleffen stressed its valw in the 19 training of higher e mrahal Coliaar rrelherr von cler Oolt» - enjoying early fame through hi* ispressive book «A iation in Araw 8, (Oas ¥olk In Ua fen), terlln, Decker 1883, 1st edition, 20 and through several other well-known studies on military history20^- also aealt with the differences In Fapo!eon*s and Moltke's strategic Methods. This book - his best - Is called "Ww and 17 "ages 302" anOG3 1P "ls\iB«vitz regarded o-peratioBuo of separate araed forces as a necessary evil wMch vowld be advisable only In case of considerable 8uy*rlorlty. 1«J See Ton der Chevallerie, General der Infanterif W« voo Blipi.Mll««4! .« Mitteiluagen, No. 3,1939. 20 €. edition 1925 revised ""ran Rgsabaeh until Jsna". (fgo Eoaafoach bla Jena). Ber 30a "• r 'Insitftnce lin Mlttler 1906 *?roia jefia untiiT'rettsSlsGn-'lylaa", van Jena bis s- :r®&ssl8cn-%'latt;lj after 1906
VB § T"-15G
" "" "
'
~9&~
Generalship*1, («ri f uad KserAjeiuruaf), Berlin, Decker 1901«
It is »asi*r
reading than r'!a,u»ewits conveying hl» ideas to the reader all the MOM Mid shows the progress !n modern varfare up to the beginning of the 20th eentary, Its value for instruction is considerable Von -ier Dolts, considers both jaethods equally valuable.
Bi bio opinion
the decision whether to ftaeeafcle separate forces b»for« a battle, car act until the actual battlefield was rsaehed depended on the amount of uncertainty in a giren eituatloa. Napoleon separated his foroee if he was sure they would co-operate properly, MoltJce preferred Joint actioia under uncertain condition*, Operating on the inner lines had become aoa*e difficult - said Freifeerr von der Colts - than In Napoleon's tiae. The battles lasted lotiger and therefore a Quick success could no aore be hor»d for,
According to his
point of view defense on th inner lines was more difficult to carry out than sirft> an enveloping attack. Be considered attacks' froa several fronts an excel lent & ans to ascertain the own superiority. The department of ntlitary history of the Great General Staff did not see any fundamental differences between Worths»« strate^r and Sapoleon*s aiBthoda. 206
20b rolmar Freiherr von der Goltzi "A nation in Aras, * Berlin, Decker, 5. edition, 1899, p.269. 20c Ber Groese Generalstab, _ ^ er,®ri.t3telb|,| (Success in" Battle^ By " What ans '" In'as It " CtotainedT" in Stiidien ..sur J^-iegSi|e8Chi^ht« «nd_ ^^i^ (Studies oo Military History and Tactics), ^Berlin, mttler, 1903), Vol 3*
KS ? I--1SO
-10.
*t&t*d ia thst 'oltka'g «trat*£? w»* foajideS on that of SapoI«Ott amd only r«ur<s««nt»
'l?t* tnmtis** S«v»lop«d om th« part of th«
a, )»tt«r apyrdclfttion of Clanwivlti ••j^dally hip gg
(The Bul»« of
froa th* Causpv^i^?i» of i, &« wall as hit tr«at modal, aoR*i*J«r*d th*
of his r»fl*otio»». Kit .24 (fh« fow*r
has b««oa« staetd&rd work.
t, for
of .7J«rsouality in
His other Tswiic* will al*o main tad n their let.
for the present, «*j>«claliy X8,« {^f^^^^iJiJ^B^ffl) ^cri^gari^oba^ Bast* of Military :7ucae»s,
on th»
of *'ar
f^tw uos
34
^r»at«r attention was pal* to military psychology after World. ,c«r 1 S«NI 5.S«»««, 3.i J Mittl»r, 1923), F. Altrte&tW Ma ftd of th® , ia V«r I), (Swrlin, Mittl*r, 1933). (.Berlin, Mlttl«r, 1909) t 2fi »«.. Itll.
2S
(3®rliB, Kittlw, 1914).
MS
1-150
-11-
the nineteen,*!* and twentieth eeatwies), and .KrJe£jxnd Po^i («r«r «»d Politics). All of lTeyt«ie--orla4feovea t 8 "book* have be©a 3«aeral s. van 3ahllehtt»£, held is high astoMJ by Moltfcft because of Ms cleverness, agreed with freiherr voa A*r Golta in the opinion that th* inner lines Rave lost their former sapdriority yet &e d«anad» & clear distinction btttweea the two methods,
fon Scfellchtin^ pr«ferre
stratefie aethods by far, sinee Holtk«*s rola not feo eolieot fei? forces until their arrival on the actual battl«£rotmd had b«co»* decisive for the oosimand of great armies* General VOA Sehlichtln^1 • fondrjaaatal rules for co*Ka*nd stood la
ajoieon1 * principles.
Aeoo-rdiag to hi« the i»«ue of & battle, *inoe Moltlc«*«» tiae, hs4 became the i;s;afldiat« consequence of previous o>er&Uoas. He stressed this fact in Ms book falttlaoj^e |^4 str&te^^y^g ••»ritftii>.Si» itjiie d« m& Strategic i'rtaoij.ies of fodey). the plans for & b*ttl«
E*rli«r operations 4«ternrtne4
that deprived tha old Napoleonic order of
10 battle of *sy valiMi.*" " Sohli eh tine's soaewiiat narrow-ialnded rulew"
had
an influence on contemporary t&inldaf "aut
27
Se* p 1 Foota»t« 1.
.. . -. (Oeneral wen Sehlichtiiig aaA hi a Work), (B«rlia,_ Meeker, 191S) 29 (3®rli», Uittler, 18t7.f°). p 91. 30 The operations at t?lm, Jena, etc., contradict the«* «tr,te»»nt9. 31 Becnll ^ehlicbtinc> e 80->«»lled seven won
.12. VOB Sehli»ffen, In a^ftajaajat with Irtih«rr vsa dsr 'Joltse, rsfu»»d to '4 eriv« -jay Bpwaial aetiiod from HQltk* 1 * mzam«r of COR ducting a, e>rj"Ucm«. ii« voioed bis opiiiiott s.t the e*at*ttary of Holtke's "teirtlidsty, **»'«* do not. B*thod, && only tt«8i*» t ou» |J4rtitnilur »to|w s^*j>( , but a. ny of
a w*^ w&« found baok to Clan **ul tit, -«^o had ««i4, "I'h«r» t*r« no laS« of rul»« for waanuvariOfc, no «*^i0rai ..rlacipie can ,
"*2 the actica* a*c«8«j»ry. B "
v»n s«dill«ff«a first pufeli*h«d his »trat»glo td»m» in th«
of j'lttld Operations aKi Kiiltsry sci«i»fi«).
Aft*r hit d«a>t& in
^'lZ, ';-.cse Articles s^aared to«;0tucr with other ascaya in a tii«o voiw wntitled C^t^f.
iatar, t^n ^orid^od edition of this book v&
Juhlieff«& did. not v&at to tt!.;.ch tiiliii-ry history, iaspir;:tion frca it cad ao more. hictcric,J. accuracy;
'.o took Ma
He «&d .cot attach great importsaice to
his trout iao:s fiCcordin^y, **i-e not
ful to student* of militarj' history,
-he iublia&tions of the
ou the Tiirious caapmiin* offer aor« r«li«ible sources in information. .-iehitsffaii'tt principloB, alaont iaTartably r»oo«ra»ndiutf the envelop! a« attack as isolutiers,, fo«nd Htt«r anwd««.
Oraf G. vo
F, voa 3^niiarli, *ud several others chwrj,«d biw '4th iuir 32
Clauwwdita, 7^_JCrle,
MS * IWiSO
Goaorsd TOB Schliehtin* *roa doelavod that Sshlioffoa wao aiai&i «P **» hiatorloal period* and did not derolop Woltko'* coaco^ tions %»t ehan«*d 33 thoe aooov&iim to hi* ow* idoao. Baaing hio flow* on tho outieos* of tho hattlo of Loathoa, Gr&f von Schlioffon triod to provo iahi» work, ffnmflf, that tho onrolo^eat wa* tho stronfioot and aoot offoetivo fon» of att&ok. It wao sot quite correct to ««y, *• ooao did, that Moltho taught v«r Iwt Schlioffon. » «foaifio font of w@r. In ordor to approciato Mo ido«« it lo aoeooaaxy to look at tho taokt that ho oot f^r tho conoral »taff offioora and to ooaoidor tho roporto of tho arnraal taottcal conforonoos of tho Oroat Ooneral l report* woro paali^tod a* tho IMan»twy»Qhriftoii Aon Qonar (3»rrto« MftuaU* of Hold Mars*.*! -r«f von ''chliwff«n) 0«n«r«l Staff of tho Anqr IB 1937. ftugr thow how SoMioffon «trn«Klod with the pjwfcloa of fitfhtlng •cstfluit «a mumf of laporior ttroagth. B«oauao of Oowwny1 * coograpMoal po aitIon. op«rf*Un« on Imowr liso* •o«t«d to offor tbo only ehaaoo in * H«j^it a«alii*t @A «nv»lop«ont fey a •*ip«rrior •ooaf.
Tho ia&er UBO« enablod tho voakor to prevail, at tho
crttieal opot and to OVOTOOMI %gr inoroasod w>WHty tho droadod "on tho 36 staroh* of JYodorioic II. ^dok s,ad oowjploto viotorio* woro roiialrod, howoTor, and. ia opposition to Iroihozr TOO dor Oolti, 3chlioffo& coa•idorod thoto po»*i*lo if ho fcopt .triatly to tho «xa^plo of tho battlo 33
Froihorr voa Oafli Qoftfya^ ..fffii .,?o|iAI
MS f F.19Q
-14.
of i*ath*n, H* ftfforit* Bod*l. of isilltary M«t»*3r*»
9t% ft* «aaa & H«a)e *tt««Jc,
ho eon«ld«r»d A #**** w^erlority in
lndl«pen*abl«. An "ordinary
To uttalli suet a daratttiU
lag victoryt Scftll*ifen •&id ( tho woonf svcuit not bo iftttjackttd. ^jy ons or two arwy oorp« tot tgr oa« or Mrorfcl &rmi»». nt
flank of
oppo»«a*
of the ea»pl« of Ul», of
tnolr thrtuit mift aot b« dlroatod
hln !!»•» of r«tr»at "In lattatloa winter cnapalgii 1907, aad of i«4«a 18*.
a?
Mao*
Th« d«»crlpfeion of la M« %•»*, __ of th« Art of Vlarf aro a« «5ohli»ffo» how to boat % auperlor
gr Political "with eta ia«d«
It aw«k0a«d In Ida th* coaoo^t of tlw dmfel* •oTolo^aont, »Alch ho late wa At took from four «ld*s.
Xt i» aot only tho
party that oaa »}>S)ly th* G»aa«* n§tAoA» for*, 1» aot «»sltt«tir*ly a «*an« for th* rlohi off*r*d a ohaao* for »ao9**«.
Th* *nv*iojf-aeat, th* «*«k*r foro* it al*o
Hov*v*r t 3chil*ff*n ooont*d & lltti* too
5chli»ff*n «»« «moh too »voad «&ad*4 aot to
that th* Idea of
. .. 38 Conna* could aot B* appli*d la *vwry tituatloaj h*
la hl« tmnks, for 26
39
-oalliwr, * ^oh^i efforts ( SeaU*f f*a*» * M«rl U4?e;, wi«3«n«2hAftlloh« Ittadsehan, 1938, p 17.
27 IM&'t .I^^Hl^ffill • &9®3>* IP 17*18.
38 Variout ooa<Wtloa» conld mmdftr tH» Cfuina« nethod ia«ff«ctiT« for *x«apl»( S-.ftCO.
3S
;l«a fh* fectlcal Conf«r*BC*u of th* U«neral staff of 1«3? and a» vail fc» th* ?.oollMr, S«hll«ff»o» ?«m««ehtoiii, • pj» 30.31, M.
MS * P-15Q
But He leapt hl« penchant for *«»«lopa«at and attack, probably ia order to train the antiy for offeottw op<*r
3f**«f%h«i*»t his twMStolng* «m»t
not fee interpreted to aean that th» ejw*loj.
Th« oo^aador't *na initiative will deter«in« tti* ehoie*
of th« toast aethod. aid not set auch «tor* in Koltke'a «q^«i«l9t«d awthod of »«p»ratioB until thw b«ginxtiBfi of th« batUo.
^th th* gr«»t
of l«ti«3r it wouid oft«i not be pos»l rel="nofollow">>l* to »%«nr*t8 th* Uie aa««aWLy or to k«aj. the* teparatod *ortB« tfewi ad,v«n soluUo* |^rop0M4 V Schliaffoa va« to *5raJS«» in iinoi a«ain*t tho m ^atl i«t Ubt protnudSac flaak» yl^ot «c*ia*t tho hottil* floak*. a«»id ;: r«',.-*turo pivotlag. «ad *« a raiult »a»» th« troop* oafor* tha enangr liao». The prlaelple* he propfigfitad mat with «qro«t attontioa.
They e,p;»«Ar*A
to K«ui/ allltaxy «ttthor» as h«rtn^ ipr««t«r praotienl TAlao than Cl«m,»awit* 1 a pointa of rt*v »tue« they wttro oonoarna* with th* queatioo of th* •tm^l* *4pai&»t a superior opponant -«. it <|a*ctt«o of «9»oi»l ia^ortane* for The operational training40 vhiah Schlioffon geev* to tha Oraat Ganaral Staff fouad a rich reward.
Doria« rferld War I it prodt*o*4 * greater
uniforadtjr of oplaion on priRcipal quautioa* of eoaaaad, at leaat the aajority of hi^er oottna&dertt, than had betm tit* ea»* during the wars of Onifie«tion. 40
^t^gft ^ur ^«|^sf«ttf^^,|e yg-d, ?ph^tit: (Stttdi*» oa Military wid Taotioa){BCTiia^ >flttl*r ,l90Cuiff14} should •!•» t» nentloned here.
-IS-
S # JC1BO
all tho work* or. aodera w-.r:fare, Sohll *££•*'• staKee. te.vmx.ic.
In a&dltioi. to Ida aw?. .?r*iherr
Cernwsdofcorst Troihefr vofc Stelte»iihftUi«a should TM> $!»•» special >*oa r->lkimhB,w,t«m ooctt|4«4 hli&celf mni&ljr with tfa» problaaw cr*x.t«d fey aodar& »«,aa &rniQ«.
wraT von ScMieffsn also wrote about thi» 41
"iCrleg la d«r lines, for lust&nce. In his »»nsar*4g' (On tlui Maaa nd e V«ber 4ie Killt«Ms««l»«r»* Jan* 1511.
la th* flr«t treat! •• ScW.leffeR ttlll fw^coned on a war of
short duration, althou^ witb longar battl*«.
the y»&eon» he gave for A
short war (higia •laaderd of «<jonoEajr, etc.) afterward*, la fact, prov«4 % t.vj&as tc continue the
»ith uc.ex,-satad, evmv«u«simite4 force.
"ou Fuliomhauswa1 * f|r*t l>uok for
ar) i^oqiudn
43
fuar daati
{ tr
the recder v4th th« ohuracterlatics of •44
nne hi a fa»K>«f5 work Ber
fheee
fi ctvifiy on %^e aoTemeat of tit. us arsde*, i» still worth His ottier two books, Il&nketibciiMigaa^ und >e»wmheare end M&at Armlec), Irl g^fuaiunang aqd .yij,»*%yai^|p| (war and Sol»ac«), n. .:Utlcrl»13, «tlll dfc.«rre thorough ntudy. The 46
the
¥«r I for prop«£p»da, aK&in*t C-crsMucy. n-.entlcn: 41
other books th« frl loving 4T
(The
42 lbi€., Jtee, 1SU. 43 (Berlla, 1903-04} a 44 {Berlin, Wittier, 1911) 3d «d. 46 (S»rlljt, Hlttler, 1911.) 46 1. v«tti Jiarnhturdl IMUI b»owie famous through his «o-c«»ll«(i Wc tr?.-t«£y ai»r.ut«" vlth /Tof»»«or -Tan« 4?
MS $ £.100
of Modem •far) and tH» oo*j>r*k*a*lv* and powerful work Yoa hguttflt*
(On K*
th«
y*ar« b«for« ^»rld Waor I, bviMTer
of
iaclud«d &4m«ral 0, iron MOMT «ad
?«t th» B«Jorlty
of ailitary loading p.«rson«aiU»i, wbo reaalaod aog«UT«. ?h«y did not
to it IB nUltsry hintory, that, in a futon w»r with It*
•xtoadod front*, flttmtioa* would iMMMM*atil]r orise
would
Oa» of th« no«t o«t*t«idijD£ of th»
H«o>»«iamda (?|aart«rlj' torlow fojf Op«r*Uon« «ad Milftaxy S«lo«oo), pabli»hod by tho 9»*at Q«a«ral Staff during th» y«ur« 1904-14. ?h* «rtlol«* w*»* of « hlgfe «tandard and offered « Y«»y «P>od outline of th« preW.«a» of tho
and it*
ttodont eaa draw from Hum aaah u««fal iafeyaatioa.
48 (Berlin, Klttlar, 191O.11 . ) 49 Th« r*f«rwur of tit* 50 Al*o to B* aoatlonod 1st a^»ehiokUloho .fiBKels f ten Oft . Kitti*r, 1684-1914) and putoll»h«d tbgr til* &r*»t CHm«ral Staff.
-IS. 3
imuraa Aim W had to tO
from ruint. fho ttroDff inflaoBoe of tho Ooaoral Staff* whieh haft divbaadod •aaawhllOt aonlA no longer »o eottato* wpoa. Tho Memoir* of tho leading general* *tirro4 vt& many critical cut si oat, eopooially on OOXMBB otratoflf daria* tho woe a»d on tho parti, eipatioa of tho General Staff at a oau*o of tho war. DoftoaTal Sri oh dorff' * hook, Molno ,^ri«
(«xo ^roao Cooamad Ifa,4-I91«i Sooaatlal Booolunoat),
a doop i&ti^it late tho *tra%ogl« idoao of hoth ««x, o*pocdally into tho diffioaltio* thoy haft to ovoroowt* AMP valxto of tho to hook* io of a historical aatwo* ItmiAu^offf^o first hoo^c io ttti^ ; is-ssjiifOd work* gytoaadap. dor ooartton Hooroolol ^nntf (2oc«a«nt» of tho la tho lattor otwdy ho oappert*i Moltic* 1 * opinioa la to far a* politico aro aaid to haw a diolaivo iafluoaeo oa tho nojtoat of «a«in&in« «nd on tho noaout of «»din« tv war. Ao for tho ro*t, tho Hold Karohal doMadod full lifcorty of aotioa for tho myrmm military oo»»aa4ar suod ^ontoa hi* to act Independently of politic*. 5 Kaiser Williao 12 oipreated the toae opinion in tho follovtnc drattio woardai "^olitioiaaa havo to shut ap in wartimo cmtll *trmtogjr alloy* thoa to talk again.* 8
(3orli&, Hittlar,
S a«j*raiob*rtt I. roa So«kt aajrt ia Mo Ooo* _______________ («.»flec«ioJ» of a SoIeUar) (L.ipal*. ioehlor, 1938, 3d «d) that "War it notidag ^ttt a eontiattatiett of for
m# lowewr, %*34 MAT S pf»T«A .tLaaaoudt* 1 * clasHeal ao&tonoo tiraoi
"aar IB tout a continuation of politio* witb otfcor tttaao.*
ifoil ti o*l factor* *ro «oro Uiport&at thaa Military ]nlnai#lot sillt&ry «wsoog*oo do not almty* oolvo th» pollHoal jirobleraaj
th«
i* the 9«rr«nt of foroign i*li«y. itill, Ludonclorff'o book «howod tlw olOM relation* !»%«••» |tolitl«« m& strategy mi troatodl thi* probl« ftrom Toriou* anglos. Lud«idorff ia D*r totale Xriog6 (Ituk itttttl aar) tt**w»d that v*r, a* a «ttt«ol war of oxtoralaatlon of tiMi »»ti«NB» iavoiirod, o ^aotlior eh!5jr»otor than In foraar tiao.
Boooaw of thlo,
prlnolplo of tho disparity of wars i» roadornd obaoleto: total my 4*MKid« ft totnlitaxlaa polifljr **•& is pO*ootl»o.
and
So olniaod,
thoroforo, th»t ailita»y end aot j oil U eel &uth0rttlo» »ho«ld tako prola wi«rttao*
0 tho chArz^tor of tot«l war * -usar 7 aoroy * «afortua«toly h*ro INMNI, fwrtflod by tho kind of
by all ttie parUoifatlog afeUoa*. Hio A»erlca« Ctnil W«r had 8
f
(Ruench«, 1936.)
Soo aloo J» Birohor m& Cla« Cxvoh^Joe&boirfi, grtoa: giyiO
that tho Jva«rloan n«r of Indopoadoaoo and t)M Asorloim woz« *nytaia|? liko total war io a «ro«o «4«lnt«rpr»tntlco.)
m # F.IBO «howa aiallar foatw»»» tot Cioraaa ailit^ory vrit«r* did &ot draw tho aonolttaiOB* froa their stauiio*.
Lud«ttdorff'« rorolatioaary ldoa» on total
war and th» otrmtoty portainim<| to it not with violoat oppooitioa free tb» rmblio. Pjofaaaoy Ha*« SJolfcroook, otpocially. attaefcod i*tfa*Aorff*o •tratofflr violently aad act alw»y« fj«it« fairly.
D«11mx«ok, rotvmlni!; to of
r«pro«oh*d Ludo»A»Tff for liMtac «i
10
D«lbru«*fc's Mo*t oat»t mdiaf book, tr«aelat*oUtictd. -ilitory).
It
th»erio« of MMT and tho r«l&tiou» ootvoon «trat*«r «id politics;
y«t IB
•pito of it» ooTvrak int«ro*ti&i$ Idea*. oaJgp * hl»torl«u will think it . it« taoMBcl&turo i» boia« ssuoh contested. S. Motto, in bi» horr&
12
(On tho Spirit of Ooroun Hilitary Loik4o»»}. ex^lain^d tho {.rinoiploo
of tho «pro*t OOXWHI militflory thinkort aa,
no ao~
kcovlodgod tbo gottimo of Sfl4uwmhor«t, Cl«o«owlti, sad Holtlco, tout ho ovoro«tia%%o4 ^hlichtiag, Gulling hi» «a opponont of '>ir«f YOU Sehlioffom and * custodian of Cltnoewiti't an* Moltk«*« harit«««. f)io sdliUry quail tioo dor
. Tol If, pp 491 and 514? on tho history of ttrato^jr » ypa Sria^a. tol ?, ^apt 2.6.
10 H. ^llmMMSk Krigji; ,^4 ft>^itik ^,»14»_^. (war sad ^olitiao (Borlla, 5tllie , 19^J. SM» ftloo fowritosr t I. 3ol»rao«le, oia Fortraot. maler (Kwjit ^«lbru«o-. a Paiat«r of Fovtraltc) (Berlin. Kittlor, 1V22). 11 <-:".,
m of ffcllemhaam, Hiaftoritarg, m& IxuSmfartt «r» toHfttiMc ««umy»4 ia with SailmiSMsSK1 * vi*vo.
fh» b®«Je» howowr, ftamlahes Iny;OT%«n% k»lp In t!i©
<wr«dw»tieii of th* aajor j>w>W,»«* of wyr «n4 la •tndptttg w*r fr&m a
prter to
ofton -.tie-
X, pn»bl«m« of war
3ut net until «ft«r th» w*» ^11 4 a r«all]r ww^niMAAf* adlltary litwratuy* oa thi< fccjilc 8«n» into *xlHt«xa<. It t« aot tf tat«Tae%i«»»X inpa a« 16 tre&l«4 audjtii/ t^nuui |»robimi«.
}.
'l'h« IMUUnAaf Iwoka ovg^l to
4.
book
wa««d ant th« iafl «y.
in Oowtun la tii«
13 (Airlin,
14 (Serlla,
10
If
that they US
book,
the
of 1P06 wa» to
the
;t ;
for tho f«llw« In Frs.«»«« tit 1914 v*» often dl»mi«*»d lltor«ttir». IVoe the S«HHN>IM pobllestlon* which oom«« to atnt •«p««rlally tH« book 16
, 1S34.) *d.
I).
-2S.
4s Ms ia .*. *p la 1939.
v^«f^l«ttt»«g*t «,.&. rfilholw Gre«n*r, «R open *w5wlr«r of oadwa«tif«ly <4m SebU«£fta fo; IteM la ami&tion ntsoo^ •Rp«rl*.
In hl» work,
Q«if <8rwf SeJ>Jieff«i«« «11 a»A
to a certain
of tha «tw!y "ftMUIKi1*» -"ift of th» »rror8 of tbe Caytw
of o|»eT tioan. h*r« »9t h*
OR ••eotia* of thatr «rr»ralsh»d Ijsawguage, "•m«a®r**!
ith riol«n% 19
, #«p«ol«lly frwa tfc« leader* vhos* utttdy m «dilt«r7 oli«gr If th» former
ftf th» A9*r High Comfit, 0«««r«l dtr Iofaat*rl« -uT). ia CoNdittm) In of *|*etal i«I«rtaao« today.
fl^« V**? ifsstfcraottl* |)«W.leati»» g|v»t v^duftble hint*
for th* aoiuiion of Hi* pr»Mttt
fh*
th« i>*ri«3« of M.«m.ff«lc «&S Moltka *« ««11 a*
'!&» H»;, (ilerUa,
flitter ell
:*or!4 W«ur I, lfI4}. '( Berlin 1938)
of
-23-
US » lu
der lafaaterie a*ft» H. voa Kahl describes with aa expert pen the accomplishments of the genaril staff in peace a&d war.
ike title of
his boos is 'fler Dmtsche t^neral-Btab ^ y»rtMpitaajg| ^^ ^*re.h.faehjpua^ &§a 21 irfejtkriegea (The Oeraaa General staff ia *b» Preparatioa aad Execution of .;orlf]
&r X).
Oberstleutnaat a.I>. 't. Iberstor ia his atvdy, ^as der fljedankfl^wer^the Heatal Workshop ef the Oeaeral Staff), shoved act only the traia of thoagat ef the (Jeraan Staff but also of the Treaoh end Russian staff* before World War X aad ait tec.
axaet
of *a« problen of a twe-frea* WMF.
ia 2. correct light the achiereveata of the geaaral staff.
Beta book* 23
Gericraloberst a. VQB Seakt p«kiiea*d a avavber of well vrittea studies aad books,
"hey represented the revolt of lea* experteaee aad aatiriag Sooe of them are still north
(Mot eat f i*adership), K-« well aa 25 Oat ~~ (Germany betwecm Weat and ii»*t) aad (lafleetioBS of A Soldier), ia the last book, speakiag of the Value of i. he expreeced the opiaion that their efforts and sacrifices 21 (Berlin, 1930, 3d ed.) 32 (Berlin, Mittl*., 1921.) 23 Bu» Cteraan offieial handbook, Ser ¥eltkriag 1»14>191^. oaly cor»r» the years 1914-1017. The neoess&ry docixssnte fer the descriptioa of the year 1918 were destroyed ay aizwraide in IMf. (fee aathor it in error. The ai'torlcal Mvisioa aat discorered that the last volttae of this •eri8« itetu&lly exist* la oae oor>y ia proof page fora. A microflln of thie oae copy alee exists in the Library of Qeagress ia (B41tor's cot«) 24 (Berlin, Weiteana, 1929. ) 28 26
(Hamburg, fiaaser.ti *ohe TeTla^B»n«tal%, (£,eip«i«, ko«hl«r, 1926.)
M* * *
&ro oat of proportion to tho rooalts •»£ only load to & war of 2h« taato Voeowoo InooHi* oiUI oaa not »«»««»or My lo^er:
it
only crush.
ri.iu -4«h«rt»c, ^rofoooor *% th» Univtrottr «f Berlla, teolt ly with
, In
of its u?at*B}* aftd sonllnn^l the tr-iln of
of th« gptat
u
ta M« »tm4r JtiHD^ttaMOtti (^lUtnr
to mill tary ^
la 4o«p«r
*nd v*w>
o& tho 6ouor&l AOT ZK fan tori o n.~>. tho followia« ^Poblmoi
at
. Srfttrtfe 1ro»t«d ia hit
(1) Tho iaportaM* of nrpfioo la var in J3L1
OffroyratfffiBf |n Irtago (fte Ifanmt of Svrprioo t» V«r);
(2)
Tho ooaj.aoto
<So*tr«elion of tho oootqr la ono*«tA ^attlo m& tollQ«l&& orHnr^tloao In 28 (3)
(fletoiy lgp! AaalMlattoa, A itttfcr «• CSooporatloa of Soparato &naloo)t fteo f««toro **ioh new
33
to Idotoriosl e*woploo Irfnttti pro-rod la tho first book thut oron today farprls* lo » d»ed«lTo Atotor loir H«tory, tout with, ttia growth 28
, Kanooatlottto Verla««>Juchh,aili»K, 1936.) (Borlin, mtUar, 1»W,) Jhlo oad tho followltt« book v«ro trtoioiatod torlc^ *orld «i«r II. Hut first in tt»o Itaitod Btaftoo and tho «ooon4 i tho .;oTl«t Union. (Borllft, KiUler, 192?.) (BwrlU,
»t f K.110
of ami** and th* looker duration of -battl**, tt b»t tooox* mvi 4HLfftmlt. %• s*«md took tar*fct*d * aUdlrj- safejaet «* dl* ih* afol^tyffoLe (f«ne*ti«i la B«IU«}
yttWi»h*4 If tb* ®«rat« Ssneria fluff.
It «l«ilo*e
on i*l«h th« realisation of * lie***? 4«i>«ad» uadtv pre««nt Aay condi « f n«, As & re««it «f M* t%udd»« iSrfurl book the 4id»BRt««M «ftft flltaAvsjitoflo* «f aandl tlon«» Mtttd tlMMWIf c«noJud«« iho dl«e«t»flffiB of e subject
In th*
of th» If4®,
of to th« vowr
lrft»rth,
at any r&t*, still oo»«t4ir»A a d««ltl«m to flalsh & w«r ^dotdy, S&MNI it
ao*t to ooaalvd* * *f*
f«x>o (tfe*
by of
, In his »o«»»^i d«f«n»o vlth nil ft* p099lMliti$t.
3X ~ Use VttlawnifeUity of ccwsMnlcr^lon* by aisutaid* w»d tiie e^loltttltwi »f tit* iaA*r lln»9 la *o*!4 ^MMr II. froa th« SAB% to ItjO? In «nt«m iM3 took at l««st four w»«k« of th« aomel tia* *f tp-u day*. All r^ll *«fc#
net ow
*i
10
-€ f sn
-27-
i. * Clon**vitx, carl **m, IhiiJfriafii (On »•»). . first «6ittoft, 18 32-3..,atAth **ttioft. Milk «ft latrixhiction If Ov*f Tea SobUtffen. ____rixte*nlh •dltion, Soa», Uwl«r» 19W. * Moltk«, S«l»«th, Oraf %IVM«. i-ttkli«J X. MilttiMMrl Mil* Serr»*r If. WLttl«r.
v >p«cl«l ?«Wi«»tloa« by tfe»
(;-Hjltie» in
jfenHNttioJi of Op«r»tioit«. ImrUa.
l*r, 1904.
•Tork
.
*»rILu, mtn«r, 1@0@«
shi v) , F. IQA Two 1 Hi* parlod
OrooyiO. Staff. Military m 9*0*7).
, 1901.
Vef Jtyutl^ai
IVo Volume ».
Wltloft. (On Modtrm
Berlin,
coaUian two very «*l««r«lr« lltl» of ^ook* r oo« S &&& th* elfttr for
-28.
MS
*
(9* Tewtr of 9<M0»i fcttttoa. i»ll. 1813-1614 (The f 1813-1 ;-H;.
avw
Third
. 199S.
Works). Bwlln,
Ittlw. 1S13, Two vol.«««.
, 190S-U. MJLJtAlf W0» AffBt WCHLD KJJ!
XSff Of
II.
*ad
a Wear and Mar
Xtx, A.
, M|tU«r, 1924.
. y.
- lan for the
1S?U1WO)
(Th. » •f
Sdltioa, 1934.
(Oraf SoMl«ff«i'« ,111 Uoa, 1990. Lrd iWltlou, 1930
.
Berlla,
. B«rUa,
MS *
-19C
ftuv Peliey »n4 Ktlttavy
.
Bwrlim,
for , Slue* ifSC-
(0« th» Spirit of fi«n«r;a*fc&b 4»* H««r»*v
(fit* Moawnt of Bur>si«*
iSrfurth,
of
(B«eiston la •ah&flllah* Rttttd*eh«uv
, 1940.
I.
DECLA
Related Documents
1953 Us Army Wwii German Military Literature 94p.
December 2019 8
1954 Us Army Wwii German Anti Guerrilla In Balkans 94p.
December 2019 4
1953 Us Army Wwii German Experience Desert Warfare 98p.
December 2019 9
1942 Us Army Wwii German Military Training 113p
December 2019 4
1944 Us Army Wwii German Army Company Officer Hndbk 141p.
December 2019 13