1809 The Boy From Pennsylvania

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13 BOY F E O I . : ? I IT IT 3 Y -L V A i\ I A " A Ilo^rf.phy of G-ov. £ohn A. h'a r t i n, 1885-1889 Ah 2ssay for the Fortni ;htly Club of Topeha, Kansas Presented October 29, 1973, by 3 m e s t F. Tonsins

V.'illiaa Irs~_: lurnow begins h i s h i s t o r y of Kansas with these word:.:

"The w r i t e r of Oenesis iooiced b.ck on a golden past and

wrote: '.jad the Lord planted a garden eastward of Fden, . . . a n d a r i v e r went out of Iden to water the garden; end from thence i t was parted and became into four h e a d s . '

Those l i c l e - l o v i n - , slavery-

hetinv pioneers who crossed froja Missouri in the 1650's were c e r t a i n t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n could refer only to one p l a c e .

I t was c l e a r , they

argued, the geographical conditions of Zdeii '."ere the same ss those of Il-nsas.

Ijsny uoderr Tu-nsuns S t i l l enlarge t h i s unusual

g c r i p t u r a l e:-:egesis." (Icrnow, ;.il_iau Lr'-rf:, l i s t c r y of the v - g u a w u _>t'_ ~ e ,

1 9 5 7 , ^:'i ze 5)

Ycur #3scyist has long been i n t s r s t e d in a rich seuue.at of Kansas h i s t o r y , when ecrly co::ers found themselves thinlcing _io .1, :: u S .

t was rei

s year ez.o when he >:le

U_ ^ w„„ _ , ..sJ.

" / J *-i»U ...» --- l»±«a ..__•-._^cr.

(writ; en by his :-ch on the

— z: \* ~ .

The period of whieh v;e speal: i t t h . t from 1857-1389. 1

u 2 - y : : r span, th? i n * : a t \ t a t e suffered ah-:- '. j ? n i e t of b i r t h , overcame growth pairs* of :;reat magnitudt,

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In thlJ

uUU? f -'-n to-mMtuF»—tov.»rd - t-hf;

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time when she was to take a proud place among the other 33 states, a keystone state in the ceuse of freedom.

"To the stars through

difficulty" became her fitting motto, as John J. Ingalls lacer framed it. It was in 1520, when Missouri was admitted as.a slave state, that slavery began to be a threat to the western territories.

The

Kansas-Nebraska Act, signed by President Pierce, Hay 30, 1854, ignited the issue by giving new states local option. As a newsman later wrote, it "made Kansas the Central Figure in a tremendous conflict".

The first territorial Constitution, proposed the next

year, declared: *"There shall be no slavery in this state, or involuntary servitude, except for crime". failed to survive.

This Topeka Constitution

The Leavenworth and Lecompton constitution were

both pro-slavery, and also failed adoption, even though "President Buchanan had declared, "Kansas is already a slave state, as much as 2 Georgia or South Carolina."" Kansas settlers repudiated this remark by rejecting the Lecompton Constitution, 6 to 1. Into the midst of this political turbulence came a young boy from the eastern state of Pennsylvania. He had been born March 10, 1339, in Brownsville, had learned the printer's trade at the' a-~e of 15 in the sho^ of the Brownsville dinner..

V/hen 18

years of age he was in Pittsburgh, a compositor in the office of the Commercial Journal.

In October, 1357, he came to Atchison,

set type for a ahort time for the Squatter Sovereign, and the Crusader of Freedom at Doniphan.

On February 20, 1853, he purchased

the S°uetter Sovereign and changed its name to Freedom's Chamnion. The Squatter Sovereign had besun publication two years before, on February 3, 1856.

Its vituperative editorial policy - 2 -

soon mads it, as its Idzt

editor, C.T.Sgort, remarhed ,Maost renowned

for sustaining border ruffian outrides".

In ;.i"ust of 1856, when six

"flronths in publication, and the same day the association of the town of iktoaison was incorporated, it printed this warning: "V,re will continue to tar and feather, arown, lynch and hang, every white-livered Abolitionist who dares to pollute our soil." The year before, Pardee Butler had refused to sign a pro-slavery statement in ,-itchison. He was lashed to two logs and set adrift on the Missouri river with his barege and a loaf of breed.

Mr.Short prepared

the way tog young Martin, when he reversed the paper's pro-slavery policy, saying: "Upon the people of this territory we shall urge 4 the adoption of free institutions, and the prohibition of slavery." Martin wrote, in the first edition of Freedom's Champion: The undersigned, having purchased the office of the Squatter Sovereign, will continue its publication under the title of Freedom's Champion, h'ith an earnest faith in the principles of Freedom as opposed to slavery in Kansas, ...we shall use every euertion to defeat the accomplishment of th.t great wrong, and to strengthen the principles 5 for which we contend."
clean, strong handwriting and signature of young Martin can be seen today on the original copy of the State Constitution displayed at the State Historical Society. One of John A. liar tin's few political errors was to occur in 1859.

On December 3, the Leavenworth Herald announced:

"The

Hon. Abe Lincoln is on Kansas soil. Ee has spoken at Elwood, Troy, and Doniphan. Last night, he spoke at Atchison. in Leavenworth."

Today, he arrives

The speech in Atchison, on December 2, was not

even mentioned in Freedom's Champion. As Franklin Adams later wrote:

"He could not buook the thought of any encouragement or t i

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countenance given by the people of ^tchison to a rival candidate." His candidate was William Henry Seward.

The young editor was to

be a delegate to the Republican national convention which nominated Lincoln, and became one of his most enthusiastic supporters. Congress, beginning in 1860, took over a year to come to a decision on Kansas statehood. the senate.

It had carried the house, but not

On $anua*y .21, 1361, when Jeff Davis and other Southern

senators withdrew from the floor, Senftox William Henry Seward called for the admission of Kansas. It carried.

President Euchanan

signed the bill that made Kansas the 54th state. On February 22, 1861, the newly-inaugurated President Abe Lincoln raised the first flag with the Hansas st_r over Constitution Hall in ?hil?delphia. Noble r'rentis, in his history of Hansas, says:

The star of H?nsas was

raised above the birthplace of Independence, en the birthday of 3 Washington, by the har.es of ^.inecln, the Emancipator." John A. Martin was 21 when this occurred. Meanwhile, the youthful editor had been elected to the first stats senate under the Wyandotte Constitution at aje 21. He was • barely 22 when the firse legislature met, March 26, 1261. A month _ A .

later, President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to meet the risin: threat of Southern secession. Kansas was assigned a quota of 13,554 men, and was to raise, during the course of the war, a surplus of 5,500.

All were volunteers.

No draft or bounty was

allowed. The young state wag to suffer lost or killed in action Q

more soldiers per 1,000 than any other state in the Union. A disastrous drought struck Kansas in 1359-60, causing great privation, and lasting 15 months. Massive relief measures brought over 7,000,000 pounds of food and other aid from a sympathetic nation.

John A. Martin was named secretary of the

TerritorialfRel^ef Convention, and recorded for history, in the Champion, the sources and disposition of the relief. Although young Martin was a state senator, and had just been named postmaster of ^tchison, the impulse to join-the Union army gripped him and many of his friends.

On June 4, 1861, the

First Kansas Volunteers mustered at Ft. Leavenworth. the Eighth Kansas was organized.

On October 20,

The commander of the Eighth was

Col. Henry V.'essels, a West Point graduate, but the chief organizer and second in command was Lt. Col. John A. Martin, then 22 years old. He and. his regimental compatriots did not know that the 8th Kansas was to bec;me one of the most respected units of the •riT-'.r.- of the Cumberland, the only Kansas regiment in that command, and one of only several Kansas 'units to see action beyond the Ken ::.s-Missouri line.

Ordered oO Corinth, Miss., in May, 1862,

Martin was elevated to commanding officer upon the natural death of the then commander, Col. ?:. K. Graham, at St. Louis. . In November, he was made a full colonel at the age of 23. The 8th did occupation duty at Mashville for six months, where he was named provost mar-shall. The citizens, upon his leaving, presented him a gold sword in appreciation. - 5 -

His command entered the spotlight of Civil War service when, on September IE, 1863, near Chicamauga, two small brigades, 6n-e the 8th, fought alone, in heavy woods, against two Rebel divisions.

After two days of combat, over 60 percent of the 8th

was dead or wounded, causing the survivors to retreat to Chicamauga. A month later, the 8th captured Orchard Knob, which was to become the headquarters of Generals Grant and Thomas during the coming assault on Missionary Ridge. Two days after the Orchard Knob engagement, the 8th took part in thetfierce battle for Missionary Ridge. Along with the 6th and 49th Ohio brigades, they overran Rebels dug in at the base. 7/ithout orders to do so, they decided to move to the summit, where the 8th was one of the first to plant a flag.

The assault and * -

capture of this ridge turned the course of the war for the Union. Martin later quoted General Gordon Granger as ssyin:: to his "victorious soldiers, whose courage and enthusiasm had carried then, without orders, up the blazing heights: 'Here you are, but how did you get here?

You v;ere ordered to take the line of works

at the foot of the ridge, and you have taken those on the summitJ You ought to have known you couldn't take this position.

You are

here in defiance of ali military rules, of tactics, and of orders, 10 and I am goin;~ to have every one of you court-martialedl"' M0thing came of the threat. \£ien the 5th was finally mustered out in 1366, it had traveled 1C,750 ..dies, se:.ved in four Union field armies, participated in 15 battles and IE skirmishes.

It had lost 64 killed,

272 wounded, and 21 missing. Nearly all of the missing were found to have been killed, end a third of the wounded died. - 6-

Liar tin was to lose one brother, James, by diease, in the war, at Stevenson, -'-.labana. He v,as a member of the 3th Kansas. Upon discharge, Col. Martin, ax the age of 25, was made brevet Prip^dier 3-ener_i. die had named John J. In :c lis act in; editor of Freedom's Champion during his absence.

In January, 1885, he resumed the

editorship, and. in Uarch, changed the v/eelily paper to the •i-tchisen pL»il" Champion. Durinj the ne::t several decades, John Alexander Ida r tin found himself, as a private citizen, involved in locrl, state and l

national politics, bux alvrays as related to the welfare of his adopted state. He became mayor of Atchison in 1865, and was postmaster for 12 years. He was to complete 25 consecutive 2/ears as chairman of his county Republican co:rlixtee, which he had organized in ICcC. He VJ&.S elected commander-in-chief of the Teter^ns Brotherhood of iktns&j,

In 188?, he and le^din- Repub-

lic ns organised the caup-izn in favor of ITevro and against v/omen's suffrage. He v;as a delegate four tines to national Republican conventions. He -..as one of the incorporators of the ;n;> a Id ;::i:e, and an incorporator and president, in 1S75, of the"itcte Historic! loclety he helped brinj into deinj in 1S75. Ofl June 1, 1271, he -..as married to Ida C. Shulliss, eldest

Prentis, in his History of Kansas, noted:

"Kansas, in these

for .-native years, demonstrated the fitness of the American .^. Republic's form of government. Without charter or grant or proclamation, the homeseeking thousands selected the places for their rooftrees and fires, organized the institutions of govern12 ment, commended order, and established justice."

In a speech

at the Quarter-Centennial of the admission of Kansas to the Union, Liar tin was to 3ay: "The growth of Kansas has no parallel. The great states of New York and Pennsylvania were nearly a hundred and fifty years.in attaining e population Kansas has reached in 30 years."15 By 1380, 3,104 miles of railroad tracks had been constructed. Abilene was a cow town from 1866-1372, where Wild Bill Hickock and other marshalls held forth.

The legis-

lature, in 1831, passed the Prohibition law, which Martin voted against when it was ratified by the citizenry. Although he was suggested for governor at the State Republican cor.ven-cion in 1873, John ?. 3t. John won the nomination. Blackmar's history of Kansas says:

"For years (Hartin) lied a

laudecle embiticr- to be chief executive of his adopted state, but he ;;:iev." Vjov; -co v;ait and prepsre himself for the duties of "the office in case he should be called to fill it.

The cf 11

c.uue in 1834 when he v.'cs nominated anS triumphantly electe;.." The boy from Pennsylvania had attained, st 45 years of age, wh: t he crnsidered his highest honor. He v.rs inaugurated the 10th governor of Hvu-ac, J:nu:ry 12, 1S35. He v.as re-elected in 1££6. Cne of his appointments that first term was Daniel "..". '..'rider, as executive clerk to the governor, who was to become the distinguished editor of the comprehensive "Annals of H-nsae, ieU-1365;!. - 3 -

During his tv.:o terms, events of historical import trooped through his office. He personally crbitrated the Missouri Pacific strike of 1635. '.Then the legislature, thet year, authorised organisation of the Kansas National Guard, he became the first commander-in-chief. supervised establishment of

r

The sane yecr, he

rational Soldiers Orphans Home

in ^tchison, and of the state Reformatory for young offenders at Hutchinson.

The year 1366 saw the first board of dentistry

appointed, the State Soldiers Home at Dodge City established, and Haskell Indian Institute opened at Lawrence. Uartin was succe..iful% in bringing the United States Soldiers Home to Leavenworth, and secured the Nctional Cemetery at Fort Leavenworth.

In ten months of 1366, 94 new towns were

chartered, and 453 railroad charters filed in the^office of the secretary of stc-te, resulting in 1,520 additional miles of railroad track built in that 10-month period. Governor Martin enthusiastically supported public and private education.

In 1337, many institutions, some still

functioningj opened their doors: Midland College at Atchison, Bethany at Lincsborg, Kansas V/esleyan at Salina, the Hiawatha ^cademy, Central IT0rmal at C-re.t Bend, Bethel of ITswton, and 3*« John* 3 Military academy at gslina. alone, 312 schoolhouses were built.

In 1337

"Visitor3 to Kansas",

says Brentis' History, -''were impressed v.ith ths beauty and co.sfoit of the buildings provided for the education of the children."15 Me have noted th. t John ---. Martin had earlier opposed woman's suffrage.

Twenty years later, in 1337, he and the

legislators reversed this stend. - 9-

The governor signed the

woman's suffrage bill, February 14, 1387, making Kansas the first state to give women the right to vote for city and school officials.

The next spring, Mrs. L'ec.ora Salter was elected

mayor of ---r^onia, perhaps, as Prentis says, "the first women in the world to hold the office".16 In another year, five towns in Kansas had woman mayors, Argonia, Oskaloosa, Cottonwood Falls, Hos^ville, and Baldwin. Kansas was a beehive of experimentation and discovery in the '80s.

Salt deposits were discovered in 1887 by oil

crews drilling near Hutchinson. Kansas quickly became, and still fs, «ne of the foremost producers of fine table salt in the world.

Natural gas, an oil-well product, discovered

near Fort Scott, came into use for light and heat, one of the first star,e institutions to use it being the State asylum at Ossawetomie. One of the more bizarre experiments took place in a French colony in PrankLin county, called Silkville, which raised silk.vorms and spun thread for eastern mills. The "Annals of Kansas, 1886-1925", notes that, in 1386, "hundreds of women and children were engaged in the silk 17 industry."

In 13S7, the official silk station was located

in PeMoody. .'. letter written September 24 from the silk station ao Governor Martin says: Governor:

"Kcn.John ... Martin,

I 'oez to inform your honor that among the fruits

of the Manses Staae Silk Strtion is a very fine silk dress paatern for your I.dy, Mrs* Martin. ...I ask you to accept the same en behalf of the State of Kansas."-8 The dress made from th_t silk is still in existence. - 10 -

Great strides were made toward completing the Capitol building during the Martin period. The east wing had been constructed by 1869, the west by 1381.

Ornamentation of the

senate chamber was completed in January, 1386.

John A. Martin

tool: part in initiating the refurbished senate room, a shov/place even today for its elaborate Egyptian architecture, piaster ornamentation, end hand-hammered copper columns, each requiring different foreign artisans. A subterranean stream was discovered in excavating for the dome in 1887, a problem overcome with gTeat difficulty.

Nevertheless, construction

i

moved toward the far-away date of final completion in 1903. When a proposal came to the 1881 legislature to build the Topeka library on the capitol grounds, Martin wrote in the Champion: "The square is not at all ornamented by the 19 smaller edifices which at present occupy it." Ke would have been heartened had he know it was to be removed 80 years later by some who felt the 3ame way he did. Governor Martin's work habits are described in the introduction to a book of "Addresses of John A. Martin", written by his friend, Annalist Daniel V.r. Wilder: "During the session of the Legislature, it is not often t&&t the Governor has a rest of ten minutes, by day, and at night he is followed -.o his hotel and the solicitations often continue until midnight. ,».V*'lth all of these personal demands, entreaties, and importunities, the Governor not only never neglects a caller, never loses his placid self-control, but even finds time to attend to many outside affairs in his busy life and in the ceaseless activity of the restless Kansas life that surrounds us all."20 • 11 -

Besides reversing himself about Abraham Lincoln, and about woman's suffrage, he had a charge °? heart about prohibition.

In a speech to the 3ta-ce Temperance Union in

Topeha, June 12, 1883, he admitted: "1 never made any secret of the fact th t I voted against the prohibition amendment." His speech a year and a half earlier had left no doubt about his shift, when he spoke to the Republican State convention in the gubernatorial campaign. Almost the entire address is given to refutation of claims that the five-year-old Kansas prohibition law was not effective, and to strong affirmations about the economic, social, and political advantages of prohibition.

He said to the Stcte Temperance Union:

"j.n my

opinion, this state is today the most temperate, orderly, 21 sober community of people in the civilized world." V/« F. Connelly, in his history of Kcnsas, writes: "At first not a prohibitionist,...as he saw the beneficial effects, he became converted to be one of its most ardent champions."2^ Kartin's addresses dur ng his time as governor are, as D.K.Kilder says, "of and for Kciisas c,y a raaa wnose whole life and They i-xe chapters of Kansas

thought are wrapped up inKansas. -

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• hisuory, anc worthy of preservation." The continuing love affair with his adopted stcte and It$ people glows in every one of his speeches. Fort Leavenworth, he said:

In 1S37, at

"Attracting the test brain

and

brawn of "che civilized world, Kansas has fu^ed all into a homogeneous and cosmopolitan people, v;hose achiev-nents have been a weaver anc a model for all the generations of men. In less than three decades the men and women of Kansas have wiped a desert from the map of J_merica and replaced it \vith - 12 -

cultivated fields anc fragrant meadows, and towering forests; (they) have dotted the whole of this vast territory with prosperous cities, towns and villages; h^ve sent a locomotive Whistling through nearly every county; have planted school houses and churches in every township, and have accumulated greater and more equitably distributed wealth than is possessed by any other equal number of people on the face of the globe. Fairly, but very briefly summarized, this is the record of Kansas in peace." John 1— IJartin relinouished the governor's chair in 1389. With evident relief, he went home to Atchison, there to resume the role of a family man, and the task to which he felt he was alnost divinely called as editor of the Atchison Daily Champion. He was very tired, for he had not withheld himself a-e the chief executive of a beloved state.

In September of the

same year, he was stricken with pneumonia, and succumbed, following a short illness, an October 2, 1889, at 6:50 p.m., surrounded by his beloved family and frienis.

He was 50

years of a^e. The shocked commonwealth reacted with spontaneous and lavish tributes and eulojies. One

such article, appearing in

the '.Veilin;;ton Press, is typical of the hundreds of editorial s or L/e.-ien^s" "He entered! Hansas an unknown bo- in the f-11 of 1857. He ran his thirty-one years' race well end laid down his life honored 'z~j the whole state. duty.

He was a soldier who did his whole

It may he said that in all the activities of the 30

26 y e a r s , t h e r e was not a sin-'le s t a i n upon h i s c h a r a c t e r . " Che University of IHnsas, en Hay 15, 133a, honored t h i s

sentiment by electing hia as the eighth nominee to the Ilansas Pewspaper Hall of 3?aa*« In July, 1385, he had expressed his standard of ethics and conduct when he accepted the re-nomination for governor: "I have never cared—and I shall never care—whether any person eulogises my official life as brilliant or distinguished, just so that all citizens shall say that it was clean, just, safe, honest and industrious.

This is the only praise I hope ?7

to deserve or seek to win} this is the aim of my ambition." The boy from Pennsylvania had indeed come a ion:; way. He had achieved his goal of a clean, just, safe, honest and industrious official and personal life.

On the way, he had

known Intimately the first nine governors of Il-nsas, had seen the Pony Pzpress come and. go, had placed his name to the wyandotte Constitution at 20 years of ege, had distinguished himself as a soldier worthy of high command on the field of battl© at 25, wielded vast influence as the editor of whet was the oldest newspaper in the state, served as postmaster of •.tQhison for 12 ye?rs, end as mayor for 12 years, organized the Pepublican party of the state ana county, and was elected a strt.e sen?aor before he was 21. Pa had rubbed elbows with such historic person "es as Cyrus P. Polliday, founder of popeka :.rk the Saute. Pe rcilroad; "J. 3.Senators Preston P. PPumb and John P. Ing lis.

Ee was

on personal terms with Presidents Janes Puc Parian, .fore ham Pincoln, end general Ulysses 3. grant.

John Prown, Pardee

butler, Pill Pill Hiccock, and Puffalo Pill were contemporaries. ks the '.Jarshall Count?7 Pews noted on October SC, 1S39: "Po h: va come to Pansas at i:, struts a newspaper cf his own -14.,-

at 19, secretary of the constitutional convention at 20, a st:te sane tor and a member of the (national) convention to select Abraham Lincoln at 81, to organise c regiment and lead it into battle by the time he v;as 23, seems lime the romance of feme, without v;e lthy, aristocratic lineage, or friends, 28 or classic education." 3o v;ent the life of the boy from Pennsylvania, John Alexander Martin. (On October 20, 1973, 116 years to the month he came to Atchison, and Kansas, as a youth of 18 years, dreaming the t

dream of freedom, his grandson presents this paper as a tribute to all those intrepid, idealistic settlers who served v.lth him to start M:nsas on its v;ay "to the stars through difficulty". May their memory be long and honorable I) 3rnest 3. Tensing (3on of his eldest daughter, the late Hath Martin Tonsing)

3I33I0CMA3EY 1-Addresses b John A. Martin, ed.D:niel 3 .Milder, 1333,p. 121

of Ilansa^, by Moble L. ;j.& u ^ i -r-^ntis, 1-Q4,??'!
1 •'Znr7 Wc • i O D / iP&.-.S

". <, •

15-?renais,icid. ,p.l72 1 i-Prentis , ibid. ,p.172,177,179

17-.cincis of Mcnsas--1335-1220, e^.by Mirhe Mech:m.pc• ;.e 1 1 . j.o»jD«.spj.ay \ <* ^i^atc „ r s ^^. .cciety,l~73.

5-Freedom's Champion, vol,III, ;.-47,geb".20",Me5_,pa;e 12. 7-Mans: : It-ae Misaarical 3ociCollection, 1901-2,vol. vii, 6-Annals of M:nsa.,_1541-133o,by 3.M.Milder,pbl.1333, aage 235. c-3rentis,i:id.,pr re 89.

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