17125704 Biosphere Reserve

Biosphere Reserve 1. Definition: The term ‘Biosphere Reserve' should denote an area:  which is, set aside for the conservation of the resources of the biosphere and for the improvement of the relationship between man and the environment; which is, to serve as sites for long term scientific research as well as education all over the world.  The programme of Biosphere Reserve was initiated under the 'Man & Biosphere' (MAB) programme by UNESCO in 1971. Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems promoting solutions to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. They are internationally recognized, nominated by National Governments and remain under sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Biosphere Reserves serve in some ways as 'living laboratories' for testing out and demonstrating integrated management of land, water and biodiversity (CES., UNESCO, 2005., IUCN, 1979). 2. Biosphere Reserve Objectives: Each Biosphere Reserve is intended to fulfill three basic functions, which are complementary and mutually reinforcing: 1. A conservation function - to contribute to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation; 2. A development function - to foster economic and human development which is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable; 3. A logistic function to provide support for research, monitoring, education and information exchange related to local, national and global issues of conservation and development (UNESCO, 2005). List of Biosphere Reserves in India Area of Biosphere Date of District (sq km) establishment 3835.51 2005 Anupur, Dindori & Bilaspur 1701.00 2001 5111.5 1998 Siang & Debang Valley 765.00 1997 Dibrugarh and Tinsukia 885.00 1989 Southern most Island of Andaman and Nicobar 10,500.00 1989 Indian part of Gulf of Mannar 2619.92 2000 Khangchendzonga Hills 2837.00 1989 Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamprup and Darang 5860 1988 Chamoli, Almora, and Pithoragarh, 5520.4 1986 Part of Wayanad, Bandipur, and Nagarhole, Nilambur, Silent Valley and Siruvani Hills 80.00 1988 Part of Garo Hills 4926.00 1999 Betul, Hoshangabad and Chindwara 4374.00 1994 Mayurbhanj 9630.00 1989 Delta of Ganges and Brahmaputra S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Name Achanakmar-Amarkantak Agasthyamalai Dehang-Debang Dibru-Saikhowa Great Nicobar Gulf of Mannar Khangchenjunga Manas State Madhya Pradesh & Chhattishgarh Kerala Arunachal Pradesh Assam Andaman and Nicobar Tamil Nadu Sikkim Assam 9 Nanda Devi Nilgiri Uttaranchal Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka 10 11 Nokrek Pachmarhi 12 13 Simlipal Sunderbans 14 Protected area categories Meghalaya Madhya Pradesh Orissa West Bengal Gen-e (Education for Generation) Prasenjit Biswas

E - mail: [email protected] Call: 9734208323

Objectives Conservation of species of a habitat with National minimal or very low intensity of human Parks activity. Conservation of species and habitats by Sanctuaries manipulative management. Name Features Zone No human resides in the Park, other than a public servant on duty and permitted persons Core by the Chief Wild Life Warden. No human resides in the Sanctuary, other than Core, Buffer and a public servant on duty and permitted persons Restoration by the Chief Wild Life Warden. Core, Buffer, Restoration and Cultural Conservation of the natural resources and Both natural and human-influenced Biosphere for the improvement of the relationship ecosystems; substantial human settlements Reserves between man and the environment (rural). therein. Natural or Core Zone: Managed for minimum human interference, to serve as a baseline for the biological region; research, educational and training activities are carefully controlled and must have a non-manipulative effect in the zone. Manipulative or Buffer Zone: Managed for research, education and training activities and manipulative methods and techniques are permitted. Traditional activities including timber production, hunting, fishing and grazing are permitted. Reclamation or Restoration : Managed to study and reclaim lands and natural resources where heavy natural and human caused alteration has passed ecological thresholds, where biological process have been interrupted or where species have become locally extinct. Cultural Zone: Managed to protect and study ongoing cultures and land use practices, which are in harmony with the environment. Here, local residents and their activities are on the move, but new technologies may be strictly controlled (IUCN, 1997). Conservation Reserve The State Government may, after having consultation with the local communities, declare any area owned by Government, particularly the areas adjacent to National Parks and Sanctuaries and those areas which link one protected area with another, as a Conservation Reserve for protecting landscapes, seascapes, flora and fauna and their habitats (Wildlife Protection Socity of India, 2003). There are two Conservation Areas in India covering an area of 42.44 km 2 , which is 0.001% of the geographical area of the country. The State of Uttaranchal had established these two Conservation Reserves in August 2005 (NIC, 2005). S.No. Name 1 Asan Barrage Wetland 2 Jhilmi Jheel Area of reserves (sq km) 4.44 38.00 Date of establishment 2005 2005 District Dehradun Haridwar State Uttaranchal Uttaranchal State-wise break up of protected areas in India State/Union Territories Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Area covered (sq km) NP+WS+CR 12973.31 10074.6 3537.89 3334.69 6348.96 754.43 16902.39 348.84 7200.25 14870.22 2100.4 6676.63 2701.55 No. Of National Parks (NP) 4 2 5 1 3 1 4 2 2 4 1 5 6 No. Of Wildlife Sanctuaries (WS) 22 11 20 11 10 6 21 10 32 15 10 21 13 No. Of % Of Area of state Conservation protected area (sq km) Reserves (CR) in state 0 275068 4.72 0 83743 12.03 0 78438 4.51 0 94163 3.54 0 135194 4.69 0 3702 20.38 0 196024 8.62 0 44212 0.79 0 55673 12.93 0 222235 6.69 0 79714 2.63 0 191791 3.48 0 38863 6.95 Call: 9734208323 Gen-e (Education for Generation) Prasenjit Biswas E - mail: [email protected]

Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Union Territories Andaman & Nicobar Chandigarh Dadra & Nagar Haveli Daman & Diu Delhi Lakshadweep Pondicherry India 10854.48 15770.45 224.8 301.68 1156.75 222.37 8106.4 316.73 9569.16 2177.1 2847.67 603.62 6514.94 5631.47 2748.48 1583.04 25.45 92.16 2.18 13.20 0.01 0 156586.3 9 5 1 2 2 1 2 0 5 1 5 0 6 1 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 94 25 35 1 3 7 3 18 10 23 6 19 4 6 23 15 96 2 1 1 1 1 0 502 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 308252 307690 22327 22429 21081 16579 155707 50362 342239 7096 130058 10486 53485 240926 88752 8249 114 491 112 1483 32 493 3287263 3.52 5.13 1.01 1.35 5.49 1.34 5.21 0.63 2.79 30.68 2.19 5.76 12.18 2.34 3.09 19.19 22.32 18.77 1.95 0.89 0.031 0 4.76 Summary of currently available protected areas in India Geographical Area of India Forest Area of India (FSI, 2001) = 32,87,263 km 2 = 768,436 km 2 Percentage of Forested Area in India's Geographical Area = 23.38 % Current Protected Area Status National Parks = 94 Area Covered = 37,591.75 km 2 Wildlife Sanctuaries = 502 Area Covered = 118,952.11 km 2 Conservation Reserves = 2 Area Covered = 42.44 km 2 Protected Areas = 598 Area Covered = 156,586.3 km 2 National Parks % of G.A. = 1.14 % Wildlife Sanctuaries % of G.A. = 3.62 % Conservation Reserves % of G.A. = 0.0012 % Protected Areas % of G.A. = 4.76 % Tiger Reserves Project Tiger was launched by the Government of India in the year 1973 to save the endangered species of tiger in the country. Beginning with nine reserves in 197374 the number has grown up to twenty eight in 1999-2000. These project tiger areas cover a total area of 35,747.08 sq km, which is 1.09% of the total geographical area in the country (WII, 2005). Gen-e (Education for Generation) Prasenjit Biswas E - mail: [email protected] Call: 9734208323

List of Tiger Reserves in India Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. (Extension) Indravati Kalakad-Munda n thurai Kanha Manas Melghat Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Namdapha Nameri Pakhui Palamau Panna Pench Pench Periyar Ranthambhore Sariska Simlipal Sunderbans Tadoba-Andhari Valmiki 551.00 2,799.00 800.00 1,945.00 2,840.00 1,618.00 3,568.00 1985.23 344.00 861.95 928.00 542.66 757.85 257.00 777.00 825.00 800.00 2,770 2,585.10 626.00 840.00 1999-2000 1982-1983 1988-1989 1973-1974 1973-1974 1973-1974 1982-1983 1982-1983 1999-2000 1999-2000 1973-1974 1994-1995 1992-1993 1998-1999 1978-1979 1973-1974 1978-1979 1973-1974 1973-1974 1993-1994 1989-1990 (Extension) Bhadra Bori-Satpur-Pachmarhi Buxa Corbett Dampa Dudhwa 643.00 492.00 1,486.00 758.82 1.134.00 500.00 811.00 1999-2000 1998-1999 1999-2000 1982-1983 1973-1974 1995-1996 1987-1988 Tiger Reserve Bandhavgarh Bandipur Total Area (sq km) 1,161.47 874.00 Year of Establishment 1993-1994 1973-1974 State Madhya Pradesh Karnataka Karnataka Madhya Pradesh West Bengal Uttaranchal Mizoram Uttar Pradesh Chhattishgarh Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh Assam Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Arunachal Pradesh Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Kerala Rajasthan Rajasthan Orissa West Bengal Maharashtra Bihar Birds protected areas in India • Rajiv Gandhi NP (Andhra Pradesh) • Pobitora WS (Assam) • Dibru Saikhowa WS (Assam) • D'Ering Memorial WS (Arunachal Pradesh) • Pakhui WS (Arunachal Pradesh) • Namdapha TR (Arunachal Pradesh) • Shoolpaneshwar WS (Gujarat) • Wild Ass WS (Gujarat) • Great Himalayan NP (Himachal Pradesh) • Majhatal Harsang WS (Himachal Pradesh) • Kalesar WS (Haryana) • Eravikulam NP (Kerala) • Chinnar WS (Kerala) • Chendurang WS (Kerala) • Radhanagari WS (Maharashtra) • Blue Mountain (Phawngpui) NP (Mizoram) • Bhitarkanika WS (Orissa) • Sajjangarh WS (Rajasthan) • Sariska Tiger Reserve (Rajasthan) • Mudumalai WS (Tamil Nadu) • Rajaji NP (Uttaranchal) • Cobertt NP (Uttaranchal) • Buxa TR (West Bengal) • Jaldapara WS (West Bengal) 24 protected areas. Gen-e (Education for Generation) Prasenjit Biswas E - mail: [email protected] Call: 9734208323

   Books of Biosphere Reserves Negi, S.S. (1991). Handbook of National Parks, Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves in India . Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. Koester, S. (1984). Socio-economic and cultural role of fishing in the virgin Island Biosphere Reserve area . Island Resources Foundation. Kothri, Ashish; Pande, Pratibha; Singh, Shekhar and Variava, Dilnavaz (1989). Management of National Parks and Sanctuaries in India: A Status Report. Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi. Gen-e (Education for Generation) Prasenjit Biswas E - mail: [email protected] Call: 9734208323