151544_adel Prosman Tisue Enginering.docx

NAME : ADELIA PRATIWI NIM : 170403054 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Biomaterial Technology for Tissue Engineering Applications Network engineering is a developing biomedical technology and methodology to help and accelerate regeneration and repair of defects and tissue damage based on the patient's own natural healing potential. For a new therapeutic strategy, this technique is needed to provide cells with the local environment that strengthen and regulate their proliferation and differentiation for cell-based tissue regeneration. Biomaterial technology plays an important role in the creation of this cell environment. For example, biomaterial scaffolds and the drug delivery system (DDS) of biosigning molecules have been investigated to strengthen the proliferation and differentiation of cell potential for tissue regeneration. Also, scaffold technology and DDS contribute to the development of basic biological research and the science of stem cell handling also produces a large number of cells with one high quality for transplant therapy. A technology for cell genetic engineering for their functional manipulation is also useful for cell research and therapy. Some examples of the application of tissue engineering with cell scaffold and DDS from growth factors and genes are introduced to emphasize the significance of biomaterial technology in therapeutic areas and new research. 1. The significance of biomaterial technology in tissue engineering applications The advanced surgical therapies available today consist of reconstructive surgery and organ transplantation. Although there is no doubt that all of these therapies have saved and improved countless lives, they have some therapeutic limitations and methodologies. In the case of reconstructive surgery, biomedical equipment does not completely replace biological functions even for a single tissue or organ, and consequently it cannot prevent the progressive deterioration of injured or damaged tissue and organs. One of the biggest issues for organ transplants is the lack of donor tissue or organs. In addition, the continued and permanent use of immunosuppressive agents to prevent immunological rejection responses often causes side effects, such as the high possibility of bacterial infection, carcinogenesis and viral infection. To break all issues in these two advanced therapies, a new therapeutic solution is needed that is clinically comfortable for patients.Regeneration therapy in which the regeneration of tissues and organs is naturally induced to therapeutically treat disease through artificial stimulation of the potential for cell proliferation and differentiation. In order to manifest cell-induced regeneration therapy, there are two kinds of approach techniques. One is a cell transplant in which cells with one high proliferation and differentiation potential are transplanted to induce tissue regeneration based on their own potential. The other, therapeutic approach techniques with biomaterial technology. The latter approach uses the

creation of an in vivo local environment that allows cells to promote their proliferation and differentiation through the use of biomaterials and technology. If the environment efficiently manipulates cells that are inherently present in the body to strengthen the biological potential of tissue regeneration, cell-induced natural healing of tissues and organs will be achieved without cell transplantation. This approach technique is called tissue engineering. 2. Principles of technology and biomaterial methodologies for tissue engineering-based regenerative therapy

Basically, body tissue is composed of two components: cells and the surrounding environment. The latter includes the extracellular matrix (ECM) for cell proliferation and differentiation (natural scaffold) as a place to live cells and biosigning molecules as cell nutrition. There are cases where tissue regeneration is achieved through the use of a single component or combination in one appropriate way. However, because the success of tissue regeneration cannot always be estimated only by their simple combination method, it is important for biomedically to design ways to combine it. For this purpose, appropriate and positive assistance from biomaterial technology will be practically promising. Biomaterials play a key role in designing and creating substitutes for ECM and the drug delivery system (DDS) of biosignalling molecules to strengthen their biological activity. In addition to therapeutic applications, biomaterials are also useful in the progress of stem cell research and development in biology and medicine. As biomaterials, various synthetic and natural materials, such as polymers, ceramics and metals or their composites, have been investigated and used in different ways. Among them, biodegradable biomaterials will be explained here. From a practical point of view, metals and ceramics, except for calcium carbonate and tricalcium phosphate, are not biodegradable. On the other hand, some polymers are biodegradable material (Table 1). The word 'biodegradation' is defined as a phenomenon in which a material is degraded or dissolved in water by every process in the body to disappear from the location where it is planted. There are two ways to lose material. First, the main chains of the material are hydrolyzed or digested enzymatically to reduce molecular weight, and eventually disappear. Second, the material is cross-linked chemically to form an insoluble hydrogel in water. When cross-link bonds are degraded to generate water-soluble fragments, the fragments are cleared from the planting site, resulting in material loss. Synthetic polymers are generally degraded by simple hydrolysis while the main natural polymer is enzymatically degraded. Synthetic polymers can be easily modified to change their chemical composition and molecular weight, which affects the physicochemical properties of this material. Available natural polymers are from proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. The degree of their freedom for modification of properties is small when compared to synthetic polymers, but they can be chemically modified to produce various derivatives. Natural polymers are normally used in hydrogel formulations which are prepared through chemical cross-linking. In general, synthetic polymers are hydrophobic and mechanically strong when compared to

natural ones; in other words, their degradation rates are comparatively low. For the purpose of material application for tissue regeneration, retention of material planted in the body often causes physical disruption of tissue regeneration. On the other hand, an appropriate mechanical strength of material is also needed. In general, the mechanical strength of the material weakens as their degradation is faster. These two opposing properties must be balanced with the design and combining of materials.

Figure 1. The role of biomaterials in tissue-based regeneration therapy. (a) Biomaterials for cell scaffold to induce tissue regeneration in vivo. Scaffold which can be absorbed biologically: (i) without cells and growth factors, (ii) with cells, (iii) with growth factors, (iv) with cells and growth factors. (b) Biomaterials to protect space and induce angiogenesis for tissue regeneration in vivo. (c) Biomaterials for DDS from biological signaling molecules (growth factors and genes): (i) supervised release of signaling molecules, (ii) extension of molecular life span, (iii) acceleration of absorption of signaling molecules, (iv) targeting of signaling molecules. (d) Biomaterials for cell manipulation in vitro to obtain cells and cell construction for transplantation. (e) Biomaterials for engineering biological functions of cells. 3. Clinical aspects of tissue-based tissue regeneration Tissue engineering for clinical regeneration therapy can be classified as in vitro or in vivo depending on the location where tissue regeneration or organ substitution is carried out. In vitro tissue engineering involves tissue reconstruction by means of cell hatching methods and organ substitution with functional cells - called bioartificial hybrid organs. If a tissue can be reconstructed in vitro in a factory or laboratory on a large scale, it can be supplied to patients when needed. For example, human skin fibroblasts are cultured in a collagen sponge to prepare an artificial dermis for skin grafting.

4. Further experimental aspects of tissue engineering-based regeneration therapy. Cell scaffolding technology is not only applied to regenerate cell-based in-vivo networks, but can also help and encourage basic science of stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The latter is to provide good quality cells that are capable of using cell therapy and developing stem cell biology research. To manipulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells in vitro, there are two scientific and technological approaches: modification of culture media and cell substrate. Several trials have been carried out by adding various factors that can dissolve in the culture media to manipulate cell behavior. Considering that normally most cells cannot survive and function biologically without their attachment to the culture substrate, there is no doubt that the effect of the substrate is very large on cell proliferation and differentiation profiles. For example, it has been shown that the direction of cell differentiation can be modified with softness and size from cell substrt and surface modification of biological signaling molecules .

Source: http://alitspracticalorthopaedic.blogspot.com/2012/07/teknologi-biomaterial-untuk-aplikasi.html