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• Defined as textile structure produced by interlocking or bonding of fibres or both. • Accomplished by mechanical, chemical, thermal or solvent means and combinations thereof (ASTM). • A web of fibres is formed. • NONWOVENS are anything that is not knitted, woven, paper, tufted and does not use yarn.

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• Fibres are basic units. • Arranged into webs and consolidated. • Distance between the fibres is much greater than the fibre diameter. • The weight of the web is usually low. • Results in thin porous web material.

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• Basic materials- fibres like olefin, polyester and rayon • Speciality chemicals- bonding agents to provide strength. • Auxiliary agents- to control flexibility, enhance surface texture or alter moisture transport capabilities. 10/24/2008

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Performance profile of a nonwoven like strength, softness, absorbency, filtering ability depends on: • Fibre solution • Arrangement of fibres in the web • How the component fibres are held together. 10/24/2008

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Fibre opening

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Long fibers are opened and blended and deposited on a screen from an air stream Air stream carries fiber to conveyor and forms the web Fibers are arranged with more random orientation than in carding, even some vertical orientation in fibers of thick webs

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Similar to air laid except that water is used to carry fibers and form web. Fibers are suspended in water and then collected on a screen, forming the web Water is drained, then vacuumed, then pressed, and finally evaporated with heat

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• Chemical Bonding Chemicals (called adhesives) used to bond fibers.

• After the web is formed, a chemical binder (typically in the form of latex) is applied • Latex may be applied in pattern • The chemical binder fills in between fibers and sticks to fiber crossovers • Thus, a bond is formed 10/24/2008 NIFT HYDERBAD DFT-III,LALIT 11

Gr avu re Pri nter

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Sp ra y

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Fo am Pad de r

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Chemical Bonding End Products

• Roofing: Acrylic or phenolic for weatherability, asphalt for water repellency, ceramic sprinkles for decoration/light protection • Automotive, PVC copolymers- sealing performance / flame retardancy • Some adhesives approved for food contact

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Thousands of needles interlock fibers in a web

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NeedlDFT-III,LALIT el oom NIFT HYDERBAD

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Needlepunch End Products • • • • • •

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Felt Geotextiles Blood filters Synthetic leather Blankets Automotive interior trim - carpet

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Bonding technique using high powered water jets.

• Fine, high pressured water streams entangle fibers • Process bonds fabric

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Spunlaced fabric

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Spunlaced End products • • • •

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Wipes Medical apparel Medical dressings Synthetic leather

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Heat & Pressure + Melted Fiber = Thermal Bonded Bond fibers by: – Applying heated air stream – Applying heat & pressure – Results in melted fibers which bond

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