(1) Anatomy And Physiology.pdf

Anatomy and Physiology Muhamad Noor bin Mohamed Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation UiTM Seremban 3

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Anatomy and physiology

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Human tissue • Nervous tissue: • Brain • Spinal cord • Nerves • Muscle tissue: • Skeletal • Cardiac • Smooth (hallow) • Epithelial tissue: • Boundaries between environment • Lining • skin • Connective tissue: • Bone • Tendons • Fat and other soft padding tissue 3

Two Categories of Porous Bone Cortical bone (Compact bone)

1. •

compact mineralized connective tissue with low porosity that is found in the shafts of long bones

•

a non-homogenous, anisotropic, viscoelastic, brittle material which is weakest when loaded in tension

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Trabecular bone (Spongy/Cancellous bone)

2. •

• • •

less compact mineralized connective tissue with high porosity that is found in the ends of long bones in the vertebrae have varying rod or plate like shapes and spatial orientations more densely packed in those parts of the bone that have to transmit the greatest stress the sponginess of the bone helps to absorb energy but gives a lower strength than cortical bone

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Structure of Corticol Bone and Trabecular Bone

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Skeleton systems

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Spine

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Shoulder girdle

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Continue

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JOINT ARCHITECTURE • Classification of Joints • Synarthroses (immovable) • Sutures • Syndesmoses • Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) • Synchondroses • symphyses • Diarthroses (freely movable) • Gliding (plane; arthrodial) • Hinge (ginglymus) • Pivot (screw; trochoid) • Condyloid (ovoid; ellipsoidal) • Saddle (sellar) • Ball & socket (spherroidal) 11

Classification of Joints • Synarthroses (immovable): these fibrous joints can attenuate force (absorb shock) but permit little or no movement of the articulating bones. • Sutures: irregularly grooved articulating bone sheets mate closely & are tightly connected by fibers. • Begin to ossify (harden) in early adulthood • Example – sutures of the skull • Syndesmoses (syndesmosis = held by hand): dense fibrous tissue binds the bones together, permitting extremely limited movement • Example – coracoacromial, midradioulnar, mid-tibiofibular, & inferior tibiofibular joints. 12

Sutures between the occipital & parietal bones of skull represent synarthroses

Parietal bone

Suture Occipital bone

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Classification of Joints • Amphiarthroses (slightly movable): cartilaginous joint attenuate applied forces & permit more motion of the adjoining bones than synarthrodial joint. • Synchondroses (held by cartilage): the articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. • Example: strenocostal joints

• Symphyses: thin plates of hyaline cartilage separate a disc of fibrocartilage from the bones. • Vertebral joints

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Classification of Joints • Diarthroses or synovial (freely movable): the articulating bone surfaces are covered with articular cartilage (protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering the articulating surfaces), an articular capsule (double-layered membrane that surrounds every synovial joint), and synovial fluid (clear, slightly yellow liquid that provides lubrication inside the articular capsule at synovial joint)

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The knee is an example of a synovial joint, with a ligamentous capsule, an articular cavity, & articular cartilage.

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Classification of Joints • Diarthroses or synovial (freely movable): • Gliding (plane; arthrodial) – the articulating bone surfaces are nearly flat, & the only movement permitted is non-axial gliding.

Carpals

• Examples: intermetatarsal, intercarpal, & intertarsal joints

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Classification of Joints • Diarthroses or synovial (freely movable): • Hinge (ginglymus) – strong collateral ligament restrict movement to a planar, hinge like motion. • Examples: ulnohumeral & interphalangeal joints.

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Classification of Joints • Diarthroses or synovial (freely movable): • Pivot (screw; trochoid) – rotation permitted around one axis. • Examples: atlantoaxial joint & the proximal and distal radioulnar joints.

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Classification of Joints • Diarthroses or synovial (freely movable): • Condyloid (ovoid; ellipsoidal) – articulating bone surface is an ovular convex shape. • Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & circumduction are permitted. • Examples: 2nd through 5th metacarpophalangeal joints.

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Classification of Joints • Diarthroses or synovial (freely movable): • Saddle (sellar) – articulating bone surfaces are both shaped like the seat of riding saddle in these joints. • Movement capability is the same as that condyloid joint but with greater range of movement allowed. • Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

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Classification of Joints • Diarthroses or synovial (freely movable): • Ball & socket (spheroidal) – the surfaces of the articulating bones are reciprocally convex & concave. • Rotation in all three planes of movement is permitted. • Examples: hips & shoulder joints.

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Articular Cartilage • A special type of dense, white connective tissue and provides a protective lubrication. • The roles is to; • It spreads loads at the joint over a wide area, the amount of stress at any contact point between the bones is reduced • Allows movement of the articulating bones at the joint with minimal friction and wear

• A soft, porous and permeable tissue.

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Articular Fibrocartilage • Fibrocartilaginous disc or partial discs known as menisci, also present between the articulating bones. • Roles of menisci: • • • • • •

Distribution of loads over the joint surfaces. Improvement of the fit of the articulating surfaces. Limitation of translation or slip of one bone with respect to another. Protection of the periphery of the articulation. Lubrication. Shock absorption.

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Articular Fibrocartilage

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Articular Connective Tissue • Tendons, which connect muscles to bones and ligaments, which connect bones to other bones. • Both are passive tissues compromised primarily of collagen and elastic fibers. • Both do not have the ability to contract like muscles tissue but they are slightly extensible. • Elastic and will return to their original length after being stretched unless they are stretched beyond their elastic limits. 28

Common Joint Injuries & Pathologies • Sprains • Caused by abnormal displacement or twisting of the articulating bones that results in stretching or tearing of ligaments, tendons, & connective tissues crossing the joint. • Pain & swelling are the symptoms of joint sprains.

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Common Joint Injuries & Pathologies • Dislocations • Displacement of the articulating bones at a joint. • Usually result from falls or other mishaps involving a large magnitude of force. • Common sites for dislocations: • Shoulders, fingers, knees, elbows, & Jaw

• Symptoms • Visible deformity, pain, swelling, & usually some loss of joint movement capability.

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Common Joint Injuries & Pathologies • Bursitis • Overuse injury caused by excessive use of a joint that produces frictional irritation & inflammation of one or more bursae. • Symptoms • Pain & possibly some swelling

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Common Joint Injuries & Pathologies • Arthritis • Pathology involving joint inflammation accompanied by pain & swelling. • Extremely common with aging.

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Common Joint Injuries & Pathologies • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Most painful form of arthritis. • Autoimmune disorder that involves the body’s immune system attacking healthy tissues. • Common in adults. • Characteristic • Inflammation & thickening of the synovial membranes & breakdown of the articular cartilage.

• Symptoms • Anemia, fatigue, muscular atrophy, osteoporosis, & other systemic changes.

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Common Joint Injuries & Pathologies

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Common Joint Injuries & Pathologies • Osteoarthritis • Common form of non-inflammatory degenerative arthritis. • Early stage of the disorder: • The joint cartilage loses its smooth glistening appearance & become rough & irregular. • Symptoms • Pain, swelling, range of motion (ROM) restriction, & stiffness. • Unknown causes. 35

BEHARIORAL PROPERTIES OF THE MUSCULOTENDINOUS UNIT

• Four behavioral properties of muscle tissue: • Extensibility • Elasticity • Irritability • The ability to develop tension

• These properties are common to all muscle, including the cardiac, smooth, & skeletal muscle of human beings.

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Extensibility & Elasticity

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Structure of Skeletal Muscle

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Microstructure of muscle

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Sarcoplasm sarcolemma

myofibrils

Triad of the reticulum Terminal cisternae Tranverse tubule

A band I band

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Z band mitochondria

Nucleus

Waldrop 40

Sliding Filament Theory

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Type of contraction • Eccentric • Concentric • Isometric • Isotonic • Isokinetic

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Fiber Types SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTIC

TYPE 1 SLOW-TWITCH OXIDATIVE (SO)

TYPE IIA FAST-TWITCH OXIDATIVE GLYCOLYTIC (FOG)

TYPE IIB FAST-TWITCH GLYCOLYTIC (FG)

Contraction speed

Slow

Fast

Fast

Fatigue rate

Slow

Intermediate

fast

Diameter

Small

Intermediate

Large

ATPase concentration

Low

High

High

Mitochondrial concentration

High

High

Low

Glycolytic enzyme concentration

Low

Intermediate

High 43

Fiber Types FT ST

Twitch Tension

Time

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Fiber Architecture • 2 categories of muscle fiber arrangement • Parallel fiber arrangement • Pattern of fibers within a muscle in which the fibers are roughly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle. • E.g. sartorius, rectus abdominis, biceps brachii. • Pennate fiber arrangement • Pattern of fibers within a muscle with short fibers attaching to one or more tendons (lie at an angle). • E.g. tibialis posterior, rectus femoris, deltoids.

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Common Muscle Injuries • Strains • Contusions • Cramps • Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) • occurs after some period of time following unaccustomed exercise. • arises 24 – 72 hours after participation in a long or strenuous bout of exercise.

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Factors Affecting Muscular Force Generation FORCE –VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP

•Fast movement produce low force output isometric maximum •Slow movement produce high force output Try lifting something heavy very fast, Can you do it? •

Types Contractions • isometric

: constant muscle length

• isokinetic

: constant muscle velocity

• isotonic

: constant muscle load

• concentric : shortening • eccentric

: lengthening

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Factors Affecting Muscular Force Generation LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP •The amount of muscle’s max. isometric tension depends on the muscle length

•In a muscle, force generation capacity increases when the muscle is slightly stretched

Active: provides by muscle fibers Passive: provides by tendon and muscle membrane

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Factors Affecting Muscular Force Generation (EMG Signal)

(Force signal)

•A delay of muscle tension development (brief period of elapses) •Delay due to need time for the muscle contractile component to stretch the SEC. (series elastic component-muscle behavior)

•Delay varies among muscles (20-100msec) ELECTROMECHANICAL DELAY

•Also have relation with muscle type: -FT: less delay -ST: more delay

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Chest Muscles

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Abdominal muscles

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Back muscle and trapezius

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Pulmonary and systemic system

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Breathing systems

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Lungs

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